WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.640 --> 00:00:04.879 Section fifteen of the grochy Marius and Sulla by A. H. Beasley. 2 00:00:05.480 --> 00:00:09.720 This librovox recording is in the public domain. Read by 3 00:00:09.960 --> 00:00:17.559 Pamel Andagami. Chapter thirteen, Sullah in Italy, leaving Morena in 4 00:00:17.719 --> 00:00:22.039 Asia with Fimbria's legions. Sullah in eighty four b c. 5 00:00:22.320 --> 00:00:26.039 With his soldiers, in good humor and with full coffers, 6 00:00:26.280 --> 00:00:31.320 at last set out homewards. Three days after sailing from Ephesus, 7 00:00:31.359 --> 00:00:34.759 he reached the Pyrieus. Thence he wrote to the Senate 8 00:00:34.880 --> 00:00:37.039 in a different style from that in which he had 9 00:00:37.079 --> 00:00:40.799 communicated his victory over Fimbria, when he had not mentioned 10 00:00:40.840 --> 00:00:44.840 his own outlawry. He now recounted all that he had 11 00:00:44.880 --> 00:00:47.920 done and contrasted it with what had been done to 12 00:00:48.039 --> 00:00:51.840 him at Rome. How his house had been destroyed, his 13 00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:55.399 friends murdered, and his wife and children forced to flee 14 00:00:55.479 --> 00:00:59.079 for their lives. He was on his way, he said, 15 00:00:59.399 --> 00:01:02.840 to punish his enemies and those who had wronged him. 16 00:01:03.200 --> 00:01:07.000 Other men, including the newly enfranchised Italians, need be under 17 00:01:07.040 --> 00:01:10.840 no apprehension. We do not know much of what had 18 00:01:10.879 --> 00:01:14.000 been going on at Rome beyond what has been related 19 00:01:14.040 --> 00:01:18.640 in a previous chapter. Sinna and Carbo. The consuls were 20 00:01:18.640 --> 00:01:22.439 making what preparations they could when the letter arrived, but 21 00:01:22.519 --> 00:01:25.280 it struck a cold chill of dread into many of 22 00:01:25.319 --> 00:01:28.760 the Senate, and Sinna and Carbo were told to desist 23 00:01:28.799 --> 00:01:31.959 for a time while an embassy was sent to Sullah 24 00:01:31.959 --> 00:01:35.000 to try and arrange terms, and to ask if he 25 00:01:35.079 --> 00:01:37.920 wished to be assured of his own safety, what were 26 00:01:37.959 --> 00:01:42.519 his demands. But when the ambassadors were gone, Sinna and 27 00:01:42.599 --> 00:01:47.079 Carbo proclaimed themselves consuls for eighty three so that they 28 00:01:47.200 --> 00:01:49.400 might not have to come back to Rome to hold 29 00:01:49.400 --> 00:01:54.680 the elections, and Sinna was soon afterwards murdered at Ancona. 30 00:01:55.200 --> 00:01:58.599 The Tribunes then compelled Carbo to come back and hold 31 00:01:58.599 --> 00:02:03.680 the elections in the regular and Lucius Cornelius, Scipio Asiaticus 32 00:02:03.680 --> 00:02:09.159 and Gaius Norbanus were elected. Meanwhile, the ambassadors had found 33 00:02:09.199 --> 00:02:12.879 Sullah in Greece and had received his answer. He said 34 00:02:12.879 --> 00:02:16.199 that he would never be reconciled to such criminals as 35 00:02:16.240 --> 00:02:20.159 his enemies, though the Romans might if they chose, and 36 00:02:20.240 --> 00:02:23.639 that as for his own safety, he had an army 37 00:02:23.680 --> 00:02:26.919 devoted to him and should prefer to secure the safety 38 00:02:26.960 --> 00:02:30.479 of the Senate and his own adherents. He sent back 39 00:02:30.520 --> 00:02:33.800 with the ambassadors some friends to represent him before the Senate, 40 00:02:34.319 --> 00:02:38.039 and embarking his army at the Pyrius ordered it to 41 00:02:38.120 --> 00:02:41.319 go round the coast to patray in Achia, and thence 42 00:02:41.319 --> 00:02:45.680 to the shore's opposite Brundisium. He himself, having a fit 43 00:02:45.719 --> 00:02:49.240 of gout, went to Eubea to try the springs of Idepsus. 44 00:02:50.280 --> 00:02:52.719 One day, says Plutarch, while he was walking on the 45 00:02:52.759 --> 00:02:57.439 shore there, some fishermen brought him some fine fish. He 46 00:02:57.520 --> 00:03:00.319 was much pleased. But when they told him that they 47 00:03:00.319 --> 00:03:03.639 were citizens of Hallai, a town which he had destroyed 48 00:03:03.680 --> 00:03:07.199 after the Battle of Orcomenos, he said, in his grim way, 49 00:03:07.719 --> 00:03:11.719 what is there a man of Hallai still alive? But 50 00:03:11.800 --> 00:03:14.039 then he told the men to take heart, for the 51 00:03:14.120 --> 00:03:18.360 fish had pleaded eloquently for them. From Ubia, he crossed 52 00:03:18.360 --> 00:03:21.960 to the mainland to rejoin his troops. They were about 53 00:03:22.000 --> 00:03:25.800 forty thousand in number, and more than two hundred thousand 54 00:03:25.840 --> 00:03:29.199 men were, he said, in arms against him in Italy. 