Speaker 1: Section fifteen of the grochy Marius and Sulla by A. H. Beasley.
Speaker 1: This librovox recording is in the public domain. Read by
Speaker 1: Pamel Andagami. Chapter thirteen, Sullah in Italy, leaving Morena in
Speaker 1: Asia with Fimbria's legions. Sullah in eighty four b c.
Speaker 1: With his soldiers, in good humor and with full coffers,
Speaker 1: at last set out homewards. Three days after sailing from Ephesus,
Speaker 1: he reached the Pyrieus. Thence he wrote to the Senate
Speaker 1: in a different style from that in which he had
Speaker 1: communicated his victory over Fimbria, when he had not mentioned
Speaker 1: his own outlawry. He now recounted all that he had
Speaker 1: done and contrasted it with what had been done to
Speaker 1: him at Rome. How his house had been destroyed, his
Speaker 1: friends murdered, and his wife and children forced to flee
Speaker 1: for their lives. He was on his way, he said,
Speaker 1: to punish his enemies and those who had wronged him.
Speaker 1: Other men, including the newly enfranchised Italians, need be under
Speaker 1: no apprehension. We do not know much of what had
Speaker 1: been going on at Rome beyond what has been related
Speaker 1: in a previous chapter. Sinna and Carbo. The consuls were
Speaker 1: making what preparations they could when the letter arrived, but
Speaker 1: it struck a cold chill of dread into many of
Speaker 1: the Senate, and Sinna and Carbo were told to desist
Speaker 1: for a time while an embassy was sent to Sullah
Speaker 1: to try and arrange terms, and to ask if he
Speaker 1: wished to be assured of his own safety, what were
Speaker 1: his demands. But when the ambassadors were gone, Sinna and
Speaker 1: Carbo proclaimed themselves consuls for eighty three so that they
Speaker 1: might not have to come back to Rome to hold
Speaker 1: the elections, and Sinna was soon afterwards murdered at Ancona.
Speaker 1: The Tribunes then compelled Carbo to come back and hold
Speaker 1: the elections in the regular and Lucius Cornelius, Scipio Asiaticus
Speaker 1: and Gaius Norbanus were elected. Meanwhile, the ambassadors had found
Speaker 1: Sullah in Greece and had received his answer. He said
Speaker 1: that he would never be reconciled to such criminals as
Speaker 1: his enemies, though the Romans might if they chose, and
Speaker 1: that as for his own safety, he had an army
Speaker 1: devoted to him and should prefer to secure the safety
Speaker 1: of the Senate and his own adherents. He sent back
Speaker 1: with the ambassadors some friends to represent him before the Senate,
Speaker 1: and embarking his army at the Pyrius ordered it to
Speaker 1: go round the coast to patray in Achia, and thence
Speaker 1: to the shore's opposite Brundisium. He himself, having a fit
Speaker 1: of gout, went to Eubea to try the springs of Idepsus.
Speaker 1: One day, says Plutarch, while he was walking on the
Speaker 1: shore there, some fishermen brought him some fine fish. He
Speaker 1: was much pleased. But when they told him that they
Speaker 1: were citizens of Hallai, a town which he had destroyed
Speaker 1: after the Battle of Orcomenos, he said, in his grim way,
Speaker 1: what is there a man of Hallai still alive? But
Speaker 1: then he told the men to take heart, for the
Speaker 1: fish had pleaded eloquently for them. From Ubia, he crossed
Speaker 1: to the mainland to rejoin his troops. They were about
Speaker 1: forty thousand in number, and more than two hundred thousand
Speaker 1: men were, he said, in arms against him in Italy.
Speaker 1: But Sullah, who had connived at their mutinies, their vices,
Speaker 1: and their breaches of discipline, who had always led them
Speaker 1: to victory, and had never yet thrown aside that mask
Speaker 1: of moderation, which veiled an inflexible determination to be revenged. Sullah,
Speaker 1: who had been so long the sole representative of authority,
Speaker 1: and to whom they had learned to look for their
Speaker 1: ultimate reward, was their hero and hope. They offered him
Speaker 1: their money, and of their own accord, swore not to
Speaker 1: disperse or to ravage the country. Sullah refused their money. Indeed,
Speaker 1: he must have had plenty of his own. But now,
Speaker 1: when slowly and still very cautiously he was unfolding his designs,
Speaker 1: such devotion must have been very welcome. Early in eighty
Speaker 1: three he sailed from Durachium to Brundisium, and was at
Speaker 1: once received by the town. He was particularly anxious not
Speaker 1: to arouse against himself the Italians, with whom his name
Speaker 1: was anything but popular, and he solemnly swore to respect
Speaker 1: their lately acquired rights. Adherents soon flocked to him. Marcus
Speaker 1: Leacinius Crassus came from Africa and was sent to raise
Speaker 1: troops among the Marcie. He asked for an escort, for
Speaker 1: he had to go through territory occupied by the enemy.
