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Speaker 1: I want to welcome everyone back to my second book reading.

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I chose this one because this is one of the

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first books I would read when I was questioning libertarianism.

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I knew that Murray Rothbart had quoted it all the time,

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and he always talked about John C. Calhoun, and I

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had heard about this book, and so I read it

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and it raised a lot of questions. Let's just put

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it that way. One of the reasons I picked this

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one and not someone else's. He was an American, a Southerner,

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and a controversial figure. Let's just put it that way.

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But just to give you some background on John C. Calhoun,

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and I'm going to take this off of I'm going

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to read this off of the United States SENATECE website. Okay,

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so it's a featured biography. John C. Calhoun of South

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Carolina first entered politics in eighteen oh eight, when he

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was elected to the state legislature. He moved to the

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US House of Representatives in eighteen eleven, where he served

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almost four terms before resigning to become Secretary of War

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under President James Monroe, a position he held from eighteen

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seventeen to eighteen twenty five. In both positions, Calhoun was

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known for his strong support for federally funded internal improvements.

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Calhoun was an early candidate for president in eighteen twenty four,

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but dropped out and sought the vice presidency instead. Although

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he publicly back to Tennessee's Andrew Jackson for president, his

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vice presidential candidacy received endorsements from both Jackson Jackson supporters

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and those of John Quincy Adams. Calhoun easily won the

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vice presidency, making him the vice making him the president

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of the Senate, while the presidential election was decided by

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the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over

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popular vote winner Andrew Jackson. When Jackson was elected president

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in eighteen twenty eight, Calhoun was a again elected Vice president,

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but his growing opposition to Jackson's policies prompted his resignation.

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Elected to the Senate in December of eighteen thirty two,

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Calhoun became an influential leader of the Southern States during

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the Antebellum period, a period in Senate history marked by

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heated debates over slavery and territorial expansion. A stadged defender

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of the institution of slavery and a slave owner himself,

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Calhoun was the Senate's most prominent states rights advocate, and

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his doctrine of nullification professed that individual states had a

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right to reject federal policies that they deemed unconstitutional. In

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eighteen fifty, as the Senate debated a legislative compromise designed

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to quell calls for disunion, a dying Calhoun continued to

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argue for the continuation and expansion of slavery. He died

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on March thirty first, eighteen fifty as that debate continued

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a century later, when a special Senate committee was tasked

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with choosing individuals to be included in a famous five

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quote unquote famous five collection of portraits. It shows three

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leaders of the pre Civil War Senate whose influence lived

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after them, Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, and John C. Calhoun.

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All right, so let's get to reading this. This is

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good stuff. And I don't know if it's going to

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take and take seven episodes like the last book took.

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But this really is only one hundred pages. But let's see,

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all right, a disquisition on government. In order to have

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a clear and just conception of the nature and object

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of government, it is indispensable to understand correctly, what that

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constitution or law? What the what that constitution or law

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of our nature is in which government originates, or to

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express it more fully and accurately, that law without which

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government would not and with which it must necessarily exist.

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Without this, it is as impossible to lay any solid

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foundation for the science of government as it would be

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to lay one for that of astronomy without a like

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understanding of that constitution or law of the material world

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according to which several bodies compose in the solar system,

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mutually act on each other, and by which they are

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kept in their respective spheres. The first question, accordingly to

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be answered considered is what is that constitution or law

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of our nature without which government would not exist, and

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with which its existence is necessary. So obviously, here, when

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he's using the term constitution, he's talking about the makeup

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of something and not the written document. In considering this,

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I assume and he's also assuming government. Okay, there's no

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question of whether a government should exist, or that's without question.

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Here he's assuming government. In considering this, I assume as

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an incontestable fact that man is so constituted as to

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be a social being, his inclinations and wants, physical and

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moral irresistibly impel him to associate with his kind. And

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he has accordingly never been found in any age or country,

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in any state other than the social In no other, indeed,

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could he exist, And in no other were it possible

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for him to exist, could he attain to a full

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development of his moral and intellectual faculties, or raise himself

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in the scale of being much above the level of

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the brute creation. Basically, what he's saying is man without

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men without other men are brutes. Men need to come

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together in order to form civilization. I next assume, also,

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as a fact not less incontestable, that while man is

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so constituted as to make the social state necessary to

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his existence and the full development of his faculties, this

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state itself cannot exist without government. The assumption rests on

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universal experience. In no age or country has any society

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or community ever been found, whether enlightened or savage, without

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government of some description one hundred percent truth talk about

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People can talk about medieval Iceland and medieval Ireland all

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they want. They had a form of government. If someone

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got out of line, somebody would step up, create the

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exception and handle it. Having assumed these as unquestionable phenomena

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of our nature, I shall, without further remark, proceed to

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the investigation of the primary and important question, what is

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that constitution of our nature, which, while it impels man

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to associate with his kind, renders it impossible for society

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to exist without government. The answer will be found in

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the fact, not less incontestable than either of the others,

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that while man is created for the social state, and

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is accordingly so formed as to feel what affects others

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as well as what affects himself, he is at the

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same time so constituted as to feel more intensely what

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affects him directly than what affects him indirectly through others,

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or to express it differently. He is so constituted that

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his direct or individual affections are stronger than his sympathetic

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or social feelings. I intentionally avoid the expression selfish feelings

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as applicable to the former, because, as commonly used, it

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implies an unusual excess of individual over the social feelings

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in the person to whom it is applied, and consequently

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something depraved and vicious. My object is to exclude such reference,

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and to restrict the inquiry exclusively to facts in their

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bearings on the subject under consideration, viewed as mere phenomena

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appertaining to our nature, constituted as it is, and which

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are as unquestionable as is that gravitation or any other

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phenomenon of the material world. So so far, the statement

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he's making is that as much as we love our neighbor,

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if it comes down to choosing, we're going to choose ourself.

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But he's going to get a little more into that,

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so I'll have more to say about it. In asserting

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that our individual that our individual are stronger than our

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social feelings. It is not intended to deny that there

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are instances growing out of peculiar relations, as that of

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a mother and her infant, or resulting from the force

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of education and habit over peculiar constitutions in which the

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latter have overpowered the former. But these instances are few

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and always regarded as something extraordinary. The deep impression they

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make whenever they occur is the strongest proof that they

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are regarded as exceptions to some general and well understood

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law of nature. Just as some of the minor powers

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of the material world are apparently to world are apparently

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to gravitation. So what he's saying is when you see

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somebody who steps out and steps out of themselves and

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sacrifices for somebody else. The fact that we have to

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point that out the exception proves the rule that self

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interest is more important than the interest of strangers or

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or even neighbor. And he doesn't stop there. I might

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go farther and assert this to be a phenomenon not

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of our nature only, but of all animated existence throughout

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its entire range, so far as our knowledge extends. It

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would indeed seem to be essentially connected with a great

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law of self preservation, which pervades all that feels, from

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man down to the lowest and most insignificant reptile or insect.

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In none it is stronger than in man. His social

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feelings may, indeed, in a state of safety and abundance,

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combined with high intellectual and moral culture, acquire great expansion

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and force, but not so great as to overpower this

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all pervading and essential law of animated existence. I hope

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you're following. He's he's getting deep here, and really it's

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very simple. It's very simple that you are going to

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put yourself and your family ahead of anyone else. That's

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just that's our nature, okay. And if you really look

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at what has they've tried to build, you know, with

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this what Jason from the Tubit podcast calls this devouring

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mother culture, they want you to be more worried about

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people outside, and especially who they deem to be minorities

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and people who have been who've been marginalized. They want

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you to believe to care more about them than you know,

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if you're a female, the child that came out of

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your womb, if you're if you're a man, the seed

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that came out of your wife's womb. It's truly remarkable.

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But that constitution of our nature, which makes us feel

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more intensely what affects us directly than what affects us

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indirectly through others, necessarily leads to conflict between individuals. And

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here's where we start getting into it. And everybody's going

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to have all sorts of comments. What I always reading

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the comment because I was still very much in a

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libertarian mindset of the time. All the objections were running

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through my head. But stick around, Each in consequence, has

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a greater regard for his own safety or happiness than

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for the safety or happiness of others, and where these

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come in opposition, is ready to sacrifice the interests of

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others to his own common sense. I hope that's common

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sense to everyone. And hence the tendency to a universal

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state of conflict between individual and individual, accompanied by the

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connected passions of suspicion, jealousy, anger, and revenge, followed by insolence, fraud,

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and cruelty, and if not prevented by some controlling power,

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ending in a state of universal discord and confusion, destructive

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of the social state and the ends for which it

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is ordained this controlling power were ever vested or by

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whomsoever exercised is government. That was a list. That was

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quite a list. Suspicion, jealousy, anger, revenge, insolence, fraud, cruelty.

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If there were not somebody there to intercede outside of

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the individuals who are experiencing this, what does the world

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look like? Even if they don't and we look at

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our government now, they don't. In many cases they don't.

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They can't get there in time. But just people knowing

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that they could be subject to an outside force that

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doesn't care about their feelings, doesn't care who was right

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or who was wrong is just going to look at

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what the facts that are there, they how they're interpreting

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the situation. It does restrain people, no matter how many

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much people don't believe that people are restrained when they

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think that they can actually be punished for something and

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they can lose everything. It follows then that man is

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so constituted that government is necessary to the existence of society,

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and society to his existence and the perfection of his faculties.

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It follows also that government has its origin in this

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twofold constitution of his nature, the sympathetic or social feelings

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constituting the remote and the individual or direct the prox cause.

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If man had been differently constituted in either particular, if

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instead of being social in his nature, he had been

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created without sympathy for his kind and independent of others

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for his safety and existence, or if, on the other hand,

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he had been so created as to feel more intensely

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what affected others than what affected himself, if that were possible,

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or even had this supposed interest been equal, it is

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manifest in either case there would have been no necessity

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for government, and that none would have ever existed. But

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although society and government are thus intimately connected with and

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dependent on each other. Of the two, society is the greater.

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It is first in the order of things and in

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the dignity of its object, that of society being primary

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to preserve and perfect our race, and that of government

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secondary and subordinate to preserve and protect society. Both are, however,

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necessary to the existence and well being of our race,

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and equally of divine ordination. So what's he saying. He's

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saying that if you, if you had no self interest,

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if your self interests were on par with if your

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feelings of self interest were on par with your feelings

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of interest for your neighbor, government would have never needed

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to exist. But since that's not true, since that doesn't

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exist in anyone, no matter how much they want to

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tell you they're a good person, and they care more

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about their neighbor than they do about themselves, government is

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necessary and divinely ordained. Sorry, Christian anarchists. I have said,

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if it were possible for man to be so constituted

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as to feel what affects others more strongly than what

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affects or even as strongly, because it may be well

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doubted whether the stronger feeling or affection of individuals for themselves,

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combined with a feebler and subordinate feeling or affection for others,

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is not, in beings of limited reason and faculties, a

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constitution necessary to their preservation and existence. If reversed, if

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their feelings and affections were stronger for others than for themselves,

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or even as strong, the necessary result would seem to

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be that all individuality would be lost and boundless and remediless.

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Disorder and confusion would ensue for each at the same

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moment intensely participating in all the conflicting emotions of those

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around him, would of course forget himself and all that

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concerned him immediately in his officious intermeddling with the affairs

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of all others, which, from his limited reason and faculties

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he could neither properly understand nor manage. Such a state

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of things would, as far as we can see, leads

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to endless disorder and confusion, not less destructive to our

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race than a state of anarchy. He's saying that if

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we had, if everyone had equal feelings and cared for

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each other equally, we'd be in a worse state than

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an anarchy, because it would be endless disorder endless confusion.

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How would you be able to run your life if

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somebody was constantly someone from the outside was constantly interrupting

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and coming in and saying, no, no, I'm seeing I

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can feel your pay I mean, it's insane. It's insane

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when you think about it. When he puts it that way,

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it's almost inarguable. It would besides be remediless, for government

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would be impossible, or if it could, by possibility, as

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its object would be reversed. They're saying, it would be

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impossible to govern a people like that. Selfishness would have

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to be encouraged and benevolence discouraged. Individuals would have to

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be encouraged by rewards to become more selfish and deterred

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by punishments from being too benevolent, and this too by

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a government administered by those who, on the supposition, would

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have the greatest aversion for selfishness and the highest admiration

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for benevolence. To the infinite being, the creator of all,

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belongs exclusively the care and superintendence of the whole. He

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in his infinite wisdom and goodness, has allotted to every

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class of animated beings its condition and appropriate functions and

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has endowed each with feelings, instincts, capacities, and faculties best

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a adapted to its allotted condition to man. He has

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assigned the social and political state as best adapted to

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develop the great capacities and faculties, great capacities and faculties

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intellectual and moral, with which he has endowed him, and

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has accordingly constituted him so not only to impel him

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into the social state, but to make government necessary for

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his preservation and well being. It's amazing to me that

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at one time I would have thought that this was garbage,

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that I would have argued against this. This isn't and

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this isn't saying because this is where the whole straw

283
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man comes in. It's like the straw man argument right

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now as well, government doesn't do that. Not the point.

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No one is saying that government does that. As a

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matter of fact. Wait, wait, you think Calhoun's stupid. Stop.

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But government, although intended to protect and preserve society, has

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itself a strong tendency to disorder and abuse of its powers,

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as all experience in almost every page of history testify.

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The cause is to be found in the same constitution

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of our nature which makes government indispensable. I remember people saying,

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if man can't govern themselves, why if if man is

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so terrible at governing themselves, why would they why would

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00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:43,799
you want them to govern others? What's what? Okay? If

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man is so terrible at governing themselves, why would you

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want no restraints, no restraints except the guns that you

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can carry. I never understood that the whole, the whole idea,

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that's somebody was going to be on their farm and

299
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:05,200
you know, a horde of people comes and they're going

300
00:22:05,279 --> 00:22:06,920
to be up on the roof with they're three to

301
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:11,160
zero eight, just picking them all off. That's not how

302
00:22:11,160 --> 00:22:17,079
that works. It just that's not how that would work.

303
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It sounds like a great fantasy. And you know, I've

304
00:22:20,039 --> 00:22:24,839
seen Walking Dead to I've seen Revolution those TV shows. Yeah,

305
00:22:24,920 --> 00:22:30,599
it's not how it works. Get real people. The powers

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which it is necessary for government to possess in order

307
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to repress violence and preserve order cannot execute themselves. They

308
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must be administered by men in whom, like others, the

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individual are stronger than the social feelings, and hence the

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powers vested in them to prevent injustice and oppression on

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the part of others will if left unguarded be by

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them converted into instruments to oppress the rest of the community.

313
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That by which this is prevented, by whatever name, by

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whatever name called, is what is meant by constitution in

315
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its most comprehensive sense, when applied to government, having its

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origin in the same principle of our nature, constitution stands

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to government as government stands to society, and as the

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end for which society is ordained would be defeated without government,

319
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So that for which government is ordained would in a

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00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:36,440
great measure be defeated without constitution. But they differ in

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00:23:36,519 --> 00:23:41,000
the striking particular. There is no difficulty in forming government.

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It is not even a matter of choice whether there

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shall be one or not. Like breathing, it is not

324
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permitted to depend on our volition. Necessity will force it

325
00:23:52,079 --> 00:23:57,200
on all communities in some one form or another. Very

326
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different is the case as to constitution. Instead of a

327
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matter of necessity, it is one of the most difficult

328
00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:07,559
tasks imposts on man to form a constitution worthy of

329
00:24:07,599 --> 00:24:11,160
the name, while to form a perfect one one that

330
00:24:11,200 --> 00:24:16,480
would completely counteract the tendency of government to oppression and abuse,

331
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and hold this strictly to the great ends for which

332
00:24:19,160 --> 00:24:23,839
it is ordained has thus far exceeded human wisdom, and

333
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possibly ever will From this. Another striking difference results. Constitution

334
00:24:30,720 --> 00:24:34,839
is the contrivance of man, while government is of divine ordination.

335
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Man is left to perfect what the wisdom of the

336
00:24:37,799 --> 00:24:45,839
infinite ordained as necessary to preserve the race. No matter

337
00:24:46,400 --> 00:24:51,839
where you go, no matter what you do, it's one

338
00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:56,119
failure after another. It's our self interests. This is something

339
00:24:56,160 --> 00:25:01,799
that this is something I would hear about free trade

340
00:25:01,839 --> 00:25:04,240
when you would talk to any economist, like an Austrian economist,

341
00:25:04,279 --> 00:25:08,720
they would say, well, you know, the reason will have

342
00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:10,920
you know, in a in a free trade society or

343
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an anarchist society, the reason we'll have all all of

344
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:16,880
these things is, you know, it's a matter of self interest.

345
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The manufacturer of the business owner, they're self interested. So

346
00:25:20,160 --> 00:25:22,079
they're going to create it and they're going to sell it.

347
00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:26,359
You know, they won't just they won't just you know,

348
00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:30,000
create it and use it just for themselves. Why wouldn't they?

349
00:25:30,119 --> 00:25:33,319
I mean they could, Okay, and then what's going to happen.

350
00:25:33,759 --> 00:25:35,759
They're gonna get raided, they're gonna get killed, and people

351
00:25:35,799 --> 00:25:38,920
are going to steal the stuff is that sounds like

352
00:25:38,960 --> 00:25:43,839
a violation of the nap It does. Maybe I'm wrong,

353
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But for the same reason why Calhoun says we need

354
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a government, they'll always be a government. Anarchists will say

355
00:25:56,119 --> 00:26:00,559
that an anarchist society can can exist because of self interest.

356
00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:06,319
What happens when that self interest gets pushed? What happens

357
00:26:06,319 --> 00:26:12,759
when that? What happens? What happens if there's scarcity? Do

358
00:26:12,839 --> 00:26:17,279
you think all of these rational human beings are going

359
00:26:17,319 --> 00:26:20,000
to rely upon self interest? They're all going to come

360
00:26:20,079 --> 00:26:23,880
together and figure it out that now we have a commune.

361
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But oh, as long as it's done voluntarily. Right now,

362
00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:28,279
you're going to have a commune that's going to come together.

363
00:26:28,319 --> 00:26:41,680
It's a voluntary commune. No, no, where was I Okay,

364
00:26:42,079 --> 00:26:44,400
let me just start over that paragraph with these remarks.

365
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:46,720
I proceeds to the consideration of the important and difficult

366
00:26:46,799 --> 00:26:50,359
question is how is this tendency of government to be

367
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:53,559
counteracted or to express it more fully? How can those

368
00:26:53,599 --> 00:26:57,279
who are invested with the power of government be prevented

369
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from employing them as the means of a grandizing themselves

370
00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:04,279
instead of using them to protect and preserve society. It

371
00:27:04,319 --> 00:27:06,759
cannot be done by instituting a higher power to control

372
00:27:06,839 --> 00:27:10,759
the government and those who administer it. That this would

373
00:27:10,759 --> 00:27:13,319
be but to change the seat of authority, and to

374
00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:16,759
make this higher power in reality the government with the

375
00:27:16,799 --> 00:27:19,599
same tendency on the part of those who might control

376
00:27:19,640 --> 00:27:27,240
its powers, to pervert them into instruments of aggrandizement. Nor

377
00:27:27,279 --> 00:27:29,680
can it be done by limiting the powers of government

378
00:27:29,839 --> 00:27:32,119
so as to make it too feeble to be made

379
00:27:32,160 --> 00:27:35,839
an instrument of abuse, for passing by the difficulty of

380
00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:39,480
so limiting its powers without creating a power higher than

381
00:27:39,519 --> 00:27:42,759
the government itself to enforce the observance of the limitations,

382
00:27:43,240 --> 00:27:47,119
it is a sufficient objection that it would, if practicable,

383
00:27:47,599 --> 00:27:51,359
defeat the end for which government is ordained by making

384
00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:55,319
it too feeble to protect and preserve society. The powers

385
00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:59,759
necessary for this purpose will ever prove sufficient to aggrandize

386
00:27:59,759 --> 00:28:02,759
them those who control it, at the expense of the

387
00:28:02,799 --> 00:28:08,000
rest of the community. Immediately, if you've read Schmidt, you

388
00:28:08,039 --> 00:28:14,920
think of his exceptions, exceptions need to be made. Somebody

389
00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:18,839
has to be able to say, somebody has to be

390
00:28:18,839 --> 00:28:21,759
able to make a decision that other people can't make.

391
00:28:25,119 --> 00:28:34,359
Get into a state of exception. In estimating what amount

392
00:28:34,400 --> 00:28:37,559
of power would be requisite to secure the objects of government.

393
00:28:37,960 --> 00:28:41,160
We must take into the reckoning what would be necessary

394
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:45,599
to defend the community against external as well as internal dangers.

395
00:28:46,119 --> 00:28:50,039
Government must be able to repel assaults from abroad, as

396
00:28:50,079 --> 00:28:53,839
well as to repress violence and disorders within. It must

397
00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:56,759
not be overlooked that the human race is now comprehended

398
00:28:57,079 --> 00:29:01,519
in a single society or community. The limited reason and

399
00:29:01,559 --> 00:29:06,079
faculties of men, the great diversity of language, customs, pursuits,

400
00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:10,519
situation and complexion, and the difficulty of intercourse with various

401
00:29:10,519 --> 00:29:14,240
other causes, have by their operation, formed a great many

402
00:29:14,319 --> 00:29:19,640
separate communities, acting independently of each other. Between these, there

403
00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:24,319
is the same tendency to conflict and from the same

404
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:29,680
constitution of our nature as between men individually, and even stronger,

405
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:33,200
because the sympathetic or social feelings are not so strong

406
00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:37,319
between different communities as between individuals of the same community.

407
00:29:38,039 --> 00:29:41,279
So powerful, indeed, is this tendency that it has led

408
00:29:41,319 --> 00:29:47,240
to almost incessant wars between contiguous communities for plunder and

409
00:29:47,319 --> 00:29:53,839
conquests or to avenge injuries, real or suppose it. So

410
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:57,799
long as the state of things continues, exigencies will occur

411
00:29:58,240 --> 00:30:01,960
in which the entire powers resources as a community will

412
00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:05,480
be needed to defend its existence. When this is at stake,

413
00:30:05,680 --> 00:30:10,519
every other consideration must yield to it self. Preservation is

414
00:30:10,519 --> 00:30:14,839
a supreme law as well with communities as individuals, and

415
00:30:14,920 --> 00:30:18,240
hence the danger of withholding from government the full command

416
00:30:18,279 --> 00:30:20,720
of the power and resources of the state, and the

417
00:30:20,759 --> 00:30:24,039
great difficulty of limiting its powers consistently with the protection

418
00:30:24,119 --> 00:30:28,279
and preservation of the community and the community. And hence

419
00:30:28,319 --> 00:30:32,480
the question recurs by what means can government, without being

420
00:30:32,519 --> 00:30:35,640
divested of the full command of the resources of the community,

421
00:30:35,960 --> 00:30:40,279
be prevented from abusing its powers? Because that's what everyone reading,

422
00:30:40,599 --> 00:30:43,279
everyone who was listening to this or reading along with me,

423
00:30:43,880 --> 00:30:47,000
is thinking. It's like sure, but then they're just going

424
00:30:47,079 --> 00:30:49,960
to start wars because you have special interests, you have

425
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:54,200
the military industrial complex, you have this, you have that.

426
00:30:54,400 --> 00:31:06,119
He's not stupid. The question involves difficulties which from the

427
00:31:06,160 --> 00:31:10,160
earliest ages, wise and good men have attempted to overcome,

428
00:31:10,599 --> 00:31:14,799
but hitherto with but partial success. For this purpose, many

429
00:31:14,880 --> 00:31:18,000
devices have been resorted to suited to the various stages

430
00:31:18,039 --> 00:31:21,319
of intelligence and civilization through which our race has passed,

431
00:31:21,559 --> 00:31:23,799
and to the different forms of government to which they

432
00:31:23,799 --> 00:31:29,000
have been applied. The aid of superstition, ceremonies, education, religion,

433
00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:32,599
organic arrangements, both of the government and the community, has

434
00:31:32,680 --> 00:31:36,039
been from time to time appealed to. Some of the

435
00:31:36,079 --> 00:31:39,599
most remarkable of these devices, whether regarded in reference to

436
00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:43,279
their wisdom and the skill displayed in their application, or

437
00:31:43,319 --> 00:31:45,920
to the permanency of their effects, are to be found

438
00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:49,680
in the early dawn of civilization in the institutions of

439
00:31:49,759 --> 00:31:54,799
the Egyptians, the Hindus, the Chinese, and the Jews. The

440
00:31:54,839 --> 00:31:58,400
only materials which that early age afforded for the construction

441
00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:03,680
of constitutions, when intelligence was so partially diffused or applied

442
00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:08,559
with consummate wisdom and skill to their successful application may

443
00:32:08,559 --> 00:32:11,440
be fairly traced to subsequent advance of our race and

444
00:32:11,599 --> 00:32:15,799
civilization and intelligence of which we now enjoy the benefits.

445
00:32:16,359 --> 00:32:20,240
For without a constitution, something to counteract the strong tendency

446
00:32:20,240 --> 00:32:23,359
of government to disorder and abuse, and to give stability

447
00:32:23,359 --> 00:32:27,400
to political institutions, there can be little progress or permanent

448
00:32:27,559 --> 00:32:33,240
improvement in answering the important question under consideration. It is

449
00:32:33,279 --> 00:32:36,279
not necessary to enter into an examination of the variance

450
00:32:36,319 --> 00:32:41,119
contrivances adopted by these celebrated governments to counteract this tendency

451
00:32:41,160 --> 00:32:44,319
to disorder and abuse, nor to undertake to treat of

452
00:32:44,440 --> 00:32:49,279
constitution in its most comprehensive sense, what I propose is

453
00:32:49,319 --> 00:32:53,359
far more limited to explain on what principles government must

454
00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:57,960
be formed in order to resist by its own interior structure,

455
00:32:58,359 --> 00:33:02,240
or to use a singular term, organism, the tendency to

456
00:33:02,359 --> 00:33:07,319
abuse of power. This structure or organism is what is

457
00:33:07,359 --> 00:33:11,400
meant by constitution in its strict and more usual sense,

458
00:33:11,920 --> 00:33:16,200
and it is this which distinguishes what are called constitutional

459
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:20,480
governments from absolute It is in this strict and more

460
00:33:20,599 --> 00:33:24,359
usual sense that I propose to use the term hereafter.

461
00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:29,519
How government then must be constructed in order to counteract

462
00:33:29,759 --> 00:33:32,799
through its organism this tendency on the part of those

463
00:33:32,839 --> 00:33:36,039
who make and execute the laws to oppress those subject

464
00:33:36,079 --> 00:33:39,799
to their operation is the next question which claims attention.

465
00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:45,160
There is but one way in which this can possibly

466
00:33:45,200 --> 00:33:48,480
be done, and that is by such an organism as

467
00:33:48,519 --> 00:33:52,359
will furnish the rule with the means of resisting successfully.

468
00:33:52,680 --> 00:33:55,640
This tendency on the part of the rulers to oppression

469
00:33:55,720 --> 00:33:59,240
and abuse. No where he's going. Power can only be

470
00:33:59,319 --> 00:34:03,440
resisted by power and tendency. By tendency, those who exercise

471
00:34:03,559 --> 00:34:07,400
power and those subject to its exercises, the rulers in

472
00:34:07,440 --> 00:34:11,599
the Ruld stand in antagonistic relations to each other. The

473
00:34:11,639 --> 00:34:14,719
same constitution of our nature which leads rulers to oppressed

474
00:34:14,719 --> 00:34:18,440
a ruled, regardless of the object for which government is ordained,

475
00:34:18,599 --> 00:34:21,960
will with equal strength lead the rule to resist when

476
00:34:22,039 --> 00:34:25,920
possessed of the means of making peaceable and effective resistance.

477
00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:30,079
Such an organism, then as will furnish the means by

478
00:34:30,119 --> 00:34:34,760
which resistance may be systematically and peacefully peaceably made on

479
00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:38,039
the part of the ruled. To oppression and abuse of

480
00:34:38,199 --> 00:34:40,599
part on the part of the rulers is the first

481
00:34:40,639 --> 00:34:45,760
and indispensable step toward forming a constitutional government, and as

482
00:34:45,800 --> 00:34:48,360
this can only be affected by or through the right

483
00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:51,079
of suffrage, the right of the people on the part

484
00:34:51,239 --> 00:34:54,119
of the rule, to choose the rulers at proper intervals

485
00:34:54,159 --> 00:34:57,199
and to hold them thereby responsible for their conduct. The

486
00:34:57,239 --> 00:35:00,119
responsibility of the rulers to the ruled through the r

487
00:35:00,239 --> 00:35:04,440
of suffrage is the indispensable and primary principle of the

488
00:35:04,480 --> 00:35:08,559
foundation of a constitutional government. When this right is properly

489
00:35:08,559 --> 00:35:11,920
guarded and the people sufficiently enlightened to understand their own

490
00:35:12,079 --> 00:35:15,320
rights and the interests of the community, and duly to

491
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:18,519
appreciate the motives and conducts to those appointed to make

492
00:35:18,559 --> 00:35:21,679
and execute the laws. It is all sufficient to give

493
00:35:21,719 --> 00:35:29,679
to those who elect effective control over those they have elected. Again,

494
00:35:32,519 --> 00:35:35,480
somebody can just stop and say, well, I mean, look

495
00:35:35,519 --> 00:35:39,280
at the elections we have nowa YadA, nobody the last

496
00:35:39,320 --> 00:35:44,320
election was stolen, this and that. Yeah, well, he also,

497
00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:46,599
what else is he saying here? I mean that just

498
00:35:46,599 --> 00:35:51,400
goes without saying elections have been stolen, says a dyna mankind.

499
00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:54,360
All right, but what else is he saying here? He's

500
00:35:54,360 --> 00:35:58,480
saying that it's the people who are voting have to

501
00:35:58,599 --> 00:36:02,159
be sufficiently in laws, understand their own rights and the

502
00:36:02,239 --> 00:36:06,239
interests of the community. They have to be intelligent, and

503
00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:14,079
they have to have skin in the game. I call

504
00:36:14,159 --> 00:36:18,039
the right of suffrage the indispensable and primary principle. For

505
00:36:18,159 --> 00:36:21,000
it would be a great and dangerous mistake to suppose,

506
00:36:21,159 --> 00:36:25,000
as many do, that it is of itself sufficient to

507
00:36:25,119 --> 00:36:29,679
form constitutional governments. To this erroneous opinion may be traced

508
00:36:29,760 --> 00:36:33,440
one of the causes why so few attempts to form

509
00:36:33,519 --> 00:36:37,079
constitutional governments have succeeded. And why of the few, which

510
00:36:37,159 --> 00:36:44,800
have so small a number have had durable existence? It

511
00:36:44,800 --> 00:36:48,559
has excuse me, it has led not only to mistakes

512
00:36:48,559 --> 00:36:51,199
in the attempts to form such governments, but to their

513
00:36:51,239 --> 00:36:55,519
overthrow when they have, by some good fortune, been correctly formed.

514
00:36:55,719 --> 00:36:59,280
I wonder what he's thinking of. So far from being

515
00:36:59,760 --> 00:37:03,159
of its self sufficient, however well guarded it might be,

516
00:37:03,679 --> 00:37:07,719
and however enlighten the people it would unaided by other provisions,

517
00:37:07,880 --> 00:37:10,760
leave the government as absolute as it would be in

518
00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:13,960
the hands of irresponsible rulers, and with a tendency at

519
00:37:14,039 --> 00:37:17,800
least as strong toward oppression and abuse of its powers.

520
00:37:18,440 --> 00:37:23,880
As I shall next proceed to explain, the right of

521
00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:27,719
suffrage itself can do no more than give complete control

522
00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:30,679
to those who elect over the conduct of those they

523
00:37:30,719 --> 00:37:34,840
have elected. In doing this, it accomplishes all it possibly

524
00:37:34,880 --> 00:37:39,639
can accomplish. This is its aim, and when this is attained,

525
00:37:40,079 --> 00:37:44,039
its end is fulfilled. It can do no more. However enlightened.

526
00:37:44,519 --> 00:37:47,320
It can do no more, however enlightened the people, or

527
00:37:47,360 --> 00:37:50,599
however widely extended or well guarded the right may be.

