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<v Speaker 1>Hello space enthusiasts. Today on Astronomy Daily, we're exploring an

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<v Speaker 1>incredible array of astronomical discoveries and developments that are pushing

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<v Speaker 1>the boundaries of our understanding of the cosmos. We'll dive

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<v Speaker 1>into groundbreaking research that's bringing us closer to interstellar travel,

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<v Speaker 1>as scientists make significant progress with ultra thin light sales

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<v Speaker 1>that could one day propel spacecraft to distant stars. We'll

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<v Speaker 1>also take a look at NASA's exciting new SPHEREx telescope,

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<v Speaker 1>set to launch this month, which promises to reveal aspects

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<v Speaker 1>of our universe that even the James Web Space Telescope

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<v Speaker 1>can't see. From there, we'll journey to Jupiter's moon Io,

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<v Speaker 1>where NASA's Juno spacecraft has witnessed the most powerful volcanic

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<v Speaker 1>event ever recorded in our solar system. We'll also catch

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<v Speaker 1>up with Comet Atlas as it makes its fiery journey

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<v Speaker 1>past our Sun, and explore fascinating new findings about geological

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<v Speaker 1>activity on the Moon that's challenging our understanding of our

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<v Speaker 1>celestial neighbors. Stay with me, Anna, as we explore these

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<v Speaker 1>fascinating developments in space science and discovery. Scientists are making

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<v Speaker 1>remarkable progress in turning the science fiction dream of interstellar

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<v Speaker 1>travel into reality through the development of ultra thin light sales.

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<v Speaker 1>The Breakthrough Starshot Initiative, a program started in twenty sixteen

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<v Speaker 1>by theoretical physicists Stephen Hawking and scientist Yuri Milner at

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<v Speaker 1>the California Institute of Technology, has recently achieved a significant

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<v Speaker 1>milestone in this ambitious endeavor. The research team, led by

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<v Speaker 1>Starshot Lightsale Research Director Harry Atwater, has developed an innovative

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<v Speaker 1>platform for testing materials that could potentially form these revolutionary

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<v Speaker 1>light sales. These spacecraft propulsion devices would harness the power

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<v Speaker 1>of laser beams to achieve unprecedented speeds, potentially opening up

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<v Speaker 1>interstellar distances to direct exploration that we can currently only

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<v Speaker 1>study through remote observation. One of the most challenging aspects

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<v Speaker 1>of developing these light sALS is creating a membrane that

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<v Speaker 1>can withstand intense heat while maintaining its shape under pressure

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<v Speaker 1>and staying stable along a laser beam's axis. The team

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<v Speaker 1>has ingeniously engineered a test to measure the precise force

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<v Speaker 1>that lasers exert on ultra thin membranes of different materials,

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<v Speaker 1>turning what was once a technical obstacle into a scientific advantage.

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<v Speaker 1>Their research has revealed fascinating insights into how these miniature

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<v Speaker 1>light sales interact with laser beams. When struck by light,

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<v Speaker 1>these mechanical resonators vibrate in response to both heat and

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<v Speaker 1>radiation pressure. The team discovered that by studying these vibrations,

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<v Speaker 1>they could accurately measure the force being exerted on the membrane,

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<v Speaker 1>providing crucial data for future designs. Perhaps most intriguingly, the

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<v Speaker 1>researchers found that when laser beams strike the light sale

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<v Speaker 1>at angles, as would happen in real space conditions, the

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<v Speaker 1>force is actually lower than theoretical predictions. This discovery, attributed

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<v Speaker 1>to light scattering off the sale's edges, has led to

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<v Speaker 1>promising new research directions involving nanomaterials and meta materials that

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<v Speaker 1>could help control the sideways, movement and rotation of these

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<v Speaker 1>future spacecraft. This breakthrough represents a crucial stepping stone toward

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<v Speaker 1>developing freely accelerating light sales that could one day carry

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<v Speaker 1>tiny probes to our nearest star systems, potentially revolutionizing our

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<v Speaker 1>ability to explore the Cosmos firsthand. The team's work continues