Speaker 1: I give thee, said Sullah hotly, thy father, thy brother,
Speaker 1: thy friends and thy kinsmen who were cut off by
Speaker 1: violence and lawlessness, and whose murderers I am now hunting down.
Speaker 1: Quintus Metellus Pius came from Liguria, whither he had escaped
Speaker 1: from Africa, after holding out there against the Marians as
Speaker 1: long as he could. Quintus Lucretius o'fella also came, soon
Speaker 1: to find to his cost that he had chosen a
Speaker 1: master who could as readily forget as accept timely service.
Speaker 1: Most welcome of all was Nius Pompeius, welcome not only
Speaker 1: for his talents, energy and popularity, but because he did
Speaker 1: not come empty handed. He had taken service under Sinna,
Speaker 1: but had been looked on with distrust, and an action
Speaker 1: had been brought against him to make him surrender plunder
Speaker 1: which his father, Nias Pompeius Strabo was said to have
Speaker 1: appropriated when he took Auximum. Carbo had pleaded for him,
Speaker 1: and he had been acquitted. But as soon as Sulla
Speaker 1: was gaining ground in Italy, he went to Pequanum, where
Speaker 1: he had estates, and expelled from Auximum the adherents of Carbo,
Speaker 1: and then, passing from town to town, won them one
Speaker 1: by one from his late Protector's interests, and got together
Speaker 1: a corps of three legions with all the proper equipment
Speaker 1: and unitions of war. Three officers were sent against him
Speaker 1: at the head of three divisions, but they quarreled, and Pompeius,
Speaker 1: who was said to have slain with his own hand
Speaker 1: the strongest horsemen in the enemy's ranks, defeated one of
Speaker 1: them and effected a junction with Sullah somewhere in Apulia.
Speaker 1: Sullah's soldier Liee was pleased at the sight of troops
Speaker 1: thus successful and in good martial trim, and when Pompeius
Speaker 1: addressed him as imperatore, he hailed him by the same
Speaker 1: title in return. Or perhaps he was only playing on
Speaker 1: the youth's vanity. For Pompeius, who was for his courage
Speaker 1: and good looks, the darling of the soldiers and the
Speaker 1: women was very vain, and flattery was a potion, which
Speaker 1: it seems to have been one of Sulla's cynical maxims,
Speaker 1: always to administer in strong doses. Later on he was
Speaker 1: joined by Philippus, the foe of Drusus, who for shifty
Speaker 1: and successful knavery seems to have been another Marcus Scaurus
Speaker 1: by Cathagus, who had been one of his bitterest enemies,
Speaker 1: which to a man of Sullah's businesslike disposition would not
Speaker 1: be an objection, so long as he could make himself
Speaker 1: useful at the time, and by Gaius Verus, a late
Speaker 1: cristor of Carbo, who had embezzled the public money in
Speaker 1: that capacity, and thus began by turgiversation and theft a
Speaker 1: notorious career. Sola marched northwards through Apulia, gaining friends by
Speaker 1: committing no devastation and sending proposals of peace to the
Speaker 1: council Norbanus, which were as hypocritical as was his abstinence
Speaker 1: from ravaging the country. He meant to deal with those
Speaker 1: Samnites through whose country he was marching at some other time.
Speaker 1: At present it was most politic not to provoke them.
Speaker 1: According to Appian, he met the consul at Canusium on
Speaker 1: the Aufidus, but it is probable that this is a mistake,
Speaker 1: and that the first battle was fought at Mount Tifata,
Speaker 1: a spur of the Apennines near Coppua. Norbanus had seized
Speaker 1: Sullah's envoys, and this so enraged the soldiers of the
Speaker 1: latter that they charged down the hill with irresistible impetuosity
Speaker 1: and killed six thousand of the foe. Norbanus fled to Coppua.
Speaker 1: Only seventy of the Sullens were killed. Sola now crossed
Speaker 1: the Volturnus, and, marching along the Appian road, met the
Speaker 1: other counsul Scipio, at Taynum, with whom he opened negotiations.
Speaker 1: Scipio sent Sertorius to Narbanus, who was blockaded in Coppua,
Speaker 1: to consult him on the terms proposed. Sertorius, who had
Speaker 1: guessed what was coming and hoped to prevent it by
Speaker 1: something more efficacious than the advice of Narbanus, went out
Speaker 1: of his way and seized Suesa. This would interrupt Sullah's
Speaker 1: immediate communications with the sea, of which he was master.