528
00:37:51,039 --> 00:37:54,840
This might may be the sum total, then, of its effects.

529
00:37:54,880 --> 00:37:58,760
When most successful, is to make those elected the true

530
00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:02,440
and faithful representative of those who elected them, instead of

531
00:38:02,480 --> 00:38:06,320
irresponsible rulers as they would be without it, And thus

532
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:10,119
by converting it into an agency and the rulers into agents,

533
00:38:10,199 --> 00:38:13,239
to divest government of all claims to sovereignty and to

534
00:38:13,840 --> 00:38:18,519
remain it unimpaired to the community. But it is manifest

535
00:38:18,519 --> 00:38:22,360
that the right of suffrage in making these changes transfers

536
00:38:22,360 --> 00:38:25,960
in reality the actual control over the government from those

537
00:38:26,039 --> 00:38:28,320
who make and execute the laws to the body of

538
00:38:28,320 --> 00:38:31,639
the government, and thereby places the powers of the government

539
00:38:31,719 --> 00:38:34,239
as fully in the mass of the community as they

540
00:38:34,280 --> 00:38:37,719
would be if they, in fact had assembled, made and

541
00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:42,199
executed the laws themselves, without the intervention of representatives or agents.

542
00:38:42,639 --> 00:38:45,280
The more perfectly it does this, the more perfectly it

543
00:38:45,320 --> 00:38:49,239
accomplishes its ends. But in doing so it only changes

544
00:38:49,280 --> 00:38:52,800
the seat of authority without counteracting in the least the

545
00:38:52,840 --> 00:38:56,280
tendency of the government to oppression and abuse of its power.

546
00:38:57,079 --> 00:39:03,440
All right, I would love for a John C. Calhoun

547
00:39:03,559 --> 00:39:06,280
to be resurrected today and see if he still agrees

548
00:39:06,320 --> 00:39:11,760
with us, because at the time that's what this it

549
00:39:11,800 --> 00:39:15,880
looked like. Yeah, if he would have compared what happened

550
00:39:15,920 --> 00:39:23,039
in France, you know, with the French Revolution. Would he yeah,

551
00:39:23,199 --> 00:39:30,480
I mean, would he say that giving the people that

552
00:39:30,840 --> 00:39:32,880
you could trust the people with a vote? I mean,

553
00:39:32,960 --> 00:39:36,199
he hear. What he's saying is you can only trust

554
00:39:36,239 --> 00:39:38,559
a certain amount of people with a vote. But we

555
00:39:38,719 --> 00:39:41,159
know it's gotten to the point where that's never going

556
00:39:41,199 --> 00:39:44,480
to happen again. It's never going to It's either going

557
00:39:44,519 --> 00:39:49,519
to be everyone votes or no one votes. And I'm

558
00:39:49,599 --> 00:39:52,360
pretty sure I'm not going to speak for mister Calhoun.

559
00:39:53,159 --> 00:39:55,840
I will speak for myself as someone who grew up

560
00:39:56,199 --> 00:40:00,599
in the civic religion and voting mattered and voting was everything.

561
00:40:01,320 --> 00:40:03,800
What I will say is that, yeah, I don't believe

562
00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:08,519
I would rather have a CEO. I would rather have

563
00:40:08,639 --> 00:40:15,239
somebody who the possibility that they could become tyrannical in themselves.

564
00:40:16,199 --> 00:40:20,599
Then the tyranny of two point one million, and that's

565
00:40:20,639 --> 00:40:22,760
how many I think, that's how many members there are

566
00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:26,840
of the executive, which is not even the executive anymore.

567
00:40:27,079 --> 00:40:32,760
Let's just call it the menagerial. Yeah, this sounds great,

568
00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:37,719
and it probably looked great when it probably worked out

569
00:40:37,760 --> 00:40:43,960
pretty well early on, when the country was homogeneous, when men,

570
00:40:44,199 --> 00:40:49,079
when only men and landowners could vote, but now anyone

571
00:40:49,119 --> 00:40:51,639
can vote, and people who just stepped over the border

572
00:40:51,800 --> 00:40:55,000
can vote. I mean they give people say, oh that

573
00:40:55,039 --> 00:40:58,760
doesn't that doesn't happen. You're forced, like to get a

574
00:40:58,880 --> 00:41:03,719
driver's license in in California, you're I think you're forced

575
00:41:03,719 --> 00:41:07,719
to register to vote, no matter if you're legal or not.

576
00:41:08,480 --> 00:41:10,599
So I mean, I know it doesn't really mean anything

577
00:41:10,599 --> 00:41:14,360
in California because I mean, Democrats is gonna win California anyway,

578
00:41:14,840 --> 00:41:21,639
California if California goes red, and it'd be weird. But yeah,

579
00:41:21,679 --> 00:41:27,079
I mean, at this point, we've seen what voting does.

580
00:41:27,760 --> 00:41:32,119
Maybe if you had a a country that was homogeneous,

581
00:41:32,159 --> 00:41:37,039
maybe El Salvador's elections look pretty good and Russia seems

582
00:41:37,079 --> 00:41:42,159
to be pretty happy with Putin. Well, you know, maybe

583
00:41:42,159 --> 00:41:45,360
in a homogeneous society it works. We don't have that here.

584
00:41:46,679 --> 00:41:53,400
We need someone who we need somebody who makes the

585
00:41:53,480 --> 00:41:59,960
decisions basically declares the exception. Right now we have, you know,

586
00:42:00,079 --> 00:42:03,000
a couple million people who do that, and look at

587
00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:09,760
what we have onward. If the whole community had the

588
00:42:09,760 --> 00:42:12,280
same interests, so that the interests of each and every

589
00:42:12,320 --> 00:42:15,159
portion would be affected by the action of the government,

590
00:42:15,440 --> 00:42:18,920
that the laws which oppressed or impoverished one portion would

591
00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:22,880
necessarily oppress and impoverish all others, or the reverse. Then

592
00:42:22,920 --> 00:42:26,079
the right of suffrage of itself would be all sufficient

593
00:42:26,159 --> 00:42:29,000
to counteract the tendency of the government to oppression and

594
00:42:29,039 --> 00:42:33,280
abuse of its powers, and of course would form of

595
00:42:33,320 --> 00:42:37,480
itself a perfect constitutional government, the interest of all being

596
00:42:37,519 --> 00:42:40,280
the same. By supposition, as far as the action of

597
00:42:40,320 --> 00:42:43,679
the government was concerned, all would have like interests as

598
00:42:43,719 --> 00:42:46,599
to what laws should be made and how they should

599
00:42:46,639 --> 00:42:50,960
be executed. All strife and struggle would cease as to

600
00:42:51,039 --> 00:42:54,480
who would be should be elected to make and execute them.

601
00:42:54,840 --> 00:42:57,960
The only question would be who was most fit, who

602
00:42:58,039 --> 00:43:00,360
the wisest and most capable of understanding, and then the

603
00:43:00,400 --> 00:43:03,880
common interests of the whole this decided. The election would

604
00:43:03,920 --> 00:43:07,599
pass off quietly and without party discord, as no one

605
00:43:07,719 --> 00:43:12,360
portion could advance its own peculiar interests without regard to

606
00:43:12,440 --> 00:43:16,440
the rest by electing a favorite candidate. But such is

607
00:43:16,480 --> 00:43:22,639
not the case. But on the contrary, nothing is more

608
00:43:22,679 --> 00:43:26,039
difficult than to equalize the action of the government in

609
00:43:26,079 --> 00:43:29,199
reference to the various and diversified interests of the community,

610
00:43:29,639 --> 00:43:32,480
and nothing more easy than to pervert its power into

611
00:43:32,559 --> 00:43:36,599
instruments to aggrandize and enrich one or more interests by

612
00:43:36,679 --> 00:43:40,840
oppressing and impoverishing the others. And this too under the

613
00:43:40,880 --> 00:43:44,639
operation of laws couched in general terms, and which on

614
00:43:44,679 --> 00:43:48,320
their face appear fair, and which on their face appear

615
00:43:48,400 --> 00:43:51,519
fair and equal. Nor is this the case in some

616
00:43:51,880 --> 00:43:56,400
particular communities only. It is so in all the small

617
00:43:56,480 --> 00:44:00,480
and the great, the poor and the rich, irrespective of pursuits, puductions,

618
00:44:00,559 --> 00:44:05,559
or degrees of civilization. With however, this difference that the

619
00:44:05,559 --> 00:44:09,639
more extensive and populistic country, the more diversified the condition

620
00:44:09,719 --> 00:44:13,840
and pursuits of its population, and the richer, more luxurious

621
00:44:13,880 --> 00:44:17,000
and dissimilar to people, the more difficult it is to

622
00:44:17,159 --> 00:44:20,800
equalize the action of the government, and the more easy

623
00:44:20,840 --> 00:44:23,719
for one portion of the community to pervert its power

624
00:44:23,760 --> 00:44:30,119
to oppress and plunder the other. That you didn't think

625
00:44:30,159 --> 00:44:31,920
that I was going to be used in this to

626
00:44:31,920 --> 00:44:40,480
make an argument for monoculture, to do you Such being

627
00:44:40,519 --> 00:44:43,719
the case, it necessarily results that the right of suffrage,

628
00:44:43,719 --> 00:44:46,840
by placing the control of the government in the community, must,

629
00:44:47,320 --> 00:44:50,199
from the same constitution of our nature which makes government

630
00:44:50,280 --> 00:44:55,199
necessary to preserve society, lead to conflict among its different interests,

631
00:44:55,960 --> 00:44:59,119
each striving to obtain possession of its powers as the

632
00:44:59,199 --> 00:45:02,639
means of protect itself against the other, or of advancing

633
00:45:02,679 --> 00:45:06,960
its respective interests, regardless of the interests of others. For

634
00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:10,440
this purpose, a struggle will take place between the various

635
00:45:10,480 --> 00:45:13,840
interests to obtain a majority in order to control the

636
00:45:13,880 --> 00:45:19,840
government if one interested, if no one interested be strong

637
00:45:19,960 --> 00:45:23,400
enough of itself to obtain it, a combination will be

638
00:45:23,519 --> 00:45:27,679
formed between those whose interests are most alike, each conceding

639
00:45:27,760 --> 00:45:30,679
something to the others, until a sufficient number is obtained

640
00:45:30,760 --> 00:45:34,320
to make a majority. The process may be slow, and

641
00:45:34,480 --> 00:45:39,199
much time may be required before a compact organized majority

642
00:45:39,320 --> 00:45:42,599
can be thus formed. But formed it will be in time,

643
00:45:42,800 --> 00:45:46,440
even without preconcert or design, by the sure workings of

644
00:45:46,480 --> 00:45:49,400
that principle or its constitution of our nature in which

645
00:45:49,440 --> 00:45:54,559
the government itself originates. When once formed, the community will

646
00:45:54,599 --> 00:45:58,119
be divided into two great parties, a major and minor,

647
00:45:59,119 --> 00:46:02,239
between which there were will be incessant struggles on the

648
00:46:02,280 --> 00:46:06,719
one side to retain and on the other to on

649
00:46:06,760 --> 00:46:08,920
the one side to retain and on the other to

650
00:46:08,960 --> 00:46:12,480
obtain the majority, and thereby the control of the government

651
00:46:12,559 --> 00:46:17,400
and the advantages it confers. I guess the only thing

652
00:46:17,440 --> 00:46:21,800
I have here is he said the process can be

653
00:46:21,840 --> 00:46:25,480
slow organized majority thus formed, but formed it will be

654
00:46:25,519 --> 00:46:29,159
in time, even without preconcert or design. I would say

655
00:46:29,159 --> 00:46:33,199
there's always preconcerted design, because I believe that there's always elites.

656
00:46:33,559 --> 00:46:36,559
That you may get that majority, but it's only going

657
00:46:36,599 --> 00:46:39,239
to be a very very small minority that's even running

658
00:46:39,280 --> 00:46:45,159
that quote unquote majority. So deeply seated indeed, is this

659
00:46:45,239 --> 00:46:48,679
tendency to conflict between the different interests or portions of

660
00:46:48,719 --> 00:46:51,400
the community, that it would result from the action of

661
00:46:51,440 --> 00:46:54,440
the government itself. Even though it were possible to find

662
00:46:54,440 --> 00:46:57,639
a community where the people were all of the same pursuits,

663
00:46:57,760 --> 00:47:00,480
placed in the same condition of life, and in every

664
00:47:00,559 --> 00:47:04,840
respect so situated as to be without inequality of condition

665
00:47:05,320 --> 00:47:09,360
or diversity of interests, the advantages of possessing the control

666
00:47:09,400 --> 00:47:12,079
of the powers of the government, and thereby of its

667
00:47:12,119 --> 00:47:19,119
honors and emoluments, are of themselves, exclusive of all other considerations,

668
00:47:19,440 --> 00:47:22,400
ample to divide even such a community into the two

669
00:47:22,880 --> 00:47:29,079
great hostile parties, saying, even people with tons of things

670
00:47:29,079 --> 00:47:34,000
in common, with everything in common, can be split apart

671
00:47:35,800 --> 00:47:39,920
in such a way in order to form a just

672
00:47:40,159 --> 00:47:43,159
estimate of the full force of these advantages, without reference

673
00:47:43,199 --> 00:47:46,599
to any other consideration, It must be remembered that government

674
00:47:47,039 --> 00:47:50,320
to fulfill it must be remember that government to fulfill

675
00:47:50,400 --> 00:47:53,599
the ends for which it is ordained, and more especially

676
00:47:53,639 --> 00:47:57,639
that of protection against external dangers, must, in the present

677
00:47:57,679 --> 00:48:00,760
condition of the world, be clothed with power or sufficient

678
00:48:00,840 --> 00:48:03,599
to call forth the resources of the community, and be

679
00:48:03,679 --> 00:48:07,039
prepared at all times to command them promptly in every

680
00:48:07,079 --> 00:48:12,800
emergency which may possibly arise. For this purpose, large establishments

681
00:48:12,840 --> 00:48:17,480
are necessary, both civil and military, including naval wear from

682
00:48:17,599 --> 00:48:21,159
situation that description of force may be required, with all

683
00:48:21,199 --> 00:48:28,480
the means necessary for prompt and effective action, such as fortifications, fleets, armories, arsenals, magazines,

684
00:48:28,639 --> 00:48:32,320
arms of all descriptions, with well trained forces in sufficient

685
00:48:32,440 --> 00:48:37,079
numbers to wield them with skill and energy whenever the

686
00:48:37,119 --> 00:48:42,159
occasion requires it. The administration and management of a government

687
00:48:42,199 --> 00:48:47,280
with such vast establishments must necessarily require a host of employees, agents,

688
00:48:47,280 --> 00:48:50,400
and officers, of whom many must be vested with high

689
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:55,199
and responsible trusts, and occupy exalted stations, accompanied with much

690
00:48:55,880 --> 00:49:00,239
influence and patronage. To meet the necessary expenses, law large

691
00:49:00,239 --> 00:49:04,400
sums must be collected and dispersed, and for this purpose,

692
00:49:04,440 --> 00:49:07,840
heavy taxes must be imposed, requiring a multitude of officers

693
00:49:07,880 --> 00:49:12,679
for their collection and disbursement. The whole United must necessarily

694
00:49:12,719 --> 00:49:15,719
place under the control of government an amount of honors

695
00:49:15,760 --> 00:49:20,159
and emoluments sufficient to excite profoundly the ambition of the

696
00:49:20,239 --> 00:49:27,719
aspiring and the cupidity of the of our avaricious, and

697
00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:31,360
to lead to the formation of hostile parties and violent

698
00:49:31,400 --> 00:49:34,920
party conflicts and struggles to obtain the control of the government.

699
00:49:35,280 --> 00:49:39,440
And what makes us evil remediless through the right of

700
00:49:39,519 --> 00:49:43,800
suffrage of itself, however modified or carefully guarded, or however

701
00:49:43,960 --> 00:49:48,199
enlightened the people the people is the fact that, as

702
00:49:48,199 --> 00:49:50,519
far as the honors and emoluments of the government and

703
00:49:50,559 --> 00:49:54,519
its fiscal actions are concerned, it is impossible to equalize it.

704
00:49:55,280 --> 00:49:59,199
The reason is obvious. Its honors and emoluments, however great,

705
00:49:59,559 --> 00:50:03,639
can fall to the lot of but a few, compared

706
00:50:03,639 --> 00:50:06,519
to the entire number of the community and the multitude

707
00:50:06,519 --> 00:50:09,199
who will seek to participate in them. But without this

708
00:50:09,719 --> 00:50:12,639
there is a reason which renders it impossible to equalize

709
00:50:12,639 --> 00:50:15,280
the action of the government so far as its fiscal

710
00:50:15,320 --> 00:50:23,000
operation extends, which I shall next explain. Few comparatively as

711
00:50:23,039 --> 00:50:26,000
they are the agents and employees of the governments constitute

712
00:50:26,000 --> 00:50:29,199
that portion of the community who are exclusive recipients of

713
00:50:29,239 --> 00:50:32,760
the proceeds of the taxes. Whatever amount is taken from

714
00:50:32,800 --> 00:50:35,760
the community in the form of taxes, if not lost,

715
00:50:35,920 --> 00:50:39,119
goes to them in the shape of expenditures or disbursements.

716
00:50:39,400 --> 00:50:44,239
The two disbursements, into disbursement and taxation, constitute the fiscal

717
00:50:44,320 --> 00:50:48,360
action of the government. They are correlatives. What the one

718
00:50:48,400 --> 00:50:50,960
takes from the community under the name of taxes is

719
00:50:50,960 --> 00:50:54,360
transferred to the portion of the community by who are

720
00:50:54,400 --> 00:50:59,199
the recipients under that of disbursements. But as the recipients

721
00:50:59,199 --> 00:51:02,320
constitute only portion of the community, it follows, taking the

722
00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:05,679
two parts of the fiscal process together, that its action

723
00:51:05,880 --> 00:51:09,079
must be unequal between the payers of the taxes and

724
00:51:09,159 --> 00:51:12,519
the recipients of their proceeds. Nor can it be otherwise

725
00:51:12,719 --> 00:51:15,719
unless what is collected from each individual in the shape

726
00:51:15,719 --> 00:51:19,239
of taxes shall be returned to him in that of disbursements,

727
00:51:19,760 --> 00:51:24,400
which would make the process nugatory and absurd. Taxation may

728
00:51:24,559 --> 00:51:29,440
indeed be made equal, regarded separately from disbursement. Even this

729
00:51:29,559 --> 00:51:32,960
is no easy task, but the two united cannot possibly

730
00:51:33,079 --> 00:51:37,960
meet made equal. Such being the case it must necessarily

731
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:40,960
follow that some one portion of the community must pay

732
00:51:40,960 --> 00:51:44,679
in taxes more than it receives back in dispersements, while

733
00:51:44,679 --> 00:51:48,000
another receives in dispersements more than it pays in taxes.

734
00:51:48,480 --> 00:51:55,559
It is then, I remember one time we used to

735
00:51:55,599 --> 00:51:58,360
just try to trigger government employees by telling them that

736
00:51:58,400 --> 00:52:02,760
they didn't pay taxes. Oh no, I pay taxes every

737
00:52:02,760 --> 00:52:06,400
April fifteenth. No you don't. You know, they're just taking

738
00:52:06,440 --> 00:52:08,920
they're taking back the taxes that were taken from someone else.

739
00:52:09,320 --> 00:52:13,559
Oh no, but I do this, Okay, sure, sure, all right,

740
00:52:14,559 --> 00:52:20,280
whatever you say. It is then manifest taking the whole

741
00:52:20,320 --> 00:52:23,840
process together, the taxes must be, in effect bounties to

742
00:52:23,880 --> 00:52:27,000
the portion of the community which receives more in dispersements

743
00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:29,559
than it pays in taxes, while to the other which

744
00:52:29,599 --> 00:52:33,159
pays in taxes more than it receives in disbursements, they

745
00:52:33,199 --> 00:52:37,920
are taxes in reality burthens instead of bound burthens instead

746
00:52:37,920 --> 00:52:41,760
of bounties. This consequence is unavoidable. It results from the

747
00:52:41,840 --> 00:52:45,119
nature of the process. Be the taxes ever so equally

748
00:52:45,199 --> 00:52:48,480
laid and the dispersements ever so fairly made in reference

749
00:52:48,519 --> 00:52:51,599
to the public service, it is assumed, in coming to

750
00:52:51,639 --> 00:52:54,880
this conclusion that the disbursements are made within the community.

751
00:52:55,280 --> 00:52:58,400
The reasons assigned would be applicable if the proceeds of

752
00:52:58,440 --> 00:53:02,320
the taxes were paid in tribute or expended in foreign countries.

753
00:53:02,639 --> 00:53:06,079
In either of these cases, the Burthen would fall on

754
00:53:06,280 --> 00:53:11,159
all in proportion to the amount of taxes they respectively paid.

755
00:53:11,760 --> 00:53:13,760
Nor would it be less a bounty to the portion

756
00:53:13,840 --> 00:53:17,199
of the community which receives back in disbursements more than

757
00:53:17,199 --> 00:53:21,360
it paid in taxes, because receive the salaries for official services,

758
00:53:21,840 --> 00:53:25,400
or payments to persons employed in executing the works required

759
00:53:25,440 --> 00:53:28,800
by the government, or furnishing it with its various supplies,

760
00:53:29,159 --> 00:53:33,679
or any other description of public employment, instead of being

761
00:53:33,719 --> 00:53:38,480
bestowed gratuitously. It is the disbursements which give additional and

762
00:53:38,639 --> 00:53:42,320
usually very profitable and honorable employments to the portion of

763
00:53:42,320 --> 00:53:45,119
the community where they are made. But to create such

764
00:53:45,159 --> 00:53:48,559
employments by disbursements is to bestow on the portion of

765
00:53:48,599 --> 00:53:53,079
the community to whose the lot disbursements may fall a

766
00:53:53,119 --> 00:53:56,800
far more durable and lasting benefit, one that would add

767
00:53:56,880 --> 00:53:59,960
much more to its wealth and population than would be

768
00:54:00,199 --> 00:54:03,719
the bestole of an equal sum gratuitously. And hence, to

769
00:54:03,800 --> 00:54:07,199
the extent that the disbursements succeed the taxes, it may

770
00:54:07,239 --> 00:54:11,840
be fairly regarded as a bounty. The very reverse is

771
00:54:11,880 --> 00:54:14,119
the case in reference to the portion which pays in

772
00:54:14,239 --> 00:54:18,519
taxes more than it receives in disbursements. With them, profitable

773
00:54:18,559 --> 00:54:22,039
employments are diminished to the same extent, and population and

774
00:54:22,079 --> 00:54:28,079
wealth correspondingly decreased. The necessary result, then, of the unequal

775
00:54:28,119 --> 00:54:31,199
fiscal action of the government, is to divide the community

776
00:54:31,199 --> 00:54:34,840
into two great classes, one consisting of those who in

777
00:54:34,880 --> 00:54:38,519
reality pay the taxes and of course bear exclusively the

778
00:54:38,519 --> 00:54:42,119
burden of supporting the government, and the other of those

779
00:54:42,119 --> 00:54:45,760
who are recipients of their proceeds through disbursements and who

780
00:54:45,840 --> 00:54:49,840
are in fact supported by the government, or in fewer words,

781
00:54:49,840 --> 00:54:54,760
to divide it into taxpayers and tax consumers. But the

782
00:54:54,800 --> 00:54:58,280
effect of this is to place them in antagonistic relations

783
00:54:58,360 --> 00:55:00,599
in reference to the fiscal action of the the government

784
00:55:01,039 --> 00:55:05,960
and the entire course of policy therewith connected connected. For

785
00:55:06,079 --> 00:55:08,960
the greater the taxes and disbursements, the greater the gain

786
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:10,920
of the one and the loss of the other, and

787
00:55:11,000 --> 00:55:14,239
vice versa. And consequently, the more the policy of the

788
00:55:14,280 --> 00:55:18,400
government is calculated to increase taxes and disbursements, the more,

789
00:55:18,440 --> 00:55:21,039
it will be favored by the one and opposed by

790
00:55:21,079 --> 00:55:25,000
the other. The effect, then, of every increase is to

791
00:55:25,119 --> 00:55:29,360
enrich and strengthen the one, and impoverish and weaken the other. This, indeed,

792
00:55:29,400 --> 00:55:31,760
may be carried to such an extent that one class

793
00:55:31,840 --> 00:55:34,159
or portion of the community may be elevated to wealth

794
00:55:34,159 --> 00:55:38,440
and power, and the other depressed to abject poverty and dependence,

795
00:55:39,039 --> 00:55:42,920
simply by the fiscal action of the government, and this

796
00:55:43,159 --> 00:55:47,519
too through disbursements only, even under a system of equal

797
00:55:47,599 --> 00:55:51,519
taxes imposed for revenue only. If such may be the

798
00:55:51,559 --> 00:55:55,599
effect of taxes and disbursements when confined to their legitimate objects,

799
00:55:55,920 --> 00:55:59,400
that of raising revenues for the public service, some conception

800
00:55:59,599 --> 00:56:03,000
may be formed how one portion of the community may

801
00:56:03,039 --> 00:56:07,079
be crushed and another elevated on its ruins by systematically

802
00:56:07,079 --> 00:56:10,440
perverting the power of taxation and disbursement for the purpose

803
00:56:10,480 --> 00:56:13,480
of aggrandizing and building up one portion of the community

804
00:56:13,519 --> 00:56:15,760
at the expense of the other. That it will be

805
00:56:15,800 --> 00:56:19,920
so used unless prevented, is from the constitution of man,

806
00:56:20,360 --> 00:56:22,639
just as certain as that it can be so used,

807
00:56:23,079 --> 00:56:26,320
and that if not prevented, it must give rise to

808
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:31,400
two parties, and to violent conflicts and struggles between them

809
00:56:31,559 --> 00:56:34,719
to obtain the control of the government is for the

810
00:56:34,760 --> 00:56:39,800
same reason not less certain, nor is it less certain

811
00:56:39,840 --> 00:56:42,960
from the operation of all these causes, that the dominant

812
00:56:42,960 --> 00:56:46,119
majority for the time would have the same tendency to

813
00:56:46,159 --> 00:56:49,599
oppression and abuse of power, which, without the right of suffrage,

814
00:56:49,920 --> 00:56:54,000
irresponsible rulers would have no reason, indeed, can be assigned

815
00:56:54,199 --> 00:56:57,519
why the latter would abuse their power, which would not

816
00:56:57,599 --> 00:57:01,400
apply with equal force to the former. The dominant majority

817
00:57:01,400 --> 00:57:04,840
for the time would, in reality, through the right of suffrage,

818
00:57:04,920 --> 00:57:08,920
be the rulers the controlling, governing and irresponsible power, and

819
00:57:09,000 --> 00:57:11,400
those who make and execute the laws would be for

820
00:57:11,480 --> 00:57:16,559
the time be in reality but their representatives and agents.

821
00:57:16,960 --> 00:57:19,320
Nor would the fact that the former would constitute a

822
00:57:19,360 --> 00:57:24,679
majority of the community counteract a tendency originating in the

823
00:57:24,719 --> 00:57:28,320
constitution of man, and which as such cannot depend on

824
00:57:28,360 --> 00:57:30,559
the number by whom the powers of the government may

825
00:57:30,599 --> 00:57:34,320
be wielded, be it greater or smaller a majority or minority,

826
00:57:34,599 --> 00:57:38,840
it must equally partake of an attribute inherent in each

827
00:57:38,840 --> 00:57:42,519
individual composing it, and as in each of the individual

828
00:57:42,599 --> 00:57:45,360
is stronger than the social feelings, the one would have

829
00:57:45,440 --> 00:57:48,320
the same tendency as the other to oppression and abuse

830
00:57:48,400 --> 00:57:51,760
of power. The reason applies to government in all its forms,

831
00:57:52,360 --> 00:57:54,920
whether it be that of the one, the few, or

832
00:57:54,920 --> 00:57:58,320
the many. In each there must of necessity be a

833
00:57:58,400 --> 00:58:02,679
governing and governed a and a subject portion. The one

834
00:58:02,760 --> 00:58:05,760
implies the other, and in all the two bear the

835
00:58:05,800 --> 00:58:08,400
same relations to each other, and have, on the part

836
00:58:08,400 --> 00:58:11,760
of the governing portion, the same tendency to oppression and

837
00:58:11,840 --> 00:58:15,559
abuse of power. Where the majority is that portion, it

838
00:58:15,599 --> 00:58:19,079
matters not how its powers may be exercised, whether directly

839
00:58:19,119 --> 00:58:23,800
by themselves or indirectly through representatives or agents. Be it

840
00:58:23,920 --> 00:58:27,599
which it may. The minority, for the time will be

841
00:58:27,679 --> 00:58:31,039
as much the governed or subjected portion as are the

842
00:58:31,079 --> 00:58:35,000
subject in an aristocracy or the subjects in a monarchy.

843
00:58:35,360 --> 00:58:38,119
The only difference in this respect is that in the

844
00:58:38,159 --> 00:58:41,480
government of a majority, the majority may become the majority.

845
00:58:41,880 --> 00:58:44,440
In the government of a majority, the minority may become

846
00:58:44,480 --> 00:58:47,599
a majority, and the majority the minority through the right

847
00:58:47,639 --> 00:58:51,039
of suffrage, and thereby change their relative positions within the

848
00:58:51,039 --> 00:58:55,400
interference without the interference of force or revolution. But the

849
00:58:55,480 --> 00:58:58,679
duration or uncertainty of the tenure by which power is

850
00:58:58,719 --> 00:59:03,480
held cannot of itself counteract to tendency inherence the government

851
00:59:03,639 --> 00:59:07,440
to oppression and abuse of power. On the contrary, the

852
00:59:07,639 --> 00:59:10,920
very uncertainty of the tenure, combined with a violent party

853
00:59:10,960 --> 00:59:15,480
warfare which must ever proceed a change of parties under

854
00:59:15,519 --> 00:59:19,760
such governments, would rather tend to increase than diminish the

855
00:59:19,800 --> 00:59:23,159
tendency to oppression. And I'm going to stop right there.

856
00:59:26,440 --> 00:59:29,719
That's what's wild about this. That's what's wild about Calhoun

857
00:59:30,320 --> 00:59:33,880
on this disquisition. He gives you the reason why government

858
00:59:33,920 --> 00:59:36,159
needs to exist, and then it gives you all the

859
00:59:36,239 --> 00:59:42,960
reasons why it doesn't work. It's truly amazing, and it

860
00:59:43,000 --> 00:59:45,000
made me. This is one of those things that made

861
00:59:45,079 --> 00:59:47,360
me come to a conclusion that yes, we need a government,

862
00:59:47,639 --> 00:59:52,639
but do we need one like this? He's basically spelling

863
00:59:52,679 --> 01:00:00,559
out why this can't work, and the question is what

864
01:00:00,639 --> 01:00:03,079
comes to well, what kind of government do you want?

865
01:00:05,039 --> 01:00:08,960
So if you want something where it's like this, it's

866
01:00:09,039 --> 01:00:11,119
like this, this is what you're gonna get. If you

867
01:00:11,159 --> 01:00:13,679
want something like monarchy where there's just one person in

868
01:00:13,760 --> 01:00:23,400
charge CEO, yeah, basically the a king like type of administrator,

869
01:00:24,599 --> 01:00:27,440
you're gonna have your your own problems too. But what

870
01:00:27,480 --> 01:00:32,760
he's showing is that this is just it's a cluster necessity.

871
01:00:33,000 --> 01:00:38,440
But what makes it a necessity is why it doesn't work.

872
01:00:38,920 --> 01:00:40,360
And then you have people who say, well, then we

873
01:00:40,360 --> 01:00:44,119
should just get rid of them altogether, not understanding that

874
01:00:44,199 --> 01:00:52,679
what makes it, what makes a government necessary, would would

875
01:00:52,679 --> 01:01:03,440
make insane chaos with that one. So that's it. Now.