55 00:03:30.039 --> 00:03:33.759 But Sullah, who had connived at their mutinies, their vices, 56 00:03:33.759 --> 00:03:37.319 and their breaches of discipline, who had always led them 57 00:03:37.360 --> 00:03:40.960 to victory, and had never yet thrown aside that mask 58 00:03:41.039 --> 00:03:46.360 of moderation, which veiled an inflexible determination to be revenged. Sullah, 59 00:03:46.680 --> 00:03:50.080 who had been so long the sole representative of authority, 60 00:03:50.400 --> 00:03:52.319 and to whom they had learned to look for their 61 00:03:52.439 --> 00:03:57.599 ultimate reward, was their hero and hope. They offered him 62 00:03:57.639 --> 00:04:01.319 their money, and of their own accord, swore not to 63 00:04:01.400 --> 00:04:06.680 disperse or to ravage the country. Sullah refused their money. Indeed, 64 00:04:06.680 --> 00:04:09.360 he must have had plenty of his own. But now, 65 00:04:09.479 --> 00:04:13.680 when slowly and still very cautiously he was unfolding his designs, 66 00:04:14.080 --> 00:04:18.079 such devotion must have been very welcome. Early in eighty 67 00:04:18.120 --> 00:04:22.439 three he sailed from Durachium to Brundisium, and was at 68 00:04:22.480 --> 00:04:26.839 once received by the town. He was particularly anxious not 69 00:04:26.959 --> 00:04:30.680 to arouse against himself the Italians, with whom his name 70 00:04:30.800 --> 00:04:34.560 was anything but popular, and he solemnly swore to respect 71 00:04:34.600 --> 00:04:40.240 their lately acquired rights. Adherents soon flocked to him. Marcus 72 00:04:40.319 --> 00:04:43.920 Leacinius Crassus came from Africa and was sent to raise 73 00:04:43.959 --> 00:04:48.040 troops among the Marcie. He asked for an escort, for 74 00:04:48.160 --> 00:04:51.160 he had to go through territory occupied by the enemy. 75 00:04:51.959 --> 00:04:55.920 I give thee, said Sullah hotly, thy father, thy brother, 76 00:04:56.279 --> 00:04:59.279 thy friends and thy kinsmen who were cut off by 77 00:04:59.360 --> 00:05:03.720 violence and lawlessness, and whose murderers I am now hunting down. 78 00:05:04.879 --> 00:05:09.120 Quintus Metellus Pius came from Liguria, whither he had escaped 79 00:05:09.120 --> 00:05:12.759 from Africa, after holding out there against the Marians as 80 00:05:12.800 --> 00:05:17.800 long as he could. Quintus Lucretius o'fella also came, soon 81 00:05:17.920 --> 00:05:21.120 to find to his cost that he had chosen a 82 00:05:21.160 --> 00:05:25.360 master who could as readily forget as accept timely service. 83 00:05:26.319 --> 00:05:30.279 Most welcome of all was Nius Pompeius, welcome not only 84 00:05:30.319 --> 00:05:34.199 for his talents, energy and popularity, but because he did 85 00:05:34.240 --> 00:05:38.639 not come empty handed. He had taken service under Sinna, 86 00:05:38.959 --> 00:05:42.600 but had been looked on with distrust, and an action 87 00:05:42.759 --> 00:05:45.480 had been brought against him to make him surrender plunder 88 00:05:45.800 --> 00:05:49.480 which his father, Nias Pompeius Strabo was said to have 89 00:05:49.560 --> 00:05:53.680 appropriated when he took Auximum. Carbo had pleaded for him, 90 00:05:53.720 --> 00:05:56.240 and he had been acquitted. But as soon as Sulla 91 00:05:56.399 --> 00:05:59.959 was gaining ground in Italy, he went to Pequanum, where 92 00:06:00.079 --> 00:06:04.839 he had estates, and expelled from Auximum the adherents of Carbo, 93 00:06:04.879 --> 00:06:08.040 and then, passing from town to town, won them one 94 00:06:08.079 --> 00:06:12.000 by one from his late Protector's interests, and got together 95 00:06:12.079 --> 00:06:15.079 a corps of three legions with all the proper equipment 96 00:06:15.399 --> 00:06:19.759 and unitions of war. Three officers were sent against him 97 00:06:19.759 --> 00:06:23.839 at the head of three divisions, but they quarreled, and Pompeius, 98 00:06:24.079 --> 00:06:26.759 who was said to have slain with his own hand 99 00:06:27.240 --> 00:06:31.000 the strongest horsemen in the enemy's ranks, defeated one of 100 00:06:31.040 --> 00:06:35.079 them and effected a junction with Sullah somewhere in Apulia. 