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<v Speaker 1>Now now you know, we made it a point not

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<v Speaker 1>to not to rehearse anything, and so as I just

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<v Speaker 1>want to just as a as a as a just reminder,

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<v Speaker 1>you're you're my last thing. Okay, okay, could you not

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<v Speaker 1>ruin the whole thing?

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<v Speaker 2>All right?

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<v Speaker 1>All right? So now speaking of that, speaking of that,

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<v Speaker 1>I think everybody would like to before we get into

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<v Speaker 1>all of the good stuff, okay, and they want to

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<v Speaker 1>go directly to the juicy stuff.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, okay.

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<v Speaker 1>And the juicy stuff is this. Look, you know, you

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<v Speaker 1>were quote as a saying that that artificial intelligence is

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<v Speaker 1>more dangerous than nuclear weapons, and I said potentially, and

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<v Speaker 1>and well it goes on, it goes on, and you say,

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<v Speaker 1>you say that it's like summoning the demon could be.

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<v Speaker 1>How do you consolidate, rationalize the the the conflict between

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<v Speaker 1>artificial intelligence of course deep learning that that obviously is

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<v Speaker 1>going to be very important to self driving cars. How

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<v Speaker 1>do you think through that?

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<v Speaker 2>Well, I don't think.

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<v Speaker 3>We're to worry about autonomous cars because that's sort of

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<v Speaker 3>like a narrow form of AI, and it's not something

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<v Speaker 3>that I think is very difficult. Actually, I think the

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<v Speaker 3>to do autonomous driving to agree that's much safer than

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<v Speaker 3>a person.

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<v Speaker 2>Is much easier than people think.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, right, and yeah, I think it's going to just

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<v Speaker 3>become normal, Like it be like an elevator, Like nobod

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<v Speaker 3>they used to have elevator operators and then we you know,

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<v Speaker 3>we've developed some simple circuitry to have elevators just automatically

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<v Speaker 3>come to the floor that you're at and you can

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<v Speaker 3>just press the button. Nobody needs to operate the elevator.

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<v Speaker 3>The car is just going to be like that.

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<v Speaker 1>And the elevators these days are even smart. I mean

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<v Speaker 1>it knows it knows where to position an elevator, so

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<v Speaker 1>that if you were to need an elevator, it's pretty

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<v Speaker 1>close to you. Cars in the future will be pretty

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<v Speaker 1>smart about that too.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, you'll be able to tell your car like take home,

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<v Speaker 3>go here, go there, anything, and it'll just do it

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<v Speaker 3>at an order of mag to safer than a person.

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<v Speaker 2>In fact, in the in the distant future, I.

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<v Speaker 3>Think it's probably going to be if people may outlaw

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<v Speaker 3>driving cars because it's too dangerous, Like you can't have

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<v Speaker 3>a person driving a two time death machine.

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<v Speaker 1>Now, if we if we have the right type of

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<v Speaker 1>intelligence in a car, we we also don't have to

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<v Speaker 1>make the cars that heavy. I would think, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>cars are getting heavier and heavier, and it's got more

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<v Speaker 1>and more stuff in it because it needs to survive

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<v Speaker 1>all these incredible collisions and things like that. If I

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<v Speaker 1>wonder if if we were to design cars that just

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<v Speaker 1>simply don't collide as much. I wonder if we could,

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<v Speaker 1>we could relax on some of those laws and and yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>make cars more fuel efficient and lighter and better to.

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<v Speaker 2>Right, you could definitely do that.

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<v Speaker 3>If you could count on not having an accident, then

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<v Speaker 3>you can get rid of a huge amount of the

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<v Speaker 3>crash structure and the airbags. And it'll be We're a

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<v Speaker 3>long way from that, because there's always gonna be some

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<v Speaker 3>for a very long time, there'll be some amount of

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<v Speaker 3>legacy cars on the road. And I think it is

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<v Speaker 3>important to just appreciate the size of the automotive industrial base.