876
01:01:03,480 --> 01:01:07,360
I know that most people are going to listen to

877
01:01:07,400 --> 01:01:09,559
this one or read the read along with this one,

878
01:01:09,599 --> 01:01:12,480
watch a video, and you know that's when the drop

879
01:01:12,519 --> 01:01:15,719
off happens. Episode two will have less people tuning in,

880
01:01:15,800 --> 01:01:17,960
and then three and on down the line it goes

881
01:01:18,000 --> 01:01:22,199
and everything. Try to tune in for episode two. Okay,

882
01:01:22,440 --> 01:01:24,039
unless you just didn't get through to the end of this,

883
01:01:24,039 --> 01:01:25,239
But if you got through to the end of this,

884
01:01:25,920 --> 01:01:28,039
come for episode two, because we're gonna there's going to

885
01:01:28,079 --> 01:01:30,840
be more of this and it's just gonna it's fascinating

886
01:01:30,880 --> 01:01:33,440
the road he takes us down in this, and we

887
01:01:33,480 --> 01:01:36,559
got through a lot of it today, So yeah, I

888
01:01:36,639 --> 01:01:40,639
got through a lot. Actually, there are, as I mentioned

889
01:01:40,679 --> 01:01:43,559
at the end of when I did zero to one,

890
01:01:44,079 --> 01:01:45,840
there are going to be ads in here. If you

891
01:01:45,880 --> 01:01:47,519
want to avoid the ads, you can go to Freeman

892
01:01:47,800 --> 01:01:51,760
Beyond the Wall dot com forward slash support support me

893
01:01:52,039 --> 01:01:56,800
on my website through Patreon or through subscribe star, and

894
01:01:57,320 --> 01:02:01,280
you can get these without commercials. And it also helps

895
01:02:01,400 --> 01:02:05,480
just keep me going and allows me to do more.

896
01:02:05,840 --> 01:02:08,840
And I'm basically putting out like six episodes a week

897
01:02:08,920 --> 01:02:11,360
right now, and a couple of weeks I put out seven.

898
01:02:11,440 --> 01:02:13,559
I put out one every day, and people may say

899
01:02:13,559 --> 01:02:15,440
that's just too much. I can't keep up and everything,

900
01:02:15,480 --> 01:02:18,440
but you know, some people are going to be more

901
01:02:18,480 --> 01:02:20,840
attracted to one thing and some people can be attracted

902
01:02:20,840 --> 01:02:23,639
to others. So I'm trying to hit a couple different

903
01:02:23,719 --> 01:02:26,119
audiences with the things that I'm doing, especially with the

904
01:02:26,199 --> 01:02:30,039
readings and the livestream kind of stuff heearing on other

905
01:02:30,079 --> 01:02:33,960
people's shows, and then you know my regular episodes where

906
01:02:33,960 --> 01:02:37,360
I have a guest. So yeah, think about supporting the

907
01:02:37,400 --> 01:02:42,000
show and come back for episode two of John C.

908
01:02:42,199 --> 01:02:50,360
Calhoun's Disposition on Government. Thank you. I want to welcome

909
01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:54,880
everyone back to part two of John C. Calhoun's Disposition

910
01:02:54,960 --> 01:03:00,280
on Government. We ended yesterday talking about how he saw

911
01:03:00,480 --> 01:03:05,159
suffrage as the one thing that could push back tyranny

912
01:03:05,199 --> 01:03:09,119
of government, and then, as he's explained, with everything that

913
01:03:09,159 --> 01:03:13,199
he sees as a necessity for government. He starts talking

914
01:03:13,199 --> 01:03:17,559
about the problems with suffrage, the problems with universal suffrage,

915
01:03:17,599 --> 01:03:20,920
the problems with suffrage in general. And we're going to

916
01:03:20,960 --> 01:03:23,880
continue talking a little bit about that. And I hope

917
01:03:23,880 --> 01:03:26,719
you stick around for this one, because, like I said,

918
01:03:26,760 --> 01:03:30,000
this whole thing is great, and people have a tendency

919
01:03:30,039 --> 01:03:34,320
to drop out after the first episode. And I don't

920
01:03:34,360 --> 01:03:36,639
know why that is once I listen to something. I mean,

921
01:03:37,039 --> 01:03:41,079
I don't know, but yeah, so let's check this out here,

922
01:03:41,840 --> 01:03:48,000
all right, picking up where we left off from yesterday.

923
01:03:49,039 --> 01:03:52,760
As then, the right of suffrage without some other provision

924
01:03:53,239 --> 01:03:56,920
cannot counteract this tendency of government. The next question for

925
01:03:57,000 --> 01:04:02,119
consideration is what is that other provision? This demands the

926
01:04:02,159 --> 01:04:05,880
most serious consideration, for of all the questions embraced in

927
01:04:05,920 --> 01:04:09,360
the science of government, it involves a principle, the most

928
01:04:09,400 --> 01:04:12,960
important and the least understood, and when understood, the most

929
01:04:12,960 --> 01:04:18,239
difficult of application and practice. It is indeed, emphatically that

930
01:04:18,400 --> 01:04:23,239
principle which makes the Constitution in its strict and limited sense.

931
01:04:25,360 --> 01:04:28,119
From what has been said, it is manifest that this

932
01:04:28,159 --> 01:04:31,559
provision must be of a character calculated to prevent any

933
01:04:31,679 --> 01:04:35,679
one interest or combination of interests from using the powers

934
01:04:35,679 --> 01:04:39,239
of government to aggrandize itself at the expense of the others.

935
01:04:39,960 --> 01:04:43,320
Here lies to evil, and just in proportion as it

936
01:04:43,360 --> 01:04:46,519
shall prevent or fail to prevent it, in the same

937
01:04:46,559 --> 01:04:49,920
degree it will affect or fail to affect the end

938
01:04:50,039 --> 01:04:53,840
intended to be accomplished. There is but one certain mode

939
01:04:53,920 --> 01:04:57,000
in which this result can be secured, and that is

940
01:04:57,360 --> 01:05:01,239
by the adoption of some restriction or life limitation which

941
01:05:01,280 --> 01:05:07,079
shall be so effectually, which shall so effectually prevent any

942
01:05:07,159 --> 01:05:11,199
one interest or combination of interests, from obtaining the exclusive

943
01:05:11,199 --> 01:05:14,840
control of the government as to render hopeless all attempts

944
01:05:14,840 --> 01:05:18,960
directed to that end. There is again but one mode

945
01:05:19,039 --> 01:05:22,000
in which this can be affected, and that is by

946
01:05:22,039 --> 01:05:25,599
taking the sense of each interest or portion of the community,

947
01:05:25,880 --> 01:05:29,599
which may be unequally and injuriously affected by the action

948
01:05:29,719 --> 01:05:33,400
of the government separately through its own majority, or in

949
01:05:33,440 --> 01:05:36,840
some other way by which its voice may be fairly expressed,

950
01:05:37,199 --> 01:05:40,840
and to require the consent of each interest, either to

951
01:05:40,960 --> 01:05:45,440
put or to keep the government in action. This too,

952
01:05:45,960 --> 01:05:48,719
can be applied only in one way, and that is

953
01:05:49,159 --> 01:05:52,559
by such an organism of the government, and if necessary

954
01:05:52,599 --> 01:05:57,119
for the purpose of the community, also as will by

955
01:05:57,119 --> 01:06:01,039
dividing and distributing the powers of government to each division

956
01:06:01,119 --> 01:06:05,719
or interest through its appropriate organ either a concurrent voice

957
01:06:05,760 --> 01:06:09,480
in making an executing laws, or a veto on their execution.

958
01:06:10,199 --> 01:06:13,199
It is only by such an organism that the ascent

959
01:06:13,280 --> 01:06:15,920
of each can be made necessary to put the government

960
01:06:15,960 --> 01:06:19,400
in motion, or the power made effectual to arrest its

961
01:06:19,440 --> 01:06:23,440
action when put in motion. And it is only by

962
01:06:23,480 --> 01:06:27,199
the one or the other that the different interests, orders, classes,

963
01:06:27,280 --> 01:06:30,800
or portions into which the community may be divided can

964
01:06:30,880 --> 01:06:34,480
be protected, and all conflict and struggle between them prevented.

965
01:06:34,880 --> 01:06:37,559
By rendering it impossible to put or to keep it

966
01:06:37,599 --> 01:06:43,800
in action without the concurrent consent of all. Such an

967
01:06:43,920 --> 01:06:48,119
organism as this, combined with the right of suffrage, constitutes,

968
01:06:48,159 --> 01:06:52,239
in fact the elements of constitutional government. The one, by

969
01:06:52,280 --> 01:06:55,920
rendering those who make and execute the laws responsible to

970
01:06:56,039 --> 01:06:59,519
those on whom they operate, prevents the rulers from oppressing

971
01:06:59,559 --> 01:07:02,440
the rule, and the other, by making it impossible for

972
01:07:02,599 --> 01:07:06,440
any one interest or combination of interests, or class, or

973
01:07:06,599 --> 01:07:10,360
order or portion of the community to obtain exclusive control,

974
01:07:10,719 --> 01:07:13,840
prevents any one of them from oppressing the other. It

975
01:07:13,920 --> 01:07:16,920
is it is clear that oppression and abuse of power

976
01:07:17,320 --> 01:07:20,159
must come, if at all, from the one or the

977
01:07:20,239 --> 01:07:24,320
other quarter. From no other can they come. It follows

978
01:07:24,440 --> 01:07:29,039
that the two suffrage and proper organism combined are sufficient

979
01:07:29,079 --> 01:07:32,519
to counteract the tendency of government to oppression and abusive power,

980
01:07:32,920 --> 01:07:35,400
and to restrict to it the fulfillment of the great

981
01:07:35,639 --> 01:07:40,440
ends for which it is ordained. I'm gonna keep going.

982
01:07:41,639 --> 01:07:44,559
In coming to this conclusion, I have assumed the organism

983
01:07:44,599 --> 01:07:48,599
to be perfect, and the different interests, portions, or classes

984
01:07:48,639 --> 01:07:52,320
of the community to be sufficiently enlightened to understand its

985
01:07:52,400 --> 01:07:56,519
character an object, and to exercise with due diligence the

986
01:07:56,599 --> 01:08:00,280
right of suffrage to the extent that either may be defective.

987
01:08:00,400 --> 01:08:03,000
To the same extent, the government would fall short of

988
01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:06,480
fulfilling its ends. But this does not impeach the truth

989
01:08:06,519 --> 01:08:10,719
of the principles on which it rests. Very theory cell

990
01:08:10,760 --> 01:08:14,880
here in reducing them to proper form in applying them

991
01:08:14,920 --> 01:08:19,239
to practically uses. All elementary principles are liable to difficulties,

992
01:08:19,520 --> 01:08:22,199
but they are not on this account the less true

993
01:08:22,600 --> 01:08:26,319
or valuable. Where the organism is perfect, every interest will

994
01:08:26,359 --> 01:08:29,039
be truly and fully represented, and of course the whole

995
01:08:29,079 --> 01:08:33,439
community must be so. It may be difficult, or even impossible,

996
01:08:33,479 --> 01:08:37,439
to make a perfect organism. But although this be true,

997
01:08:37,800 --> 01:08:41,239
yet even when instead of the sense of each and

998
01:08:41,279 --> 01:08:43,760
of all, it takes that of a few great and

999
01:08:43,840 --> 01:08:47,279
prominent interests only, it would still in a great measure,

1000
01:08:47,399 --> 01:08:51,000
if not altogether, fulfill the end intended by a constitution.

1001
01:08:51,760 --> 01:08:54,600
For in such case, it would require so large a

1002
01:08:54,640 --> 01:08:58,279
portion of the community compared with the whole, to concur

1003
01:08:58,680 --> 01:09:01,319
or acquiesce in the act of the government, that the

1004
01:09:01,399 --> 01:09:03,760
number to be plundered would be too few, and the

1005
01:09:03,840 --> 01:09:07,960
number to be aggrandized too many to afford adequate motives

1006
01:09:08,000 --> 01:09:11,560
to oppression and the abuse of its powers. Indeed, however

1007
01:09:11,880 --> 01:09:15,680
imperfect the organism, it must have more or less effect

1008
01:09:15,760 --> 01:09:23,239
in diminishing such tendency. And what's the problem with that conspiracy?

1009
01:09:24,079 --> 01:09:28,039
People coming together, people of like interest coming together, and

1010
01:09:28,680 --> 01:09:33,279
as he has talked about previously, getting their way taking over,

1011
01:09:33,479 --> 01:09:38,199
becoming the majority, And how do they keep their power.

1012
01:09:38,439 --> 01:09:40,880
They have to keep being the majority, and they have

1013
01:09:40,960 --> 01:09:45,600
to squash the minority. And his point is, well, the

1014
01:09:45,720 --> 01:09:49,319
minority can become the majority. But when you really look

1015
01:09:49,399 --> 01:09:52,720
at this, we're not talking about like groups of people

1016
01:09:52,760 --> 01:09:56,079
from the community. You know, just every people like you

1017
01:09:56,119 --> 01:09:59,079
and me. What we're talking about is elites that do this.

1018
01:10:00,920 --> 01:10:07,159
It's the elites who make constitutional government impossible. Because once

1019
01:10:07,199 --> 01:10:09,479
you have elites, and once you have their money, and

1020
01:10:09,520 --> 01:10:12,720
once you have people who are self interested, who are

1021
01:10:12,840 --> 01:10:18,479
in power and are taking that money, well, very quickly,

1022
01:10:18,600 --> 01:10:28,960
this check on powers starts to melts away. So take

1023
01:10:29,000 --> 01:10:36,239
a sip. It may be readily inferred from what has

1024
01:10:36,279 --> 01:10:39,159
been stated that the effect of organism is neither to

1025
01:10:39,199 --> 01:10:42,319
supersede nor diminish the importance of the right of suffrage,

1026
01:10:42,640 --> 01:10:45,319
but to aid and perfect it. The object of the

1027
01:10:45,399 --> 01:10:48,359
latter is to collect the sense of the community. The

1028
01:10:48,439 --> 01:10:51,399
more fully and perfectly it accomplishes this, the more fully

1029
01:10:51,760 --> 01:10:55,000
and perfectly it fulfills its ends. But the most it

1030
01:10:55,039 --> 01:10:57,640
can do of itself is to collect the sense of

1031
01:10:57,680 --> 01:11:01,000
the greater number, that is, of the stronger interests or

1032
01:11:01,039 --> 01:11:04,279
combination of interests, and to assume this to be the

1033
01:11:04,319 --> 01:11:07,920
sense of the community. It is only when aided by

1034
01:11:07,920 --> 01:11:10,880
a proper organism, that it can collect the sense of

1035
01:11:10,920 --> 01:11:14,520
the entire community, of each and all its interests, of

1036
01:11:14,680 --> 01:11:18,119
each through its appropriate organ and of the whole, through

1037
01:11:18,159 --> 01:11:21,319
all of them united. This would truly be the sense

1038
01:11:21,359 --> 01:11:25,199
of the entire community. For whatever diversity each interest might

1039
01:11:25,239 --> 01:11:28,600
have within itself, as all would have the same interest

1040
01:11:28,640 --> 01:11:31,720
in reference to the action of the government. The individuals

1041
01:11:31,760 --> 01:11:35,000
composing each would be fully and truly represented by its

1042
01:11:35,039 --> 01:11:39,239
own majority or appropriate organ regarded in the reference to

1043
01:11:39,279 --> 01:11:44,560
the other interests. In brief, every individual of every interest

1044
01:11:44,640 --> 01:11:49,159
might trust with confidence its majority or appropriate organ against

1045
01:11:49,279 --> 01:11:54,119
that of every other interests. It results from what has

1046
01:11:54,159 --> 01:11:56,640
been said that there are two different modes in which

1047
01:11:56,720 --> 01:11:59,800
the sense of the community may be taken, one simply

1048
01:11:59,840 --> 01:12:03,279
by the right of suffrage unaided, the other by the

1049
01:12:03,399 --> 01:12:06,840
right through a proper organism. Each collects the sense of

1050
01:12:06,880 --> 01:12:10,520
the majority, but one regards numbers only, and considers the

1051
01:12:10,520 --> 01:12:14,439
community as a unit having but one common interest throughout,

1052
01:12:14,600 --> 01:12:16,600
and collects the sense of the greater number of the

1053
01:12:16,640 --> 01:12:20,640
whole as that of the community. The other, on the contrary,

1054
01:12:21,079 --> 01:12:25,039
regards interests as well as numbers, considering the community as

1055
01:12:25,039 --> 01:12:27,960
made up of different and conflicting interests as far as

1056
01:12:28,000 --> 01:12:30,680
the action of the government is concerned, and takes the

1057
01:12:30,720 --> 01:12:34,600
sense of each through its majority or appropriate organ and

1058
01:12:34,680 --> 01:12:37,279
the united sense of all as the sense of the

1059
01:12:37,439 --> 01:12:41,119
entire community. The former of these I shall call them

1060
01:12:41,119 --> 01:12:45,760
a numerical an absolute majority, and the latter the concurrent

1061
01:12:46,199 --> 01:12:51,000
or constitutional majority. I call it the constitutional majority, because

1062
01:12:51,039 --> 01:12:54,840
it is an essential element in every constitutional government, be

1063
01:12:54,960 --> 01:12:58,279
its form. What it may so great is the difference

1064
01:12:58,359 --> 01:13:01,840
politically speaking, between the two majorities that they cannot be

1065
01:13:01,960 --> 01:13:06,199
co founded without leading to great and fatal errors. And

1066
01:13:06,279 --> 01:13:09,760
yet the distinction between them has been so entirely overlooked

1067
01:13:09,760 --> 01:13:13,560
that when the term majority is used in political discussions,

1068
01:13:13,840 --> 01:13:17,640
it is applied exclusively to designate the numeracle, as if

1069
01:13:17,680 --> 01:13:21,479
there were no other. Until this distinction is recognized and

1070
01:13:21,520 --> 01:13:25,199
better understood, there will continue to be great liability to

1071
01:13:25,439 --> 01:13:30,399
error in properly constructing constitutional governments, especially the popular form,

1072
01:13:30,720 --> 01:13:35,159
and of preserving them when properly constructed. Until then, the

1073
01:13:35,279 --> 01:13:39,239
latter will have a strong tendency to slide first into

1074
01:13:39,319 --> 01:13:43,640
government of the numerical majority, and finally into absolute government

1075
01:13:43,720 --> 01:13:46,640
of some other form. To show that such must be

1076
01:13:46,720 --> 01:13:48,920
the case, and at the same time to mark more

1077
01:13:48,960 --> 01:13:51,920
strongly the difference between the two, in order to guard

1078
01:13:51,960 --> 01:13:55,399
against the danger of overlooking it, I propose to consider

1079
01:13:55,439 --> 01:14:00,279
the subject more at length. This is getting good. The

1080
01:14:00,319 --> 01:14:03,439
first and leading era, which naturally arises from overlooking the

1081
01:14:03,520 --> 01:14:07,520
distinction referred to, is to confound the numerical majority with

1082
01:14:07,640 --> 01:14:10,600
the people, and this is so completely as to regard

1083
01:14:10,640 --> 01:14:14,560
them as identical. This is a consequence that necessarily results

1084
01:14:14,600 --> 01:14:18,720
from considering the numerical as the only majority. All admit

1085
01:14:18,920 --> 01:14:22,239
that a popular government or democracy is the government of

1086
01:14:22,239 --> 01:14:25,880
the people. For the terms imply this. A perfect government

1087
01:14:25,920 --> 01:14:28,399
of the kind would be one which would embrace the

1088
01:14:28,439 --> 01:14:31,880
consent of every citizen or member of the community. But

1089
01:14:32,039 --> 01:14:36,119
as this is impracticable impracticable in the opinion of those

1090
01:14:36,159 --> 01:14:39,159
who regard the nu miracle as the only majority, and

1091
01:14:39,199 --> 01:14:42,199
who can perceive no other way by which the sense

1092
01:14:42,239 --> 01:14:44,800
of the people can be taken, they are compelled to

1093
01:14:44,880 --> 01:14:47,960
adopt this as the only true basis of popular government,

1094
01:14:48,199 --> 01:14:53,319
in contradistinction to governments of the aristocratical or monarchical form.

1095
01:14:53,840 --> 01:14:57,960
Being thus constrained, they are in the next place, forced

1096
01:14:58,000 --> 01:15:01,239
to regard the numerical majority as as in effect the

1097
01:15:01,399 --> 01:15:04,319
entire people, that is, the greater part of the whole,

1098
01:15:04,680 --> 01:15:07,279
and the government of the greater part as the government

1099
01:15:07,319 --> 01:15:09,720
of the whole. It is thus the two come to

1100
01:15:09,760 --> 01:15:13,039
be confounded, and a part made identical with the whole.

1101
01:15:13,640 --> 01:15:16,680
And it is thus also that all the rights, powers,

1102
01:15:16,720 --> 01:15:19,680
and immunities of the whole people come to be attributed

1103
01:15:19,720 --> 01:15:23,840
to the numerical majority, and, among others, the supreme sovereign

1104
01:15:23,920 --> 01:15:31,239
authority of establishing and abolishing governments at pleasure. This radical error,

1105
01:15:31,600 --> 01:15:34,920
the consequence of confounding the two and of regarding the

1106
01:15:35,039 --> 01:15:39,199
numerical as the only majority, has contributed more than any

1107
01:15:39,279 --> 01:15:43,920
other cause, to prevent the formation of popular constitutional governments,

1108
01:15:43,960 --> 01:15:46,800
and to destroy them even when they have been formed.

1109
01:15:47,600 --> 01:15:51,359
It leads to the conclusion that in their formation and establishment,

1110
01:15:51,680 --> 01:15:54,479
nothing more is necessary than the right of suffrage and

1111
01:15:54,520 --> 01:15:57,800
the allotment to each division of the community a representation

1112
01:15:57,920 --> 01:16:02,199
in the government in proportion to no If the numerical

1113
01:16:02,239 --> 01:16:05,760
majority were really the people, and if to take its

1114
01:16:05,960 --> 01:16:09,359
sense truly, or to take the sense of the people truly,

1115
01:16:09,880 --> 01:16:13,079
a government so constituted would be a true and perfect

1116
01:16:13,119 --> 01:16:17,039
model of a popular constitutional government, and every departure from

1117
01:16:17,039 --> 01:16:20,039
it would detract from its excellence. But as such is

1118
01:16:20,039 --> 01:16:23,199
not the case. As the numerical majority, instead of being

1119
01:16:23,279 --> 01:16:27,000
the people, is only a portion of them. Such a government,

1120
01:16:27,119 --> 01:16:29,640
instead of being a true and perfect model of the

1121
01:16:29,680 --> 01:16:33,880
people's government, that is, a people self governed is but

1122
01:16:34,000 --> 01:16:38,239
the government of over a part, the major over the

1123
01:16:38,279 --> 01:16:42,800
minor portion. But this misconception of the true elements of

1124
01:16:42,920 --> 01:16:47,039
constitutional government does not stop here. It leads to other

1125
01:16:47,279 --> 01:16:50,800
equally false and fatal in reference to the best means

1126
01:16:50,800 --> 01:16:54,960
of preserving and perpetuating them, when for some fortunate combination

1127
01:16:55,039 --> 01:16:58,760
of circumstances they are correctly formed. For they who fall

1128
01:16:58,800 --> 01:17:02,319
into these errors regards are the restrictions which organisms impose

1129
01:17:02,399 --> 01:17:05,439
on the will of the numerical majority as restrictions on

1130
01:17:05,479 --> 01:17:08,600
the will of the people, and therefore as not only useless,

1131
01:17:08,960 --> 01:17:13,119
but wrongful and mischievous, And hence they endeavor to destroy

1132
01:17:13,319 --> 01:17:19,600
organism under the delusive hope of making government more democratic.

1133
01:17:20,800 --> 01:17:23,600
Such are some of the consequences of confounding the two

1134
01:17:23,720 --> 01:17:27,439
and of regarding the numerical as the only majority. And

1135
01:17:27,600 --> 01:17:31,960
in this may find, and in this may be found

1136
01:17:32,199 --> 01:17:36,319
the reason why so few popular governments have been properly constructed,

1137
01:17:36,319 --> 01:17:39,439
and why of these view so small a number have

1138
01:17:39,520 --> 01:17:44,119
proved durable. Such must continue to be the result so

1139
01:17:44,159 --> 01:17:47,359
long as these errors continue to be prevalent. There is

1140
01:17:47,439 --> 01:17:51,760
another error of a kindred character, whose influence contributes much

1141
01:17:51,800 --> 01:17:55,239
to the same results. I prefer to the prevalent opinion

1142
01:17:55,560 --> 01:17:59,079
that a written constitution containing suitable restrictions on the powers

1143
01:17:59,119 --> 01:18:01,800
of government is to efficient of itself without the aid

1144
01:18:01,880 --> 01:18:05,880
of any organism, except such as is necessary to separate

1145
01:18:05,920 --> 01:18:09,159
at several departments and render them independent of each other

1146
01:18:09,640 --> 01:18:13,560
to counteract the tendency of the numerical majority to oppression

1147
01:18:14,039 --> 01:18:17,880
and the abuse of power. You can see that Calhoun

1148
01:18:18,159 --> 01:18:21,199
is not a fan of democracy at all. He is

1149
01:18:21,279 --> 01:18:25,039
not a fan of fifty point one rule over the other.

1150
01:18:26,800 --> 01:18:29,920
So I assumed that everyone who's been listening to this

1151
01:18:30,159 --> 01:18:36,439
knows basically what he thought what this organism is. A

1152
01:18:36,439 --> 01:18:40,520
written constitution has many and considerable advantages. But it is

1153
01:18:40,560 --> 01:18:43,479
a great mistake to suppose that the mere insertion of

1154
01:18:43,520 --> 01:18:46,119
provisions to restrict and limit the powers of the government,

1155
01:18:46,520 --> 01:18:50,159
without investing those whose protection they are inserted, with the

1156
01:18:50,279 --> 01:18:53,760
means of enforcing their observance, will be sufficient to prevent

1157
01:18:53,800 --> 01:18:58,039
the major and dominant party from abusing its powers. Being

1158
01:18:58,079 --> 01:19:01,159
the party in possession of the government, they will, from

1159
01:19:01,199 --> 01:19:04,880
the same constitution of man, which makes government necessary to

1160
01:19:04,960 --> 01:19:08,199
protect society, be in favor of the powers granted by

1161
01:19:08,199 --> 01:19:12,479
the Constitution and opposed to the restrictions intended to limit them.

1162
01:19:13,319 --> 01:19:16,439
As the major and dominant party, they will have no

1163
01:19:16,600 --> 01:19:20,279
need of these restrictions for their protection. The ballot box

1164
01:19:20,479 --> 01:19:24,720
of itself would be ample protection to them, needing no other.

1165
01:19:25,119 --> 01:19:28,399
They would come in time to regard these limitations as

1166
01:19:28,520 --> 01:19:32,800
unnecessary in improper restraints, and endeavor to elude them, with

1167
01:19:32,880 --> 01:19:37,279
a view of increasing their power and influence you getting it.

1168
01:19:42,319 --> 01:19:46,000
The minor or weaker party, on the contrary, would take

1169
01:19:46,039 --> 01:19:50,319
the opposite direction and regard them as essential to their

1170
01:19:50,359 --> 01:19:57,039
protection against the dominant party. They'd be waiving constitution pocket

1171
01:19:57,039 --> 01:20:03,640
sized constitutions everywhere, be saying what about my rights? Look

1172
01:20:03,640 --> 01:20:07,560
at haven't you read the constitution? What does a party

1173
01:20:07,560 --> 01:20:11,600
in power think? Well, if it's a Republicans, they're like, yeah,

1174
01:20:11,640 --> 01:20:15,760
we care about your rights. Go ahead, start chopping body

1175
01:20:15,760 --> 01:20:19,880
parts off of your kids. Sure, that's your right. They're

1176
01:20:19,920 --> 01:20:22,600
four years old, it's your child. Do what you want.

1177
01:20:23,840 --> 01:20:29,760
But what about And hence, they would endeavor to defend

1178
01:20:29,800 --> 01:20:33,079
and enlarge the restrictions and to limit and contract the powers.

1179
01:20:33,479 --> 01:20:35,720
But where there are no means by which they could

1180
01:20:35,760 --> 01:20:39,119
compel the major party to observe the restrictions. The only

1181
01:20:39,199 --> 01:20:44,039
resort left would be a strict construction of the constitution,

1182
01:20:44,399 --> 01:20:47,800
that is, a construction which would confine these powers to

1183
01:20:47,840 --> 01:20:50,840
the narrowest limits which the meaning of the words used

1184
01:20:50,840 --> 01:20:54,079
in the grant would admit. To this, the major party

1185
01:20:54,119 --> 01:20:59,920
would oppose a liberal construction. One would oppose a liberal construction,

1186
01:21:00,199 --> 01:21:03,319
one which would give to the words of the grant

1187
01:21:03,640 --> 01:21:07,399
the broadest meaning of which they were susceptible. It would

1188
01:21:07,399 --> 01:21:11,520
then be construction against construction, the one to contract and

1189
01:21:11,640 --> 01:21:14,119
the other to enlarge the parties of the governments of

1190
01:21:14,159 --> 01:21:17,720
the utmost. But of what possible avail could the strict

1191
01:21:17,720 --> 01:21:21,720
construction of the minor party be against the liberal interpretation

1192
01:21:21,880 --> 01:21:24,319
of the major when the one would have all the

1193
01:21:24,359 --> 01:21:27,640
powers of the government to carry its construction into effect,

1194
01:21:27,960 --> 01:21:30,560
and the other be deprived of all means of enforcing

1195
01:21:30,600 --> 01:21:35,119
its construction. In a contest so unequal, the result would

1196
01:21:35,319 --> 01:21:38,560
be would not be doubtful. The party in favor of

1197
01:21:38,600 --> 01:21:43,960
the restrictions would be overpowered. At first. They might command

1198
01:21:44,000 --> 01:21:47,479
some respect and do something to stay the march of encroachment,

1199
01:21:47,920 --> 01:21:50,840
but they would in the progress of the contest be

1200
01:21:50,960 --> 01:21:56,079
regarded as mere abstractionists and indeed deservedly, if they should

1201
01:21:56,119 --> 01:22:00,279
indulge the folly of supposing that the party in possession

1202
01:22:00,319 --> 01:22:02,239
of the ballot box and the physical force of the

1203
01:22:02,279 --> 01:22:07,640
country could be successfully resisted by an appeal to reason, truth, justice,

1204
01:22:07,800 --> 01:22:11,880
or the obligations imposed by the Constitution. For when these

1205
01:22:12,199 --> 01:22:16,520
of themselves shall exert sufficient influences stay the hand of power,

1206
01:22:16,880 --> 01:22:20,319
then government will no longer be will be no longer

1207
01:22:20,359 --> 01:22:24,720
necessary to protect society, nor constitutions needed to prevent government

1208
01:22:24,760 --> 01:22:28,880
from abusing its powers. Ah, that sounds familiar, right, Like

1209
01:22:29,560 --> 01:22:36,560
if you have a society that already doesn't steal stuff,

1210
01:22:36,640 --> 01:22:39,479
it doesn't hurt people, and doesn't take their stuff, do

1211
01:22:39,560 --> 01:22:45,319
you really need a constitution? Now? You want a society

1212
01:22:45,319 --> 01:22:47,840
where as soon as you start writing stuff down, you're

1213
01:22:47,840 --> 01:22:52,439
pretty much screwed, because, as I say, lawyer can step

1214
01:22:52,439 --> 01:22:55,199
in and make it mean anything, especially if you're not

1215
01:22:55,239 --> 01:23:00,359
the party in power anymore. The end of the contests

1216
01:23:00,399 --> 01:23:03,199
would be the subversion of the Constitution, either by the

1217
01:23:03,279 --> 01:23:08,000
undermining process of construction where its meaning would admit of

1218
01:23:08,119 --> 01:23:11,840
possible doubt, or by substituting in practice what is called

1219
01:23:11,960 --> 01:23:16,359
party usage in place of its provisions. Or finally, when

1220
01:23:16,399 --> 01:23:21,039
no other contrivance would subserve the purpose by openly and

1221
01:23:21,159 --> 01:23:24,119
boldly setting them aside. By the one or the other,

1222
01:23:24,479 --> 01:23:27,800
the restrictions would ultimately be annulled, and the government be

1223
01:23:27,880 --> 01:23:33,279
converted into one of unlimited powers. Have we seen that?