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<v Speaker 1>to focus on creating surfaces that can automatically correct their

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<v Speaker 1>position if they drift off course, bringing us ever closer

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<v Speaker 1>to making interstellar travel a reality. Next up today, NASA

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<v Speaker 1>is preparing to launch an extraordinary new space telescope that

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<v Speaker 1>promises to revolutionize our view of the cosmos. Named SPHEREx,

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<v Speaker 1>this innovative observatory is scheduled for launch in late February

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<v Speaker 1>aboard a SpaceX Falcon nine rocket, marking another milestone in

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<v Speaker 1>our journey to understand the universe. What makes SPHEREx truly

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<v Speaker 1>special is its unprecedented ability to map the entire sky

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<v Speaker 1>in one hundred and two different infrared colors, something that's

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<v Speaker 1>never been done before in human history. While the James

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<v Speaker 1>Webb Space Telescope excels at studying specific celestial objects in

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<v Speaker 1>great detail, SPHEREx will take a broader approach, creating a

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<v Speaker 1>comprehensive panorama of the entire sky visible from Earth. This

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<v Speaker 1>eggshell white conical probe might look modest compared to some

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<v Speaker 1>of its predecessors, but don't let its appearance fool you.

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<v Speaker 1>Weighing about as much as a grand piano and using

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<v Speaker 1>less power than your home refrigerator, SPHEREx has been engineered

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<v Speaker 1>to perform its mission with remarkable efficiency. To protect its

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<v Speaker 1>sensitive instruments from heat interference, the spacecraft features an ingenious

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<v Speaker 1>design with three concentric cone shaped photon shields and specialized

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<v Speaker 1>radiator plates. These work together to keep the telescope cool

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<v Speaker 1>enough to detect the faintest infrared signals from space. The

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<v Speaker 1>mission's goals are ambitious. Scientists hope to use SPHEREx to

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<v Speaker 1>study hundreds of millions of galaxies, potentially unlocking secrets about

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<v Speaker 1>cause inflation, that mind bending moment just after the Big Bang,

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<v Speaker 1>when the universe expanded faster than the speed of light.

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<v Speaker 1>They're also planning to search for icy organic molecules floating

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<v Speaker 1>between stars, which could help explain how life on Earth began.

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<v Speaker 1>What's particularly exciting is how SPHEREx will work in tandem

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<v Speaker 1>with other observatories. Its all sky infrared map will be

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<v Speaker 1>an invaluable resource for James Webb Telescope scientists, helping them

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<v Speaker 1>identify the most promising targets for detailed observation. Every six months,

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<v Speaker 1>SPHEREx will complete a new map of the sky, building

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<v Speaker 1>up an unprecedented view of our cosmic neighborhood. Over its

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<v Speaker 1>two year primary mission at a modest cost of around

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<v Speaker 1>four hundred and eighty eight million dollars. SPHEREx demonstrates that

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<v Speaker 1>groundbreaking science doesn't always require the most expensive instruments. Instead,

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<v Speaker 1>it's about having the right tool for the right job,

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<v Speaker 1>and in this case, that means creating the most detailed

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<v Speaker 1>infrared map of our universe ever attempted. Let's head over

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<v Speaker 1>to Jupiter now. Jupiter's moon Io has just set a

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<v Speaker 1>new record for volcanic activity, and what NASA's Juno spacecraft

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<v Speaker 1>recently witnessed there is nothing short of spectacular. During its

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<v Speaker 1>December twenty twenty three flyby, Juno observed a volcanic event

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<v Speaker 1>so massive it makes Earth's most powerful eruptions look like

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<v Speaker 1>campfires in comparison. The newly discovered hotspot region on Io's

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<v Speaker 1>surface spans an area larger than Lake Superior, and the

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<v Speaker 1>energy its releasing is truly mind boggling, equivalent to six

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<v Speaker 1>times the combined output of all Earth's power plants. This

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<v Speaker 1>isn't just another eruption on Io. It's the most powerful

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<v Speaker 1>volcanic event ever recorded on what was already known as

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<v Speaker 1>the most volcanic world in our Solar system. The discovery

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<v Speaker 1>came during Juno's close approach to Io, when it passed

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<v Speaker 1>within about nine hundred and thirty miles of the Moon's surface.