101 00:06:36.199 --> 00:06:39.240 Sullah's soldier Liee was pleased at the sight of troops 102 00:06:39.360 --> 00:06:43.439 thus successful and in good martial trim, and when Pompeius 103 00:06:43.439 --> 00:06:47.120 addressed him as imperatore, he hailed him by the same 104 00:06:47.199 --> 00:06:51.079 title in return. Or perhaps he was only playing on 105 00:06:51.160 --> 00:06:55.279 the youth's vanity. For Pompeius, who was for his courage 106 00:06:55.279 --> 00:06:57.519 and good looks, the darling of the soldiers and the 107 00:06:57.519 --> 00:07:01.680 women was very vain, and flattery was a potion, which 108 00:07:01.680 --> 00:07:05.000 it seems to have been one of Sulla's cynical maxims, 109 00:07:05.040 --> 00:07:09.639 always to administer in strong doses. Later on he was 110 00:07:09.720 --> 00:07:13.600 joined by Philippus, the foe of Drusus, who for shifty 111 00:07:13.639 --> 00:07:17.759 and successful knavery seems to have been another Marcus Scaurus 112 00:07:18.199 --> 00:07:21.639 by Cathagus, who had been one of his bitterest enemies, 113 00:07:22.120 --> 00:07:25.639 which to a man of Sullah's businesslike disposition would not 114 00:07:25.680 --> 00:07:28.600 be an objection, so long as he could make himself 115 00:07:28.879 --> 00:07:32.000 useful at the time, and by Gaius Verus, a late 116 00:07:32.079 --> 00:07:35.879 cristor of Carbo, who had embezzled the public money in 117 00:07:36.000 --> 00:07:40.720 that capacity, and thus began by turgiversation and theft a 118 00:07:40.759 --> 00:07:46.560 notorious career. Sola marched northwards through Apulia, gaining friends by 119 00:07:46.560 --> 00:07:50.560 committing no devastation and sending proposals of peace to the 120 00:07:50.639 --> 00:07:55.079 council Norbanus, which were as hypocritical as was his abstinence 121 00:07:55.120 --> 00:07:58.959 from ravaging the country. He meant to deal with those 122 00:07:59.000 --> 00:08:03.800 Samnites through whose country he was marching at some other time. 123 00:08:04.439 --> 00:08:08.519 At present it was most politic not to provoke them. 124 00:08:08.800 --> 00:08:11.920 According to Appian, he met the consul at Canusium on 125 00:08:12.000 --> 00:08:15.519 the Aufidus, but it is probable that this is a mistake, 126 00:08:15.879 --> 00:08:18.920 and that the first battle was fought at Mount Tifata, 127 00:08:19.120 --> 00:08:23.439 a spur of the Apennines near Coppua. Norbanus had seized 128 00:08:23.560 --> 00:08:27.040 Sullah's envoys, and this so enraged the soldiers of the 129 00:08:27.120 --> 00:08:31.519 latter that they charged down the hill with irresistible impetuosity 130 00:08:31.720 --> 00:08:36.600 and killed six thousand of the foe. Norbanus fled to Coppua. 131 00:08:37.240 --> 00:08:41.279 Only seventy of the Sullens were killed. Sola now crossed 132 00:08:41.320 --> 00:08:44.360 the Volturnus, and, marching along the Appian road, met the 133 00:08:44.399 --> 00:08:49.000 other counsul Scipio, at Taynum, with whom he opened negotiations. 134 00:08:49.840 --> 00:08:54.360 Scipio sent Sertorius to Narbanus, who was blockaded in Coppua, 135 00:08:54.480 --> 00:08:58.960 to consult him on the terms proposed. Sertorius, who had 136 00:08:59.000 --> 00:09:02.840 guessed what was coming and hoped to prevent it by 137 00:09:02.879 --> 00:09:06.720 something more efficacious than the advice of Narbanus, went out 138 00:09:06.720 --> 00:09:11.159 of his way and seized Suesa. This would interrupt Sullah's 139 00:09:11.159 --> 00:09:14.240 immediate communications with the sea, of which he was master. 140 00:09:15.320 --> 00:09:19.159 Sullah complained, but all the while he was as Sertorius 141 00:09:19.159 --> 00:09:24.360 had worn Scipio, corrupting the consul's troops. They murmured when 142 00:09:24.399 --> 00:09:28.279 Scipio returned the hostages which Sullah had given, and when 143 00:09:28.279 --> 00:09:31.919 the latter, on their invitation, approached their lines, they went 144 00:09:31.960 --> 00:09:34.799 over to him in a body. On hearing of this, 145 00:09:35.279 --> 00:09:38.440 Carbo said that in contending with Sullah, he had to 146 00:09:38.480 --> 00:09:41.360 contend with a lion and a fox, and that the 147 00:09:41.399 --> 00:09:45.159 fox gave him most trouble. It may be noted here 148 00:09:45.200 --> 00:09:49.240 that Sullah, whose calculated moderation was paying him well, the 149 00:09:49.320 --> 00:09:51.919 more pleasantly because he knew that he could wreck his 150 00:09:52.120 --> 00:09:57.000 revenge afterwards at his leisure, never scrupled to employ every 151 00:09:57.120 --> 00:10:01.279 kind of subterfuge and lie, tricked, and lied on his 152 00:10:01.360 --> 00:10:04.639 march to Roman