1224
01:23:37,319 --> 01:23:40,880
Nor would the division of government into separate or and

1225
01:23:40,920 --> 01:23:45,079
as in regards as it regards each other, independent departments,

1226
01:23:45,119 --> 01:23:48,359
prevent this result. Such a division may do much to

1227
01:23:48,399 --> 01:23:52,920
facilitate its operations and to secure its administration greater caution

1228
01:23:53,159 --> 01:23:56,800
and deliberation. But as each in all the departments, and

1229
01:23:56,880 --> 01:24:00,000
of course the entire government would be under the control

1230
01:24:00,239 --> 01:24:04,239
the numerical majority, it is too clear to require explanation

1231
01:24:04,439 --> 01:24:07,840
that a mere distribution of its powers again among its

1232
01:24:07,840 --> 01:24:11,680
agents or representatives, could do little or nothing to counteract

1233
01:24:11,760 --> 01:24:16,000
its tendency to oppression and abuse of power. To effect this,

1234
01:24:16,600 --> 01:24:19,239
it would be necessary to go one step further and

1235
01:24:19,319 --> 01:24:22,680
make the several departments the organs of the distinct interests

1236
01:24:22,680 --> 01:24:25,880
of portions of the community, and to clothe each with

1237
01:24:26,000 --> 01:24:30,279
a negative on the others. But the effect of this

1238
01:24:30,319 --> 01:24:33,399
would be to change the government from numerical into the

1239
01:24:33,479 --> 01:24:37,880
concurrent majority. Having now explained the reasons why it is so,

1240
01:24:38,199 --> 01:24:42,319
difficult to form and preserve popular constitutional government so long

1241
01:24:42,359 --> 01:24:45,560
as the distinction between the two majorities is overlooked, and

1242
01:24:45,600 --> 01:24:49,960
the opinion prevails that a written constitution with suitable restrictions

1243
01:24:50,000 --> 01:24:52,760
and a proper division of its powers is sufficient to

1244
01:24:52,800 --> 01:24:56,520
counteract the tendency of the numerical majority to the abuse

1245
01:24:56,560 --> 01:24:59,640
of its power. I shall next proceed to explain more

1246
01:24:59,680 --> 01:25:03,880
full while the concurrent majority is an indispensable element in

1247
01:25:03,960 --> 01:25:08,279
forming constitutional governments, and why the numerical majority of itself

1248
01:25:08,399 --> 01:25:15,079
must in all cases make governments absolute. You think he's

1249
01:25:15,119 --> 01:25:27,119
going to talk himself out of concurrent majority. The necessary

1250
01:25:27,159 --> 01:25:29,680
consequence of taking the sense of the community by the

1251
01:25:29,680 --> 01:25:33,279
concurrent majority is, as has been explained, to give to

1252
01:25:33,359 --> 01:25:36,239
each interest or portion of the community a negative on

1253
01:25:36,319 --> 01:25:40,079
the others. It is this mutual negative among its various

1254
01:25:40,119 --> 01:25:44,640
conflicting interests, which invests each with the power of protecting itself,

1255
01:25:45,079 --> 01:25:48,399
and places the rights and safety of each where only

1256
01:25:48,520 --> 01:25:52,840
they can be securely placed under its own guardianship. Without this,

1257
01:25:53,000 --> 01:25:57,600
there can be no system, no systematic, peaceful or effective

1258
01:25:57,640 --> 01:26:00,560
resistance to the natural tendency of each to come into

1259
01:26:00,640 --> 01:26:03,760
conflict with the others. And without this there can be

1260
01:26:03,840 --> 01:26:09,159
no constitution. It is this negative power, the power of

1261
01:26:09,239 --> 01:26:13,000
preventing or arresting the actions of the action of the government.

1262
01:26:13,439 --> 01:26:20,920
Be it called by that, by what term it may veto, interposition, nullification, check,

1263
01:26:21,199 --> 01:26:25,640
or balance of power, what in fact forms the constitution?

1264
01:26:26,920 --> 01:26:29,239
They are all but different names for the negative power,

1265
01:26:29,600 --> 01:26:32,199
in all its forms, and under all its names, it

1266
01:26:32,279 --> 01:26:36,560
results from the concurrent majority. Without this, there can be

1267
01:26:36,600 --> 01:26:40,760
no negative, and without a negative, no constitution. The assertion

1268
01:26:40,960 --> 01:26:44,159
is true in reference to all constitutional governments, be their

1269
01:26:44,239 --> 01:26:48,760
forms what they may. It is, indeed the negative power

1270
01:26:48,800 --> 01:26:53,520
which makes the constitution and the positive which makes the government.

1271
01:26:55,199 --> 01:26:57,760
The one is the power of acting, the other is

1272
01:26:57,800 --> 01:27:01,359
the power of preventing or arresting acts. The two combined

1273
01:27:01,800 --> 01:27:06,279
make constitutional governments. Now, where's the problem with this? Basically

1274
01:27:06,319 --> 01:27:08,239
what he's talking about, he's talking about federalism, and he's

1275
01:27:08,239 --> 01:27:13,399
talking about what we saw some governors do during COVID,

1276
01:27:14,319 --> 01:27:16,760
you know, just basically saying this isn't constitutional, We're not

1277
01:27:16,800 --> 01:27:19,680
going to do it. Well, what's the problem with that?

1278
01:27:19,800 --> 01:27:21,880
In the modern age, in the way things are set

1279
01:27:21,960 --> 01:27:25,039
up now, I think the main problem is the fact

1280
01:27:25,119 --> 01:27:30,479
that so many states and so many localities take federal

1281
01:27:30,560 --> 01:27:35,359
money that they become reliant upon it, and now they

1282
01:27:35,439 --> 01:27:39,600
can't stand up and say no. There's so much graft,

1283
01:27:39,720 --> 01:27:44,399
there's so much there's so many contracts, there's so all

1284
01:27:44,439 --> 01:27:50,720
of these things. If the states just concentrated on creating

1285
01:27:50,760 --> 01:27:54,600
their own economies, their own to the point where they

1286
01:27:54,640 --> 01:27:59,079
could seceed and they could survive, then you can have

1287
01:27:59,199 --> 01:28:04,239
something like that. But people are people in special interests,

1288
01:28:04,399 --> 01:28:08,039
which is why you need somebody to step up and

1289
01:28:08,079 --> 01:28:11,560
say no. And it's got to be one person. I know.

1290
01:28:11,600 --> 01:28:17,000
I keep saying that. But as he argues for this

1291
01:28:17,279 --> 01:28:20,319
and then argues against it, and you see that this

1292
01:28:20,439 --> 01:28:23,000
is the government that was started in this country, and

1293
01:28:23,079 --> 01:28:25,840
you see how in this document how we got to

1294
01:28:25,880 --> 01:28:29,920
where we are, there has to be something. There has

1295
01:28:30,000 --> 01:28:35,119
to be a better alternative. What is the alternative? Maybe

1296
01:28:35,199 --> 01:28:38,520
I'll read that next. What I think the alternative should be,

1297
01:28:38,720 --> 01:28:44,359
I don't know. But as there can be no constitution

1298
01:28:44,479 --> 01:28:47,119
without the negative power, and no negative power without the

1299
01:28:47,159 --> 01:28:51,680
concurrent majority, it follows necessarily that where the numerical majority

1300
01:28:51,720 --> 01:28:53,920
has the sole control of the government, there can be

1301
01:28:54,000 --> 01:28:59,399
no constitution. As constitution implies limitation or restriction, and of

1302
01:28:59,479 --> 01:29:03,520
course is inconsistent with the idea of sole or exclusive power,

1303
01:29:03,920 --> 01:29:08,359
and hence the numerical unmixed with the concurrent majority necessarily

1304
01:29:08,399 --> 01:29:13,840
forms in all cases absolute government. It is indeed the

1305
01:29:13,960 --> 01:29:17,520
single or one power which excludes the negative and constitutes

1306
01:29:17,600 --> 01:29:20,760
absolute government, and not the number in whom the power

1307
01:29:20,840 --> 01:29:24,600
is vested. The numerical majority is as truly a single

1308
01:29:24,720 --> 01:29:28,399
power and excludes the negative as completely as the absolute

1309
01:29:28,439 --> 01:29:31,720
government of one or of the few. The former is

1310
01:29:31,760 --> 01:29:34,840
as much the absolute government of the democratic or popular

1311
01:29:34,880 --> 01:29:38,479
form as the latter of the monarchical or aristocratical form.

1312
01:29:38,760 --> 01:29:42,239
It has, accordingly in common with them, the same tendency

1313
01:29:42,279 --> 01:29:47,159
to oppression and abuse of power. Like I said, I

1314
01:29:47,199 --> 01:29:51,359
think I said last time, he's basically crapping all over

1315
01:29:51,840 --> 01:29:57,720
monarchy and aristocracy here. And I'd like to see if

1316
01:29:58,960 --> 01:30:02,159
he could come forward to where we are now. And

1317
01:30:03,399 --> 01:30:07,640
I mean, he's a man of his time. He wasn't

1318
01:30:07,640 --> 01:30:11,439
alive during the Constitution, during the Revolution, but he was

1319
01:30:11,439 --> 01:30:13,560
born shortly after. He was brought up in the early

1320
01:30:13,600 --> 01:30:18,680
eighteen hundreds. It's still fresh in everyone's mind. You have

1321
01:30:18,760 --> 01:30:22,520
the War of eighteen twelve, which I mean shows exactly.

1322
01:30:22,640 --> 01:30:25,359
You know, they burned the White the Brits came and

1323
01:30:25,399 --> 01:30:30,439
burned the White House down. So he has this aversion

1324
01:30:30,640 --> 01:30:35,199
to monarchy and aristocracy. One person being in charge. Don't

1325
01:30:35,239 --> 01:30:36,920
have to call him king, you can call him ceo,

1326
01:30:37,000 --> 01:30:40,560
you can call him whatever. But you'd have to wonder

1327
01:30:40,600 --> 01:30:46,680
what he would think. Now, Constitutional governments of whatever form

1328
01:30:46,800 --> 01:30:49,399
are indeed much more similar to each other in their

1329
01:30:49,439 --> 01:30:53,560
structure and character than they are respectively to the absolute governments,

1330
01:30:53,680 --> 01:30:57,600
even of their own class. All constitutional governments, or whatever

1331
01:30:57,640 --> 01:31:00,479
class they may be, take the sense of the community

1332
01:31:00,479 --> 01:31:04,079
by its parts, each through its appropriate organ and regard

1333
01:31:04,119 --> 01:31:06,520
the sense of all its parts as the sense of

1334
01:31:06,560 --> 01:31:09,560
the whole. They all rest on the right of this

1335
01:31:10,239 --> 01:31:13,720
on the right of suffrage, and the responsibility of rulers,

1336
01:31:13,880 --> 01:31:18,600
directly or indirectly. On the contrary, all absolute governments of

1337
01:31:18,640 --> 01:31:23,840
whatever form, concentrate power in one uncontrolled and irresponsible individual

1338
01:31:23,920 --> 01:31:26,520
or body, whose will is regarded as the sense of

1339
01:31:26,560 --> 01:31:29,640
the community. So you could see in his language right

1340
01:31:29,680 --> 01:31:34,119
there that he by calling it uncontrolled and irresponsible, in

1341
01:31:34,359 --> 01:31:40,399
an uncontrolled, irresponsible uh or and irresponsible individual or body,

1342
01:31:41,039 --> 01:31:47,359
you can see what his presupposition is. So, and hence

1343
01:31:47,439 --> 01:31:51,479
the great and broad distinction between governments is not that

1344
01:31:51,560 --> 01:31:54,239
of the one, the few, or the many, but of

1345
01:31:54,279 --> 01:31:59,560
the constitutional and the absolute. So there's no other. There's

1346
01:31:59,560 --> 01:32:06,000
nothing else really, Okay. From this there results another distinction which,

1347
01:32:06,159 --> 01:32:09,720
although secondary and its character, very strongly marks the difference

1348
01:32:09,760 --> 01:32:13,119
between these forms of government. I refer to their respective

1349
01:32:13,159 --> 01:32:16,920
conservative principle, that is, the principle by which they are

1350
01:32:17,000 --> 01:32:22,239
upheld and preserved. This principle in constitutional governments is compromised,

1351
01:32:22,920 --> 01:32:27,800
and an absolute government is force. As will be next explained,

1352
01:32:28,600 --> 01:32:34,680
is that Thomas soul said, is only compromised. Is no

1353
01:32:34,760 --> 01:32:38,199
such thing, no such thing as a perfect It is

1354
01:32:38,239 --> 01:32:41,800
only compromised. I can't remember the exact term, but yeah,

1355
01:32:41,840 --> 01:32:44,159
I mean you're not going if you're going to have

1356
01:32:44,199 --> 01:32:48,600
a government like this, it's going to be founded uncompromised,

1357
01:32:48,960 --> 01:32:52,079
unless you have an autarchy or what he calls an

1358
01:32:52,119 --> 01:32:56,640
absolute government, which he calls force. I mean, as a

1359
01:32:56,680 --> 01:33:00,439
constitutional government. Do you think we have a constitutional government

1360
01:33:00,760 --> 01:33:07,760
that prides itself on compromise. It has been already shown

1361
01:33:07,840 --> 01:33:10,800
that the same constitution of man which leads those who

1362
01:33:10,880 --> 01:33:15,199
govern to press the governed, if not prevented, will with

1363
01:33:15,359 --> 01:33:19,159
equal force and certainty, lead the latter to resist oppression

1364
01:33:19,560 --> 01:33:24,079
when possessed of the means of doing so peaceably and successfully.

1365
01:33:24,600 --> 01:33:28,760
But absolute governments of all forms exclude all other means

1366
01:33:28,800 --> 01:33:32,159
of resistance to their authority than that of force, and

1367
01:33:32,279 --> 01:33:35,159
of course leave no alternative to the governed but to

1368
01:33:35,279 --> 01:33:38,720
acquiesce an oppression, however great it may be, or to

1369
01:33:38,800 --> 01:33:41,720
resort to force to put down the government. I mean,

1370
01:33:42,680 --> 01:33:52,039
I can immediately think of three kings, I mean talking

1371
01:33:52,039 --> 01:33:58,199
about big kingdoms where he's just he's basically going to

1372
01:33:58,640 --> 01:34:03,520
the worst possible And I think if you read Hoppo's

1373
01:34:03,560 --> 01:34:08,520
Democracy of the God that Failed, you could see that

1374
01:34:08,640 --> 01:34:14,359
it was not in most king's interests to be this

1375
01:34:14,560 --> 01:34:17,199
heavy handed, or to even come close to the kind

1376
01:34:17,239 --> 01:34:22,239
of thing he's talking about. It's yeah, he's a man

1377
01:34:22,279 --> 01:34:26,399
of his time, That's all I can say. But the

1378
01:34:26,520 --> 01:34:30,239
dread of such a resort must necessarily lead the government

1379
01:34:30,279 --> 01:34:33,359
to prepare to meet force in order to protect itself,

1380
01:34:33,479 --> 01:34:37,680
and hence, of necessity, force becomes the conservative principle of

1381
01:34:37,760 --> 01:34:41,399
all such governments. On the contrary, the government of the

1382
01:34:41,399 --> 01:34:46,119
concurrent majority, where the organism is perfect, excludes the possibility

1383
01:34:46,119 --> 01:34:49,279
of oppression by giving to each interest or portion or

1384
01:34:49,399 --> 01:34:52,880
order where there are established classes the means of protecting

1385
01:34:52,920 --> 01:34:57,159
itself by its negative, by its negative against all measures

1386
01:34:57,199 --> 01:35:01,000
calculated to advance the peculiar interests of others at its expense.

1387
01:35:01,920 --> 01:35:07,079
Its effect, then, is to cause the different interests, portions,

1388
01:35:07,159 --> 01:35:11,640
or orders, as the case may be, to desist from

1389
01:35:11,680 --> 01:35:15,319
attempting to adopt any measure calculated to promote the prosperity

1390
01:35:15,359 --> 01:35:19,279
of one or more by sacrificing that of others, and

1391
01:35:19,359 --> 01:35:22,560
thus to force them to unite in such measures only

1392
01:35:22,600 --> 01:35:26,159
as would promote the prosperity of all, as the only

1393
01:35:26,239 --> 01:35:29,520
means to prevent the suspension of the action of the government,

1394
01:35:30,039 --> 01:35:33,800
and thereby to avoid anarchy, the greatest of all evils.

1395
01:35:34,760 --> 01:35:39,079
It is by means of such authorized and effectual resistance

1396
01:35:39,159 --> 01:35:42,600
that oppression is prevented, and the necessity of resorting to

1397
01:35:42,680 --> 01:35:47,199
force superseded. In governments of the concurrent majority, and hence

1398
01:35:47,399 --> 01:35:53,560
compromise instead of force becomes their conservative principle. It would

1399
01:35:53,640 --> 01:35:57,520
perhaps be more strictly correct to trace the conservative principle

1400
01:35:57,520 --> 01:36:01,520
of constitutional governments to the necessity which compels the different

1401
01:36:01,560 --> 01:36:05,119
interests or portions or orders to compromise as the only

1402
01:36:05,159 --> 01:36:09,199
way to promote their respective prosperity, and to avoid anarchy,

1403
01:36:09,640 --> 01:36:13,800
rather than to compromise itself. No necessity can be more

1404
01:36:13,960 --> 01:36:18,840
urgent and imperious than that of avoiding anarchy. It is

1405
01:36:18,920 --> 01:36:23,119
the same as that which makes government indispensable to preserve society,

1406
01:36:23,439 --> 01:36:27,800
and is not less imperative than that which compels obedience

1407
01:36:27,840 --> 01:36:31,840
to superior force. Trace to this source, the voice of

1408
01:36:31,880 --> 01:36:35,159
a people uttered under the necessity of avoiding the greatest

1409
01:36:35,159 --> 01:36:38,680
of calamities, through the organs of a government so constructed

1410
01:36:39,000 --> 01:36:43,279
as to suppress the expression of all partial and selfish interests,

1411
01:36:43,319 --> 01:36:45,560
and to give a full and faithful utterance to the

1412
01:36:45,600 --> 01:36:49,039
sense of the whole community in reference to its common welfare,

1413
01:36:49,279 --> 01:36:53,640
may without impiety, be called the voice of God. To

1414
01:36:53,680 --> 01:36:58,680
call any other so would be impious in stating that

1415
01:36:58,720 --> 01:37:01,920
forces the conservative prince siple of absolute and compromise of

1416
01:37:02,399 --> 01:37:05,680
constitutional governments. I have assumed both to be perfect in

1417
01:37:05,720 --> 01:37:09,520
their kind, but not without bearing in mind that few

1418
01:37:09,640 --> 01:37:12,960
or none, in fact, have ever been so absolute as

1419
01:37:13,039 --> 01:37:16,319
not to be under some restraint, and none so perfectly

1420
01:37:16,399 --> 01:37:19,359
organized as to represent fully and perfectly the voice of

1421
01:37:19,399 --> 01:37:22,920
the whole community. Not even close, I would assume, in

1422
01:37:23,840 --> 01:37:27,960
most cases of polities above a very small size where

1423
01:37:28,439 --> 01:37:30,760
pretty much everyone might be related, and then you still

1424
01:37:30,800 --> 01:37:37,039
might have some problems there. Such being the case, all case,

1425
01:37:37,359 --> 01:37:40,680
all must in practice depart more or less from the

1426
01:37:40,720 --> 01:37:44,359
principles by which they are respectively upheld and preserved, and

1427
01:37:44,439 --> 01:37:47,880
depend more or less for support on force or compromise

1428
01:37:48,000 --> 01:37:51,880
as the absolute or the constitutional form predominates in their

1429
01:37:51,920 --> 01:37:57,399
respective organizations. Nor in stating that absolute governments exclude all

1430
01:37:57,439 --> 01:38:00,600
other means of resistance to its authority than that, have

1431
01:38:00,680 --> 01:38:03,800
I overlooked the case of governments of the numerical majority,

1432
01:38:03,840 --> 01:38:09,159
which form apparently an exception. It is true that in

1433
01:38:09,239 --> 01:38:12,720
such governments, the minor and subject party for the time

1434
01:38:13,119 --> 01:38:16,319
have the right to oppose and resist the major indominant

1435
01:38:16,359 --> 01:38:19,279
party for the time through the ballot box, and may

1436
01:38:19,359 --> 01:38:22,399
turn them out and take their place if they can

1437
01:38:22,439 --> 01:38:26,479
obtain a majority of votes. Well, let's see what happened

1438
01:38:27,439 --> 01:38:33,760
Trump twenty sixteen presidency. They had the Supreme Court, they

1439
01:38:33,800 --> 01:38:42,279
had Congress, he had everything. Oh what happened? Oh that's right,

1440
01:38:43,439 --> 01:38:45,840
he could have the get all the votes he wanted,

1441
01:38:46,600 --> 01:38:52,119
But everything had already been co opted. All of these

1442
01:38:52,279 --> 01:38:58,520
that all of these checks and balances, they were gone.

1443
01:39:00,479 --> 01:39:04,720
Might be something I don't know, may just be something,

1444
01:39:05,000 --> 01:39:14,600
may have something to do with human nature. But it

1445
01:39:14,720 --> 01:39:16,840
is no less true that this would be a mere

1446
01:39:16,920 --> 01:39:20,760
change in the relations to the two parties. The minor

1447
01:39:20,800 --> 01:39:23,760
and subject party would become the major and dominant party,

1448
01:39:24,119 --> 01:39:27,640
with the same absolute authority and tendency to abuse power,

1449
01:39:28,000 --> 01:39:30,600
and the major and dominant party would become the minor

1450
01:39:30,680 --> 01:39:33,560
and subject party, with the same right to resist through

1451
01:39:33,560 --> 01:39:37,319
the ballot box, and if successful again, to change relations

1452
01:39:37,640 --> 01:39:40,359
with like effect. But such a state of things must

1453
01:39:40,399 --> 01:39:43,800
necessarily be temporary. The conflict between the two parties must

1454
01:39:43,840 --> 01:39:46,399
be transferred sooner or later from an appeal to the

1455
01:39:46,439 --> 01:39:49,479
ballot box. Who would appeal to force? So I shall

1456
01:39:49,520 --> 01:39:54,600
next proceed to explain. This is where I've had people,

1457
01:39:54,920 --> 01:40:00,119
people I respect, tell me to my face that, well,

1458
01:40:00,359 --> 01:40:04,159
any power that you create to fight back against your

1459
01:40:04,279 --> 01:40:09,159
enemies will just be used against you. Well, yeah, that's

1460
01:40:10,079 --> 01:40:13,920
what happens in what we have now, which is basically

1461
01:40:14,000 --> 01:40:16,840
which is a democracy, which is really an oligarchy, but

1462
01:40:17,039 --> 01:40:20,239
it is a democracy. You've got to get rid of

1463
01:40:20,279 --> 01:40:26,000
the democracy, and a narco capitalism isn't the answer. A

1464
01:40:26,039 --> 01:40:29,319
narco capitalism doesn't have an answer for I mean, unless

1465
01:40:29,319 --> 01:40:37,119
you're going to you know, exclude and get rid of people.

1466
01:40:37,239 --> 01:40:40,039
And you know, there are a lot of people out

1467
01:40:40,039 --> 01:40:44,319
there who understand human nature and they're called social engineers,

1468
01:40:44,640 --> 01:40:50,960
and they basically the reason that you most people believe

1469
01:40:51,079 --> 01:40:56,000
something is because of them. Even there's stuff probably, I mean,

1470
01:40:57,640 --> 01:41:00,920
I'm not immune to this either. Social engineers that put

1471
01:41:01,000 --> 01:41:05,000
things into your mind and until you get rid of them,

1472
01:41:05,560 --> 01:41:10,119
or you figure out a way to bypass their influence,

1473
01:41:10,840 --> 01:41:16,600
I don't know, taking CNN's license to do business away

1474
01:41:16,640 --> 01:41:22,159
and freezing their bank accounts. Same with MSNBC at this point,

1475
01:41:22,199 --> 01:41:26,079
same with Fox. Until you do that, I mean, do

1476
01:41:26,159 --> 01:41:30,920
you think you're going to control the narrative? You think

1477
01:41:30,920 --> 01:41:35,840
there's a reason why maybe Elon Musk and whatever people

1478
01:41:35,880 --> 01:41:44,560
were behind him buying Twitter did it. The conflict between

1479
01:41:44,600 --> 01:41:47,199
the two parties and the government of the numerical majority

1480
01:41:47,359 --> 01:41:50,520
tends necessarily to settle down into a struggle for the

1481
01:41:50,560 --> 01:41:53,840
honors and emollience of the government and each in order

1482
01:41:53,880 --> 01:41:57,039
to obtain an object so ardently desired, will, in the

1483
01:41:57,079 --> 01:42:00,800
process of the struggle, resort to whatever measure may seem

1484
01:42:01,000 --> 01:42:05,000
best calculated to affect this purpose. The adoption by the

1485
01:42:05,039 --> 01:42:09,199
one of any measure, however objectionable, which might give it

1486
01:42:09,239 --> 01:42:13,399
an advantage, would compel the other to follow its example.

1487
01:42:13,920 --> 01:42:17,319
In such case, it would be indispensable to success to

1488
01:42:17,399 --> 01:42:21,439
avoid division and keep united, and hence, from a necessity

1489
01:42:21,479 --> 01:42:24,840
inherent to the nature of such governments, each party must

1490
01:42:24,880 --> 01:42:29,000
be alternately forced, in order to ensure victory, to resort

1491
01:42:29,039 --> 01:42:32,439
to measures to concentrate the control of its movements in

1492
01:42:32,640 --> 01:42:36,640
fewer and fewer hands as the struggle became more and

1493
01:42:36,760 --> 01:42:40,319
more violent. This in process of time must lead to

1494
01:42:40,399 --> 01:42:44,399
party organization and party caucuses in discipline, and these to

1495
01:42:44,479 --> 01:42:47,199
the conversion of the honors and emolians of the government

1496
01:42:47,239 --> 01:42:51,279
into means of rewarding partisan services in order to secure

1497
01:42:51,279 --> 01:42:54,079
the fidelity and increase the zeal of the members of

1498
01:42:54,119 --> 01:42:57,600
the party. The effect that the whole combined, even in

1499
01:42:57,640 --> 01:43:00,159
the earlier stages, as a process, when they exert the

1500
01:43:00,279 --> 01:43:03,399
least pernicious influence, would be a place to control of

1501
01:43:03,399 --> 01:43:06,319
the two parties in the hands of their respective majorities,

1502
01:43:06,600 --> 01:43:09,800
and the government itself virtually under the control of the

1503
01:43:09,840 --> 01:43:13,000
majority of the dominant party for the time instead of

1504
01:43:13,039 --> 01:43:15,640
the majority of the whole community. Where the theory is

1505
01:43:16,000 --> 01:43:19,159
where the theory of this form of government vests it. Thus,

1506
01:43:19,359 --> 01:43:21,800
in the very first stage of the process, the government

1507
01:43:21,840 --> 01:43:25,520
becomes the government of a minority instead of a majority.

1508
01:43:25,840 --> 01:43:29,039
A minority usually, and under the most favorable circumstances of

1509
01:43:29,119 --> 01:43:33,520
not much more than one fourth of the whole community.

1510
01:43:34,520 --> 01:43:37,800
But the processes regards the concentration of power would not

1511
01:43:37,880 --> 01:43:41,079
stop at this stage. The government would gradually pass from

1512
01:43:41,199 --> 01:43:43,560
hands of the majority of the party into those of

1513
01:43:43,600 --> 01:43:46,840
its leaders. As to struggle becomes more intense than the

1514
01:43:46,880 --> 01:43:49,960
honors and emollience of the government of the government, the

1515
01:43:50,039 --> 01:43:56,399
all absorb all absorbing objects. At this stage, principles and

1516
01:43:56,479 --> 01:44:02,439
policy would lose all influence in the elections, and cunning falsehood, deceptions, slander, fraud,

1517
01:44:02,800 --> 01:44:05,319
and gross appeals to the appetite of the lowest and

1518
01:44:05,399 --> 01:44:08,800
most worthless portions of the community would take the place

1519
01:44:08,880 --> 01:44:11,840
of sound reason and wise debate. Does any of this

1520
01:44:11,920 --> 01:44:18,279
sound familiar? After these have thoroughly debased and corrupted the community,

1521
01:44:18,520 --> 01:44:21,720
and all the arts and devices of party have been exhausted,

1522
01:44:21,800 --> 01:44:24,840
the government would vibrate between the two factions. For such

1523
01:44:24,920 --> 01:44:30,439
will parties have become at each successive election, neither would

1524
01:44:30,479 --> 01:44:33,800
be able to retain power beyond some fixed term, for

1525
01:44:33,920 --> 01:44:37,000
those seeking office and patronage would become too numerous to

1526
01:44:37,039 --> 01:44:39,520
be rewarded by the governments and the patronage. At the

1527
01:44:39,520 --> 01:44:42,600
disposal of the government, and these being the sole objects

1528
01:44:42,600 --> 01:44:45,960
of pursuit, the disappointed would, at the next succeeding election

1529
01:44:46,119 --> 01:44:48,479
throw their weight into the opposite scale and the hope

1530
01:44:48,479 --> 01:44:50,680
of better success at the next turn of the wheel.

1531
01:44:51,479 --> 01:44:56,119
These vibrations would continue until confusion, corruption, disorder, and anarchy

1532
01:44:56,439 --> 01:44:59,319
would lead to an appeal to force, to be followed

1533
01:44:59,319 --> 01:45:02,319
by a revolution in the form of the government. Such

1534
01:45:02,520 --> 01:45:05,520
must be the end of the government of the numerical majority,

1535
01:45:05,600 --> 01:45:08,439
and such in brief the process through which it must

1536
01:45:08,479 --> 01:45:11,840
pass in the regular course of events before it can

1537
01:45:11,920 --> 01:45:16,840
reach out. Before it can reach it, this transition would

1538
01:45:16,840 --> 01:45:19,840
be more or less rapid according to circumstances. The more

1539
01:45:19,920 --> 01:45:23,079
numerous to population, the more extensive the country, the more

1540
01:45:23,119 --> 01:45:27,319
diversified the climate, productions, pursuits and character the people, the

1541
01:45:27,399 --> 01:45:31,920
more wealthy, refined and artificial their condition, and the greater

1542
01:45:32,039 --> 01:45:35,640
the amount of revenues and disbursements. The more unsuited woul

1543
01:45:35,640 --> 01:45:38,439
the community be to such a government, and the more

1544
01:45:38,560 --> 01:45:44,600
rapid would be the passage. On the other hand, it

1545
01:45:44,680 --> 01:45:48,680
might be slow in its progress amongst small communities during

1546
01:45:48,720 --> 01:45:53,600
the early stages of their existence, with inconsiderable revenues and disbursements.

1547
01:45:53,640 --> 01:45:57,239
In a population of simple habits, provided the people are

1548
01:45:57,279 --> 01:46:01,439
sufficiently intelligence to exercise properly the right of suffrage, and

1549
01:46:01,479 --> 01:46:05,600
sufficiently conversant with the rules necessary to govern the deliberations

1550
01:46:05,640 --> 01:46:10,840
of legislative bodies. I hope everyone else is listening to

1551
01:46:10,880 --> 01:46:13,279
this and reading the salog and smiling with me, because

1552
01:46:13,319 --> 01:46:16,520
this is just so. It's so great and reveals so much.

1553
01:46:18,319 --> 01:46:21,600
It is perhaps the only form of popular governments suited

1554
01:46:21,640 --> 01:46:24,079
to a people while they remain in such a condition.

1555
01:46:24,600 --> 01:46:27,520
Any other would be not only too complex and cumbersome,

1556
01:46:27,560 --> 01:46:31,119
but unnecessary to guard against oppression, where the motive to

1557
01:46:31,199 --> 01:46:33,880
use power for that purpose would be so feeble. And

1558
01:46:33,960 --> 01:46:38,720
hence colonies from countries having constitutional governments, if left to themselves,

1559
01:46:38,840 --> 01:46:43,000
usually adopt governments based on the numerical majority. But as

1560
01:46:43,039 --> 01:46:47,520
population increases, wealth accumulates, and above all, the revenues and

1561
01:46:47,560 --> 01:46:51,439
expenditures become large, governments of this form must become less

1562
01:46:51,479 --> 01:46:55,319
and less suited to the condition of society, until if

1563
01:46:55,399 --> 01:46:59,159
not in the meantime changed into governments of the concurrent majority.