Speaker 1: Sullah complained, but all the while he was as Sertorius
Speaker 1: had worn Scipio, corrupting the consul's troops. They murmured when
Speaker 1: Scipio returned the hostages which Sullah had given, and when
Speaker 1: the latter, on their invitation, approached their lines, they went
Speaker 1: over to him in a body. On hearing of this,
Speaker 1: Carbo said that in contending with Sullah, he had to
Speaker 1: contend with a lion and a fox, and that the
Speaker 1: fox gave him most trouble. It may be noted here
Speaker 1: that Sullah, whose calculated moderation was paying him well, the
Speaker 1: more pleasantly because he knew that he could wreck his
Speaker 1: revenge afterwards at his leisure, never scrupled to employ every
Speaker 1: kind of subterfuge and lie, tricked, and lied on his
Speaker 1: march to Roman eighty eight. He lied foully to the
Speaker 1: sam Knights after the Battle of the colleen Gate, and
Speaker 1: he lied in his memoirs when he said that he
Speaker 1: only lost four men at Chynea and twenty three at Sacroportis,
Speaker 1: where he also said that he killed twenty thousand of
Speaker 1: the foe. Absurd assertions like this may have been dictated
Speaker 1: as a sort of lavish acknowledgment paid to fortune, of
Speaker 1: whom he liked to be thought the favorite lies that
Speaker 1: no one believed or was expected to believe, but keeping
Speaker 1: up a fiction of which it was his foible to
Speaker 1: be proud. Another thing we may note is that this
Speaker 1: was only the first of a long series of treasons
Speaker 1: to which, as much almost as to his own generalship,
Speaker 1: Sullah owed his final success five cohorts deserted at Sacriportis.
Speaker 1: Five more went over from Carbo to Metellus. Two hundred
Speaker 1: and seventy cavalry went over from Carbo to Sulla. In Etruria,
Speaker 1: a whole legion dispatched by Carbo to relieve Prineste joined
Speaker 1: Pompeius at the Battle of Faventia six thousand deserted, and
Speaker 1: the Lucanian legion did the same directly afterwards. Naples and
Speaker 1: Narbo were both handed over by treachery. We hear also
Speaker 1: of commanders deserting. On the other hand, nothing is said
Speaker 1: of anyone deserting from Sulla, so that from the very
Speaker 1: beginning the contest could never have been really considered doubtful.
Speaker 1: After this signal success at Tinum, Sertorius was sent to Spain,
Speaker 1: either because, as is likely, he made bitter comments on
Speaker 1: the consul's incompetence, or because it was important to hold
Speaker 1: Spain as a place for retreat. Carbo hastened to Rome,
Speaker 1: and at his instigation, the senate outlawed all the senators
Speaker 1: who had joined Sulla, a suicidal step which would contrast
Speaker 1: fatally with Sullah's crafty moderation. It was about this time
Speaker 1: that the capital and in it, the Sybiline books were burnt.
Speaker 1: Some people said that Carbo burnt it, though what his
Speaker 1: motive would be is difficult to conjecture. Sola very likely
Speaker 1: regretted the loss of the Sybiline books as much as
Speaker 1: any man. With this. The first year of the Civil
Speaker 1: war ended eighty three b c. Sullah was master of Pequanam,
Speaker 1: Apulia and Campania, had disposed of two consuls and their armies,
Speaker 1: and had, by conciliation and swearing to respect their rights,
Speaker 1: made friends of some of the newly enfranchised Italian towns.
Speaker 1: The consuls for the next year, eighty two, were Carbo
Speaker 1: and young Marius. The Marian governor in Africa was suspected
Speaker 1: of wishing to raise the slaves and to make himself
Speaker 1: absolute in the province. Consequently, the Roman merchants stirred up
Speaker 1: a tumult in which he was burnt alive in his
Speaker 1: house in Sardinia, the renegade Philippus did some service by
Speaker 1: defeating the Marian praetor and so securing for Sullah the
Speaker 1: corn supply of the islands. In the spring, Sullah seized Setia,
Speaker 1: a strong position on the west of the Volcian Mountains,
Speaker 1: Marius was in the same neighborhood, and he retreated to Sacriportus,
Speaker 1: on the east of the same range. Solah followed him,
Speaker 1: his aim being to get to Rome. A battle took
Speaker 1: place at Sacriportis. Marius was getting the worst of it
Speaker 1: on the left wing when five cohorts and two companies
Speaker 1: of cavalry deserted him. The rest fled with great slaughter,
Speaker 1: and Sullah pressed so hard on them that the gates
Speaker 1: of Prineste were shut to hinder him getting in with
Speaker 1: the fugitives. Marius was left outside, and like Archilaus at Pyrius,
Speaker 1: had to be hoisted over the walls by ropes. Sullah
Speaker 1: captured eight thousand and Samnites in the battle, and now,
Speaker 1: for the first time, when the road to Rome was
Speaker 1: opened and victory seemed secure, showed himself in his true
Speaker 1: colors and slew all of them to a man. An
Speaker 1: equally savage butchery had been going on in Rome, where Marius,
Speaker 1: before he was blockaded in Prineste, had given orders to
Speaker 1: massacre the leaders of the opposite faction. The Senate was
Speaker 1: assembled as if to dispatch business in the Curia Hostilia,
Speaker 1: and there Carbo's cousin and the father in law of
Speaker 1: Pompeius were assassinated. The wife of the latter killed herself
Speaker 1: on hearing the news. Quintis Mukias Skywala, the chief pontiff
Speaker 1: and the first jurists to attempted to systematize Roman law,
Speaker 1: fled to the temple of Vesta and was there slain.