eighty eight. He lied foully to the 153 00:10:04.679 --> 00:10:07.919 sam Knights after the Battle of the colleen Gate, and 154 00:10:08.000 --> 00:10:10.200 he lied in his memoirs when he said that he 155 00:10:10.320 --> 00:10:14.799 only lost four men at Chynea and twenty three at Sacroportis, 156 00:10:15.159 --> 00:10:18.200 where he also said that he killed twenty thousand of 157 00:10:18.200 --> 00:10:22.519 the foe. Absurd assertions like this may have been dictated 158 00:10:22.600 --> 00:10:26.919 as a sort of lavish acknowledgment paid to fortune, of 159 00:10:26.960 --> 00:10:30.159 whom he liked to be thought the favorite lies that 160 00:10:30.200 --> 00:10:33.759 no one believed or was expected to believe, but keeping 161 00:10:33.840 --> 00:10:36.279 up a fiction of which it was his foible to 162 00:10:36.320 --> 00:10:40.240 be proud. Another thing we may note is that this 163 00:10:40.519 --> 00:10:43.639 was only the first of a long series of treasons 164 00:10:43.679 --> 00:10:47.600 to which, as much almost as to his own generalship, 165 00:10:48.399 --> 00:10:54.399 Sullah owed his final success five cohorts deserted at Sacriportis. 166 00:10:55.120 --> 00:10:59.320 Five more went over from Carbo to Metellus. Two hundred 167 00:10:59.320 --> 00:11:03.559 and seventy cavalry went over from Carbo to Sulla. In Etruria, 168 00:11:04.440 --> 00:11:09.080 a whole legion dispatched by Carbo to relieve Prineste joined 169 00:11:09.120 --> 00:11:14.200 Pompeius at the Battle of Faventia six thousand deserted, and 170 00:11:14.320 --> 00:11:18.960 the Lucanian legion did the same directly afterwards. Naples and 171 00:11:19.039 --> 00:11:23.440 Narbo were both handed over by treachery. We hear also 172 00:11:23.519 --> 00:11:27.440 of commanders deserting. On the other hand, nothing is said 173 00:11:27.480 --> 00:11:31.120 of anyone deserting from Sulla, so that from the very 174 00:11:31.159 --> 00:11:35.000 beginning the contest could never have been really considered doubtful. 175 00:11:36.080 --> 00:11:40.759 After this signal success at Tinum, Sertorius was sent to Spain, 176 00:11:41.320 --> 00:11:44.440 either because, as is likely, he made bitter comments on 177 00:11:44.480 --> 00:11:48.240 the consul's incompetence, or because it was important to hold 178 00:11:48.279 --> 00:11:52.480 Spain as a place for retreat. Carbo hastened to Rome, 179 00:11:52.759 --> 00:11:56.320 and at his instigation, the senate outlawed all the senators 180 00:11:56.360 --> 00:12:01.480 who had joined Sulla, a suicidal step which would contrast 181 00:12:01.600 --> 00:12:06.399 fatally with Sullah's crafty moderation. It was about this time 182 00:12:06.480 --> 00:12:09.639 that the capital and in it, the Sybiline books were burnt. 183 00:12:10.559 --> 00:12:13.960 Some people said that Carbo burnt it, though what his 184 00:12:14.159 --> 00:12:18.200 motive would be is difficult to conjecture. Sola very likely 185 00:12:18.240 --> 00:12:20.759 regretted the loss of the Sybiline books as much as 186 00:12:20.799 --> 00:12:23.879 any man. With this. The first year of the Civil 187 00:12:23.919 --> 00:12:28.600 war ended eighty three b c. Sullah was master of Pequanam, 188 00:12:28.720 --> 00:12:33.559 Apulia and Campania, had disposed of two consuls and their armies, 189 00:12:33.919 --> 00:12:37.600 and had, by conciliation and swearing to respect their rights, 190 00:12:37.679 --> 00:12:41.399 made friends of some of the newly enfranchised Italian towns. 191 00:12:42.360 --> 00:12:45.519 The consuls for the next year, eighty two, were Carbo 192 00:12:45.559 --> 00:12:49.840 and young Marius. The Marian governor in Africa was suspected 193 00:12:49.879 --> 00:12:52.639 of wishing to raise the slaves and to make himself 194 00:12:52.759 --> 00:12:57.559 absolute in the province. Consequently, the Roman merchants stirred up 195 00:12:57.600 --> 00:13:00.559 a tumult in which he was burnt alive in his 196 00:13:00.799 --> 00:13:05.320 house in Sardinia, the renegade Philippus did some service by 197 00:13:05.360 --> 00:13:09.360 defeating the Marian praetor and so securing for Sullah the 198 00:13:09.480 --> 00:13:14.480 corn supply of the islands. In the spring, Sullah seized Setia, 199 00:13:14.879 --> 00:13:17.919 a strong position on the west of the Volcian Mountains, 200 00:13:18.759 --> 00:13:22.559 Marius was in the same neighborhood, and he retreated to Sacriportus, 201 00:13:22.679 --> 00:13:26.279 on the east of the same range. Solah followed him, 202 00:13:26.720 --> 00:13:30.279 his aim being to