1564
01:46:59,479 --> 01:47:01,960
They must and in an appeal to force, to be

1565
01:47:02,000 --> 01:47:04,720
followed by a radical change in its structure and character,

1566
01:47:05,039 --> 01:47:08,640
and most probable, into monarchy in its absolute form, as

1567
01:47:08,680 --> 01:47:15,600
will be next explained. He saw this so long ago.

1568
01:47:17,159 --> 01:47:20,560
The country is barely fifty years old, and he saw this.

1569
01:47:21,760 --> 01:47:25,920
How amazing is this? You can find this anywhere. I mean,

1570
01:47:25,920 --> 01:47:29,880
it's free on the Internet. There's good copies of it

1571
01:47:30,439 --> 01:47:34,520
in the it's in the it's open domain now, so

1572
01:47:35,560 --> 01:47:41,039
people publish it for real, inexpensive on Amazon. I have

1573
01:47:41,079 --> 01:47:45,119
a hard a little hardcover version that has his discourse

1574
01:47:45,159 --> 01:47:47,880
on the Constitution as well. I'm not going to read

1575
01:47:47,920 --> 01:47:54,279
that those constitution bores me such indeed as to repugnance

1576
01:47:54,319 --> 01:47:57,359
between popular governments and force, or, to be more specific,

1577
01:47:57,520 --> 01:48:01,720
military power, that the almost necessary consequence of a resources

1578
01:48:01,760 --> 01:48:04,359
to force by such governments in order to maintain their

1579
01:48:04,399 --> 01:48:07,520
authority is not only a change of their form, but

1580
01:48:07,600 --> 01:48:11,119
a change into the most opposite that of absolute monarchy.

1581
01:48:11,680 --> 01:48:14,039
The two are the opposites of each other, from the

1582
01:48:14,119 --> 01:48:20,800
nature of popular governments the kind of absolute monarchy. The

1583
01:48:21,159 --> 01:48:24,079
change he's talking about is he's talking about that basically

1584
01:48:24,119 --> 01:48:28,039
what this country started as becomes a monarchy. And you

1585
01:48:28,079 --> 01:48:32,039
could see that under FDR, I mean FDR was basically

1586
01:48:32,079 --> 01:48:38,319
became a monarch. The problem is, you know, he didn't

1587
01:48:38,640 --> 01:48:42,880
pass it along. If Truman, if he would have given

1588
01:48:42,920 --> 01:48:44,960
Truman all that power, if he would have taught Truman

1589
01:48:45,079 --> 01:48:47,000
how to do all that, if he would have liked

1590
01:48:47,039 --> 01:48:51,359
Truman at all, it wouldn't all that power wouldn't have

1591
01:48:51,439 --> 01:48:54,319
spread out and dispersed itself to the whole rest of

1592
01:48:54,359 --> 01:48:56,680
the government. So we're at the point now where we

1593
01:48:56,800 --> 01:49:00,399
have a blob that basically no one knows where begins

1594
01:49:00,399 --> 01:49:05,359
and no one knows where it starts. The two are

1595
01:49:05,399 --> 01:49:08,039
the opposites of each other. From the nature of popular governments,

1596
01:49:08,079 --> 01:49:10,159
the control of its power is vested in the many.

1597
01:49:10,359 --> 01:49:13,279
While military power to be efficient must be vested in

1598
01:49:13,319 --> 01:49:19,239
a single individual. All of government to be efficient must

1599
01:49:19,279 --> 01:49:23,319
be vested in a single individual, a single competent individual.

1600
01:49:24,479 --> 01:49:28,039
When then the two parties in governments of the numerical

1601
01:49:28,119 --> 01:49:31,640
majority resort to force in their struggle for supremacy, he

1602
01:49:31,720 --> 01:49:34,640
who commands the successful party will have the control of

1603
01:49:34,640 --> 01:49:38,880
the government itself, and hence, in such contrasts, in contests

1604
01:49:39,159 --> 01:49:42,279
the party which may prevail will usually find in the

1605
01:49:42,319 --> 01:49:45,239
commander of its forces a master under whom the great

1606
01:49:45,239 --> 01:49:47,680
body of the community will be glad to find protection

1607
01:49:47,760 --> 01:49:51,319
against the incessant agitation and violent struggles to the two

1608
01:49:51,439 --> 01:49:54,600
corrupt factions, looking only to power as the means of

1609
01:49:54,640 --> 01:49:57,840
securing to themselves the honors and emolliance of the government.

1610
01:49:58,880 --> 01:50:01,640
From the same cause, there is a like tendency and

1611
01:50:01,720 --> 01:50:07,239
aristocratical to terminate in absolute governments of the monarchical form,

1612
01:50:07,640 --> 01:50:10,359
but by no means as strong, because there is less

1613
01:50:10,399 --> 01:50:14,479
repugnance between military power and aristocratical that between it and

1614
01:50:14,560 --> 01:50:19,439
democratic that between it and democratical governments. A broader position

1615
01:50:19,560 --> 01:50:23,000
may indeed be taken that there is a tendency in

1616
01:50:23,079 --> 01:50:26,960
constitutional governments of every form to degenerate into their respective

1617
01:50:27,039 --> 01:50:30,920
absolute forms, and in all absolute governments into that of

1618
01:50:30,960 --> 01:50:34,159
the monarchical form. But the tendency is much stronger in

1619
01:50:34,199 --> 01:50:37,800
constitutional governments of the democratic forms to degenerate into their

1620
01:50:37,840 --> 01:50:41,399
respective absolute forms than in either of the others, because,

1621
01:50:41,479 --> 01:50:45,760
among other reasons, the distinction between the constitutional and absolute

1622
01:50:45,760 --> 01:50:52,439
forms of aristocratical and monarchical governments is far more strongly

1623
01:50:52,600 --> 01:50:57,199
marked than in democratic governments. The effect of this is

1624
01:50:57,239 --> 01:50:59,960
to make the different orders or classes in an error

1625
01:51:00,000 --> 01:51:04,840
aristocracy or monarchy, far more jealous and watchful of encroachment

1626
01:51:04,920 --> 01:51:08,960
on their respective rights, and more resolute and preserving and

1627
01:51:09,119 --> 01:51:13,760
resisting attempts to concentrate power in any one class or order.

1628
01:51:14,279 --> 01:51:17,000
On the contrary, the line between the two forms and

1629
01:51:17,079 --> 01:51:21,119
popular governments is so imperfectly understood that honest and sincere

1630
01:51:21,239 --> 01:51:25,600
friends of the constitutional form, not infrequently, instead of jealously

1631
01:51:25,680 --> 01:51:29,640
watching and arresting their tendencies to degenerate into their absolute forms,

1632
01:51:29,880 --> 01:51:33,319
not only regard it with approbation, but employ all their

1633
01:51:33,359 --> 01:51:36,520
powers to add to its strength and increase its impetus

1634
01:51:36,840 --> 01:51:39,640
in the vain hope of making the government more perfect

1635
01:51:39,720 --> 01:51:44,439
and popular. The numerical majority perhaps should usually be one

1636
01:51:44,479 --> 01:51:47,600
of the elements of the constitutional democracy, but to make

1637
01:51:47,640 --> 01:51:50,600
it the sole element in order to perfect the constitution

1638
01:51:50,960 --> 01:51:53,520
and make the government more popular is one of the

1639
01:51:53,560 --> 01:51:58,880
greatest and most fatal political errors. Among the other advantages

1640
01:51:58,920 --> 01:52:01,279
which governments of the conc current have over those of

1641
01:52:01,319 --> 01:52:06,119
the numerical majority, and which strongly illustrates their more and

1642
01:52:06,159 --> 01:52:09,680
which strongly illustrates a more popular character, is that they

1643
01:52:09,720 --> 01:52:13,720
admit with safety a much greater extension of the right

1644
01:52:13,760 --> 01:52:17,760
of suffrage. It may be safely extended in such governments

1645
01:52:17,760 --> 01:52:21,279
to universal suffrage, that is, to every male citizen of

1646
01:52:21,359 --> 01:52:25,920
mature age, with few extraordinary exceptions, but it cannot be

1647
01:52:26,039 --> 01:52:28,960
so far extended in those of the numerical majority without

1648
01:52:29,000 --> 01:52:32,560
placing them ultimately under the control of the most ignorant

1649
01:52:32,600 --> 01:52:37,199
and dependent portions of the community. For as the community

1650
01:52:37,239 --> 01:52:42,439
becomes populous, wealthy, refined, and highly civilized, the difference between

1651
01:52:42,479 --> 01:52:45,760
the rich and the poor will become more strongly marked,

1652
01:52:45,840 --> 01:52:48,640
and the number of the ignorant and dependent greater in

1653
01:52:48,720 --> 01:52:52,399
proportion to the rest of the community. With the increase

1654
01:52:52,439 --> 01:52:55,439
of this difference the tendency to a conflict between them,

1655
01:52:55,640 --> 01:52:59,039
the tendencies a conflict between them will become stronger, and

1656
01:52:59,079 --> 01:53:02,039
as the poor independents that become more numerous in proportion,

1657
01:53:02,600 --> 01:53:06,159
there will be in governments of the numerical majority no

1658
01:53:06,359 --> 01:53:09,560
want of leaders among the wealthy and ambitious to excite

1659
01:53:09,840 --> 01:53:15,000
and direct them in their efforts to obtain control. The

1660
01:53:15,079 --> 01:53:19,079
case is difference in governments of the concurrent majority. There

1661
01:53:19,359 --> 01:53:22,479
mere numbers have not the absolute control, and the wealthy

1662
01:53:22,479 --> 01:53:25,600
and intelligent become identified in interest with the poor and

1663
01:53:25,760 --> 01:53:29,880
ignorant of their respective portions or interests of their community,

1664
01:53:30,840 --> 01:53:34,600
become their leaders and protectors, and hence, as the latter

1665
01:53:34,600 --> 01:53:38,760
would have neither hope nor inducement to rally the former

1666
01:53:38,880 --> 01:53:42,039
in order to obtain the control. The right of suffrage

1667
01:53:42,359 --> 01:53:45,199
under such a government may be safely enlarged to the

1668
01:53:45,279 --> 01:53:49,560
extent stated without incurring the hazard to which such enlargement

1669
01:53:49,560 --> 01:54:02,800
would expose. Governments of the numerical majority. In another particular,

1670
01:54:03,279 --> 01:54:07,239
governments of the concurrent majority have greatly the advantage. I

1671
01:54:07,319 --> 01:54:11,319
allude to the difference in their respective tendency in reference

1672
01:54:11,359 --> 01:54:15,199
to dividing or uniting the community. That of the concurrent

1673
01:54:15,479 --> 01:54:19,520
has been shown has been shown is to unite the community,

1674
01:54:20,119 --> 01:54:23,840
let its interests be ever so diversified or opposed, while

1675
01:54:23,880 --> 01:54:26,560
that of the numeracle is to divide it into two

1676
01:54:26,600 --> 01:54:32,840
conflicting portions, let its interests be naturally ever so united

1677
01:54:33,439 --> 01:54:37,119
and identified. I think I'm going to stop right there.

1678
01:54:38,159 --> 01:54:44,720
So I think the great thing about this is it

1679
01:54:44,800 --> 01:54:49,800
does show that when you have a more republican form

1680
01:54:49,880 --> 01:54:53,479
of government, you can last a lot longer than if

1681
01:54:53,520 --> 01:54:57,600
you just have a democracy. It's one of the reasons

1682
01:54:57,640 --> 01:55:02,079
why the progressive are always talking about getting rid of

1683
01:55:02,159 --> 01:55:09,680
the electoral college. The electoral college has saved us to

1684
01:55:09,720 --> 01:55:13,520
some extent up until now. It's a lot of people

1685
01:55:13,560 --> 01:55:16,760
would you say, how could it be much worse than

1686
01:55:16,840 --> 01:55:18,880
it is right now? And you know, I would say

1687
01:55:18,880 --> 01:55:21,159
that it can be. It could be much worse than

1688
01:55:21,159 --> 01:55:24,159
it is right now. And maybe that little bit, maybe

1689
01:55:24,199 --> 01:55:28,960
that the federalism that is left is is saving us

1690
01:55:29,039 --> 01:55:35,439
from something, is saving us from full on catastrophe. But yeah,

1691
01:55:35,479 --> 01:55:39,039
I mean, what this shows is it shows at once,

1692
01:55:39,840 --> 01:55:44,439
once you take the reins of power out of the

1693
01:55:43,840 --> 01:55:49,720
hands of one person or a very very small group

1694
01:55:49,760 --> 01:55:52,800
of people. Usually it's gonna be one person. You have

1695
01:55:52,880 --> 01:55:56,119
your CEO, and you're going to have the board. And

1696
01:55:56,800 --> 01:56:00,800
once you take take the reins away from him and

1697
01:56:00,840 --> 01:56:02,640
you start giving it, you give it to the board,

1698
01:56:02,880 --> 01:56:05,720
and then the board passes it down to HR, and

1699
01:56:05,760 --> 01:56:09,119
then HR passes it down into the you know, the

1700
01:56:09,199 --> 01:56:16,399
secretarial pool. You're screwed. You're screwed. The more people who

1701
01:56:16,760 --> 01:56:21,159
the more people who have a say in quote unquote order,

1702
01:56:22,680 --> 01:56:26,239
the more disorder you're going to have, the more self interest,

1703
01:56:27,319 --> 01:56:29,920
the more headbutting over self interest is going to be

1704
01:56:30,800 --> 01:56:35,279
and the easier it is for special interests to come

1705
01:56:35,319 --> 01:56:39,760
in and take over. All right, So we're gonna stop

1706
01:56:39,840 --> 01:56:44,359
right there. We'll pick this up in part three. I

1707
01:56:44,399 --> 01:56:47,439
want to remind everybody this is gonna you've already heard.

1708
01:56:47,439 --> 01:56:49,640
If you made it this far, you've already heard ads.

1709
01:56:50,439 --> 01:56:55,479
You can get my episodes early and ad free on

1710
01:56:55,800 --> 01:56:59,560
at freemanby on the Wall dot com Forward slash Support.

1711
01:57:00,239 --> 01:57:04,359
You can do that through my website there. You can

1712
01:57:04,359 --> 01:57:07,359
do it through subscribe Star, you can do it through substack.

1713
01:57:08,000 --> 01:57:11,680
I still have the Patreon and I also added gum Road,

1714
01:57:12,159 --> 01:57:15,880
so there's a link there directly to gum Road, which

1715
01:57:15,920 --> 01:57:18,119
is a place where a lot of a lot of

1716
01:57:18,159 --> 01:57:21,479
our people sell stuff. They try to do their best

1717
01:57:21,479 --> 01:57:26,600
to help our guys out and not pass the censorship

1718
01:57:26,640 --> 01:57:30,119
that a lot of us see. So gum Road is

1719
01:57:30,119 --> 01:57:33,439
now an option, and you'll have a gum Road, you'll

1720
01:57:33,439 --> 01:57:37,000
have access to early episodes without ads, and you'll have

1721
01:57:37,680 --> 01:57:40,279
if you subscribe your there, you'll have access to the

1722
01:57:40,319 --> 01:57:43,600
Telegram group as well. So all right, I'll be back

1723
01:57:43,640 --> 01:57:46,479
for part three, and I'll be back with part three

1724
01:57:46,520 --> 01:57:48,520
in a couple of days if I know, if I

1725
01:57:48,520 --> 01:57:52,039
can remember how to talk, and until then, thanks for

1726
01:57:52,079 --> 01:57:58,760
tuning in. Take care. I want to welcome everyone back

1727
01:57:58,840 --> 01:58:03,640
to the third read of John C. Calhoun's Disquisition on Government.

1728
01:58:03,960 --> 01:58:05,479
Looks like I'll be able to knock this out in

1729
01:58:05,560 --> 01:58:08,960
five so this will be shorter than the last one.

1730
01:58:09,760 --> 01:58:11,199
Still trying to figure out what I want to do

1731
01:58:11,239 --> 01:58:17,039
for the next one. But yesterday we were pretty much

1732
01:58:17,079 --> 01:58:25,039
finished up talking about He's still talking about elections, the

1733
01:58:25,119 --> 01:58:28,800
numerical majority, things like that, So I'm just going to

1734
01:58:28,880 --> 01:58:33,039
jump right back in. So here we go. That the

1735
01:58:33,159 --> 01:58:36,439
numerical majority will divide the community, let it be ever

1736
01:58:36,520 --> 01:58:40,640
so homogeneous, into two great parties, which will be engaged

1737
01:58:40,640 --> 01:58:43,359
in perpetual struggles to obtain the control of the government.

1738
01:58:43,359 --> 01:58:47,279
Has already been established, the great importance of the subject

1739
01:58:47,359 --> 01:58:52,760
at stake must necessarily form strong party attachments and party antipathies.

1740
01:58:53,359 --> 01:58:55,640
Attachments on the part of the members of each to

1741
01:58:55,720 --> 01:58:59,880
their respective parties through whose efforts they hope to accomplish

1742
01:58:59,880 --> 01:59:04,279
an object dear to all, and antipathies to the opposite

1743
01:59:04,319 --> 01:59:10,399
party as presenting the only obstacle to success. This reminds

1744
01:59:10,439 --> 01:59:15,600
me a thinking of Karl Schmidt right here in order

1745
01:59:15,640 --> 01:59:18,159
to have a just conception of their force, it must

1746
01:59:18,199 --> 01:59:20,960
be taken into consideration that the object to be won

1747
01:59:21,199 --> 01:59:26,279
or lost appeals to the strongest passions of the human heart, avarice, ambition,

1748
01:59:26,600 --> 01:59:31,439
and rivalry. It is that it is not then wonderful

1749
01:59:31,760 --> 01:59:35,119
that a form of government, which periodically stakes all its

1750
01:59:35,159 --> 01:59:38,840
honors and emoluments as prizes to be contended for, should

1751
01:59:38,880 --> 01:59:42,479
divide the community into two great hostile parties, Or that

1752
01:59:42,600 --> 01:59:46,399
party attachments, in the progress of the strife, should become

1753
01:59:46,520 --> 01:59:50,159
so strong among the members of each, respectively, as to

1754
01:59:50,319 --> 01:59:55,279
absorb almost every feeling of our nature, both social and individual,

1755
01:59:55,880 --> 01:59:59,039
Or that their mutual antipathies should be carried to such

1756
01:59:59,079 --> 02:00:04,560
an excess as to destroy almost entirely all sympathy between them,

1757
02:00:04,840 --> 02:00:08,840
and to substitute in its place the strongest aversion. Nor

1758
02:00:08,960 --> 02:00:12,159
is it surprising that under their joint influence, the community

1759
02:00:12,199 --> 02:00:15,359
should cease to be the common center of attachment, or

1760
02:00:15,399 --> 02:00:18,920
that each party should find that center only in itself.

1761
02:00:19,600 --> 02:00:24,439
It is thus that in such governments, devotion to party

1762
02:00:24,479 --> 02:00:29,319
becomes stronger than devotions to country, the promotion of the

1763
02:00:29,359 --> 02:00:33,119
interests of party more important than the promotion of the

1764
02:00:33,159 --> 02:00:36,399
common good of the whole, and its triumph and ascendency

1765
02:00:36,800 --> 02:00:42,399
objects objects of far greater solicitude than the safety and

1766
02:00:42,479 --> 02:00:45,880
prosperity of the community. It is thus also that the

1767
02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:50,039
numerical majority, by regarding the community as a unit, and

1768
02:00:50,159 --> 02:00:53,720
having as such the same interest throughout all its parts,

1769
02:00:54,079 --> 02:01:00,279
must necessary operation divided into two hostile parts, waging under

1770
02:01:00,319 --> 02:01:05,840
the forms of law incestant hostilities against each other. What's

1771
02:01:05,840 --> 02:01:12,720
the way to solve this hostility? To break apart? And

1772
02:01:12,760 --> 02:01:17,239
then somebody will say, well, eventually it's going to happen

1773
02:01:18,039 --> 02:01:24,880
in the new break apart again. Yeah, unless you want

1774
02:01:25,079 --> 02:01:28,279
Unless this is the way you want to live. This

1775
02:01:28,319 --> 02:01:31,000
is the way you want to live in constant hostility politically,

1776
02:01:31,520 --> 02:01:33,680
and you want your kids, you want your grandkids, you

1777
02:01:33,680 --> 02:01:37,960
want your progeny to live this way forever. You continually

1778
02:01:38,000 --> 02:01:40,760
break apart or get away from get away from each other.

1779
02:01:41,720 --> 02:01:45,640
That's just basically what has to happen over and over again.

1780
02:01:45,800 --> 02:01:52,079
You want to be what like minded people, or you

1781
02:01:52,079 --> 02:01:57,840
have one person who makes the decisions. The concurrent majority,

1782
02:01:57,920 --> 02:02:00,560
on the other hand, tends to unite the most opposite

1783
02:02:00,560 --> 02:02:03,920
and conflicting interests and to blend the whole in one

1784
02:02:04,000 --> 02:02:07,840
common attachment to the country. By giving to each interest

1785
02:02:08,319 --> 02:02:11,680
or portion the power of self protection, all strife and

1786
02:02:11,720 --> 02:02:17,479
struggle become between them for ascendency is prevented, and thereby

1787
02:02:17,720 --> 02:02:20,840
not only every feeling calculated to weaken the attachments of

1788
02:02:20,840 --> 02:02:23,760
the whole is suppressed, but the individual and the social

1789
02:02:23,760 --> 02:02:27,760
feelings are made to unite in one common devotion to country.

1790
02:02:28,239 --> 02:02:30,960
Each season feels that it can be best, that it

1791
02:02:31,000 --> 02:02:37,079
can best promote its own prosperity by conciliating the good

1792
02:02:37,119 --> 02:02:41,000
will and promoting the prosperity of the others, and hence

1793
02:02:41,159 --> 02:02:46,000
there will be diffused throughout the whole community kind feelings

1794
02:02:46,359 --> 02:02:51,840
between its different portions, and instead of antipathy, a rivalry

1795
02:02:51,920 --> 02:02:54,880
amongst them to promote the interests of each other, as

1796
02:02:54,920 --> 02:02:57,680
far as this can be done consistently with the interests

1797
02:02:57,680 --> 02:03:01,119
of all. Under the combined influence of these causes, the

1798
02:03:01,159 --> 02:03:04,000
interests of each would be merged in the common interests

1799
02:03:04,039 --> 02:03:06,560
of the whole, and thus the community would become a

1800
02:03:06,680 --> 02:03:09,520
unit by becoming the common center of attachment of all

1801
02:03:09,520 --> 02:03:14,159
its parts, and hence, instead of faction, strife, and struggle

1802
02:03:14,159 --> 02:03:19,359
for party ascendency, there would be patriotism, nationality, harmony and

1803
02:03:19,399 --> 02:03:22,520
a struggle only for supremacy in promoting the common good

1804
02:03:22,520 --> 02:03:28,920
of the whole. It seems like at some point someone

1805
02:03:29,199 --> 02:03:31,920
or someone's figured out that the best way to do

1806
02:03:31,960 --> 02:03:35,479
this would be to find a common enemy outside of

1807
02:03:35,520 --> 02:03:41,359
the polity. If anyone who remembers nine to eleven remembers

1808
02:03:41,439 --> 02:03:46,159
that New York was attacked, Washington was attacked, but people

1809
02:03:46,199 --> 02:03:51,239
from all over the country volunteered to go get the bastards, Well,

1810
02:03:53,520 --> 02:03:57,840
that wouldn't happen normally. If somebody commits a crime, if

1811
02:03:57,880 --> 02:04:01,479
there's a crime committed in Baltimore or where somebody gets killed,

1812
02:04:01,840 --> 02:04:05,279
the whole country doesn't come together unless it's turned into

1813
02:04:05,319 --> 02:04:10,720
something by the narrative makers. But the narrative of an

1814
02:04:10,760 --> 02:04:15,239
outside influence attacking all of us that has a habit

1815
02:04:15,279 --> 02:04:19,079
of bringing people together. But is that the way you

1816
02:04:19,119 --> 02:04:22,640
want to live again? Where that's the only thing that

1817
02:04:22,720 --> 02:04:29,159
can bring people together? An outside enemy. But the difference

1818
02:04:29,159 --> 02:04:32,239
in their operation is that in this respect would not

1819
02:04:32,560 --> 02:04:35,920
end here. Its effects would be as great in a

1820
02:04:36,000 --> 02:04:38,600
moral as I have attempted to show they would be

1821
02:04:38,920 --> 02:04:44,880
in a political point of view. Indeed, public and private

1822
02:04:44,880 --> 02:04:48,279
morals are so nearly allied that it would be difficult

1823
02:04:48,359 --> 02:04:51,159
for it to be otherwise. That which corrupts and de

1824
02:04:51,239 --> 02:04:55,600
basis a community politically must also corrupt and debase it morally.

1825
02:04:56,119 --> 02:04:59,199
The same cause which in governments of the numerical majority

1826
02:04:59,239 --> 02:05:03,279
gives to parties, attachments and antipathies such force as to

1827
02:05:03,319 --> 02:05:06,359
place party triumph and ascendency above the safety and prosperity

1828
02:05:06,399 --> 02:05:10,079
of the community, will justice certainly give them sufficient force

1829
02:05:10,159 --> 02:05:15,039
to overpower all regard for truth, justice, sincerity, and moral

1830
02:05:15,079 --> 02:05:21,920
obligations of every description. It is accordingly found that in

1831
02:05:22,000 --> 02:05:24,800
the violence strikes between parties for the high and glittering

1832
02:05:24,880 --> 02:05:33,279
prize of government honors and emoluments and emoluments, falsehood injustice, fraud, artifice, slander,

1833
02:05:33,319 --> 02:05:37,119
and breach of faith are freely resorted to as legitimate weapons,

1834
02:05:37,279 --> 02:05:41,279
followed by all their corrupting and debasing influences in the

1835
02:05:41,319 --> 02:05:44,960
government of the concurrent majority. On the contrary, the same

1836
02:05:45,079 --> 02:05:48,800
cause which prevents such strife as the means of obtaining power,

1837
02:05:49,279 --> 02:05:52,520
and which makes it the interest of each portion to

1838
02:05:53,039 --> 02:05:56,880
conciliate and promote the interests of the others, would exert

1839
02:05:56,960 --> 02:06:00,840
a powerful influence towards purifying and elevation the character of

1840
02:06:00,880 --> 02:06:04,159
the government and the people morally as well as politically.

1841
02:06:04,880 --> 02:06:08,640
The means of acquiring power, or more correctly, influence, in

1842
02:06:08,720 --> 02:06:12,199
such governments would be the reverse instead of the vices

1843
02:06:12,359 --> 02:06:15,680
by which it is by which it is acquired, in

1844
02:06:15,680 --> 02:06:21,199
that the numerical majority, the opposite virtues truth, justice, integrity, fidelity,

1845
02:06:21,239 --> 02:06:24,640
and all others by which respect and confidence are inspired,

1846
02:06:24,880 --> 02:06:28,079
would be the most certain and effectual means of acquiring it.

1847
02:06:29,920 --> 02:06:33,560
Nor would the good effects resulting, thence be confined to

1848
02:06:33,960 --> 02:06:37,359
those who take an active part in political affairs. They

1849
02:06:37,359 --> 02:06:40,760
would extend to the whole community. For of all the

1850
02:06:40,800 --> 02:06:43,760
causes which contribute to form the character of a people,

1851
02:06:44,199 --> 02:06:47,319
those by which power, influence, and standing in the government

1852
02:06:47,520 --> 02:06:51,079
are most certainly and readily obtained are by far the

1853
02:06:51,119 --> 02:06:55,359
most powerful. These are the objects most eagerly sought of

1854
02:06:55,479 --> 02:06:58,960
all others by the talented and aspiring, and the possession

1855
02:06:59,000 --> 02:07:02,600
of which commands the greatest respect and admiration. But just

1856
02:07:02,640 --> 02:07:05,279
in proportions to this respect and admiration will be their

1857
02:07:05,319 --> 02:07:09,800
appreciation by those whose energy, intellect, and position in society

1858
02:07:10,039 --> 02:07:13,079
are calculated to exert the greatest influence in forming the

1859
02:07:13,159 --> 02:07:17,720
character of a people. If knowledge, wisdom, patriotism and virtue

1860
02:07:18,039 --> 02:07:21,039
be the most certain means of acquiring them, they will

1861
02:07:21,079 --> 02:07:25,199
be the most highly appreciated and assiduously cultivated, and this

1862
02:07:25,239 --> 02:07:27,960
would cause them to become prominent traits in the character

1863
02:07:28,000 --> 02:07:32,039
of the people. But if, on the contrary, cunning, fraud, treachery,

1864
02:07:32,079 --> 02:07:35,319
and party devotion be the most certain, they will be

1865
02:07:35,359 --> 02:07:39,119
the most highly prized and become marked features in their character.

1866
02:07:39,560 --> 02:07:44,520
I think we know which one one. So powerful, indeed,

1867
02:07:44,760 --> 02:07:47,560
is the operation of the concurrent majority in this respect,

1868
02:07:47,800 --> 02:07:50,960
that if it were possible for a corrupt and degenerate

1869
02:07:51,000 --> 02:07:54,239
community to establish and maintain a well organized government of

1870
02:07:54,279 --> 02:07:56,840
the kind it would be of itself, it would of

1871
02:07:56,880 --> 02:08:00,039
itself purify and regenerate them. While on the other the

1872
02:08:00,079 --> 02:08:03,520
other hand, a government based wholly on the numerical majority

1873
02:08:03,840 --> 02:08:07,079
would justice certainly corrupt and debase the most patriotic and

1874
02:08:07,159 --> 02:08:11,119
virtuous people. So great is our difference in this respect,

1875
02:08:11,239 --> 02:08:14,920
that justice, the one or the other element predominates in

1876
02:08:14,960 --> 02:08:18,520
the construction of any government in the same proportion, will

1877
02:08:18,560 --> 02:08:21,520
the character of the government and the people rise or

1878
02:08:21,640 --> 02:08:25,319
sink in the scale of patriotism and virtue. Neither religion

1879
02:08:25,399 --> 02:08:29,279
or education can counteract a strong tendency of the numerical

1880
02:08:29,319 --> 02:08:33,560
majority to corrupt and debase the people. Where do you

1881
02:08:33,600 --> 02:08:42,479
think we ended up? I think it's pretty clear. If

1882
02:08:42,479 --> 02:08:44,840
the two be compared in reference to the ends for

1883
02:08:44,880 --> 02:08:48,039
which government is ordained, the superiority of the government of

1884
02:08:48,079 --> 02:08:53,119
the concurrent majority will not be less striking. These, as

1885
02:08:53,159 --> 02:08:57,600
has been stated, are twofold to protect and to perfect society.

1886
02:08:58,720 --> 02:09:01,680
But to preserve society, it is necessary to guard the

1887
02:09:01,680 --> 02:09:06,079
community against injustice, violence, and anarchy within and against attacks

1888
02:09:06,079 --> 02:09:09,239
from without. If it fail in either, it would fail

1889
02:09:09,279 --> 02:09:11,920
in the primary end of government, and would not deserve

1890
02:09:12,039 --> 02:09:17,239
the name. When I see this what he's writing right here,

1891
02:09:18,039 --> 02:09:21,680
When he talks about morality, when he talks about virtue,

1892
02:09:22,199 --> 02:09:25,319
when he talks about honor, and when he talks about

1893
02:09:25,399 --> 02:09:30,239
protecting the society, I think he's talking about gatekeeping. It's

1894
02:09:30,239 --> 02:09:32,760
something that I talk about all the time. How did

1895
02:09:32,800 --> 02:09:35,720
we get here? We started out a certain This government

1896
02:09:35,800 --> 02:09:40,079
started out a certain way. Clearly, it was designed for

1897
02:09:40,359 --> 02:09:44,840
certain people, of a certain temperament, of a certain color,

1898
02:09:45,279 --> 02:09:53,279
of a certain religion including religion, and of a certain background.