Speaker 1: The corpses of those who had been killed were thrown
Speaker 1: into the Tiber, and Marius had the ferocious satisfaction of
Speaker 1: feeling that his enemies would not be able to exalt
Speaker 1: over his own imminent ruin. Sollah, leaving Ofella to blockade Printeste,
Speaker 1: hastened to Rome, but there was no one on whom
Speaker 1: to take vengeance. For his foes had fled. He confiscated
Speaker 1: their property and tried to quiet apprehensions by telling the
Speaker 1: people that he would soon re establish the state. But
Speaker 1: he could not stay long in the city, for matters
Speaker 1: looked threatening in the north. In this quarter the contest
Speaker 1: was more stubborn because the newly enfranchised towns were stronger
Speaker 1: partisans of Marius. Metellus had fought a battle on the Isis,
Speaker 1: the frontier river of Pequanum, against Carinus, one of Carbo's lieutenants,
Speaker 1: and after a hard fight, had beaten him and occupied
Speaker 1: the adjacent country. This brought Carbo against him with the
Speaker 1: superior army, and Metellus could do nothing till the news
Speaker 1: of Sacraportis frightened Carbo into retreating to Araminum that he
Speaker 1: might secure his communications and get some solies from the
Speaker 1: rich valley of the Po. Metellus immediately resumed the offensive.
Speaker 1: He defeated in person one division of Carbo, five of
Speaker 1: whose cohorts deserted in the battle. His lieutenant Pompeius, defeated
Speaker 1: Cancerinus at Sena and sacked the town. Pompeius is also
Speaker 1: said to have crossed the Po and taken Mediolanum Milan,
Speaker 1: where his soldiers massacred the senate. Mettellus meanwhile had gone
Speaker 1: by sea along the east coast of Ariminum and had
Speaker 1: thus cut off Carbo's communications with the valley of the Po.
Speaker 1: This drove Carbo from his position, and he marched into Etruria,
Speaker 1: where he fought a battle near Clusium with Sullah, who
Speaker 1: had just arrived from Rome. In a cavalry fight near Clanis,
Speaker 1: two hundred and seventy of Carbo's Spanish horse went over
Speaker 1: to Sullah, and Carbo killed the rest. There was another
Speaker 1: fight at Saturnia on the Albena, and there too Sawolla
Speaker 1: was victorious. He was less fortunate in a general engagement
Speaker 1: near Clusium, which after a whole day's fighting, ended indecisively.
Speaker 1: Carbo was, however, now reduced to great straits. Carinus was
Speaker 1: defeated by Pompeius and Crassus near Spoletum and retired into
Speaker 1: the town. Carbo sent a detachment to his aid, but
Speaker 1: it was cut to pieces by an ambuscade laid by Sullah.
Speaker 1: Bad news, too, reached him from the south, where Marius
Speaker 1: was beginning to starve in Prineste. He sent a strong
Speaker 1: force of eight legions to raise the siege, but Pompeius
Speaker 1: waylaid and routed them and surrounded their officer, who had
Speaker 1: retreated to a hill. But the latter, leaving his fires alight,
Speaker 1: marched off by night and returned to Carbo with only
Speaker 1: seven cohorts, for his troops had mutinied, one legion going
Speaker 1: off to our Minium, and many men dispersing to their homes.