get to Rome. A battle took 203 00:13:30.320 --> 00:13:34.080 place at Sacriportis. Marius was getting the worst of it 204 00:13:34.159 --> 00:13:37.639 on the left wing when five cohorts and two companies 205 00:13:37.679 --> 00:13:42.000 of cavalry deserted him. The rest fled with great slaughter, 206 00:13:42.440 --> 00:13:45.360 and Sullah pressed so hard on them that the gates 207 00:13:45.360 --> 00:13:48.879 of Prineste were shut to hinder him getting in with 208 00:13:49.000 --> 00:13:55.159 the fugitives. Marius was left outside, and like Archilaus at Pyrius, 209 00:13:55.200 --> 00:13:58.840 had to be hoisted over the walls by ropes. Sullah 210 00:13:58.879 --> 00:14:02.600 captured eight thousand and Samnites in the battle, and now, 211 00:14:02.840 --> 00:14:05.080 for the first time, when the road to Rome was 212 00:14:05.159 --> 00:14:09.879 opened and victory seemed secure, showed himself in his true 213 00:14:09.960 --> 00:14:14.320 colors and slew all of them to a man. An 214 00:14:14.360 --> 00:14:18.639 equally savage butchery had been going on in Rome, where Marius, 215 00:14:18.679 --> 00:14:22.399 before he was blockaded in Prineste, had given orders to 216 00:14:22.519 --> 00:14:26.519 massacre the leaders of the opposite faction. The Senate was 217 00:14:26.559 --> 00:14:30.120 assembled as if to dispatch business in the Curia Hostilia, 218 00:14:30.519 --> 00:14:34.039 and there Carbo's cousin and the father in law of 219 00:14:34.120 --> 00:14:38.679 Pompeius were assassinated. The wife of the latter killed herself 220 00:14:38.720 --> 00:14:43.840 on hearing the news. Quintis Mukias Skywala, the chief pontiff 221 00:14:43.879 --> 00:14:47.679 and the first jurists to attempted to systematize Roman law, 222 00:14:48.120 --> 00:14:51.039 fled to the temple of Vesta and was there slain. 223 00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:54.320 The corpses of those who had been killed were thrown 224 00:14:54.360 --> 00:14:58.240 into the Tiber, and Marius had the ferocious satisfaction of 225 00:14:58.320 --> 00:15:01.120 feeling that his enemies would not be able to exalt 226 00:15:01.240 --> 00:15:06.960 over his own imminent ruin. Sollah, leaving Ofella to blockade Printeste, 227 00:15:07.440 --> 00:15:10.120 hastened to Rome, but there was no one on whom 228 00:15:10.159 --> 00:15:14.720 to take vengeance. For his foes had fled. He confiscated 229 00:15:14.759 --> 00:15:18.000 their property and tried to quiet apprehensions by telling the 230 00:15:18.039 --> 00:15:21.519 people that he would soon re establish the state. But 231 00:15:21.600 --> 00:15:24.080 he could not stay long in the city, for matters 232 00:15:24.120 --> 00:15:28.200 looked threatening in the north. In this quarter the contest 233 00:15:28.360 --> 00:15:32.480 was more stubborn because the newly enfranchised towns were stronger 234 00:15:32.519 --> 00:15:37.240 partisans of Marius. Metellus had fought a battle on the Isis, 235 00:15:37.559 --> 00:15:42.639 the frontier river of Pequanum, against Carinus, one of Carbo's lieutenants, 236 00:15:43.039 --> 00:15:45.759 and after a hard fight, had beaten him and occupied 237 00:15:45.799 --> 00:15:49.600 the adjacent country. This brought Carbo against him with the 238 00:15:49.679 --> 00:15:53.039 superior army, and Metellus could do nothing till the news 239 00:15:53.039 --> 00:15:57.480 of Sacraportis frightened Carbo into retreating to Araminum that he 240 00:15:57.600 --> 00:16:00.799 might secure his communications and get some solies from the 241 00:16:00.919 --> 00:16:05.679 rich valley of the Po. Metellus immediately resumed the offensive. 242 00:16:06.240 --> 00:16:09.639 He defeated in person one division of Carbo, five of 243 00:16:09.679 --> 00:16:14.600 whose cohorts deserted in the battle. His lieutenant Pompeius, defeated 244 00:16:14.720 --> 00:16:19.240 Cancerinus at Sena and sacked the town. Pompeius is also 245 00:16:19.360 --> 00:16:22.919 said to have crossed the Po and taken Mediolanum Milan, 246 00:16:23.559 --> 00:16:28.519 where his soldiers massacred the senate. Mettellus meanwhile had gone 247 00:16:28.519 --> 00:16:31.840 by sea along the east coast of Ariminum and had 248 00:16:31.879 --> 00:16:35.120 thus cut off Carbo's communications with the valley of the Po. 249 00:16:36.159 --> 00:16:40.240 This drove Carbo from his position, and he marched into Etruria, 250 00:16:40.279 --> 00:16:43.279 where he fought a battle near Clusium with Sullah, who 251 00:16:43.320 --> 00:16:48.120 had just arrived from Rome. In a cavalry fight near Clanis, 252 00:16:48.480 --> 00:16:52.080 two hundred and seventy of Carbo's Spanish horse went over 253 00:16:52.159 --> 00:16:56.440 to Sullah, and Carbo killed the rest. There was another 254 00:16:56.519 --> 00:17:00.200 fight at Saturnia on the Albena, and there too Sawolla 255 00:17:00.360 --> 00:17:04.640 was victorious. He was less fortunate in a general engagement 256 00:17:04.680 --> 00:17:08.799 near Clusium, which after a whole day's fighting, ended indecisively. 