1899
02:09:54,720 --> 02:09:59,560
And it kind of it kind of screwed the pooch

1900
02:09:59,680 --> 02:10:07,000
by importing millions from the dark continent to labor here

1901
02:10:07,800 --> 02:10:11,720
and then, well, what happens in the eighteen hundreds you

1902
02:10:11,720 --> 02:10:14,479
have people who are well, I mean it starts earlier

1903
02:10:14,520 --> 02:10:18,520
than that, but Marx's theories start making it over here

1904
02:10:18,960 --> 02:10:24,199
and influxes from all over all over the world. What

1905
02:10:24,239 --> 02:10:26,880
was going to happen? What he's talking about here is

1906
02:10:26,920 --> 02:10:34,680
he's talking about a very tight knit, homogeneous, culturally culturally

1907
02:10:34,720 --> 02:10:42,560
homogeneous society. Well, didn't do everything they could to guard

1908
02:10:42,640 --> 02:10:47,720
the community against that. To perfect society, it is necessary

1909
02:10:47,760 --> 02:10:51,760
to develop the faculties intextual, intellectual, and moral with which

1910
02:10:51,840 --> 02:10:55,039
men is endowed. But the main spring to their development

1911
02:10:55,119 --> 02:10:59,199
and through this to progress, improvement, and civilization with all

1912
02:10:59,199 --> 02:11:03,000
their blessings. The desire of individuals to better their condition.

1913
02:11:04,600 --> 02:11:07,119
Do we have that when you have all of these

1914
02:11:07,520 --> 02:11:10,039
entitlements out there, When you have all of this, is

1915
02:11:10,079 --> 02:11:14,720
there any There's whole classes of people now who don't

1916
02:11:14,880 --> 02:11:17,640
seek to better themselves because they know they'll be taken

1917
02:11:17,680 --> 02:11:23,199
care of. And now it's become intergenerational. For this purpose,

1918
02:11:23,239 --> 02:11:27,600
liberty and security are indispensable. Liberty leaves each free to

1919
02:11:27,640 --> 02:11:30,239
pursue the course he may deem best to promote his

1920
02:11:30,359 --> 02:11:33,479
interest and happiness as far as it may be compatible

1921
02:11:33,479 --> 02:11:36,760
with the primary end for which government is ordained, while

1922
02:11:36,800 --> 02:11:39,800
security gives assurance to each that he shall not be

1923
02:11:39,960 --> 02:11:42,760
deprived of the fruits of his exertion, of his exertions

1924
02:11:42,800 --> 02:11:46,680
to better his condition. These combined give to this desire

1925
02:11:46,720 --> 02:11:51,279
the strongest impulse of which it is susceptible for to

1926
02:11:51,399 --> 02:11:55,359
extend liberty beyond the limits assigned would be to weaken

1927
02:11:55,439 --> 02:11:58,399
the government and to render it incompetent to fill its

1928
02:11:58,439 --> 02:12:03,279
primary end protection of society against dangers internal and external.

1929
02:12:03,600 --> 02:12:09,279
I immediately think of the borders being wide open and

1930
02:12:09,760 --> 02:12:14,399
a decision being made this week that people who have

1931
02:12:14,520 --> 02:12:17,079
not been screened to be here. We have no idea

1932
02:12:17,079 --> 02:12:21,800
who they are, that they can carry weapons. And libertarians

1933
02:12:21,800 --> 02:12:26,880
are like, no, I'm fine with that. I'm fine with that. Perfect.

1934
02:12:26,960 --> 02:12:29,199
Perfect Liberals are like, I'm fine with that. Yeah. The

1935
02:12:29,760 --> 02:12:33,960
Second Amendment, the rights in the Constitution are for everyone

1936
02:12:34,000 --> 02:12:38,520
in the whole world. I'm a libertarian universalist. If I

1937
02:12:38,560 --> 02:12:43,960
get those rights, everyone gets those rights. That's bullshit. Not

1938
02:12:44,159 --> 02:12:48,479
everybody is equipped to know how to deal with those rights.

1939
02:12:48,760 --> 02:12:51,680
Not everybody is equipped to know how to deal with

1940
02:12:53,640 --> 02:12:59,359
a modern society, and you know, oh well, you know

1941
02:12:59,399 --> 02:13:02,079
if if they pass these laws, then they'll just come

1942
02:13:02,119 --> 02:13:04,000
for your guns too, because they can come for their

1943
02:13:04,039 --> 02:13:11,800
guns too. Well, I mean, okay, they could try. I

1944
02:13:11,880 --> 02:13:14,560
brought up the I brought up the example of in

1945
02:13:14,680 --> 02:13:17,319
France you can buy a suppressor in a hardware store,

1946
02:13:18,119 --> 02:13:21,000
but an American can't who's traveling, can't go in there

1947
02:13:21,000 --> 02:13:23,720
and do that, and if they get found with one,

1948
02:13:23,760 --> 02:13:27,039
they get in trouble. Why how come France can enforce

1949
02:13:27,119 --> 02:13:30,800
that law and we can't. And someone's like, oh, well,

1950
02:13:30,840 --> 02:13:34,000
you're just using France. They have they have harsh gun laws.

1951
02:13:34,039 --> 02:13:41,640
That's not the point. Now, you're just dodging. No enforce

1952
02:13:41,920 --> 02:13:46,039
the law. Okay, well the government there, the government that's

1953
02:13:46,079 --> 02:13:48,960
in charge, isn't enforcing the law, so we have to

1954
02:13:49,199 --> 02:13:53,800
abandon the ideas of legal order. Well, isn't that the

1955
02:13:53,840 --> 02:14:00,880
same thing? Is? It makes no sense to say that

1956
02:14:00,960 --> 02:14:05,640
we can't because we're not enforcing laws, that we can't

1957
02:14:05,760 --> 02:14:08,319
enforce laws, or to say because laws are being enforced

1958
02:14:08,359 --> 02:14:13,319
poorly that we shouldn't still enforce laws just gives you

1959
02:14:13,359 --> 02:14:17,439
a narco tyranny. They see that, they see your arguments,

1960
02:14:17,680 --> 02:14:20,680
and they run with them, and they exploit them. Every

1961
02:14:20,800 --> 02:14:23,680
argument you make like that canon will be used against

1962
02:14:23,760 --> 02:14:26,760
you by people who are smarter and have power and

1963
02:14:26,840 --> 02:14:32,960
desire power which a lot of people don't. The effect

1964
02:14:33,000 --> 02:14:36,760
of this would be insecurity, and of insecurity to weaken

1965
02:14:36,840 --> 02:14:40,439
the impulsive individuals to better their condition, and thereby retard

1966
02:14:40,520 --> 02:14:43,840
progress and improvement. On the other hand, to extend the

1967
02:14:43,880 --> 02:14:46,720
powers of the government so as to contract the sphere

1968
02:14:46,760 --> 02:14:50,079
assigned to liberty would have the same effect by disabling

1969
02:14:50,119 --> 02:14:55,560
individuals in their efforts to better their condition. Herein is

1970
02:14:55,600 --> 02:14:57,960
to be found the principle which assigns to power and

1971
02:14:58,039 --> 02:15:00,960
liberty their proper spheres and reckon cells, each to the

1972
02:15:01,039 --> 02:15:07,159
other under all circumstances. Four. If power be necessary to

1973
02:15:07,159 --> 02:15:11,000
secure the liberty the fruits of its exertions, Liberty in

1974
02:15:11,039 --> 02:15:15,479
turn repays power with interest by increased population, wealth, and

1975
02:15:15,560 --> 02:15:20,319
other advantages which progress and improvement bestow on the community.

1976
02:15:20,920 --> 02:15:24,840
By thus assigning to each its appropriate sphere, all conflicts

1977
02:15:24,840 --> 02:15:28,479
between them cease, and each is made to cooperate with

1978
02:15:28,720 --> 02:15:31,159
and assist the other in fulfilling the great ends for

1979
02:15:31,239 --> 02:15:35,359
which government is ordained. But the principle applied to different

1980
02:15:35,399 --> 02:15:38,800
communities will assign to them different limits. It will assign

1981
02:15:38,840 --> 02:15:41,479
a larger sphere to power and a more contracted one

1982
02:15:41,520 --> 02:15:46,840
to liberty, or the reverse, according to circumstances. To the former,

1983
02:15:46,960 --> 02:15:50,119
there must, ever be allotted. Under all circumstances, a seer

1984
02:15:50,199 --> 02:15:54,039
sufficiently large to protect the community against danger from without

1985
02:15:54,239 --> 02:15:58,760
and violence and anarchy from within. The residuum belongs to

1986
02:15:58,840 --> 02:16:02,800
liberty cannot be safe more cannot be safely or rightly

1987
02:16:02,840 --> 02:16:06,479
allotted to it. But some communities require a far greater

1988
02:16:06,520 --> 02:16:09,199
amount of power than others to protect them against anarchy

1989
02:16:09,199 --> 02:16:12,159
and external dangers, and of course the sphere of liberty

1990
02:16:12,159 --> 02:16:16,760
and such must be proportionally contracted. The causes calculated to

1991
02:16:16,840 --> 02:16:21,119
enlarge the one and contract the other are numerous and various.

1992
02:16:21,800 --> 02:16:25,399
Some are physical, such as open and exposed frontiers surrounded

1993
02:16:25,439 --> 02:16:28,920
by powerful and hostile neighbors. Others are moral, such as

1994
02:16:28,920 --> 02:16:33,879
the different degrees of intelligence, patriotism, and virtue among the

1995
02:16:33,879 --> 02:16:37,200
mass of the community, and their experience and pro efficiency

1996
02:16:37,239 --> 02:16:40,719
in the art of self government. Of these, the moral

1997
02:16:40,760 --> 02:16:44,760
are by far the most influential. A community may possess

1998
02:16:44,799 --> 02:16:49,200
all the necessary moral qualifications in so high a degree

1999
02:16:49,440 --> 02:16:51,760
as to be capable of self government under the most

2000
02:16:51,799 --> 02:16:55,399
adverse circumstances, while on the other hand, another may be

2001
02:16:55,479 --> 02:16:58,520
so sunk in ignorance and vice as to be incapable

2002
02:16:58,559 --> 02:17:02,399
of forming a conception of liberty or of living, even

2003
02:17:02,440 --> 02:17:06,440
when most favored by circumstances, under any other than an

2004
02:17:06,520 --> 02:17:15,120
absolute and despotic government. The principle in all communities, according

2005
02:17:15,159 --> 02:17:18,399
to these numerous and various causes, assigns to power and

2006
02:17:18,440 --> 02:17:23,319
liberty their proper spheres to allow to liberty. In any case,

2007
02:17:23,399 --> 02:17:26,719
a sphere of action more extended than this than this

2008
02:17:26,760 --> 02:17:30,399
assigns would lead to anarchy, and this probably in the

2009
02:17:30,559 --> 02:17:35,799
end to a contraction instead of an enlargement of its sphere. Liberty, then,

2010
02:17:36,000 --> 02:17:39,760
when forced on a people unfit for it, would, instead

2011
02:17:39,799 --> 02:17:42,639
of a blessing, be a curse, as it would, in

2012
02:17:42,680 --> 02:17:46,920
its reaction, lead directly to anarchy, the greatest of all curses.

2013
02:17:47,920 --> 02:17:52,360
No people, indeed, can long enjoy more liberty than that

2014
02:17:52,520 --> 02:17:56,120
to which their situation in advanced intelligence and morals fairly

2015
02:17:56,319 --> 02:17:59,520
entitle them. If more than this be allowed, they must

2016
02:17:59,600 --> 02:18:02,680
soon fall into confusion and disorder, to be followed, if

2017
02:18:02,680 --> 02:18:05,360
not by anarchy and despotism, by a change to a

2018
02:18:05,399 --> 02:18:08,799
form of government more simple and absolute, and therefore better

2019
02:18:08,840 --> 02:18:11,719
suited to their condition. And hence, although it may be

2020
02:18:11,840 --> 02:18:15,159
true that a people may not have as much liberty

2021
02:18:15,200 --> 02:18:18,840
as they are fairly entitled to and are capable of enjoying,

2022
02:18:19,360 --> 02:18:22,399
yet the reverse is unquestionably true, that no people can

2023
02:18:22,440 --> 02:18:25,479
long possess more than they are fairly insitled to. And

2024
02:18:25,559 --> 02:18:28,600
here I will make a statement that always pisses people off.

2025
02:18:30,639 --> 02:18:33,040
Maybe the government is the way it is because of

2026
02:18:33,040 --> 02:18:36,760
the way the people is. Maybe the people are out

2027
02:18:36,799 --> 02:18:42,440
of control. Maybe the people can't show self control. Maybe

2028
02:18:42,479 --> 02:18:46,879
the people are violent. Maybe the people want anarchy so

2029
02:18:46,959 --> 02:18:50,639
that they can do whatever they want, and maybe the

2030
02:18:50,680 --> 02:18:58,440
government grew out of that. I forget who said it,

2031
02:18:58,440 --> 02:19:02,360
but someone said, you get the government you deserve. Maybe

2032
02:19:02,399 --> 02:19:05,319
the government is so violent because the people are so violent.

2033
02:19:05,440 --> 02:19:08,000
Maybe the people are so violent because the government is

2034
02:19:08,040 --> 02:19:14,280
so violent. Maybe it's chicken and egg. But for a

2035
02:19:14,319 --> 02:19:17,760
long time I've thought that maybe the government is a

2036
02:19:17,799 --> 02:19:21,520
reflection of the people, and of the people are liberal.

2037
02:19:21,680 --> 02:19:25,040
Live and let live, YadA YadA. I don't care. Let

2038
02:19:25,079 --> 02:19:28,760
them all in. I don't care who they are. Maybe

2039
02:19:28,760 --> 02:19:30,360
the government is going to give you what you want.

2040
02:19:30,680 --> 02:19:33,920
Maybe they'll force it upon you, and then when you

2041
02:19:33,959 --> 02:19:36,280
try and reverse it, they'll be like, no, screw you,

2042
02:19:36,959 --> 02:19:44,360
now you're the enemy. Government is for the kind of

2043
02:19:44,399 --> 02:19:50,399
government that was designed for the United States was a

2044
02:19:50,440 --> 02:20:01,920
small government, and it presupposed people who self control high morals. Yeah,

2045
02:20:02,040 --> 02:20:05,760
does that look like does that look like the population

2046
02:20:05,879 --> 02:20:08,799
at the United States? You sure? And where I live

2047
02:20:09,040 --> 02:20:12,239
people are cool, And where you live, people are cool.

2048
02:20:12,440 --> 02:20:17,399
But look at the places that aren't. Are they just

2049
02:20:17,440 --> 02:20:20,639
going to concentrate on those You know, they're not even

2050
02:20:20,680 --> 02:20:25,680
concentrating on those places to stop them. Maybe in some

2051
02:20:25,760 --> 02:20:28,559
odd way they're waiting for us to do it. But

2052
02:20:28,639 --> 02:20:33,600
then you see the das. Then you look and you're like, well,

2053
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:37,920
how does this get solved? Well? Think I'm trying to

2054
02:20:37,920 --> 02:20:47,239
answer that question over and over again. Liberty, indeed, though

2055
02:20:47,280 --> 02:20:49,920
among the greatest of blessings, is not so great as

2056
02:20:49,959 --> 02:20:53,159
that of protection, inasmuch as the end of the former

2057
02:20:53,280 --> 02:20:56,319
is to progress and improvement of the race, while that

2058
02:20:56,440 --> 02:21:02,120
of the latter is its preservation and perpetrate. Prepare, and hence,

2059
02:21:02,479 --> 02:21:05,559
when the two come into conflict, liberty must and ever

2060
02:21:05,639 --> 02:21:09,239
ought to yield to protection, as the existence of the

2061
02:21:09,319 --> 02:21:15,120
race is of greater moment than its improvement. Think about

2062
02:21:15,120 --> 02:21:19,479
that last sentence, and hence, when the two come into conflict,

2063
02:21:22,719 --> 02:21:27,000
liberty must ever ought to yield to protection, as the

2064
02:21:27,040 --> 02:21:30,959
existence of the race is of is of greater moment

2065
02:21:31,120 --> 02:21:36,319
than its improvement. It follows from what has been stated

2066
02:21:36,600 --> 02:21:39,079
that it is a great and dangerous error to suppose

2067
02:21:39,120 --> 02:21:42,639
that all people are equally entitled to liberty. Thank you

2068
02:21:42,799 --> 02:21:47,479
very much, mister Calhoun. It is a reward to be earned,

2069
02:21:47,719 --> 02:21:51,399
not a blessing to be gratuitously lavished on all alike,

2070
02:21:51,840 --> 02:21:55,959
a reward reserved for the intelligent, the patriotic, the virtuous,

2071
02:21:56,000 --> 02:21:58,840
and deserving, and not a boon to bestowed on a

2072
02:21:58,879 --> 02:22:02,000
people too ignorant to great and ambitious to be capable

2073
02:22:02,079 --> 02:22:06,200
either of appreciating or of enjoying it. Nor is it

2074
02:22:06,239 --> 02:22:09,600
any disparagement to liberty that such is and ought to

2075
02:22:09,639 --> 02:22:14,440
be the case. Liberty is not hurt because there are

2076
02:22:14,479 --> 02:22:20,159
people who can't people who would treat it in a

2077
02:22:20,159 --> 02:22:22,399
way that would hurt it, would treat it as a

2078
02:22:22,399 --> 02:22:29,760
freedom to hurt other people. That's not liberty's fault. On

2079
02:22:29,799 --> 02:22:34,360
the contrary, its greatest praise, it's proudest distinction, is that

2080
02:22:34,479 --> 02:22:38,360
an all wise providence has reserved it as the noblest

2081
02:22:38,399 --> 02:22:42,520
and highest reward for the development of our faculties moral

2082
02:22:42,639 --> 02:22:46,399
and intellectual. A reward more appropriate than liberty could not

2083
02:22:46,520 --> 02:22:50,079
be conferred on the deserving, nor a punishment inflicted on

2084
02:22:50,120 --> 02:22:53,639
the undeserving more just than to be subject to lawless

2085
02:22:53,639 --> 02:22:57,600
and despotic rule. This dispensation seems to be the results

2086
02:22:57,600 --> 02:23:01,680
of some fixed law, and every effort to defeat, to disturb,

2087
02:23:01,799 --> 02:23:04,479
or defeat it by attempting to elevate a people in

2088
02:23:04,559 --> 02:23:07,120
the scale of liberty above the point to which they

2089
02:23:07,120 --> 02:23:11,479
are entitled to rise, must ever prove abortive and in disappointment.

2090
02:23:11,879 --> 02:23:14,079
The progress of a people rising from a lower to

2091
02:23:14,120 --> 02:23:17,079
a higher point and the scale of liberty is necessarily slow,

2092
02:23:17,440 --> 02:23:21,680
and by attempting to precipitate we either retard or permanently

2093
02:23:22,000 --> 02:23:26,399
defeat it. If you are in a place that values

2094
02:23:26,399 --> 02:23:32,000
liberty and you see somebody who is and what does

2095
02:23:32,040 --> 02:23:34,680
valueing liberty look like? It means a moral people, It

2096
02:23:34,760 --> 02:23:39,559
means an intelligent people. It means a people of a

2097
02:23:39,680 --> 02:23:44,040
high culture. If somebody is in that polity and they

2098
02:23:44,079 --> 02:23:47,559
are doing and their actions are destroying it, you get

2099
02:23:47,600 --> 02:23:51,360
them the hell out of there. You deal with it,

2100
02:23:52,040 --> 02:23:56,159
because it will permanently destroy you. It will permanently destroy

2101
02:23:56,600 --> 02:24:00,840
what has been built, It will permanently destroy liberty. Look

2102
02:24:00,840 --> 02:24:06,280
at this fucking country. We let people in who don't

2103
02:24:06,319 --> 02:24:09,680
know how to act. We allow people to act out

2104
02:24:09,879 --> 02:24:13,319
and act any way they want, and we no longer

2105
02:24:13,319 --> 02:24:17,559
have liberty. And people can say, oh, well, the government

2106
02:24:17,639 --> 02:24:20,239
did that. The government allowed them to do that. It

2107
02:24:20,319 --> 02:24:23,399
was you know, why did no one step up to

2108
02:24:23,440 --> 02:24:33,200
stop it? There is another error, not less great and dangerous,

2109
02:24:33,440 --> 02:24:37,319
usually associated with the one which has just been considered.

2110
02:24:37,680 --> 02:24:40,600
I refer to the opinion that liberty and equality are

2111
02:24:40,639 --> 02:24:46,079
so intimately united that liberty cannot be perfected without perfect equality,

2112
02:24:46,600 --> 02:24:49,360
that they are united to a certain extent, and that

2113
02:24:49,479 --> 02:24:51,760
equality of citizens in the eyes of the law is

2114
02:24:51,840 --> 02:24:55,360
essential to liberty, and a popular government is conceded. But

2115
02:24:55,479 --> 02:24:59,520
to go further and make equality of condition essential to

2116
02:24:59,600 --> 02:25:03,440
liberty would be to destroy both liberty and progress. The

2117
02:25:03,520 --> 02:25:07,120
reason is that inequality of condition, while it is a

2118
02:25:07,200 --> 02:25:12,040
necessary consequence of liberty, is at the same time indispensable

2119
02:25:12,079 --> 02:25:15,479
to progress. In order to understand why this is so,

2120
02:25:15,600 --> 02:25:18,520
it is necessary to bear in mind that the mainspring

2121
02:25:18,600 --> 02:25:22,639
to progress is the desire of individuals to better their condition,

2122
02:25:23,120 --> 02:25:25,559
and that the strongest impulse which can be given to

2123
02:25:25,639 --> 02:25:28,959
it is to leave individuals free to exert themselves in

2124
02:25:29,000 --> 02:25:31,920
the manner they may deem best for that purpose, as

2125
02:25:32,040 --> 02:25:34,879
far at least as it can be done, to be

2126
02:25:35,000 --> 02:25:38,719
consistently with the ends for which government is ordained, and

2127
02:25:38,760 --> 02:25:42,479
to secure to all the fruits of their exertions. Now,

2128
02:25:42,479 --> 02:25:53,120
as individuals differ greatly from each other in intelligence, sagacity, wisdom, energy, perseverance, skill,

2129
02:25:53,360 --> 02:25:57,879
habits of industry and economy, physical power, position, and opportunity,

2130
02:25:58,280 --> 02:26:01,479
the necessary effect of leaving all free to exert themselves

2131
02:26:01,520 --> 02:26:05,959
to better their condition must be corresponding inequality between those

2132
02:26:06,000 --> 02:26:09,399
who may possess these qualities and advantages in a high

2133
02:26:09,399 --> 02:26:14,440
degree and those who may be deficient in them. The

2134
02:26:14,520 --> 02:26:17,479
only means by which this result can be prevented are

2135
02:26:17,920 --> 02:26:21,879
either to impose such restrictions on the exertions of those

2136
02:26:21,920 --> 02:26:24,760
who may possess them in a high degree as will

2137
02:26:24,760 --> 02:26:26,959
place them on a level with those who do not,

2138
02:26:27,520 --> 02:26:30,360
or to deprive them of the fruits of their exertions.

2139
02:26:30,719 --> 02:26:34,040
But to impose such restrictions on them would be destructive

2140
02:26:34,079 --> 02:26:36,639
of liberty, while to deprive them of the fruits of

2141
02:26:36,680 --> 02:26:39,799
their exertions would be to destroy the desire of bettering

2142
02:26:39,840 --> 02:26:47,600
their condition. Does this sound familiar at all? It is, indeed,

2143
02:26:47,639 --> 02:26:50,840
this inequality of condition between the front and rear ranks

2144
02:26:50,879 --> 02:26:53,399
in the march of progress which gives so strong an

2145
02:26:53,479 --> 02:26:56,479
impulse to the former to maintain their position and to

2146
02:26:56,520 --> 02:26:59,920
the latter to press forward into their files. This gives

2147
02:27:00,120 --> 02:27:03,479
to progress its greatest impulse. To force the front rank

2148
02:27:03,600 --> 02:27:06,239
back to the rear, or attempt to push forward the

2149
02:27:06,319 --> 02:27:10,879
rear into a line with the front by the interposition

2150
02:27:11,040 --> 02:27:14,360
of the government, would put an end to that impulse

2151
02:27:14,440 --> 02:27:19,440
and effectually arrest the march of progress. Can anyone can?

2152
02:27:20,079 --> 02:27:23,200
Let's talk about the progress that has been made since

2153
02:27:23,319 --> 02:27:26,840
nineteen sixty four. In nineteen sixty five, and go back

2154
02:27:26,879 --> 02:27:29,680
to nineteen fifty four, go back to World War two?

2155
02:27:30,000 --> 02:27:41,239
What's the progress technological? Great? Wonderful? Just look at wages

2156
02:27:41,319 --> 02:27:48,600
since the seventies. These great and dangerous errors have their

2157
02:27:48,639 --> 02:27:51,360
origin and the prevalent opinion that all men are born

2158
02:27:51,520 --> 02:27:55,200
free and equal than which nothing can be more unfounded

2159
02:27:55,280 --> 02:27:58,399
and false. It rests upon the assumption of a fact

2160
02:27:58,559 --> 02:28:02,280
which is contrary to universe observation, in whatever light it

2161
02:28:02,319 --> 02:28:05,520
may be regarded. It is indeed difficult to explain how

2162
02:28:05,559 --> 02:28:09,879
an opinion so destitute of all sound reason ever could

2163
02:28:09,959 --> 02:28:13,879
have been so extensively entertained, unless we regard it as

2164
02:28:13,920 --> 02:28:18,120
being confounded with another which has some semblance of truth,

2165
02:28:18,360 --> 02:28:22,600
but which, when properly understood, is not less false and dangerous.

2166
02:28:23,079 --> 02:28:26,959
This reminds me of me talking about during the Roundtable

2167
02:28:27,000 --> 02:28:31,200
with a Dark Enlightenment, Charles Bidel and Jose Ninho. How

2168
02:28:31,840 --> 02:28:36,639
this is just widely accepted now, and it wasn't like it.

2169
02:28:36,639 --> 02:28:41,440
It was planned. It was it was thrown into the culture,

2170
02:28:41,959 --> 02:28:46,760
it was put a switch was flipped, and we have

2171
02:28:46,920 --> 02:28:50,959
this attitude. All we have to do is flip the

2172
02:28:50,959 --> 02:28:53,840
switch in the other direction. All people have to do

2173
02:28:53,959 --> 02:28:58,520
is go no, no, no, I'm not no doing that. No.

2174
02:29:02,639 --> 02:29:04,639
I refer to the assertion that all men are equal

2175
02:29:04,719 --> 02:29:07,600
state are equal in the state of nature, meaning by

2176
02:29:07,600 --> 02:29:10,879
a state of nature, a state of individuality supposed to

2177
02:29:10,920 --> 02:29:13,879
have existed prior to the social and political state, and

2178
02:29:13,920 --> 02:29:16,719
in which men lived apart and independent of each other.

2179
02:29:17,200 --> 02:29:19,799
If such a state ever did exist, all men would

2180
02:29:19,799 --> 02:29:22,639
have been indeed free and equal in it. That is

2181
02:29:22,959 --> 02:29:25,159
free to do as they pleased, and exempt from the

2182
02:29:25,200 --> 02:29:29,120
authority of control of others, as by supposition it existed

2183
02:29:29,239 --> 02:29:35,319
anterior to society and government. But such a state is

2184
02:29:35,399 --> 02:29:41,520
purely hypothetical, not anymore, John, It never did, nor can exist,

2185
02:29:41,680 --> 02:29:45,200
as it is inconsistent with the preservation and perpetuation of

2186
02:29:45,280 --> 02:29:53,799
the race. It is therefore a great misnomer to call

2187
02:29:53,840 --> 02:29:56,680
it the state of nature, instead of being the natural

2188
02:29:56,680 --> 02:29:59,559
state of man. It is, of all conceivable states, the

2189
02:29:59,600 --> 02:30:03,040
most pose to his nature, most repugnant to his feelings,

2190
02:30:03,079 --> 02:30:06,879
and the most incompatible with his wants. His natural state

2191
02:30:07,159 --> 02:30:11,520
is the social and political, the one for which his

2192
02:30:11,559 --> 02:30:14,239
creator made him, and the only one in which he

2193
02:30:14,280 --> 02:30:18,479
can preserve and perfect his race. As then, there never

2194
02:30:18,639 --> 02:30:21,280
was such a state as the so called as the

2195
02:30:21,319 --> 02:30:24,600
so called state of nature, and never can be. It

2196
02:30:24,680 --> 02:30:27,600
follows that men, instead of being born in it, are

2197
02:30:27,600 --> 02:30:30,680
born in the social and political state, and of course,

2198
02:30:30,799 --> 02:30:34,120
instead of being born free and equal, are born subject

2199
02:30:34,200 --> 02:30:36,920
not only to parental authority, but to the laws and

2200
02:30:37,000 --> 02:30:40,959
institutions of the country where born, and under whose protection

2201
02:30:41,120 --> 02:30:44,280
they draw their first blood. With these remarks, I returned

2202
02:30:44,319 --> 02:30:48,600
from this digression to resume the thread of the discourse,

2203
02:30:51,920 --> 02:30:59,200
give another drink. It follows from all that has been

2204
02:30:59,239 --> 02:31:02,959
said that the more perfectly a government combines power and liberty,

2205
02:31:03,239 --> 02:31:06,239
that is, the greater its power, and the more enlarged

2206
02:31:06,280 --> 02:31:09,319
and secure the liberty of individuals, the more perfectly it

2207
02:31:09,399 --> 02:31:13,559
fulfills the ends for which government is ordained to show, then,

2208
02:31:13,879 --> 02:31:16,920
that the government of the concurrent majority is better calculated

2209
02:31:16,959 --> 02:31:20,399
to fulfill them them than that of the Nu Miracle.

2210
02:31:20,479 --> 02:31:23,239
It is only necessary to explain why the former is

2211
02:31:23,280 --> 02:31:26,319
better suited to combine a higher degree of power and

2212
02:31:26,360 --> 02:31:29,159
a wider scope of liberty than the latter. I shall

2213
02:31:29,200 --> 02:31:34,040
begin with the former. The concurrent majority, then, is better

2214
02:31:34,040 --> 02:31:37,120
suited to enlarge and secure the bounds of liberty, because

2215
02:31:37,159 --> 02:31:39,639
it is better suited to present and prevent government from

2216
02:31:39,760 --> 02:31:43,799
passing beyond its proper limits, and to restrict it to

2217
02:31:43,840 --> 02:31:47,440
its primary end, the protection of the community. But in

2218
02:31:47,520 --> 02:31:51,239
doing this it leaves necessarily all beyond it open and

2219
02:31:51,280 --> 02:31:55,079
free to individual exertions, and thus enlarges and secures the

2220
02:31:55,120 --> 02:31:58,200
sphere of liberty to the greatest extent which the condition

2221
02:31:58,319 --> 02:32:02,559
of the community will admit. As has been explained, the

2222
02:32:02,600 --> 02:32:05,319
tendency of governments to pass beyond its proper limits is

2223
02:32:05,360 --> 02:32:09,280
what exposes liberty to danger and renders it insecure. And

2224
02:32:09,360 --> 02:32:12,719
it is the strong counteraction of governments and the concurrent

2225
02:32:12,799 --> 02:32:16,520
majority to this tendency which makes them so favorable to

2226
02:32:16,600 --> 02:32:20,280
liberty on the contrary those of the numerical instead of

2227
02:32:20,280 --> 02:32:26,000
opposing and counteracting this tendency, add to it increased strength

2228
02:32:26,120 --> 02:32:29,360
in consequence of the violent party struggles incident to them,

2229
02:32:29,719 --> 02:32:33,360
as has been fully explained, and hence their recroachments on

2230
02:32:33,399 --> 02:32:36,280
liberty and the danger to which it is exposed under

2231
02:32:36,360 --> 02:32:40,600
such governments. So great, indeed is the difference between the

2232
02:32:40,639 --> 02:32:43,479
two in this respect, that liberty is little more than

2233
02:32:43,479 --> 02:32:47,200
a name under all governments of the absolute form, including

2234
02:32:47,239 --> 02:32:50,520
that of the numerical majority, and can only have a secure,

2235
02:32:50,639 --> 02:32:55,040
endurable existence under those of the concurrent or constitutional form.