Speaker 1: A second attempt to relieve Prineste was now made from
Speaker 1: the south, Lamponius from Leucania, whom we last heard of
Speaker 1: in the Social War, and Pontius Telesinus from Samnium marched
Speaker 1: at the head of seventy thousand men into Latium. This
Speaker 1: movement drew Sullah from Etruria. He threw himself between Rome
Speaker 1: and the enemy and occupied a gorge through which they
Speaker 1: had to pass before they could get to Prineste. The
Speaker 1: Latin road branches off Nearanannia, one route leading straight to Rome,
Speaker 1: the other making a detour through Prineste. It was somewhere
Speaker 1: here that Cellah took his stand, and neither could the
Speaker 1: Southern army break through his lines, nor Marius break through
Speaker 1: those of Othella, though he made determined attempts to do so. Meanwhile,
Speaker 1: Carbo and Narbanus, released from the pressure of Cellah's army,
Speaker 1: struck across the Apennines to overwhelm Metellus, but their imprudence
Speaker 1: ruined them. Coming on Metellus, said Faventia Fienza. When their
Speaker 1: troops were weary after a day's march, they attacked him
Speaker 1: in the evening, hoping to surprise him, but the tired
Speaker 1: men were defeated. Ten thousand were killed six thousand surrendered
Speaker 1: or deserted. The rest fled, and only one thousand effected
Speaker 1: an orderly retreat to Aretium. Nor did the disaster, and
Speaker 1: here a Lucanian legion coming to join. Carbo deserted to Metellus.
Speaker 1: On hearing the result of the battle, and the commanders
Speaker 1: sent to offer his submission to Sullah. Selah characteristically replied
Speaker 1: that he must earn his pardon and the other nothing loath,
Speaker 1: asked Norbanus and his officers to a banquet, and murdered
Speaker 1: all who came. Norbanus refused the invitation and escaped to Rhodes,
Speaker 1: but when Sullah sent to demand that he should be
Speaker 1: given up, he committed suicide. Carbo had still more than
Speaker 1: thirty thousand men at Clusium, and he made a third
Speaker 1: attempt to relieve Prayneste by sen Damisippus with two legions
Speaker 1: to co operate from the north with the sam Knights
Speaker 1: on the south, but Sullah found means to hold them
Speaker 1: in check, and Carbo on the news of other disasters
Speaker 1: at Fidentia, where Marcus Lucullus defeated one of his lieutenants
Speaker 1: and dead tutor, which Marcus Crassus took and pillaged, lost
Speaker 1: Heart and fled to Africa. Plutarch says that Lucullus, having
Speaker 1: less than a third of the numbers of the enemy,
Speaker 1: was in doubt whether to fight, But just then a
Speaker 1: gentle breeze blew the flowers from a neighboring field, which
Speaker 1: fell on the shields and helmets of the soldiers in
Speaker 1: such a manner that they seemed to be crowned with garlands,
Speaker 1: and this so cheered them that they won an easy victory.
Speaker 1: After Carbo's flight, his army was defeated by Pompeius near Clusium.
Speaker 1: The rest of it, under Carinus and Cancerinus, joined the
Speaker 1: Psissippis and took up a position twelve miles from Rome
Speaker 1: in the Alban territory, threatened the capital and forced Sala
Speaker 1: to break up his quarters where he had been barring
Speaker 1: the roads to Prineste and Rome. This sequel is uncertain,
Speaker 1: but it is probable that when the three commanders marched
Speaker 1: into Latinum, Sullah was obliged to detach cavalry to harass them,
Speaker 1: and soon afterwards to march with all his forces to
Speaker 1: prevent Rome being taken. Why Corinus did not assault Rome
Speaker 1: at once as he came south, we cannot say. Probably
Speaker 1: the relief of Prineste was the most urgent necessity, and
Speaker 1: he hoped, after setting Marius free, to overwhelm Sullah first,
Speaker 1: then Pompeius, and then to take Rome. But if these
Speaker 1: were his plans, the furious impetuosity of the sam Knights
Speaker 1: disarranged them. Pontius, as soon as he saw Sallah's troops weakened,
Speaker 1: in order to oppose Carinus, forced his way by night
Speaker 1: along the Latin road, gathered up the troops of Carinus
Speaker 1: on the march, and at daybreak was within a few
Speaker 1: miles of Rome. Sollah instantly followed, but by the Prnestine Road,
Speaker 1: which was somewhat longer, And when he got to Rome
Speaker 1: about midday, fighting had already taken place, and the Roman
Speaker 1: cavalry had been beaten under the walls of the city.
Speaker 1: It was November first, b c. Eighty two. Sunset was
Speaker 1: near and Sullah's men were weary, but he was determined
Speaker 1: or was compelled to fight. Giving his men some hasty refreshment,
Speaker 1: he at once formed the line of battle before the
Speaker 1: Colleen Gate, and the last and most desperate conflict of
Speaker 1: the civil war began. Sullah's left wing was driven back
Speaker 1: to the city walls, and fugitives brought word to Ofella
Speaker 1: at pr Neesty that the battle was lost. Sullah himself
Speaker 1: was nearly slain. He was on a spirited white horse,
Speaker 1: cheering on his men. Two javelins were hurled at him
Speaker 1: at once. He did not see them, but his groom did,
Speaker 1: and he lashed Sullah's horse so as to make it
Speaker 1: leap forward, and the javelins grazed its tail. Sullah wore
Speaker 1: in his bosom a small golden image of Apollo, which
Speaker 1: he brought from Delphi. He now kissed it with devotion
Speaker 1: and prayed aloud to the God not to allow him
Speaker 1: to fall in gloriously by the hands of his fellow citizens.