257 00:17:09.680 --> 00:17:14.880 Carbo was, however, now reduced to great straits. Carinus was 258 00:17:14.920 --> 00:17:19.440 defeated by Pompeius and Crassus near Spoletum and retired into 259 00:17:19.440 --> 00:17:23.279 the town. Carbo sent a detachment to his aid, but 260 00:17:23.359 --> 00:17:26.599 it was cut to pieces by an ambuscade laid by Sullah. 261 00:17:27.279 --> 00:17:30.680 Bad news, too, reached him from the south, where Marius 262 00:17:30.759 --> 00:17:34.599 was beginning to starve in Prineste. He sent a strong 263 00:17:34.680 --> 00:17:38.880 force of eight legions to raise the siege, but Pompeius 264 00:17:38.920 --> 00:17:42.240 waylaid and routed them and surrounded their officer, who had 265 00:17:42.279 --> 00:17:46.319 retreated to a hill. But the latter, leaving his fires alight, 266 00:17:46.720 --> 00:17:49.640 marched off by night and returned to Carbo with only 267 00:17:49.720 --> 00:17:54.480 seven cohorts, for his troops had mutinied, one legion going 268 00:17:54.519 --> 00:17:58.240 off to our Minium, and many men dispersing to their homes. 269 00:17:59.079 --> 00:18:02.119 A second attempt to relieve Prineste was now made from 270 00:18:02.160 --> 00:18:06.119 the south, Lamponius from Leucania, whom we last heard of 271 00:18:06.160 --> 00:18:10.839 in the Social War, and Pontius Telesinus from Samnium marched 272 00:18:10.880 --> 00:18:14.759 at the head of seventy thousand men into Latium. This 273 00:18:14.880 --> 00:18:19.240 movement drew Sullah from Etruria. He threw himself between Rome 274 00:18:19.319 --> 00:18:21.799 and the enemy and occupied a gorge through which they 275 00:18:21.839 --> 00:18:25.839 had to pass before they could get to Prineste. The 276 00:18:25.960 --> 00:18:30.240 Latin road branches off Nearanannia, one route leading straight to Rome, 277 00:18:30.559 --> 00:18:34.839 the other making a detour through Prineste. It was somewhere 278 00:18:34.880 --> 00:18:37.960 here that Cellah took his stand, and neither could the 279 00:18:38.039 --> 00:18:41.960 Southern army break through his lines, nor Marius break through 280 00:18:42.000 --> 00:18:46.880 those of Othella, though he made determined attempts to do so. Meanwhile, 281 00:18:46.960 --> 00:18:50.319 Carbo and Narbanus, released from the pressure of Cellah's army, 282 00:18:50.519 --> 00:18:55.000 struck across the Apennines to overwhelm Metellus, but their imprudence 283 00:18:55.240 --> 00:19:00.440 ruined them. Coming on Metellus, said Faventia Fienza. When their 284 00:19:00.480 --> 00:19:03.920 troops were weary after a day's march, they attacked him 285 00:19:03.920 --> 00:19:07.440 in the evening, hoping to surprise him, but the tired 286 00:19:07.480 --> 00:19:12.880 men were defeated. Ten thousand were killed six thousand surrendered 287 00:19:13.000 --> 00:19:17.240 or deserted. The rest fled, and only one thousand effected 288 00:19:17.279 --> 00:19:21.519 an orderly retreat to Aretium. Nor did the disaster, and 289 00:19:21.720 --> 00:19:27.000 here a Lucanian legion coming to join. Carbo deserted to Metellus. 290 00:19:27.039 --> 00:19:29.960 On hearing the result of the battle, and the commanders 291 00:19:30.039 --> 00:19:34.960 sent to offer his submission to Sullah. Selah characteristically replied 292 00:19:34.960 --> 00:19:38.400 that he must earn his pardon and the other nothing loath, 293 00:19:38.839 --> 00:19:42.759 asked Norbanus and his officers to a banquet, and murdered 294 00:19:42.880 --> 00:19:47.960 all who came. Norbanus refused the invitation and escaped to Rhodes, 295 00:19:48.200 --> 00:19:50.319 but when Sullah sent to demand that he should be 296 00:19:50.400 --> 00:19:54.720 given up, he committed suicide. Carbo had still more than 297 00:19:54.759 --> 00:19:57.880 thirty thousand men at Clusium, and he made a third 298 00:19:57.920 --> 00:20:02.039 attempt to relieve Prayneste by sen Damisippus with two legions 299 00:20:02.039 --> 00:20:04.839 to co operate from the north with the sam Knights 300 00:20:04.880 --> 00:20:08.400 on the south, but Sullah found