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<v Speaker 1>Using its infrared instrument, the spacecraft detected an enormous hot

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<v Speaker 1>spot in Io's southern hemisphere that was so intense it

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<v Speaker 1>actually saturated. The scientists believe what they're seeing isn't just

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<v Speaker 1>one massive eruption, but several closely spaced hotspots, all erupting simultaneously,

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<v Speaker 1>suggesting the presence of a vast underground magma chamber system.

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<v Speaker 1>What makes Io such a volcanic powerhouse. The answer lies

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<v Speaker 1>in its relationship with Jupiter. As the Moon orbits the

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<v Speaker 1>gas giant every forty two point five hours, Jupiter's immense

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<v Speaker 1>gravitational pull creates powerful tidal forces that literally squeeze and

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<v Speaker 1>stretch Io. This constant needing generates tremendous heat inside the Moon,

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<v Speaker 1>leading to the spectacular volcanic activity we're witnessing. The Moon's

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<v Speaker 1>surface is already home to about four hundred active volcanoes,

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<v Speaker 1>all spewing lava, gas, and ash into Io's atmosphere. This

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<v Speaker 1>new eruption, however, stands apart in its sheer scale and intensity.

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<v Speaker 1>The affected region covers roughly forty thousand square miles, and

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<v Speaker 1>scientists are eagerly awaiting Juno's next fly by in March

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<v Speaker 1>to see how this remarkable event has reshaped Io's surface.

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<v Speaker 1>These observations aren't just spectacular, they're providing valuable insights into

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<v Speaker 1>volcanic processes, not just on Io, but potentially on other

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<v Speaker 1>worlds throughout our Solar System. As scientists continue to study

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<v Speaker 1>this unprecedented event, we're gaining new understanding of how planetary

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<v Speaker 1>bodies evolve and interact with their environments. Okay, how did

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<v Speaker 1>you go at photographing Comet atlass when it's sped by

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<v Speaker 1>us last month? Not as well as this, I would think.

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<v Speaker 1>A remarkable celestial spectacle unfolded in our cosmic neighborhood as

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<v Speaker 1>Comet C twenty twenty four G three, also known as

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<v Speaker 1>Comet Atlas, made its dramatic journey past the Sun between

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<v Speaker 1>January eleventh and fifteenth. The comet treated astronomers to an

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<v Speaker 1>extraordinary show as it blazed through the inner Solar System,

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<v Speaker 1>coming within just eight million miles of our star. That's

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<v Speaker 1>a mere nine percent of the distance between Earth and

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<v Speaker 1>the Sun. The ESA and NASA's Soho spacecraft captured stunning

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<v Speaker 1>images of this cosmic wanderer using its Lasco instrument. By

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<v Speaker 1>cleverly blocking out the Sun's intense light with a special disc,

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<v Speaker 1>LASCO revealed intricate details of the comet's tail as it

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<v Speaker 1>responded to the solar wind. These observations are providing scientists

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<v Speaker 1>with valuable insights into how the Sun's constant stream of

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<v Speaker 1>particles and energy influences objects passing through our solar neighborhood.

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<v Speaker 1>The images processed by Carl Badams at the US Naval

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<v Speaker 1>Research Lab brought out remarkable fine details in the comet's tail,

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<v Speaker 1>showcasing how it twisted and turned in response to fluctuations

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<v Speaker 1>in the solar wind. This interaction between comet and solar

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<v Speaker 1>wind is helping heliophysicists better understand the Sun's influence on

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<v Speaker 1>its surrounding environment. While the comet briefly graced Northern Hemisphere

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<v Speaker 1>skies during its closest approach to the Sun, it has

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<v Speaker 1>since moved into southern skies. However, there are indications that

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<v Speaker 1>this cosmic visitor may have paid a price for its

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<v Speaker 1>close encounter with our star. Scientists have observed signs suggesting

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<v Speaker 1>the comet might be breaking apart, which could lead to