Speaker 1: After leading him safe, threw so many perils to the
Speaker 1: threshold of the city, but neither courage nor superstition availed
Speaker 1: him against the fury of the sam Knight onset for
Speaker 1: the first time in his life. Sullah was beaten and
Speaker 1: either retreated into Rome or maintained a desperate struggle close
Speaker 1: to the walls during the night. On the right wing, however,
Speaker 1: Crassus had gained the day, had chased the foe to
Speaker 1: Antemnai and halting there sent to Sullah for a supply
Speaker 1: of food. Thus, surprised of his good fortune, he hastened
Speaker 1: to join Crassus. That division of the enemy which had
Speaker 1: beaten him had doubtless heard the same news, and must
Speaker 1: have dispersed or joined the rest of their forces at Amtemnai.
Speaker 1: But in any case they were full of desas spare.
Speaker 1: Three thousand offered to surrender, but Sulla never gave mercy,
Speaker 1: though he often sold it for an explicit or tacit consideration.
Speaker 1: He swore to spare them if they turned on their
Speaker 1: own comrades. They did so, and Sullah, taking them to
Speaker 1: Rome with four or five thousand other prisoners, placed them
Speaker 1: in the circus Flaminius, and had them all slain. He
Speaker 1: was haranguing the Senate in the Temple of Bologna, and
Speaker 1: the cries of the poor wretch's alarmed his audience, But
Speaker 1: he told them to attend to what he was saying,
Speaker 1: for the noise they heard was only made by some malefactors,
Speaker 1: whom he had ordered to be chastised. This last blind
Speaker 1: rush of the Sabellian bull on the lair of the wolves,
Speaker 1: which Pontius had told his followers they must destroy had
Speaker 1: failed only by a hair's breadth, and since the days
Speaker 1: of the gauls, Rome had never been in such peril.
Speaker 1: But now at last Sellah had triumphed and could afford
Speaker 1: to gratify his pent up passion for vengeance. This butchery
Speaker 1: in the circus was but the beginning of what he
Speaker 1: meant to do. The four leaders, Pontius, Carinus, Demisippus, and
Speaker 1: Cancerinus were all beheaded, and in the same ghastly fashion
Speaker 1: in which it was said Hannibal had learnt the death
Speaker 1: of Hasdrubel. So those blockaded and pri Neste learned the
Speaker 1: fate of the relieving army and their own fate also
Speaker 1: by seeing four heads stuck on poles outside the city walls.
Speaker 1: They were half starving and could resist no longer. Marius
Speaker 1: and a younger brother of Pontius killed each other before
Speaker 1: the surrender. Opellus sent the head of Marius to Sulla,
Speaker 1: who had it fixed up before the rostra, and jeered
Speaker 1: at it in his pitiless fashion, quoting from Aristophanes the
Speaker 1: line you should have worked at the ore before trying
Speaker 1: to handle the helm. Then he went to Prineste and
Speaker 1: made all the inhabitants come outside and lay down their arms.
Speaker 1: The Roman senators who had been in the place had
Speaker 1: been already slain by Ofella. Three groups were made of
Speaker 1: the rest, consisting of Samnites, Romans and Prnestines. The Romans,
Speaker 1: the women and the children were spared. All the rest,
Speaker 1: twelve thousand in number, were massacred, and Prineste was given
Speaker 1: over to pillage. So ruthless an example provoked a desperate
Speaker 1: resistance at Norba. It was betrayed by Lepidus by night,
Speaker 1: but the citizens stabbed and hung themselves on each other,
Speaker 1: and some locking themselves inside their houses, set them in flames.
Speaker 1: A wind was blowing and the town was consumed. So
Speaker 1: at Norba there was neither pillage nor execution. Nola was
Speaker 1: not taken till two years later, and we have seen
Speaker 1: what became of Moodalus on its surrender. Iscenia, the last
Speaker 1: Samnite capital in the social War, was captured in the
Speaker 1: same year eighty, and Sullah did his best to fulfill
Speaker 1: his threat of extirpating the sam knight name in Etruria.
Speaker 1: Populonium held out longer, and in Strabo's time was still deserted.