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<v Speaker 3>Like it's not as though like when somebody makes an

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<v Speaker 3>autonomous car that suddenly all the cars will be autonomous.

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<v Speaker 2>It's like there's two billion of them.

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<v Speaker 3>Okay, So the total total number of cars and trucks

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<v Speaker 3>on the road is two billion. In climbing, the capacity

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<v Speaker 3>of car and truck production is about one hundred million

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<v Speaker 3>a year. So if tomorrow all cars were autonomous, it

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<v Speaker 3>would take twenty years to replace the fleet, assuming the

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<v Speaker 3>fleet stayed the same size. Arguably it could get smaller

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<v Speaker 3>if things are autonomous, but still it's it's still you know,

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<v Speaker 3>maybe fifteen years or something, and it's not all going

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<v Speaker 3>to transition immediately. It'll take quite a while. So and

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<v Speaker 3>it's the same for electrification of carsing that industrial base

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<v Speaker 3>to be electric. I mean, if if all cars were

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<v Speaker 3>suddenly fall cars produced were electric tomorrow, it would still

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<v Speaker 3>take twenty years to replace the fleet.

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<v Speaker 2>And right now it's less than one percent.

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<v Speaker 1>So now you you you're you mentioned just now about

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<v Speaker 1>about self driving cars being easier than people think. Now

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<v Speaker 1>you have your vision of how to go from where

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<v Speaker 1>we are today. Now, my model, my P eighty five

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<v Speaker 1>D has lane detection and so it gets a little

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<v Speaker 1>you know, when I get close to a lane, yep,

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<v Speaker 1>it detects the uh uh the speed signs and then

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<v Speaker 1>uses uses computer vision technology to do that. And but

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<v Speaker 1>and that's today's adas. What is your what is your roadmap?

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<v Speaker 1>You know, how is that different than other people's roadmap?

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<v Speaker 1>How do you think about how to get to self

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<v Speaker 1>driving cars.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, well.

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<v Speaker 3>You kind of need the hardware foundation, the sort of

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<v Speaker 3>sensor and computing foundation, and then you can keep uploading

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<v Speaker 3>new software. At least you can with the TAILS because

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<v Speaker 3>it's it's always connected. So the car that you have,

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<v Speaker 3>you'll notice that it's the features are steadily improving. We

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<v Speaker 3>now you know, have active cruise control, so it'll it'll

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<v Speaker 3>use radar and camera fusion to track the car in

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<v Speaker 3>front of you. It's also looking at with some of

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<v Speaker 3>the things that are coming out. It's got it looks

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<v Speaker 3>at the brake lights, so it anticipates that the car's

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<v Speaker 3>got the brake lights are active. It's going to get

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<v Speaker 3>basically smarter and smarter even with the current hardware suite.

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<v Speaker 3>So the current hardware suite is three hundred and sixty

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<v Speaker 3>degree ultrasonic sensors that go off to about just over

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<v Speaker 3>five meters. It's a forward camera to Ford radar. So

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<v Speaker 3>we'll make even with just that sensor suite, we can

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<v Speaker 3>actually make a huge progress in autonomy. We can certainly

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<v Speaker 3>make the car steer itself on on a freeway, do

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<v Speaker 3>lane changes. It's really autonomy is about what level of

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<v Speaker 3>reliability and safety do you want?

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<v Speaker 2>Even with the current sensorus.

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<v Speaker 3>We could make the cargo fully autonomous, but only to

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<v Speaker 3>but not to a level of reliabily that would be

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<v Speaker 3>safe in say a complex urban environment at thirty miles

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<v Speaker 3>an hour, where the lanemarking's not there and children could

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<v Speaker 3>be playing and things could be coming at.

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<v Speaker 2>You from the side.