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<v Speaker 1>it rapidly fading from view in the coming days. Next,

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<v Speaker 1>let's turn our attention to some fascinating lunar developments that

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<v Speaker 1>are reshaping our understanding of Earth's closest celestial neighbor. Firefly's

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<v Speaker 1>Blue Ghost mission has reached a significant milestone in its

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<v Speaker 1>forty five day journey to the Moon, with NASA's specialized

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<v Speaker 1>camera system SCALPS one point one successfully completing its first

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<v Speaker 1>round of tests. All six of its high resolution cameras

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<v Speaker 1>are functioning perfectly, ready to document every crucial moment of

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<v Speaker 1>the spacecraft's eventual descent and touchdown on the lunar surface.

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<v Speaker 1>Four of these cameras are specifically designed to capture the

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<v Speaker 1>interaction between Blue Ghosts, rocket plumes, and the Moon's surface,

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<v Speaker 1>while two additional cameras will record detailed before and after

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<v Speaker 1>images of the landing site. This documentation is becoming increasingly

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<v Speaker 1>important as we prepare for more frequent lunar missions, helping

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<v Speaker 1>scientists better understand how spacecraft landings affect the lunar environment. Meanwhile,

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<v Speaker 1>a groundbreaking discovery on the Moon's far side is challenging

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<v Speaker 1>our long held assumptions about lunar geology. Researchers from the

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<v Speaker 1>National Air and Space Museum and the University of Maryland

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<v Speaker 1>have identified two hundred and sixty six previously unknown small

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<v Speaker 1>ridges that tell an unexpected story of recent geological activity.

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<v Speaker 1>These ridges, typically found in groups of ten to forty,

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<v Speaker 1>appear to be surprisingly young, possibly forming within the last

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<v Speaker 1>two hundred million years. This is remarkably recent in geological terms,

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<v Speaker 1>especially for a body that many scientists believed had been

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<v Speaker 1>geologically dormant for billions of years. The research team used

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<v Speaker 1>crater counting techniques to date these features, finding that some

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<v Speaker 1>ridges even cut through existing impact craters, providing clear evidence

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<v Speaker 1>of their relatively recent formation. The structures bear striking similarities

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<v Speaker 1>to features found on the Moon's near side, suggesting they

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<v Speaker 1>were created by the same forces, possibly shallow moonquakes first

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<v Speaker 1>detected during the Apollo missions. Movements are likely caused by

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<v Speaker 1>a combination of shifts in the Moon's orbit and its

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<v Speaker 1>gradual shrinking, a process that continues to influence lunar surface

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<v Speaker 1>dynamics today. These findings have significant implications for future lunar

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<v Speaker 1>exploration and infrastructure planning, Understanding that the Moon is still

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<v Speaker 1>geologically active will be crucial for determining safe locations for

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<v Speaker 1>future astronaut missions, equipment placement, and potential permanent installations on

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<v Speaker 1>the lunar surface. And that brings us to the end

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<v Speaker 1>of another fascinating episode of Astronomy Daily. From breakthrough developments

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<v Speaker 1>in interstellar travel technology to record breaking volcanic activity on

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<v Speaker 1>Jupiter's moon Io, from NASA's ambitious news sphere X telescope

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<v Speaker 1>to surprising discoveries about lunar geology. It's been an exciting

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<v Speaker 1>day in space news. I'm Anna, and I want to

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<v Speaker 1>thank you for joining me on this cosmic journey. If

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<v Speaker 1>you're hungry for more space and astronomy news, head over

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<v Speaker 1>to Astronomy Daily dot io, where you'll find our constantly

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<v Speaker 1>update newsfeed and all our past episodes ready for your

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<v Speaker 1>listening pleasure. Don't forget to join our growing community across

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<v Speaker 1>social media. You can find us as astro Daily Pod

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<v Speaker 1>on Facebook, x YouTube, YouTube, music, Tumblr, and TikTok. Stay curious,

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<v Speaker 1>keep looking up, and we'll see you Monday for another

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<v Speaker 1>edition of Astronomy.

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<v Speaker 2>Dailyday Star starz Star