Speaker 1: A proof of the punishment which it received. Voltaire was
Speaker 1: the last town to submit. In seventy nine, its garrison
Speaker 1: surrendered on condition of their lives being spared, but the
Speaker 1: soldiers of the besieging force raised a cry of treason
Speaker 1: and stoned their general, and a troop of cavalry sent
Speaker 1: from Rome cut the garrison to pieces. In the provinces,
Speaker 1: there was still much to be done. Pompeius was sent
Speaker 1: to Sicily, and on his arrival pere Parana, the Marian governor,
Speaker 1: left the island. Carbo had come over from Africa to
Speaker 1: Kosura and was taken and brought before Pompeius. Pompeius condemned
Speaker 1: the man who had once been his advocate, and sent
Speaker 1: his head to Sullah. It is said that Carbo met
Speaker 1: his death in a craven way, begging for respite. Whether
Speaker 1: this is true or not, he seems to have been
Speaker 1: a selfish an incapable man. But if it be true
Speaker 1: that Pompeius, while he had Carbo's companions instantly slain, purposely
Speaker 1: spared Carbo himself in order to have the satisfaction of
Speaker 1: trying him, he was less to be envied than the
Speaker 1: man he tried. He divorced his wife at this time
Speaker 1: in order to marry Sulla's stepdaughter, who was also divorced
Speaker 1: from her husband. For the purpose from Sicily, Pompeius was
Speaker 1: sent to Africa, where Lucius Demicius Ahnna Barbis was in arms.
Speaker 1: Crossing over with one hundred and twenty ships and eight
Speaker 1: hundred transports, he landed some of his troops at Utica
Speaker 1: and some at Carthage. The decay of discipline in the
Speaker 1: Roman armies is illustrated by an incident which occurred at Carthage.
Speaker 1: One soldier found some treasure, and the rest would not
Speaker 1: stir for several days till they were convinced that there
Speaker 1: was nothing more to be found. Pompeius looked on and
Speaker 1: laughed at them. Sulla's way of treating his soldiers was
Speaker 1: already bearing fruit, and was one of the worst of
Speaker 1: the evils which he brought on Italy. For he who
Speaker 1: goes about scattering smiles and smooth words in order to
Speaker 1: win a name for good nature will always find others
Speaker 1: to run a race in such meanness, and so discipline
Speaker 1: becomes subverted and states are ruined. Pompeius found Omitius strongly
Speaker 1: posted behind a Ravine. Taking advantage of a tempest, he
Speaker 1: crossed it and routed the enemy. His men hailed him
Speaker 1: in peratour, but he said he would not take the
Speaker 1: title till they had taken the camp. The camp was
Speaker 1: then stormed and Domitius slain. Pompeius also captured the towns
Speaker 1: held by the partisans of Domitius, and defeated and took
Speaker 1: prisoner the marian Usurper, who had expelled the amsaal king
Speaker 1: of Numidia. He Amsaul was restored and his rival put
Speaker 1: to death. On returning to Utica, Pompeius found a message
Speaker 1: from Sullah telling him to disband his troops except one
Speaker 1: legion and wait till his successor came. The men mutinied,
Speaker 1: for they liked Pompeius, and Sullah was told that Pompeius
Speaker 1: was in rebellion. He remarked that in his old age
Speaker 1: it was his fate to fight with boys, a saying
Speaker 1: to which Pompeius's speech that more men worshiped the rising
Speaker 1: than the setting sun may have been intended as a rejoinder.
Speaker 1: But soon he was relieved by hearing that the politic
Speaker 1: Pompeius had appeased The mutiny Sullah had the art of
Speaker 1: yielding with a good grace when it was necessary, and
Speaker 1: seeing how popular Pompeius was, he went out to meet
Speaker 1: him on his return and greeted him with the name Magnus.
Speaker 1: The vain young man asked for a triumph. His forty
Speaker 1: days campaign had indeed been brilliant, but he was not
Speaker 1: even a praetor the lowest official to whom a triumph
Speaker 1: was granted, nor a senator, but only an equis. Solah
Speaker 1: was at first astonished at the request, but contemptuously replied,
Speaker 1: let him triumph. Let him have his triumph. Two other
Speaker 1: officers of Sellah gave him trouble. One O Fella stood
Speaker 1: for the consulship against his wishes, and went about with
Speaker 1: a crowd of friends in the forum. But with a
Speaker 1: man like Cellah, it was foolish to presume on past services.
Speaker 1: He had no notion of allowing street riots again, and
Speaker 1: sent the centurion who Cutofella down. The people brought the
Speaker 1: centurion to him, demanding justice. Sallah told them the man
Speaker 1: had done what he ordered, and then spoke a grim
Speaker 1: parable to them. A rustic, he said, was so bitten
Speaker 1: by lice that twice he took off his coat and
Speaker 1: shook it, but as they went on biting him, he
Speaker 1: burnt it, and so those who had twice been humbled
Speaker 1: had better not provoke him to use fire the third time.
Speaker 1: The other officer was Morena, who had been left in Asia.