means to hold them 301 00:20:08.440 --> 00:20:11.920 in check, and Carbo on the news of other disasters 302 00:20:12.240 --> 00:20:16.680 at Fidentia, where Marcus Lucullus defeated one of his lieutenants 303 00:20:16.720 --> 00:20:20.440 and dead tutor, which Marcus Crassus took and pillaged, lost 304 00:20:20.480 --> 00:20:24.880 Heart and fled to Africa. Plutarch says that Lucullus, having 305 00:20:24.960 --> 00:20:26.960 less than a third of the numbers of the enemy, 306 00:20:27.440 --> 00:20:29.960 was in doubt whether to fight, But just then a 307 00:20:30.039 --> 00:20:33.640 gentle breeze blew the flowers from a neighboring field, which 308 00:20:33.680 --> 00:20:36.079 fell on the shields and helmets of the soldiers in 309 00:20:36.200 --> 00:20:39.119 such a manner that they seemed to be crowned with garlands, 310 00:20:39.640 --> 00:20:43.079 and this so cheered them that they won an easy victory. 311 00:20:44.039 --> 00:20:48.119 After Carbo's flight, his army was defeated by Pompeius near Clusium. 312 00:20:48.640 --> 00:20:51.759 The rest of it, under Carinus and Cancerinus, joined the 313 00:20:51.799 --> 00:20:54.839 Psissippis and took up a position twelve miles from Rome 314 00:20:54.880 --> 00:20:59.359 in the Alban territory, threatened the capital and forced Sala 315 00:20:59.480 --> 00:21:02.319 to break up his quarters where he had been barring 316 00:21:02.359 --> 00:21:06.599 the roads to Prineste and Rome. This sequel is uncertain, 317 00:21:06.799 --> 00:21:09.839 but it is probable that when the three commanders marched 318 00:21:09.920 --> 00:21:14.400 into Latinum, Sullah was obliged to detach cavalry to harass them, 319 00:21:14.880 --> 00:21:17.839 and soon afterwards to march with all his forces to 320 00:21:17.920 --> 00:21:22.480 prevent Rome being taken. Why Corinus did not assault Rome 321 00:21:22.519 --> 00:21:26.240 at once as he came south, we cannot say. Probably 322 00:21:26.279 --> 00:21:29.799 the relief of Prineste was the most urgent necessity, and 323 00:21:29.880 --> 00:21:34.160 he hoped, after setting Marius free, to overwhelm Sullah first, 324 00:21:34.559 --> 00:21:38.440 then Pompeius, and then to take Rome. But if these 325 00:21:38.480 --> 00:21:42.000 were his plans, the furious impetuosity of the sam Knights 326 00:21:42.119 --> 00:21:46.799 disarranged them. Pontius, as soon as he saw Sallah's troops weakened, 327 00:21:47.039 --> 00:21:50.160 in order to oppose Carinus, forced his way by night 328 00:21:50.200 --> 00:21:53.759 along the Latin road, gathered up the troops of Carinus 329 00:21:53.759 --> 00:21:56.599 on the march, and at daybreak was within a few 330 00:21:56.640 --> 00:22:01.799 miles of Rome. Sollah instantly followed, but by the Prnestine Road, 331 00:22:01.880 --> 00:22:04.640 which was somewhat longer, And when he got to Rome 332 00:22:04.720 --> 00:22:08.839 about midday, fighting had already taken place, and the Roman 333 00:22:08.920 --> 00:22:11.720 cavalry had been beaten under the walls of the city. 334 00:22:12.720 --> 00:22:17.400 It was November first, b c. Eighty two. Sunset was 335 00:22:17.480 --> 00:22:21.559 near and Sullah's men were weary, but he was determined 336 00:22:21.680 --> 00:22:25.839 or was compelled to fight. Giving his men some hasty refreshment, 337 00:22:26.160 --> 00:22:28.400 he at once formed the line of battle before the 338 00:22:28.440 --> 00:22:32.319 Colleen Gate, and the last and most desperate conflict of 339 00:22:32.359 --> 00:22:36.880 the civil war began. Sullah's left wing was driven back 340 00:22:36.880 --> 00:22:40.519 to the city walls, and fugitives brought word to Ofella 341 00:22:40.559 --> 00:22:44.599 at pr Neesty that the battle was lost. Sullah himself 342 00:22:44.680 --> 00:22:48.000 was nearly slain. He was on a spirited white horse, 343 00:22:48.079 --> 00:22:51.279 cheering on his men. Two javelins were hurled at him 344 00:22:51.279 --> 00:22:54.559 at once. He did not see them, but his groom did, 345 00:22:54.799 --> 00:22:57.400 and he lashed Sullah's horse so as to make it 346 00:22:57.480 --> 00:23:01.599 leap forward, and the javelins grazed its tail. Sullah wore 347 00:23:01.640 --> 00:23:04.960 in his bosom a small golden image of Apollo, which 348 00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:08.319 he brought from Delphi. He now kissed it with devotion 349 00:23:08.480 --> 00:23:10.920 and prayed aloud to the God not to allow him 350 00:23:10.960 --> 00:23:14.240 to fall in gloriously by the hands of his fellow citizens. 