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<v Speaker 3>So in order to solve that, you need a bigger

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<v Speaker 3>sensor suite, and you need more computing power. And I

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<v Speaker 3>think what you're doing actually with the tigers in the

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<v Speaker 3>futures is super interesting and will really be a big

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<v Speaker 3>enabler for autonomous driving. So I think, you know, we're

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<v Speaker 3>in video is doing really great stuff on that front.

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<v Speaker 1>I appreciate that. Yeah, And so some of the challenges

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<v Speaker 1>that you see, what are the what are some of

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<v Speaker 1>the technological hurdles that And there's all kinds of researchers

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<v Speaker 1>in the room, they're all kinds of engineers in room.

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<v Speaker 1>What are some what are some of the technological hurdles

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<v Speaker 1>that you think are really important for us to go tackle. Surely,

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<v Speaker 1>surely we're going to get to some better cruise controls

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<v Speaker 1>on highways, but beyond that, what are some of the

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<v Speaker 1>things that you would like is to go focus on

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<v Speaker 1>the tackle for the car.

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<v Speaker 3>Industry, Well, it's it. You know, where it gets tricky

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<v Speaker 3>is is just the is that sort of urban environment

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<v Speaker 3>around thirty or forty miles an hour. So like right

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<v Speaker 3>right now, it's fairly easy to deal with, say, things

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<v Speaker 3>that are sub five to ten miles an hour, because

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<v Speaker 3>we can do that with the ultrasonics. We just make

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<v Speaker 3>sure it doesn't hit anything right, you know, because you.

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<v Speaker 1>Can always just the right thing to do. Largely, that's

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<v Speaker 1>why would.

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<v Speaker 3>You want to hit anything with your exactly, So at

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<v Speaker 3>five ten miles an hour, you can stop within the

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<v Speaker 3>range of the ultrasonics, and that then from let's say

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<v Speaker 3>ten miles an hour to.

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<v Speaker 2>You know, call it sort of fifty miles an hour.

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<v Speaker 3>That that that that area in complex suburban environments, that's

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<v Speaker 3>that's where you can get a lot of unexpected things happening,

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<v Speaker 3>like let's say this of like a road closure or

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<v Speaker 3>a manhole cover open. Children playing is a big issue bicycles.

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<v Speaker 3>Once you get about fifty miles an hour and you're

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<v Speaker 3>in kind of a freeway environment, then it also gets

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<v Speaker 3>easier again, like the set of possibilities is much reduced,

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<v Speaker 3>so highway crews is easy. Low speed is easy, intermediate

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<v Speaker 3>is hard. And so being able to recognize what you're

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<v Speaker 3>seeing and make the right decision in the suburban environment

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<v Speaker 3>in that ten miles an hour to fifty mile an

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<v Speaker 3>hour zone is the challenging portion. But I really think

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<v Speaker 3>it's I mean, I almost this may sound a little complacent,

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<v Speaker 3>but I almost viewed it as like a solve problem,

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<v Speaker 3>Like we know exactly what.

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<v Speaker 2>To do, and we'll be there in a few years.

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<v Speaker 1>Right, It's just like Mars. That's quite side. That's kind

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<v Speaker 1>of the spirit of a I mean, in a lot

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<v Speaker 1>of ways in your mind, you kind of you kind

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<v Speaker 1>of see things solvable or arguably arguably solved, and and

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<v Speaker 1>a lot of it is really about getting there.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, we'll take autonomous costs for granted, in quite a

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<v Speaker 3>short period of time. It's amazing how comfortable you get

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<v Speaker 3>at how quickly you get comfortable with it.

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<v Speaker 2>So, now, what.

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<v Speaker 1>About government government policies? Like one of the things that

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<v Speaker 1>I would like to do is I would I would

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<v Speaker 1>just like to keep working on my email as I'm

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<v Speaker 1>driving to work. Sure, you know, there's there's a thirty

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<v Speaker 1>people do that already. Like I said, I would like

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<v Speaker 1>to do it without without without breaking the law. So

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<v Speaker 1>where where where do you where do you think government

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<v Speaker 1>intervention falls in some of this stuff? Because you know, obviously,

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<v Speaker 1>if you car drivee by itself and it does it

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<v Speaker 1>even better than people, you would like it to drive

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<v Speaker 1>by itself, but largely the laws don't allow you to

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<v Speaker 1>do that today, right, absolutely, So how do we cross

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<v Speaker 1>that bridge? And how do you think about government invention regulations?