Speaker 1: He raised troops besides the legions left with him, forced
Speaker 1: Belletus and other Asiatic towns to supply a fleet, and
Speaker 1: then stirred up the Second Mithridateic War. The Colchians had revolted,
Speaker 1: and MITHRIDATEI suspected his son of fostering the revolt in
Speaker 1: order to be set over them, so he invited him
Speaker 1: to come to his court, put him therein chains of gold,
Speaker 1: and soon killed him. He had also, it seems, threatened Archelaus,
Speaker 1: who fled from him and represented to the ready ears
Speaker 1: of Morena that Mithridates still held part of Cappadocia and
Speaker 1: was collecting a powerful army. Morena advanced into Cappadocia, took
Speaker 1: Komana and pillaged its temple. Mithridates appealed to the treaty,
Speaker 1: but Marina asked where it was, for the terms had
Speaker 1: never been reduced to a written form. The king then
Speaker 1: sent to the Senate. Morena crossed the Hayles and retired
Speaker 1: into Phrygia and Galicia with rich spoil. Disregarding a prohibition
Speaker 1: of the Senate, he again attacked the king, who at
Speaker 1: last sent Gordius against him, and soon after, coming up
Speaker 1: in person, defeated Marie twice and drove him into Phrygia.
Speaker 1: For this success, Mithridatees lit on a high mountain a bonfire,
Speaker 1: which it is said was seen more than a hundred
Speaker 1: miles away by sailors in the Black Sea. Sulla sent
Speaker 1: orders to Morena to fight no more, and Mithridatees, on
Speaker 1: condition of being reconciled to Ariobarzanus, was allowed to keep
Speaker 1: as much of Cappadocia as was in his possession. He
Speaker 1: gave a great banquet in honor of the occasion, and
Speaker 1: Morena went home, where he had a triumph. Sullah probably
Speaker 1: granted it to him after his defeats, with more pleasure
Speaker 1: than he had granted it to Pompeius for his victories.
Speaker 1: The ablest of the Marian generals was, it has been
Speaker 1: seen virtually unemployed in the civil war. Sertorius, when sent
Speaker 1: to Spain, seized the passes of the Pyrenees. Sulla in
Speaker 1: eighty one sent against him Quintus Annius Luscus, who found
Speaker 1: one of the lieutenants of Sertorius so strongly posted that
Speaker 1: he could not get pa asked him. However, this lieutenant
Speaker 1: was assassinated by one of his own men, and his
Speaker 1: troops abandoned their position. Sertorius had few men and fled
Speaker 1: to New Carthage and thence to Mauritania. Here he was
Speaker 1: attacked by the barbarians, and re embarking, was on his
Speaker 1: way back to Spain when he fell in with some
Speaker 1: Solici pirates, with whom he attacked Piteusa ai Visa and expelled.
Speaker 1: The Roman garrison. Aneas hastened to the rescue and worsted
Speaker 1: him in a fight, after which Sertorius sailed away through
Speaker 1: the Straits of Gibraltar to Goddess Kadith. Here some sailors
Speaker 1: told him of two islands, which the Spaniards believed to
Speaker 1: be the islands of the blessed, with a pleasant climate
Speaker 1: and of fruitful soil. In these islands, probably Madera, Sertorius
Speaker 1: wished to settle, but when his Solici allies sailed to
Speaker 1: Mauritania to restore some prince to his throne. He went
Speaker 1: there too and fought on the other side. Sola sent
Speaker 1: help to the prince, but Sertorius defeated the commander and
Speaker 1: was joined by the troops. Now, when once more at
Speaker 1: the head of a Roman army, he was invited to
Speaker 1: Spain by the Lusitani, who were preparing to revolt against Rome.
Speaker 1: With twenty six hundred Romans and seven hundred Africans, he
Speaker 1: crossed the sea, gaining a victory over the Roman cruisers
Speaker 1: on his way, and set to work organizing and drilling
Speaker 1: the Lusitani in Roman fashion. One of them gave him
Speaker 1: a white fawn, and Sertorius declared that it had been
Speaker 1: given him by Diana. After this, when he obtained any
Speaker 1: secret intelligence, he said that the fawn had told him
Speaker 1: and brought it out, crowned with flowers, if it was
Speaker 1: some officer's success of which he had heard. By such means,
Speaker 1: and by introducing a gay and martial uniform among his troops,
Speaker 1: he made his army both well disciplined and devoted to
Speaker 1: him personally, and defeated one governor of further Spain on
Speaker 1: the Bidis Guadalquivide, gaining afterwards a series of successes over
Speaker 1: Quintus Mattellus Pius, who had been sent against him. He
Speaker 1: was still in arms and master of a considerable part
Speaker 1: of Spain when Sollah died, and of Section fifteen