2236
02:33:00,920 --> 02:33:04,959
The latter, by giving to each portion of the community

2237
02:33:05,000 --> 02:33:08,479
which may be unequally affected by its action a negative

2238
02:33:08,520 --> 02:33:12,239
on the others, prevents all partial or local legislation, and

2239
02:33:12,280 --> 02:33:15,239
restricts its action to such measures as are designed for

2240
02:33:15,280 --> 02:33:18,440
the protection and the good of the whole. In doing this,

2241
02:33:18,600 --> 02:33:21,319
it secures, at the same time the rights and liberties

2242
02:33:21,360 --> 02:33:25,280
of the people regarded individually, as each portion consists of

2243
02:33:25,319 --> 02:33:29,040
those who, whatever may be the diversity of interests among themselves,

2244
02:33:29,440 --> 02:33:32,079
have the same interest in reference to the action of

2245
02:33:32,159 --> 02:33:35,799
the government. Such being the case, the interest of each

2246
02:33:35,879 --> 02:33:39,879
individual may be safely confided to the majority or voice

2247
02:33:39,879 --> 02:33:43,000
of his portion, against that of all others, and of

2248
02:33:43,040 --> 02:33:46,719
course the government itself. It is only through an organism

2249
02:33:46,760 --> 02:33:50,799
which vests each with a negative in in some one

2250
02:33:50,879 --> 02:33:53,719
form or another, that those who have like interest in

2251
02:33:53,760 --> 02:33:57,000
preventing the government from passing beyond its proper sphere and

2252
02:33:57,159 --> 02:34:00,440
encroaching on the rights and liberties of individuals can operate

2253
02:34:00,520 --> 02:34:05,799
peacefully and effectually in resisting the encroachments of power, and

2254
02:34:05,840 --> 02:34:10,479
therefore reserve their rights and liberty. Individual resistance is too feeble,

2255
02:34:10,719 --> 02:34:14,680
and the difficulty of concert and cooperation too great unaided

2256
02:34:14,719 --> 02:34:18,760
by such an organism to oppose successfully the organized power

2257
02:34:18,760 --> 02:34:21,319
of government, with all the means of the community at

2258
02:34:21,319 --> 02:34:26,840
its disposable at its disposal, especially in populist county countries

2259
02:34:27,040 --> 02:34:32,719
of great extent, where concert and cooperation are almost impossible.

2260
02:34:33,360 --> 02:34:35,479
Even when the oppression of the government comes to be

2261
02:34:35,559 --> 02:34:38,200
too great to be born, and forces resorted to in

2262
02:34:38,319 --> 02:34:41,479
order to overthrow it, the result is rarely ever followed

2263
02:34:41,479 --> 02:34:46,520
by the establishment of liberty. The force sufficient to overthrow

2264
02:34:46,559 --> 02:34:50,159
an oppressive government is usually sufficient to establish one equally

2265
02:34:51,399 --> 02:34:56,520
more oppressively in its place, or more oppressively in its place. Sorry,

2266
02:34:57,120 --> 02:35:00,120
and hence, in no governments except those that wrest on

2267
02:35:00,159 --> 02:35:03,520
the principle of the concurrent or constitutional majority, can the

2268
02:35:03,520 --> 02:35:07,120
people guard their liberty against power, and hence, also, when lost,

2269
02:35:08,200 --> 02:35:11,399
the great difficulty and uncertainty of regaining it by force.

2270
02:35:12,959 --> 02:35:14,639
This is where we are. This is where we've been

2271
02:35:14,639 --> 02:35:19,600
for a long time. So it may be further affirmed

2272
02:35:19,600 --> 02:35:23,319
that being more favorable to the enlargement and security of liberty,

2273
02:35:23,559 --> 02:35:29,040
governments of the concurrent must necessarily be more favorable to progress, development, improvement,

2274
02:35:29,200 --> 02:35:32,680
and civilization, and of course to the increase of power

2275
02:35:32,719 --> 02:35:36,920
which results from and depends on these, than those of

2276
02:35:36,920 --> 02:35:40,639
the numerical majority. That it is liberty which gives to

2277
02:35:40,680 --> 02:35:44,000
them their greatest impulse has already been shown, and it

2278
02:35:44,079 --> 02:35:47,879
now remains to show that these in turn contribute greatly

2279
02:35:47,920 --> 02:35:54,840
to the increase of power. In the earlier stages of society,

2280
02:35:55,360 --> 02:35:59,680
numbers and individual prowess constituted the principal elements of power

2281
02:36:00,079 --> 02:36:03,840
in a more advanced stage, when communities had passed from

2282
02:36:03,879 --> 02:36:07,799
the barbarous to the civilized state, discipline, strategy, weapons of

2283
02:36:07,840 --> 02:36:10,840
increased power, and money as a means of meeting increased

2284
02:36:10,879 --> 02:36:15,840
expense became additional and important elements. In this stage, the

2285
02:36:15,879 --> 02:36:19,639
effects of progress and improvement on the increase of power

2286
02:36:20,000 --> 02:36:23,719
began to be disclosed. But still numbers and personal prowess

2287
02:36:23,799 --> 02:36:27,559
were sufficient for a long period to enable barbarous nations

2288
02:36:27,600 --> 02:36:30,680
to contend successfully with the civilized and in the end

2289
02:36:30,719 --> 02:36:35,440
to overpower them, as the pages of history abundantly testify.

2290
02:36:35,799 --> 02:36:40,200
But a more advanced progress, with its numerous inventions and improvements,

2291
02:36:40,520 --> 02:36:44,159
has furnished new and far more powerful and destructive implements

2292
02:36:44,159 --> 02:36:47,959
of offense and defense, and greatly increased the intelligence and

2293
02:36:48,000 --> 02:36:51,639
wealth necessary to engage the skill and meet the increased

2294
02:36:51,680 --> 02:36:56,239
expense required for their construction and application to purposes of war.

2295
02:36:57,200 --> 02:37:00,159
The discovery of gunpowder and the use of steam as

2296
02:37:00,159 --> 02:37:03,879
an impelling force, and their applications to military purposes, have

2297
02:37:04,000 --> 02:37:08,200
forever settled the question of acendency between civilized and barbarous

2298
02:37:08,239 --> 02:37:13,000
communities in favor of the former. Indeed, these, with other

2299
02:37:13,040 --> 02:37:16,280
improvements belonging to the present state, of progress have given

2300
02:37:16,319 --> 02:37:20,239
to communities to most advanced a superiority over the least,

2301
02:37:20,360 --> 02:37:23,360
so almost as great as that of the latter over

2302
02:37:23,399 --> 02:37:27,280
the brute creation. And among the civilized, the same causes

2303
02:37:27,319 --> 02:37:31,159
have decided the question of superiority, where other circumstances are

2304
02:37:31,200 --> 02:37:34,600
nearly equal, in favor of those whose governments have given

2305
02:37:34,639 --> 02:37:39,120
the greatest impulse to develop progress and improvement, that is,

2306
02:37:39,319 --> 02:37:42,639
to those whose liberty is the largest and best secured.

2307
02:37:50,079 --> 02:37:53,799
Among these, England and the United States affords striking examples

2308
02:37:54,120 --> 02:37:57,120
not only of the effects of liberty and increasing power,

2309
02:37:57,479 --> 02:38:00,520
but of the more perfect adaptation of government is founded

2310
02:38:00,559 --> 02:38:03,959
on the principle of the concurrent or constitutional majority to

2311
02:38:04,159 --> 02:38:08,760
enlarge and secure liberty. They are both governments of this description,

2312
02:38:09,200 --> 02:38:12,600
as will be shown hereafter. But in estimating the power

2313
02:38:12,600 --> 02:38:16,639
of a community, moral as well as physical causes must

2314
02:38:16,719 --> 02:38:20,079
be taken into the calculation, and in estimating the effects

2315
02:38:20,120 --> 02:38:22,719
of liberty on power, it must not be overlooked that

2316
02:38:22,920 --> 02:38:27,479
in it that it is in itself an important agent

2317
02:38:27,520 --> 02:38:30,680
in augmenting the force of a moral as well as

2318
02:38:30,719 --> 02:38:36,280
of physical power. It bestows on a people elevation, self reliance, energy,

2319
02:38:36,319 --> 02:38:40,280
and enthusiasm. And these combinents give to the physical power

2320
02:38:40,399 --> 02:38:47,479
of vastly augmented and almost irresistible impetus. These, however, are

2321
02:38:47,520 --> 02:38:50,520
not the only elements of moral power. There are others,

2322
02:38:50,719 --> 02:38:55,120
and among them harmony, unanimity, devotion to country, and a

2323
02:38:55,159 --> 02:38:58,319
disposition to elevate to places of trust and power. Those

2324
02:38:58,360 --> 02:39:02,479
who are distinguished for wisdom and experience these, when the

2325
02:39:02,479 --> 02:39:06,639
occasion requires it, will, without compulsion, and from their very nature,

2326
02:39:06,879 --> 02:39:09,479
unite and put forth the entire force of the community

2327
02:39:09,520 --> 02:39:13,479
in the most efficient manner, without hazard to its institutions

2328
02:39:13,639 --> 02:39:20,239
or its liberty. We could only wish all these causes

2329
02:39:20,239 --> 02:39:24,399
combined give to a community its maximum power. Either of

2330
02:39:24,440 --> 02:39:28,559
them without the other will leave it comparatively feeble. But

2331
02:39:28,680 --> 02:39:31,840
it cannot be necessary. But it cannot be necessary, after

2332
02:39:31,879 --> 02:39:35,280
what has been stated, to enter into any further explanation

2333
02:39:35,399 --> 02:39:39,600
or argument, in order to establish the superiority of governments

2334
02:39:39,639 --> 02:39:43,000
of the concurrent majority over the numerical in developing the

2335
02:39:43,040 --> 02:39:46,879
great elements of moral power, so vast is the superiority

2336
02:39:47,000 --> 02:39:51,040
that the one, by its operation, necessarily leads to their development,

2337
02:39:51,319 --> 02:39:54,559
while the other as necessarily prevents it. As has been

2338
02:39:54,600 --> 02:39:59,159
fully shown, such are the many and striking advantages of

2339
02:39:59,200 --> 02:40:02,879
the concurrent over the numerical majority against the former. But

2340
02:40:02,959 --> 02:40:06,360
two objections can be made. The one is that it

2341
02:40:06,399 --> 02:40:09,879
is difficult of construction, which has already been sufficiently noticed,

2342
02:40:10,159 --> 02:40:13,200
and the other that it would be impracticable to obtain

2343
02:40:13,280 --> 02:40:17,520
the concurrence of conflicting interests where there were numerous and diversified,

2344
02:40:17,799 --> 02:40:21,479
or if not, that the process for this purpose would

2345
02:40:21,520 --> 02:40:24,959
be too tardy to meet with sufficient promptness the many

2346
02:40:25,000 --> 02:40:29,120
and dangerous emergencies to which all communities are exposed. This

2347
02:40:29,239 --> 02:40:32,799
objection is plausible and deserves a further notice than it

2348
02:40:32,840 --> 02:40:37,920
has yet received. The diversity of opinion is usually so

2349
02:40:38,040 --> 02:40:40,680
great on almost all questions of policy that it is

2350
02:40:40,719 --> 02:40:43,440
not surprising on a slight view of the subject, it

2351
02:40:43,479 --> 02:40:47,239
should be thought impracticable to bring the various conflicting interests

2352
02:40:47,239 --> 02:40:50,079
of a community to unite on any one line of policy,

2353
02:40:50,520 --> 02:40:53,319
or that a government founded on such a principle would

2354
02:40:53,360 --> 02:40:55,639
be too slow in its movements and too weak in

2355
02:40:55,680 --> 02:40:59,360
its foundation to succeed in practice. But plausible as it

2356
02:40:59,399 --> 02:41:02,799
may seem at the first glance, a more deliberate view

2357
02:41:02,840 --> 02:41:06,399
will show that this opinion is erroneous. It is true

2358
02:41:06,520 --> 02:41:09,520
that when there is no urgent necessity, it is difficult

2359
02:41:09,520 --> 02:41:12,239
to bring those who differ to agree on any one

2360
02:41:12,319 --> 02:41:16,040
line of action. Each will naturally insist on taking the

2361
02:41:16,040 --> 02:41:20,399
course he thinks best, and from pride of opinion, will

2362
02:41:20,440 --> 02:41:23,120
be unwilling to yield to others. But the case is

2363
02:41:23,159 --> 02:41:26,840
different when there is an urgent necessity to unite on

2364
02:41:26,879 --> 02:41:30,319
a common cause of action. As reason and experience both

2365
02:41:30,399 --> 02:41:34,040
prove when something must be done and when it can

2366
02:41:34,120 --> 02:41:37,159
be done only by the united consent of all, the

2367
02:41:37,200 --> 02:41:40,280
necessity of the case will force to a compromise, be

2368
02:41:40,360 --> 02:41:43,639
the cause of that necessity. What it may on all

2369
02:41:43,760 --> 02:41:47,959
questions of acting, necessity on all questions of acting necessity

2370
02:41:48,239 --> 02:41:52,040
where it exists is the overruling motive, and where in

2371
02:41:52,079 --> 02:41:55,799
such cases compromise among the parties is an indispensable condition

2372
02:41:55,920 --> 02:41:59,760
to acting. It exerts an overruling influence in predisposing them

2373
02:41:59,799 --> 02:42:03,680
to acquiescence in some one for opinion or court course

2374
02:42:03,719 --> 02:42:08,159
of action. Experience furnishes many examples in confirmation of this

2375
02:42:08,200 --> 02:42:11,120
important truth. Among these, to trial by jury is the

2376
02:42:11,159 --> 02:42:14,559
most familiar, and on that account will be selected for illustration.

2377
02:42:15,479 --> 02:42:18,440
This just goes back to when you get attacked. Nine

2378
02:42:18,440 --> 02:42:24,079
to eleven, everybody comes together. But really the best course

2379
02:42:24,159 --> 02:42:28,120
of action here is what Rome did. Put one person

2380
02:42:28,159 --> 02:42:34,840
in charge until the condition was met dealt with in

2381
02:42:34,879 --> 02:42:41,959
my opinion, in these twelve individuals selected without discrimination. That's

2382
02:42:42,040 --> 02:42:47,040
not true, must unanimously concur in opinion, under the obligations

2383
02:42:47,040 --> 02:42:50,079
of an oath to find a true verdict according to

2384
02:42:50,159 --> 02:42:54,000
law and evidence. And this too, not unfrequently, under such

2385
02:42:54,040 --> 02:42:57,360
great difficulty and doubt that the ablest and most experienced

2386
02:42:57,440 --> 02:43:01,360
judge and advocates differ in opinion after careful examination. And

2387
02:43:01,440 --> 02:43:04,319
yet as impracticable as this mode of trial would seem

2388
02:43:04,360 --> 02:43:07,840
to a superficial observer, it is found in practice not

2389
02:43:07,879 --> 02:43:10,959
only to succeed, but to be the safest, the wisest,

2390
02:43:11,000 --> 02:43:15,000
and the best that human enguity has ever devised. When

2391
02:43:15,040 --> 02:43:18,159
closely investigated, the cause will be found in the necessity

2392
02:43:18,559 --> 02:43:21,360
under which the jury is placed to agree unanimously in

2393
02:43:21,479 --> 02:43:24,639
order to find a verdict, The necessity access to as

2394
02:43:24,719 --> 02:43:28,680
the predisposing cause of concurrence in some common opinion, and

2395
02:43:28,719 --> 02:43:32,079
with such efficacy that a jury rarely fails to find

2396
02:43:32,120 --> 02:43:35,479
a verdict. The problem you have with that now is

2397
02:43:35,479 --> 02:43:37,559
is that you say, oh, I'm going to get a

2398
02:43:37,639 --> 02:43:39,600
jury of my peers. Really, am I going to get

2399
02:43:39,600 --> 02:43:46,120
a jury at twelve podcasters, twelve podcasters that I've had

2400
02:43:46,159 --> 02:43:49,360
on the show before, Or am I going to get

2401
02:43:50,239 --> 02:43:54,200
to people who emigrate to Hear from India, to people

2402
02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:57,719
who emigrate to Hear from Asia a couple who may

2403
02:43:57,680 --> 02:44:01,159
have walked over the border a year ago. Is that

2404
02:44:01,239 --> 02:44:03,280
what happens? And then if you want to have a

2405
02:44:03,360 --> 02:44:06,559
jury trial, they say, okay, well here's the thing. You're

2406
02:44:06,600 --> 02:44:09,239
looking at twenty years for this act, whatever it is,

2407
02:44:09,760 --> 02:44:12,600
but we'll give you three years if you take this plea.

2408
02:44:12,719 --> 02:44:15,000
If you don't take the plea, you're getting the whole

2409
02:44:15,040 --> 02:44:17,639
twenty if it goes to trial, and they scare the

2410
02:44:17,639 --> 02:44:23,399
shit out of people. If everybody, I remember Monica Perez

2411
02:44:23,399 --> 02:44:26,000
said a few years ago, if everybody just decided screw it,

2412
02:44:26,000 --> 02:44:28,319
we're going to do a jury trial, it would the

2413
02:44:28,399 --> 02:44:32,239
system would I wouldn't know what to do. I wouldn't

2414
02:44:32,239 --> 02:44:35,399
know what to do. That would be a I guess

2415
02:44:35,959 --> 02:44:37,520
I was gonna say, that'd be a whole lot easier

2416
02:44:37,559 --> 02:44:40,239
than oh, we just get everybody to stop paying taxes

2417
02:44:40,319 --> 02:44:42,360
and or everything like that. But it wouldn't be easy

2418
02:44:42,399 --> 02:44:47,319
because people the masses can't the masses can't coordinate, the

2419
02:44:47,319 --> 02:44:52,799
masses can't plan together, the masses can't organize. So stuck

2420
02:44:52,840 --> 02:44:57,600
with this. But I guess at this time it was

2421
02:44:58,360 --> 02:44:59,680
it was good to be on in jury. It was

2422
02:44:59,719 --> 02:45:03,360
good to have a jury trial. I guess. Under its

2423
02:45:03,360 --> 02:45:06,399
potent influence, the jurors take their seats with a disposition

2424
02:45:06,520 --> 02:45:09,000
to give a fair and impartial hearing to the arguments

2425
02:45:09,000 --> 02:45:11,719
on both sides meet together in the jury room, not

2426
02:45:11,799 --> 02:45:15,040
as dispute, not as disputants, but calmly to hear the

2427
02:45:15,040 --> 02:45:17,399
opinions of each other, and to compare in way the

2428
02:45:17,520 --> 02:45:20,360
arguments on which they are founded, and finally to adopt

2429
02:45:20,399 --> 02:45:23,159
that which, on the whole is thought to be true. Yeah,

2430
02:45:23,280 --> 02:45:28,280
in a monocultural society and a homogeneous society, sure that

2431
02:45:28,360 --> 02:45:32,959
could happen under the influence of this disposition to harmonize

2432
02:45:33,200 --> 02:45:37,479
one after another falls into the same opinion until unanimity

2433
02:45:37,559 --> 02:45:43,000
is obtained. Hence its practice practicability, and hence also its

2434
02:45:43,040 --> 02:45:46,559
peculiar excellence. Nothing, indeed, can be more favorable to the

2435
02:45:46,600 --> 02:45:50,479
success of truth and justice than this predisposing influence caused

2436
02:45:50,479 --> 02:45:53,680
by the necessity of being unanimous. It is so much

2437
02:45:53,719 --> 02:45:56,760
so as to compensate for the defect of legal knowledge

2438
02:45:57,000 --> 02:45:59,239
and a high degree of intelligence on the part of

2439
02:45:59,280 --> 02:46:04,440
those who usually composed juries. Composed juries. But I mean,

2440
02:46:05,000 --> 02:46:07,399
even if the person on a jury at this time

2441
02:46:07,479 --> 02:46:13,680
weren't weren't book learned, they would know how to milk

2442
02:46:13,719 --> 02:46:17,680
a cow, build a fence, do things like that. These

2443
02:46:17,719 --> 02:46:22,840
aren't unintelligent people. They just may not be able to quote.

2444
02:46:23,680 --> 02:46:26,079
They may not be able to quote Adam Smith or

2445
02:46:26,120 --> 02:46:30,479
some other jackass from back then. If the necessity of

2446
02:46:30,559 --> 02:46:33,520
unanimity were dispensed with and the finding of a jury

2447
02:46:33,520 --> 02:46:37,239
made to depend on a bare majority, jury trial, instead

2448
02:46:37,280 --> 02:46:40,440
of being one of the greatest improvements in the judicial

2449
02:46:40,479 --> 02:46:43,360
development of government, would be one of the greatest evils

2450
02:46:43,399 --> 02:46:46,639
that could be inflicted on the community. It would be

2451
02:46:47,040 --> 02:46:50,680
in such case the conduit through which all the factious

2452
02:46:50,799 --> 02:46:53,879
feelings of the day would enter and contaminate justice at

2453
02:46:53,920 --> 02:46:59,600
its source. But the same cause would act would still

2454
02:46:59,680 --> 02:47:02,719
great or force in predisposing the various interests of the

2455
02:47:02,719 --> 02:47:06,040
community to agree in a well organized government founded on

2456
02:47:06,079 --> 02:47:10,639
the concurrent majority. The necessity for unanimity in order to

2457
02:47:10,719 --> 02:47:13,319
keep the government in motion would be far more urgent

2458
02:47:13,440 --> 02:47:17,680
would act, would act under circumstances so more favorable to

2459
02:47:17,719 --> 02:47:21,680
secure it, it would be superfluous after what has been stated,

2460
02:47:21,959 --> 02:47:24,639
to add any other reasons in order to show that

2461
02:47:24,680 --> 02:47:29,239
no necessity, physical or moral, can be more imperial, more

2462
02:47:29,280 --> 02:47:32,360
imperious than that of government. It is so much so

2463
02:47:32,440 --> 02:47:36,520
that to suspend its action altogether, even for an inconsiderable period,

2464
02:47:36,760 --> 02:47:41,120
would subject the government with the community to convulsions and anarchy.

2465
02:47:41,440 --> 02:47:45,319
But in governments of the concurrent majority, such fatal consequences

2466
02:47:45,360 --> 02:47:49,040
can only be avoided by the unanimous concurrence or acquiescence

2467
02:47:49,079 --> 02:47:51,879
of the various portions of the community, such as the

2468
02:47:51,920 --> 02:47:56,280
imperious character of the necessity which impels to compromise under

2469
02:47:56,319 --> 02:48:01,000
governments of this description. But to have a just conception

2470
02:48:01,120 --> 02:48:05,399
of the overpowering influence it would exert, the circumstances under

2471
02:48:05,399 --> 02:48:09,440
which it would act must be taken into consideration. These

2472
02:48:09,479 --> 02:48:12,840
will be found, on comparison, much more favorable than those

2473
02:48:13,120 --> 02:48:15,799
under which juries act. In the latter case, there is

2474
02:48:15,840 --> 02:48:19,479
nothing besides the necessity of unanimity in finding a verdict,

2475
02:48:19,680 --> 02:48:22,600
and the inconvenience to which they might be subjected in

2476
02:48:22,680 --> 02:48:26,000
the events of a division, to induce juries to agree,

2477
02:48:26,319 --> 02:48:29,479
except the love of truth and justice, which was not

2478
02:48:29,639 --> 02:48:34,440
counteracted by some improper motive or bias, more or less influences,

2479
02:48:34,520 --> 02:48:38,239
all not expecting the most depraved. In the case of

2480
02:48:38,319 --> 02:48:41,879
governments of the concurrent majority, there is besides these the

2481
02:48:41,920 --> 02:48:45,840
love of country than which it was if not counteracted

2482
02:48:45,879 --> 02:48:49,399
by the unequal and oppressive active government or other causes.

2483
02:48:49,600 --> 02:48:55,559
Few motives exert a greater sway. It comprehends, indeed within itself,

2484
02:48:55,760 --> 02:48:58,920
a large portion both of our individual and social feelings,

2485
02:48:59,000 --> 02:49:02,760
and hence it almost its almost boundless control when left

2486
02:49:02,760 --> 02:49:05,600
free to act. But the government of the concurrent majority

2487
02:49:05,680 --> 02:49:09,120
leaves it free by preventing abuse and oppression, and with

2488
02:49:09,280 --> 02:49:12,280
them the whole train of feelings and passions which leads

2489
02:49:12,319 --> 02:49:15,680
to discord and conflict between different portions of the community.

2490
02:49:16,319 --> 02:49:21,680
Impelled by the imperious necessity of preventing the suspension of

2491
02:49:21,760 --> 02:49:24,879
the action of government with the fatal consequences to which

2492
02:49:24,879 --> 02:49:27,959
it would lead, and by strong additional impulse derived from

2493
02:49:28,000 --> 02:49:31,239
an ardent love of country, each portion would regard the

2494
02:49:31,280 --> 02:49:35,399
sacrifice it might have to make by yielding its particular

2495
02:49:35,440 --> 02:49:39,000
peculiar interest to secure the common interest and safety of all,

2496
02:49:39,399 --> 02:49:42,559
including its own as nothing compared to the evils that

2497
02:49:42,600 --> 02:49:48,319
would be inflicted on all, including its own, by by

2498
02:49:48,559 --> 02:49:55,680
pretend pertainness, pretentishly adhering to a different line of action.

2499
02:49:56,479 --> 02:49:59,600
So powerful, indeed, would be the motives for concurring, and

2500
02:49:59,680 --> 02:50:03,799
under such circumstances, so weak would be those who oppose it.

2501
02:50:04,200 --> 02:50:07,159
The wonder would be not that there should be but

2502
02:50:07,200 --> 02:50:11,559
that there should not be a compromise. I think I'm

2503
02:50:11,559 --> 02:50:17,000
gonna stop right there. I mean, he goes back and forth,

2504
02:50:17,040 --> 02:50:21,200
He makes these incredible points, shows you what government can become,

2505
02:50:21,600 --> 02:50:24,360
shows you, know, you see what jury can become. He's

2506
02:50:24,399 --> 02:50:28,280
talking about these juries, and then he talks about how, well,

2507
02:50:28,319 --> 02:50:36,200
if it's just done this way, everything's fine. Well I

2508
02:50:36,239 --> 02:50:40,159
think we tried that, So all right, I'll be back

2509
02:50:40,200 --> 02:50:43,959
for part four. Like I've been saying at the end

2510
02:50:44,040 --> 02:50:48,639
of these, if you've been getting ads throughout this and

2511
02:50:48,959 --> 02:50:51,680
if you wish to not receive, if you wish to

2512
02:50:51,719 --> 02:50:56,040
get these episodes without ads, subscribe. You can go to

2513
02:50:56,079 --> 02:50:59,920
Freemanbeyond the Wall dot com forward Slash Support. You can

2514
02:51:00,120 --> 02:51:04,719
subscribe through my website right there. You can subscribe through

2515
02:51:04,799 --> 02:51:10,040
subscribe Star still have a Patreon substack, and I added

2516
02:51:10,120 --> 02:51:12,159
gum Road because I know a lot of people like

2517
02:51:12,239 --> 02:51:15,200
to use gum Road on our side of things. So yep,

2518
02:51:15,639 --> 02:51:19,760
that's it. Please support the show if you can and

2519
02:51:20,399 --> 02:51:24,639
be back for episode four in a couple days. Thank

2520
02:51:24,680 --> 02:51:29,399
you very much, Take care. I want to welcome everyone

2521
02:51:29,479 --> 02:51:33,600
back to part four of my reading of John C.

2522
02:51:33,760 --> 02:51:37,159
Calhoun's A Disquisition on Government. Should be able to knock

2523
02:51:37,200 --> 02:51:39,760
this out in two more, this one and one more.

2524
02:51:40,760 --> 02:51:45,680
And there was a question from the last episode on

2525
02:51:45,840 --> 02:51:50,559
what exactly does Calhoun mean by a concurrent government? And

2526
02:51:50,600 --> 02:51:54,000
you will see when I wrote, I made some notes

2527
02:51:54,040 --> 02:51:58,440
on it to give a basically a brief analysis of

2528
02:51:58,520 --> 02:52:04,719
what he sees at as would be able to prevent

2529
02:52:05,200 --> 02:52:10,799
the majority quote unquote democratic from subjugating the minority. So

2530
02:52:11,920 --> 02:52:15,520
you know what basically does he mean by concurrent So

2531
02:52:16,000 --> 02:52:22,200
he's he's looking at it consists of voices of conflicting

2532
02:52:22,360 --> 02:52:25,920
interests which are given veto powers against each other in

2533
02:52:26,000 --> 02:52:33,760
a way that basically qualitative and quantitative features exist, So

2534
02:52:34,000 --> 02:52:38,399
any government action can only be taken with widespread consents

2535
02:52:38,440 --> 02:52:41,840
across basically all the structor sectors and strata of government.

2536
02:52:43,200 --> 02:52:48,760
So he basically said that the an organism can more

2537
02:52:48,799 --> 02:52:52,920
fully collect the sense of the community and therefore aid

2538
02:52:53,040 --> 02:52:57,360
and perfect the right of suffrage. So you can see

2539
02:52:57,399 --> 02:53:01,399
how really this would almost have to be brought down

2540
02:53:01,440 --> 02:53:05,559
to the local level unless you are well, well, you're

2541
02:53:05,600 --> 02:53:08,520
gonna have lobbies things like that. One of the reasons

2542
02:53:08,520 --> 02:53:13,559
I think I've said this before I wanted to read

2543
02:53:13,639 --> 02:53:16,159
this is because, you know, it talks about our government.

2544
02:53:16,280 --> 02:53:19,719
It talks about the system of government that we probably

2545
02:53:19,799 --> 02:53:22,680
recognize the most. But it also he does a great

2546
02:53:22,799 --> 02:53:27,559
job in sections of showing why it doesn't work. So yeah,

2547
02:53:27,920 --> 02:53:31,399
and the concurrent majority is one of those things that

2548
02:53:32,360 --> 02:53:34,959
once you understand that, you're like, yeah, well, how would

2549
02:53:34,959 --> 02:53:37,040
you even how would that even work? Now you don't

2550
02:53:37,040 --> 02:53:43,040
even have there's not even a foundation of subjective truth

2551
02:53:43,239 --> 02:53:49,120
or I mean of objective truth or morality. I mean

2552
02:53:49,120 --> 02:53:53,959
we're basically at war because of that. So yeah, no,

2553
02:53:54,600 --> 02:53:57,840
it's not going to work. But I still think finishing

2554
02:53:57,879 --> 02:54:01,920
this and reading it in the first place helps because

2555
02:54:02,680 --> 02:54:06,520
in my opinion, he was the greatest political thinker, probably

2556
02:54:06,680 --> 02:54:11,000
when it comes to political theory, the greatest American political thinker.

2557
02:54:11,280 --> 02:54:14,719
So yeah, right, I'm going to continue reading the great

2558
02:54:14,719 --> 02:54:17,159
Page sixty nine and I'm going to pick up where

2559
02:54:17,200 --> 02:54:21,959
I left off. But to form adjuster that should be

2560
02:54:22,799 --> 02:54:25,600
why do I want to scream more? Just? But to

2561
02:54:25,719 --> 02:54:28,280
form a justter estimate of the full force of the

2562
02:54:28,360 --> 02:54:31,879
impulse to compromise. There must be added that in that

2563
02:54:32,200 --> 02:54:36,319
in governments of the concurrent majority, each portion, in advance

2564
02:54:36,360 --> 02:54:40,440
to in order to advance its own peculiar interests, would

2565
02:54:40,440 --> 02:54:43,959
have to conciliate all others by showing a disposition to

2566
02:54:44,079 --> 02:54:48,239
advance theirs. And for this purpose each would select those

2567
02:54:48,280 --> 02:54:52,840
to represent it whose wisdom, patriotism, and weight of character

2568
02:54:52,879 --> 02:54:58,040
would command the confidence of the others. Leaders that everybody

2569
02:54:58,079 --> 02:55:03,000
can agree upon. Natural elites maybe Hans Herman Hoppa might

2570
02:55:03,040 --> 02:55:08,799
call them, but you're talking about elites here. Under its influence,

2571
02:55:08,840 --> 02:55:12,360
and with representatives so well qualified to accomplish the object

2572
02:55:12,399 --> 02:55:15,479
for which they were collected, the prevailing desire would be

2573
02:55:15,680 --> 02:55:17,959
to promote the common interest of the whole, And hence

2574
02:55:18,040 --> 02:55:21,440
the competition would be not which should yield the least

2575
02:55:21,479 --> 02:55:24,399
to promote the common good, but which should yield the most.