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<v Speaker 2>Right? So, I think.

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<v Speaker 3>It'll be from the point at which a car is

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<v Speaker 3>definitely safer than a person, there's probably at least another

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<v Speaker 3>two or three years after that before regulators will allow

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<v Speaker 3>that to be the case, because they will want to

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<v Speaker 3>see a large amount of statistical proof that it's not

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<v Speaker 3>merely as safe as a person, but much safer. So

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<v Speaker 3>I think what you can do is you can run

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<v Speaker 3>run it in shadow mode and essentially say, okay, this

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<v Speaker 3>is this is what the computer would have done in

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<v Speaker 3>all these circumstances, and was there a crash or was

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<v Speaker 3>there not?

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<v Speaker 2>Like what are the false parts of false negatives?

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<v Speaker 3>And then you know, it's achieve a large population group

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<v Speaker 3>and then and then make a really clear statistical argument

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<v Speaker 3>with the regulators, and then they're going to digest that,

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<v Speaker 3>observe it for a while, see if they agree with it,

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<v Speaker 3>and then I think they will because the evidence will

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<v Speaker 3>be overwhelming.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, and the evidence is actually already quite overwhelming that

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<v Speaker 1>if you, if you, if you would have would have

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<v Speaker 1>noticed a break line in front of you in the

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<v Speaker 1>highway and you didn't, you didn't crash into a rear

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<v Speaker 1>in collision. Right, A lot of laser sate, you know, ideally, ideally,

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<v Speaker 1>hopefully people don't don't overreact with this, with this unknown technology,

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<v Speaker 1>and uh and prematurely regulate no premature regulations.

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<v Speaker 2>Well, I mean regulation that was a joke.

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<v Speaker 3>I think it when when it comes to public safety,

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<v Speaker 3>I think there's there's an argument for being quite cautious

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<v Speaker 3>and making sure that things are okay before before there's

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<v Speaker 3>a change.

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<v Speaker 2>And I mean, and I.

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<v Speaker 3>Don't think it's the case that right now there's a

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<v Speaker 3>fully autonomous system and regulators are not approving it, that

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<v Speaker 3>that that really be a substitute for people. But they

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<v Speaker 3>will be in a few years now.

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<v Speaker 1>As we get more computer rized technology into these cars

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<v Speaker 1>and this car becomes really a software defined car. I

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<v Speaker 1>mean a lot of your engineers are software engineers.

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<v Speaker 2>I mean that's yeah, absolutely.

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<v Speaker 1>One of the great things about Tesla. You guys right

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<v Speaker 1>here in Silicon Valley, you're rich with software engineers and

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<v Speaker 1>you have that you' have that computer sensibility about architecting

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<v Speaker 1>a computer properly, designing the software, properly designing the software

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<v Speaker 1>for many generations of cars, so where he refines and

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<v Speaker 1>gets better and better. And it has been getting better.

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<v Speaker 1>I mean the software from the first time you send

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<v Speaker 1>me my Tesla to the now it's just like unrecognizable software.

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<v Speaker 2>Right, big improvement.

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<v Speaker 3>So that's why the first thing we try to do

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<v Speaker 3>is establish the hardware platform, make sure that we have

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<v Speaker 3>the sensors and compute power. And so we do that first,

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<v Speaker 3>even though the software is only taking advantage of a

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<v Speaker 3>small percentage of the sensors and compute power. And then

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<v Speaker 3>we do continuous updates to make the car more and

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<v Speaker 3>more capable.

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<v Speaker 2>And we're going to see a lot of that happen

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<v Speaker 2>later this year.