351 00:23:14.720 --> 00:23:17.960 After leading him safe, threw so many perils to the 352 00:23:18.039 --> 00:23:22.559 threshold of the city, but neither courage nor superstition availed 353 00:23:22.599 --> 00:23:26.000 him against the fury of the sam Knight onset for 354 00:23:26.039 --> 00:23:29.359 the first time in his life. Sullah was beaten and 355 00:23:29.440 --> 00:23:33.559 either retreated into Rome or maintained a desperate struggle close 356 00:23:33.599 --> 00:23:37.039 to the walls during the night. On the right wing, however, 357 00:23:37.119 --> 00:23:40.119 Crassus had gained the day, had chased the foe to 358 00:23:40.200 --> 00:23:44.000 Antemnai and halting there sent to Sullah for a supply 359 00:23:44.079 --> 00:23:47.559 of food. Thus, surprised of his good fortune, he hastened 360 00:23:47.599 --> 00:23:50.920 to join Crassus. That division of the enemy which had 361 00:23:50.960 --> 00:23:54.079 beaten him had doubtless heard the same news, and must 362 00:23:54.079 --> 00:23:57.480 have dispersed or joined the rest of their forces at Amtemnai. 363 00:23:58.160 --> 00:24:00.319 But in any case they were full of desas spare. 364 00:24:01.240 --> 00:24:05.279 Three thousand offered to surrender, but Sulla never gave mercy, 365 00:24:05.319 --> 00:24:08.799 though he often sold it for an explicit or tacit consideration. 366 00:24:09.720 --> 00:24:12.119 He swore to spare them if they turned on their 367 00:24:12.160 --> 00:24:16.039 own comrades. They did so, and Sullah, taking them to 368 00:24:16.119 --> 00:24:19.440 Rome with four or five thousand other prisoners, placed them 369 00:24:19.440 --> 00:24:23.680 in the circus Flaminius, and had them all slain. He 370 00:24:23.759 --> 00:24:26.240 was haranguing the Senate in the Temple of Bologna, and 371 00:24:26.279 --> 00:24:29.359 the cries of the poor wretch's alarmed his audience, But 372 00:24:29.440 --> 00:24:31.599 he told them to attend to what he was saying, 373 00:24:31.960 --> 00:24:35.160 for the noise they heard was only made by some malefactors, 374 00:24:35.200 --> 00:24:39.519 whom he had ordered to be chastised. This last blind 375 00:24:39.640 --> 00:24:42.920 rush of the Sabellian bull on the lair of the wolves, 376 00:24:43.240 --> 00:24:47.279 which Pontius had told his followers they must destroy had 377 00:24:47.319 --> 00:24:50.920 failed only by a hair's breadth, and since the days 378 00:24:50.960 --> 00:24:54.119 of the gauls, Rome had never been in such peril. 379 00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:58.359 But now at last Sellah had triumphed and could afford 380 00:24:58.400 --> 00:25:03.079 to gratify his pent up passion for vengeance. This butchery 381 00:25:03.119 --> 00:25:05.240 in the circus was but the beginning of what he 382 00:25:05.319 --> 00:25:09.640 meant to do. The four leaders, Pontius, Carinus, Demisippus, and 383 00:25:09.680 --> 00:25:13.799 Cancerinus were all beheaded, and in the same ghastly fashion 384 00:25:13.839 --> 00:25:16.759 in which it was said Hannibal had learnt the death 385 00:25:16.759 --> 00:25:21.000 of Hasdrubel. So those blockaded and pri Neste learned the 386 00:25:21.039 --> 00:25:24.279 fate of the relieving army and their own fate also 387 00:25:24.839 --> 00:25:29.000 by seeing four heads stuck on poles outside the city walls. 388 00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:34.000 They were half starving and could resist no longer. Marius 389 00:25:34.039 --> 00:25:36.880 and a younger brother of Pontius killed each other before 390 00:25:36.920 --> 00:25:40.599 the surrender. Opellus sent the head of Marius to Sulla, 391 00:25:41.039 --> 00:25:44.119 who had it fixed up before the rostra, and jeered 392 00:25:44.160 --> 00:25:47.960 at it in his pitiless fashion, quoting from Aristophanes the 393 00:25:48.000 --> 00:25:51.680 line you should have worked at the ore before trying 394 00:25:51.720 --> 00:25:55.559 to handle the helm. Then he went to Prineste and 395 00:25:55.640 --> 00:25:59.000 made all the inhabitants come outside and lay down their arms. 396 00:25:59.680 --> 00:26:02.359 The Roman senators who had been in the place had 397 00:26:02.359 --> 00:26:06.000 been already slain by Ofella. Three groups were made of 398 00:26:06.039 --> 00:26:11.160 the rest, consisting of Samnites, Romans and Prnestines. The Romans, 399 00:26:11.279 --> 00:26:14.319 the women and the children were spared. All the rest, 400 00:26:14.759 --> 00:26:19.359 twelve thousand in number, were massacred, and Prineste was given 401 00:26:19.440 --> 00:26:24.400