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<v Speaker 3>If I didn't have an announcement on Thursday morning, I

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<v Speaker 3>would be saying a lot more of it.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, the audience doesn't understand why they have to wait

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<v Speaker 1>until Thursday morning. You tweeted it already. You're announce that

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<v Speaker 1>you're going to do an Ota. What kind of announcement

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<v Speaker 1>is that I'm going to do an Ota on Thursday.

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<v Speaker 1>That's like a new product announcement.

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<v Speaker 3>These days, it's just it's just a well, it's just

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<v Speaker 3>saying that there's going to be a cool on Thursday morning,

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<v Speaker 3>and I'll describe what's going to be in version six

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<v Speaker 3>point two for anyone who's interested.

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<v Speaker 1>That's so awesome. Though I'm interested. I get excited every

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<v Speaker 1>time I get an Ota, and it's you know, one

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<v Speaker 1>of the things that was really interesting is in the beginning,

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<v Speaker 1>when we first built the first Tesla together, the tegra

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<v Speaker 1>in it, we thought was more than enough. And recently

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<v Speaker 1>you said, can we just squeeze more performance out of

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<v Speaker 1>that platform? And it just happened in literally two years,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, several versions of your software updates all of

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<v Speaker 1>a sudden, the computing platform is not powerful enough, right,

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<v Speaker 1>And it's because you want to add more features, and

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<v Speaker 1>a lot of features these days are based on software.

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<v Speaker 2>True.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, And so one last question, and it's it has

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<v Speaker 1>to do with I guess something that a lot of

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<v Speaker 1>people are very concerned about, which is your car becomes

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<v Speaker 1>a software platform and software platforms get hacked. How do

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<v Speaker 1>you think about that, How do you think about security?

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<v Speaker 1>And what are some of the things that we could

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<v Speaker 1>do to try to make make make the car more

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<v Speaker 1>resilient to security attacks.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, I think that that becomes really important when the

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<v Speaker 3>cars are fully autonomous. I mean, the way the cars

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<v Speaker 3>work right now, every system of the car, it's assumed,

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<v Speaker 3>could actually have a mechanical failure of some kind or

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<v Speaker 3>a logic failure, a fundamental logic failure. So you can

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<v Speaker 3>always overwhelm the breaking of the car with your foot,

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<v Speaker 3>and you can overwhelm the steering wheel with your hands. So,

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<v Speaker 3>but but when when there is a steering wheel, or

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<v Speaker 3>there isn't you know, a brake, pedal or something in

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<v Speaker 3>that like you know many is from now, then it's

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<v Speaker 3>really really dangerous, you know, because but even as it

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<v Speaker 3>is right now, what we spend most of our time

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<v Speaker 3>on is making sure that it's it's very difficult to

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<v Speaker 3>do a multi car hack. Like if you have direct

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<v Speaker 3>access to a car, just like if you've got direct

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<v Speaker 3>access to a computer or even a conventional car, you

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<v Speaker 3>can do a lot of things to it.

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<v Speaker 2>But but that's less of.

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<v Speaker 3>A concern than somebody being able to hack an arbitrary

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<v Speaker 3>car or multiple cars. So that's what we focus our

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<v Speaker 3>energy on is making sure that that in that ways

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<v Speaker 3>it's it's it's a lot like a like a cell

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<v Speaker 3>phone or a laptop, you know, you focus on making

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<v Speaker 3>sure that they can't or that it's very difficult for

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<v Speaker 3>that to be any kind of system wide hack. So

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<v Speaker 3>we put a lot of effort into that, and we

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<v Speaker 3>have third parties try to attack it. And in certain

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<v Speaker 3>parts of the car at the very fundamental level, like

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<v Speaker 3>the drive unit controller or the steering controller have an

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<v Speaker 3>additional level of security. So somebody may be able to uh,

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<v Speaker 3>you know, hack something that's cosmetic, but it's much harder

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<v Speaker 3>to hack something that's that's actually physically agerous.

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<v Speaker 2>There's multiple levels of.

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<v Speaker 1>Secure and so this way, if you if you weren't

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<v Speaker 1>able to penetrate maybe the entertainment system, it doesn't allow

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<v Speaker 1>you quickly as a result of.

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<v Speaker 3>That, right, I may display a funny message or something,

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<v Speaker 3>but it would not you would not be able to

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<v Speaker 3>then control the steering or the motor.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah. Well, the future of cars is so exciting and

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<v Speaker 1>the work that you guys are doing are so exciting,

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<v Speaker 1>and it's it's it's great to see you guys pioneering

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<v Speaker 1>these computer rized cars. I mean a lot of people

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<v Speaker 1>think about think about Tesla as the electric car, but

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<v Speaker 1>I think it's obviously more than that. It's an electric car,

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<v Speaker 1>but it's a whole computer platform on top of that.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, I think I think Tess is sort of the

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<v Speaker 3>leader in electric cars, but I think we'll also sort

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<v Speaker 3>of be the leader in autonomous cars, at least autonomous

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<v Speaker 3>cars that people can buy. And and so we're I mean,

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<v Speaker 3>if there's anybody interested in working on autonomous cars, would

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<v Speaker 3>love to have you work at Tesla, by the way.

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<v Speaker 3>So we're gonna put a lot of effort into automotive

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<v Speaker 3>autonomous driving because it's just going to be the default

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<v Speaker 3>thing and it could save a lot of lives.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, so save a lot of lives and hopefully, hopefully

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<v Speaker 1>one of these days, it would be nice if Nvidia's

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<v Speaker 1>campus has no parking lot, yeah right, that it drops

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<v Speaker 1>us off and the meanders off to a place where

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<v Speaker 1>the land's a little cheaper and you know, and parks

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<v Speaker 1>a whole bunch of cars there and when it's time

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<v Speaker 1>to go home, were someone at to.

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<v Speaker 3>Come, it will be extremely transformative, that's for sure. But yeah,

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<v Speaker 3>I mean when it comes to AI, I'm not really

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<v Speaker 3>worried about narrow AI like like autonomous cars or like

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<v Speaker 3>you know, a smart air conditioning unit at the house

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<v Speaker 3>or something. It's more like sort of the deep intelligent

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<v Speaker 3>stuff that is where we need to be cautious. I

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<v Speaker 3>actually think there's many potential flavors of AI. And you know,

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<v Speaker 3>it's odd that we're at we're so close to the

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<v Speaker 3>advent of AI, Like it's it seems strange that we

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<v Speaker 3>would be alive in this in this time.

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<v Speaker 1>We'll come back every year, come back every year, and

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<v Speaker 1>you'll see the work that this group was going to do.

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<v Speaker 1>I mean, there's so much deep learning work being done here.

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<v Speaker 1>You have a lot of engineers here as well, and

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<v Speaker 1>there is fantastics to see the whole community focused on

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<v Speaker 1>advancing this field. And along the way, we're gonna spin

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<v Speaker 1>off a whole bunch of new capabilities. As you know,

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<v Speaker 1>that's gonna make cars just safer and more fun to drive.

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<v Speaker 1>Long before we have to get to essentially a self

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<v Speaker 1>driving car, there's going to be a lot of versions

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<v Speaker 1>along the way that's just going to bring joy to

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<v Speaker 1>a lot of people.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah. Absolutely, I just hope there's something left for used

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<v Speaker 2>humans to do.

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<v Speaker 1>Well. I'm not gonna let let go of my steeringwell,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, I've got mine on the craziness mode and

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<v Speaker 1>the sports steering mode. Is that the way you have it?

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<v Speaker 1>You get driven to work? Now?

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<v Speaker 3>No, well I drive half the time actually, And which

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<v Speaker 3>mode do you have it in? I always have it

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<v Speaker 3>insane mode?

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah right, all right, thank you,