2576
02:55:25,079 --> 02:55:28,079
It is thus that concession would cease to be considered

2577
02:55:28,120 --> 02:55:31,239
a sacrifice, would become a free will offering on the

2578
02:55:31,280 --> 02:55:34,280
altar of the country and lose the name of compromise.

2579
02:55:34,879 --> 02:55:37,719
And herein is to be found the feature which distinguishes

2580
02:55:37,840 --> 02:55:40,760
governments of the concurrent majority so strikingly from those of

2581
02:55:40,799 --> 02:55:44,920
the numerical In the latter, each faction in the struggles

2582
02:55:44,920 --> 02:55:48,200
to obtain the control of the government elevates the power

2583
02:55:48,319 --> 02:55:52,159
to designating the artful and unscrupulous, who, in their devotion

2584
02:55:52,280 --> 02:55:54,559
to party, instead of aiming at the good of the whole,

2585
02:55:55,000 --> 02:56:01,239
aim exclusively at securing the ascendency of the party. When

2586
02:56:01,280 --> 02:56:03,959
traced to its source, this difference will be found to

2587
02:56:04,040 --> 02:56:07,600
originate in the fact that in governments of the concurrent majority,

2588
02:56:07,719 --> 02:56:12,200
individual feelings are from its organism necessarily enlisted on the

2589
02:56:12,239 --> 02:56:15,159
side of the social and made to unite with them

2590
02:56:15,600 --> 02:56:18,239
in promoting the interests of the whole as the best

2591
02:56:18,239 --> 02:56:21,680
way of promoting the separate interests of each, while in

2592
02:56:21,719 --> 02:56:25,680
those of the numerical majority, the social are necessarily enlisted

2593
02:56:25,719 --> 02:56:28,600
on the side of the individual and made to contribute

2594
02:56:28,600 --> 02:56:31,760
to interest the interest of parties regardless of that of

2595
02:56:31,799 --> 02:56:37,200
the whole. To affect the former, to enlist the individual

2596
02:56:37,200 --> 02:56:39,200
on the side of the social feelings to promote the

2597
02:56:39,239 --> 02:56:42,000
good of the whole is the greatest possible achievement of

2598
02:56:42,000 --> 02:56:45,120
the science of government, while to enlist the social on

2599
02:56:45,159 --> 02:56:47,200
the side of the individual, to promote the interest of

2600
02:56:47,280 --> 02:56:49,319
parties at the expense of the good of the whole

2601
02:56:49,920 --> 02:56:54,120
is the greatest blunder which ignorance can possibly commit. And

2602
02:56:54,200 --> 02:57:02,200
yet that's where we are to. This also may be

2603
02:57:02,360 --> 02:57:06,239
referred the greatest solidity of foundation on which governments or

2604
02:57:06,280 --> 02:57:11,360
the concurrent majority repose. Both ultimately rest on necessity for

2605
02:57:11,360 --> 02:57:14,879
force by which those the numerical majority are upheld, and

2606
02:57:15,280 --> 02:57:22,440
is only acquiesced in from necessity, a necessity not more imperious, however,

2607
02:57:22,799 --> 02:57:25,920
than that which compels the different portions in governments of

2608
02:57:26,000 --> 02:57:30,440
the concurrent majority to acquiesce and compromise. There is, however,

2609
02:57:30,760 --> 02:57:34,040
a great difference in the motive, the feeling, the aim

2610
02:57:34,440 --> 02:57:37,680
which characterized the act in the two cases. In the one,

2611
02:57:37,760 --> 02:57:41,719
it is done with the reluctance and hostility, ever incident

2612
02:57:42,879 --> 02:57:46,000
to enforce the mission to what is regarded an injustice

2613
02:57:46,040 --> 02:57:50,280
and oppression, accompanied by the desire and purpose to seize

2614
02:57:50,319 --> 02:57:53,840
on the first favorable opportunity for resistance, but in the

2615
02:57:53,959 --> 02:57:57,559
other willingly and cheerfully under the impulse of an exalted

2616
02:57:57,600 --> 02:58:01,559
patriotism impelling all to act yes in whatever the common

2617
02:58:01,600 --> 02:58:05,719
good requires. Do you think does anyone think there's any

2618
02:58:05,799 --> 02:58:09,319
possibility that you will ever see that again with the

2619
02:58:09,360 --> 02:58:14,559
system of government that we have today. If that's impossible,

2620
02:58:15,520 --> 02:58:18,680
then the system needs to be changed. I'm not talking

2621
02:58:18,719 --> 02:58:23,600
about here. It is if your car breaks down. If

2622
02:58:23,639 --> 02:58:27,559
your car is broken, you have two choices, repair it

2623
02:58:27,920 --> 02:58:34,639
or replace it. Can this system be repaired? I think

2624
02:58:34,799 --> 02:58:41,639
anyone who understands the slightest political theory dread Burnham, which

2625
02:58:41,639 --> 02:58:45,559
I've read on the show before, knows that the only

2626
02:58:45,639 --> 02:58:49,920
way it needs to be replaced, something new has to

2627
02:58:49,959 --> 02:58:53,440
be done. It's not going to You're not going to

2628
02:58:53,520 --> 02:58:59,319
repair this. It needs to be replaced. It is then

2629
02:58:59,360 --> 02:59:01,479
a great era to suppose that the government of the

2630
02:59:01,479 --> 02:59:04,760
concurrent majority is impracticable, or that it rests on a

2631
02:59:04,760 --> 02:59:09,000
feeble foundation. History furnishes many examples of such governments, and

2632
02:59:09,079 --> 02:59:12,159
among them one in which the principle was carried to

2633
02:59:12,200 --> 02:59:17,280
an extreme that would be thought impracticable had it never existed.

2634
02:59:17,680 --> 02:59:21,000
I refer to that of Poland. In this it was

2635
02:59:21,040 --> 02:59:23,799
carried to such an extreme that in the election of

2636
02:59:23,840 --> 02:59:27,479
her kings the concurrence or acquiescence of every individual of

2637
02:59:27,479 --> 02:59:32,319
the nobles and gentry present in an assembly numbering usually

2638
02:59:32,360 --> 02:59:35,319
from one hundred and fifty and fifty to two hundred

2639
02:59:35,399 --> 02:59:38,879
thousand was required to make a choice, thus giving to

2640
02:59:39,000 --> 02:59:43,000
each individual a vote on his election. So likewise, each

2641
02:59:43,079 --> 02:59:46,920
member of the Diet, the supreme legislative body consisting of

2642
02:59:46,959 --> 02:59:50,040
the King, the Senate, bishops, and deputies of the nobility

2643
02:59:50,079 --> 02:59:56,200
and gentry of Palatinates, possessed a veto on all its proceedings,

2644
02:59:56,399 --> 02:59:59,319
thus making a unanimous vote necessary to enact a law

2645
02:59:59,440 --> 03:00:03,120
or to a dict any measure whatever. And as if

2646
03:00:03,159 --> 03:00:05,959
to carry the principle to the utmost extent, the vito

2647
03:00:06,000 --> 03:00:08,559
of a single member not only defeated the particular bill

2648
03:00:08,639 --> 03:00:12,120
or measuring question, but prevented all others passed during the

2649
03:00:12,159 --> 03:00:16,079
session from taking effect. Further, the principle could not be carried,

2650
03:00:17,040 --> 03:00:20,559
could not be carried. It in fact, made every individual

2651
03:00:21,079 --> 03:00:24,959
of the nobility and gentry a distinct element of the organism, or,

2652
03:00:25,000 --> 03:00:28,399
to vary the expression, made him in a state of

2653
03:00:28,440 --> 03:00:32,079
the kingdom. And yet this government lasted in this form

2654
03:00:32,239 --> 03:00:36,200
more than two centuries, embracing the periods of Poland's greatest

2655
03:00:36,239 --> 03:00:41,120
power and renown twice during its existence. She protected Christendom

2656
03:00:41,600 --> 03:00:44,159
when in danger by defeating the Turks under the walls

2657
03:00:44,159 --> 03:00:48,920
of Vienna and permanently arresting thereby the tide of their Conquestsard,

2658
03:00:49,959 --> 03:00:53,600
what's the difference between Poland then and the United States now?

2659
03:00:55,840 --> 03:00:59,719
If you thought I was going to say multicultural, multicultural society,

2660
03:00:59,799 --> 03:01:06,239
verse is a homogeneous society, you'd be right. Also, he's

2661
03:01:06,239 --> 03:01:10,399
writing here at the beginning and going basically, the industrial

2662
03:01:10,440 --> 03:01:15,760
Revolution is on. Okay, I personally think that the industrial

2663
03:01:15,799 --> 03:01:19,440
revolution when people are out there working, when people when

2664
03:01:19,440 --> 03:01:24,600
people have to really put in the work to make money,

2665
03:01:24,680 --> 03:01:33,559
even the elites, that there's a tendency to there's no

2666
03:01:33,639 --> 03:01:36,239
easy there's no real easy money to be made. Sure,

2667
03:01:36,239 --> 03:01:38,239
there can be easy money monopoly. Sure there can be

2668
03:01:38,239 --> 03:01:43,280
easy money in cronyism, but it's not the easiest money.

2669
03:01:44,360 --> 03:01:46,479
Once you get out of the industrial once you get

2670
03:01:46,520 --> 03:01:51,159
into the age of banking, where you can just make

2671
03:01:51,239 --> 03:01:54,639
money by sitting at home if you have enough of

2672
03:01:54,680 --> 03:02:00,399
it and you have access to the pawer or you

2673
03:02:00,479 --> 03:02:04,360
have like our government right now, government officials can trade,

2674
03:02:04,440 --> 03:02:12,319
can inside trade legally. Okay, there's no there's no cohesiveness.

2675
03:02:12,399 --> 03:02:16,040
It's every it's every man for himself. And I really

2676
03:02:16,040 --> 03:02:19,159
think that's what banking and that's what used toe and

2677
03:02:20,639 --> 03:02:24,840
the stock market all this, that's what that's what brought

2678
03:02:24,920 --> 03:02:28,040
us here. That you can you know, there's no skin

2679
03:02:28,079 --> 03:02:32,239
in the game. There's no skin in the game. You

2680
03:02:32,319 --> 03:02:36,000
just want what you can get. And that's what bringing

2681
03:02:36,040 --> 03:02:38,280
in central banking, and that's what brings in the stock market.

2682
03:02:38,719 --> 03:02:44,159
Things like that. If you want riches, if you want

2683
03:02:44,200 --> 03:02:46,799
a government that's based off of you want a society

2684
03:02:46,840 --> 03:02:49,959
that's based off that you think is a healthy society,

2685
03:02:50,000 --> 03:02:59,040
because line go up, well that's our society. Congratulations. It

2686
03:02:59,079 --> 03:03:01,559
is true. Her government was finally subverted and the people

2687
03:03:01,600 --> 03:03:04,799
subjugated in consequence of the extreme to which the principle

2688
03:03:04,879 --> 03:03:08,000
was carried, not however, because of its tendency to dissolution

2689
03:03:08,120 --> 03:03:12,079
from weakness, but from the facility it afforded to powerful

2690
03:03:12,079 --> 03:03:15,639
and unscrupulous neighbors to control by their intrigues the election

2691
03:03:15,760 --> 03:03:18,559
of her kings. But the fact that a government in

2692
03:03:18,600 --> 03:03:21,040
which the principle was carried to the utmost extreme not

2693
03:03:21,079 --> 03:03:24,040
only existed, but existed for so long a period in

2694
03:03:24,079 --> 03:03:27,879
great power and splendor is proof conclusive. Is proof conclusive

2695
03:03:27,959 --> 03:03:31,479
both of its practicability and its compatibility with the power

2696
03:03:31,559 --> 03:03:35,760
and permanency of government. Another example, not so striking, indeed,

2697
03:03:35,799 --> 03:03:38,360
but yet deserving notice, is furnished by the government of

2698
03:03:38,399 --> 03:03:41,600
a portion of the Aborigines in our country. I refer

2699
03:03:41,680 --> 03:03:44,360
to the Confederacy of the Six Nations who inhabited what

2700
03:03:44,520 --> 03:03:47,079
now is called the Western portion of the State of

2701
03:03:47,079 --> 03:03:51,000
New York. One chief delegate, chosen by each nation, associated

2702
03:03:51,040 --> 03:03:54,000
with six others of his own selection and making in

2703
03:03:54,079 --> 03:03:57,639
all forty two members constituted their federal or general government.

2704
03:03:58,000 --> 03:04:00,200
When met, they formed the Council of the Union, and

2705
03:04:00,239 --> 03:04:03,760
discussed and decided all questions relating to the common welfare.

2706
03:04:04,319 --> 03:04:07,799
As in the Polish diet, each member possessed a veto

2707
03:04:07,920 --> 03:04:11,159
on its decisions, so that nothing could be done without

2708
03:04:11,159 --> 03:04:14,879
the united consents of all. But this, instead of making

2709
03:04:14,879 --> 03:04:18,879
the confederacy weaker impracticable, had the opposite effect. It secured

2710
03:04:18,879 --> 03:04:22,079
harmony in council and action, and with them a great

2711
03:04:22,079 --> 03:04:25,280
increase of power. The Six Nations, in consequence, became the

2712
03:04:25,319 --> 03:04:27,959
most powerful of all the Indian tribes within the limits

2713
03:04:27,959 --> 03:04:31,200
of our country. They carried their conquest and authority far

2714
03:04:31,639 --> 03:04:38,319
beyond the country they originally occupied. I passed for the

2715
03:04:38,360 --> 03:04:42,239
present the most distinguished of all these examples the Roman Republic,

2716
03:04:42,520 --> 03:04:45,360
where the veto or negative power was carried, not indeed

2717
03:04:45,360 --> 03:04:47,920
to the same extreme as in the Polish government, but

2718
03:04:48,040 --> 03:04:51,239
very far and with great increase of power and stability,

2719
03:04:51,559 --> 03:04:55,399
as I shall show more at large hereafter. It may

2720
03:04:55,399 --> 03:04:58,520
be thought, and doubtless many have supposed that the defects

2721
03:04:58,559 --> 03:05:00,799
inherent in the government of the numeric whole majority may

2722
03:05:00,879 --> 03:05:03,479
be remedied by a free press as the organ of

2723
03:05:03,520 --> 03:05:07,079
public opinion, especially in the more advanced stage of society,

2724
03:05:07,399 --> 03:05:10,559
so as to supersede the necessity of the concurrent majorities

2725
03:05:10,559 --> 03:05:13,920
to counteract this tendency to oppression and abuse of power. Yeah,

2726
03:05:14,040 --> 03:05:16,360
we're gonna trust. We're going to trust in the press.

2727
03:05:18,440 --> 03:05:20,600
It is not my aim to detract from the importance

2728
03:05:20,639 --> 03:05:22,760
of the press in order to underestimate the great power

2729
03:05:22,760 --> 03:05:25,000
and influence which it has been given, which it has

2730
03:05:25,079 --> 03:05:28,360
given to public opinion. On the contrary, I admit that

2731
03:05:28,399 --> 03:05:30,920
these are so great as to entitle it to be

2732
03:05:30,959 --> 03:05:34,680
considered a new and important political element. Its influence is

2733
03:05:34,799 --> 03:05:37,399
at this press, at the present day on the increase,

2734
03:05:37,559 --> 03:05:40,600
and it is highly probable that it may, in combination

2735
03:05:40,719 --> 03:05:43,799
with the causes which have contributed to raise it to

2736
03:05:43,840 --> 03:05:49,079
its present importance, effect in time great changes social and political.

2737
03:05:49,600 --> 03:05:54,239
But however important its present influence may be, or may

2738
03:05:54,319 --> 03:05:57,840
hereafter become, or however great and beneficial the changes to

2739
03:05:57,879 --> 03:06:00,719
which it may ultimately lead, It can never counteract the

2740
03:06:00,760 --> 03:06:03,520
tendency of the numerical majority to the abuse of power,

2741
03:06:03,760 --> 03:06:07,239
nor supersede the necessity of the concurrent as an essential

2742
03:06:07,319 --> 03:06:11,479
element in the formation of constitutional governments. These it cannot

2743
03:06:11,520 --> 03:06:16,239
affect for two reasons, either of which is conclusive. The

2744
03:06:16,280 --> 03:06:19,799
one is that it cannot change the principle of our nature,

2745
03:06:20,079 --> 03:06:24,040
which makes constitutions necessary to prevent government from abusing its powers,

2746
03:06:24,319 --> 03:06:29,360
and government necessary to protect and perfect society. Constituting as

2747
03:06:29,760 --> 03:06:33,040
this principle does an essential part of our nature. No

2748
03:06:33,239 --> 03:06:37,920
increase of knowledge and intelligence, no enlargement of our sympathetic feelings,

2749
03:06:38,200 --> 03:06:41,159
no influence of education, or modification of the condition of

2750
03:06:41,280 --> 03:06:43,959
society can change it. But so long as it shall

2751
03:06:44,000 --> 03:06:46,760
continue to be an essential part of our nature, so

2752
03:06:46,920 --> 03:06:49,879
long will government be necessary. And so long as this

2753
03:06:49,959 --> 03:06:53,879
continues to be necessary, so long will constitutions also be

2754
03:06:54,000 --> 03:06:56,920
necessary to counteract its tendency to the abuse of power,

2755
03:06:57,360 --> 03:07:02,360
and so long must the concurrent majority remain an essential

2756
03:07:02,440 --> 03:07:06,920
element in the formation of constitutions. The press may do

2757
03:07:07,079 --> 03:07:10,719
much but giving impulse to the progress of knowledge and intelligence,

2758
03:07:10,799 --> 03:07:13,200
to aid the cause of education, and to bring about

2759
03:07:13,520 --> 03:07:18,120
salutary changes in the condition of society. These, in turn

2760
03:07:18,600 --> 03:07:21,600
may do much to explode political errors, to teach how

2761
03:07:21,639 --> 03:07:24,600
governments should be constructed in order to fulfill their ends,

2762
03:07:24,840 --> 03:07:27,760
and by what means they can be best preserved. When

2763
03:07:27,799 --> 03:07:31,920
so constructed. They may also do much to enlarge the

2764
03:07:31,959 --> 03:07:36,239
social and to restrain the individual feelings, and thereby to

2765
03:07:36,280 --> 03:07:39,120
bring about a state of things when far less power

2766
03:07:39,159 --> 03:07:42,360
will be required by governments to guard against internal disorder

2767
03:07:42,399 --> 03:07:46,159
and violence and external danger, and when, of course, the

2768
03:07:46,200 --> 03:07:49,040
sphere of power may be greatly contracted and that of

2769
03:07:49,079 --> 03:07:56,120
the liberty proportionally enlarged. Good luck. But all this would

2770
03:07:56,200 --> 03:07:59,520
not change the nature of man, nor supersede the necessity

2771
03:07:59,520 --> 03:08:02,360
of government. For so long as government exists, the possession

2772
03:08:02,399 --> 03:08:04,920
of its control as the means of directing its action

2773
03:08:05,000 --> 03:08:08,040
and dispensing its honors and emoluments, will be an object

2774
03:08:08,079 --> 03:08:10,959
of desire while this continues to be the case, it

2775
03:08:11,040 --> 03:08:14,879
must in governments of the numerical majority lead to party struggles,

2776
03:08:15,280 --> 03:08:18,799
and as has been shown to all the consequences which

2777
03:08:18,879 --> 03:08:22,079
necessarily flow in their train, and against which the only

2778
03:08:22,159 --> 03:08:25,600
remedy is the concurrent majority. The other reason is to

2779
03:08:25,600 --> 03:08:27,920
be found in the nature of the influence which the

2780
03:08:28,000 --> 03:08:31,840
press politically exercises. It is similar in most respects to

2781
03:08:31,879 --> 03:08:36,040
that of suffrage. They are indeed both organs of public opinion.

2782
03:08:36,360 --> 03:08:39,399
The principal difference is that the one has much more

2783
03:08:39,399 --> 03:08:42,399
agency in forming public opinion, while the other gives a

2784
03:08:42,440 --> 03:08:47,399
more authentic and authoritative expression to it. Regarded in either light,

2785
03:08:47,840 --> 03:08:51,360
the press cannot of itself guard any more against the

2786
03:08:51,399 --> 03:08:54,319
abuse of power than suffrage. And for the same reason,

2787
03:08:55,440 --> 03:08:58,200
if what is called public opinion were always the opinion

2788
03:08:58,239 --> 03:09:01,159
of the whole community, the press would, as its organ

2789
03:09:01,440 --> 03:09:03,959
be an effective guard against the abuse of power and

2790
03:09:04,000 --> 03:09:07,440
supersede the necessity of the concurrent majority, just as the

2791
03:09:07,520 --> 03:09:10,639
right of suffrage would do where the community, in reference

2792
03:09:10,639 --> 03:09:13,360
to the action of government, had but one interest. But

2793
03:09:13,440 --> 03:09:15,719
such is not the case. On the contrary, what is

2794
03:09:15,760 --> 03:09:18,280
called public opinion, instead of being the united opinion of

2795
03:09:18,280 --> 03:09:21,719
the whole community is usually nothing more than the opinion

2796
03:09:22,079 --> 03:09:25,159
or voice of the strongest interest or combination of interests,

2797
03:09:25,360 --> 03:09:29,120
and not unfrequently of a small but energetic and active

2798
03:09:29,200 --> 03:09:33,200
portion of the whole that we call an elite m

2799
03:09:33,239 --> 03:09:40,120
It'll always be here. This is a pipe dream. Public

2800
03:09:40,159 --> 03:09:43,120
opinion in relations to government and its policy is as

2801
03:09:43,200 --> 03:09:46,719
much divided and diversified as are the interests of the community,

2802
03:09:46,879 --> 03:09:49,280
and the press, instead of being the organ of the whole,

2803
03:09:49,639 --> 03:09:53,600
is usually but the organ of these various and diversified interests, respectively,

2804
03:09:54,040 --> 03:09:56,479
or rather of the parties growing out of them. It

2805
03:09:56,559 --> 03:09:59,520
is used by them as the means of controlling public

2806
03:09:59,520 --> 03:10:02,920
opinion and of so molding it as to promote their

2807
03:10:02,959 --> 03:10:06,600
peculiar interests and to aid in caring on the welfare

2808
03:10:06,639 --> 03:10:09,959
of party. But as the organ and instrument of parties

2809
03:10:10,079 --> 03:10:14,239
in governments of the numerical majority, it is as incompetent

2810
03:10:14,280 --> 03:10:17,719
as suffrage itself to counteract the tendency to oppression and

2811
03:10:17,760 --> 03:10:21,559
abusive power, and can no more than that supersede the

2812
03:10:21,600 --> 03:10:25,280
necessity of the concurrent majority. On the contrary, as the

2813
03:10:25,360 --> 03:10:30,280
instrument of party warfare, it contributes greatly to increase party

2814
03:10:30,319 --> 03:10:33,719
excitement and the violence and virulence of party struggles, and

2815
03:10:33,760 --> 03:10:37,000
in the same degree the tendency to oppression and abuse

2816
03:10:37,040 --> 03:10:41,000
of power. Instead then, of superseding the necessity of the

2817
03:10:41,000 --> 03:10:44,680
concurrent majority, it increases it by increasing the violence and

2818
03:10:44,760 --> 03:10:48,239
force of party feelings in like manner as party caucuses

2819
03:10:48,319 --> 03:10:51,479
and party machinery, of the latter of which indeed it

2820
03:10:51,600 --> 03:10:58,760
forms an important part. You can just see how this

2821
03:10:58,840 --> 03:11:05,520
can't work anymore. Right, In one respect, and only one,

2822
03:11:05,639 --> 03:11:08,520
the government of the numerical majority has the advantage over

2823
03:11:08,639 --> 03:11:11,040
that of the concurrent If indeed it can be called

2824
03:11:11,040 --> 03:11:15,040
an advantage, I refer to its simplicity and facility of construction.

2825
03:11:15,479 --> 03:11:18,200
It is simple, indeed, wielded as it is by a

2826
03:11:18,239 --> 03:11:21,200
single power, the will of the greater number, and very

2827
03:11:21,239 --> 03:11:24,879
easy of construction. For this purpose, nothing more is necessary

2828
03:11:24,920 --> 03:11:28,120
than universal suffrage and the regulation of the manner of voting,

2829
03:11:28,399 --> 03:11:31,200
so as to give the greater number to supreme control

2830
03:11:31,319 --> 03:11:35,760
over every department of government. When he says universal suffrage,

2831
03:11:35,879 --> 03:11:41,079
he's not taught universal within the scope of a certain group.

2832
03:11:44,120 --> 03:11:49,120
But whatever advantage is, simplicity and facility of construction may

2833
03:11:49,120 --> 03:11:52,000
give it the other forms of absolute government possessed them

2834
03:11:52,000 --> 03:11:54,879
In a still higher degree. The construction of the government

2835
03:11:54,879 --> 03:11:57,879
of the numerical majority, simple as it is, requires some

2836
03:11:57,959 --> 03:12:02,760
preliminary measures and arrangements, while the other, especially the monarchical, will,

2837
03:12:02,879 --> 03:12:06,280
in its absence or where it proves incompetent, forced themselves

2838
03:12:06,280 --> 03:12:11,040
on the community. And hence I hate when he does that,

2839
03:12:11,120 --> 03:12:17,680
because you can pull numerous, numerous examples. This isn't one

2840
03:12:17,680 --> 03:12:21,879
of those things where these are exceptions. I think HAPA

2841
03:12:21,959 --> 03:12:23,799
did a really good job at proving that it's pretty

2842
03:12:23,840 --> 03:12:30,280
much the rule. It was the rule. If anything, they

2843
03:12:30,280 --> 03:12:34,920
were indifferent to your existence half the time. And even

2844
03:12:35,280 --> 03:12:40,040
under feudalism, the feudal lord and the serfs would drink

2845
03:12:40,040 --> 03:12:45,719
at the same bar and yeah, yeah, yeah, And hence,

2846
03:12:45,799 --> 03:12:49,559
among other reasons, the tendency of all governments is from

2847
03:12:49,600 --> 03:12:52,520
the more complex and difficulty of construction, to the more

2848
03:12:52,559 --> 03:12:56,559
simple and easily constructed, and finally to absolute monarchy as

2849
03:12:56,600 --> 03:12:59,639
the simple as the most simple of all complexity and

2850
03:12:59,680 --> 03:13:02,959
different ficulty of construction. As far as they form. Objections

2851
03:13:03,040 --> 03:13:05,879
apply not only to governments of the concurrent majority of

2852
03:13:05,879 --> 03:13:10,319
the popular form, but to constitutional but the constitutional governments

2853
03:13:10,360 --> 03:13:14,079
of every form. The least complex and the most easily constructed,

2854
03:13:14,120 --> 03:13:17,239
of them are much more complex and difficult of construction

2855
03:13:17,440 --> 03:13:21,120
than any of the absolute forms. Indeed, so great has

2856
03:13:21,920 --> 03:13:25,760
has this difficulty, has been this difficulty that their construction

2857
03:13:25,879 --> 03:13:28,000
has been the result not so much of wisdom and

2858
03:13:28,040 --> 03:13:33,600
patriotism as of favorable combinations of circumstances. They have, for

2859
03:13:33,639 --> 03:13:37,200
the most part, grown out of the struggles between conflicting interests, which,

2860
03:13:37,559 --> 03:13:40,399
for some fortunate turn have ended in a compromise by

2861
03:13:40,399 --> 03:13:44,239
which both parties have been admitted, in some way or another,

2862
03:13:44,600 --> 03:13:47,159
to have a separate and distinct voice in the government.

2863
03:13:47,760 --> 03:13:50,000
Where this has not been the case, they have been

2864
03:13:50,159 --> 03:13:53,520
the product of fortunate circumstances, acting in conjunction with some

2865
03:13:53,600 --> 03:13:58,079
pressing danger, which forced the adoption as the only means

2866
03:13:58,079 --> 03:14:01,000
by which it could be avoided. It would seem that

2867
03:14:01,040 --> 03:14:05,959
it has exceeded human sagacity deliberately to plan and construct

2868
03:14:06,200 --> 03:14:09,719
constitutional governments with a full knowledge of the principles on

2869
03:14:09,760 --> 03:14:12,360
which they were formed, or to reduce them to practice

2870
03:14:12,399 --> 03:14:16,040
without the pressure of some immediate and urgent necessity. Nor

2871
03:14:16,120 --> 03:14:18,479
is it surprising that such should be the case, for

2872
03:14:18,600 --> 03:14:21,639
it would seem almost impossible for any man or body

2873
03:14:21,639 --> 03:14:24,680
of men to be so profoundly and thoroughly acquainted with

2874
03:14:24,760 --> 03:14:27,639
the people of any community which has made any considerable

2875
03:14:27,639 --> 03:14:31,399
progress in civilization and wealth, with all the diversified interests

2876
03:14:31,399 --> 03:14:35,399
ever accompanying them, as to be able to organize constitutional

2877
03:14:35,440 --> 03:14:39,440
governments suited to their condition. But even were this possible,

2878
03:14:39,719 --> 03:14:43,440
it would be difficult to find any community sufficiently enlightened

2879
03:14:43,440 --> 03:14:47,040
and patriotic to adopt such a government without the compulsion

2880
03:14:47,239 --> 03:14:51,799
of some pressing necessity. A constitution to succeed must spring

2881
03:14:51,840 --> 03:14:54,719
from the bosom of the community and be adapted to

2882
03:14:54,760 --> 03:14:57,639
the intelligence and character of the people and all the

2883
03:14:57,719 --> 03:15:02,479
multifarious relations in turn and external which distinguish one people

2884
03:15:02,520 --> 03:15:07,200
from another. If it did not, it will prove in

2885
03:15:07,280 --> 03:15:10,760
practice to be not a constitution but a cumbrous and

2886
03:15:10,920 --> 03:15:15,799
useless machine, which must be speedily superseded and laid aside

2887
03:15:15,920 --> 03:15:19,200
for some other more simple and better suited to their condition.

2888
03:15:20,159 --> 03:15:23,639
There it is, I mean, it's a constitution to succeed

2889
03:15:24,840 --> 03:15:27,840
must spring from the bosom of the community. I think

2890
03:15:27,840 --> 03:15:30,280
Aaron McIntyre has talked about this. He's like, once you

2891
03:15:30,319 --> 03:15:32,040
have to write it down, once you have to write

2892
03:15:32,040 --> 03:15:34,719
the laws down. If you have to write the laws

2893
03:15:34,760 --> 03:15:36,719
down because you think that's what's going to control the

2894
03:15:36,719 --> 03:15:41,840
community you've lost. I love this. It should spring from

2895
03:15:41,840 --> 03:15:44,559
the bosom of the community and be adapted to the

2896
03:15:44,600 --> 03:15:51,879
intelligence and character of the people. I don't know how

2897
03:15:53,479 --> 03:15:56,280
I mean. This goes to so many arguments. It goes

2898
03:15:56,319 --> 03:15:59,920
to not only the I mean obviously the immigration are

2899
03:16:00,040 --> 03:16:01,799
I mean, you don't want people coming in here who

2900
03:16:01,840 --> 03:16:06,600
don't who can't grasp it, who don't care, who will

2901
03:16:06,840 --> 03:16:10,600
do anything to supersede it, to get around it, you know,

2902
03:16:10,639 --> 03:16:13,079
but you also have to teach your children. You have

2903
03:16:13,159 --> 03:16:15,200
to teach your children. You have to teach each other,

2904
03:16:15,319 --> 03:16:18,200
You have to remind each other because you know, one

2905
03:16:18,239 --> 03:16:20,879
of the biggest problems with hoppy In, like the hoppy

2906
03:16:20,920 --> 03:16:23,719
In Covenant community that I used to always talk about,

2907
03:16:23,879 --> 03:16:26,399
is the fact that you know, in a generation you're

2908
03:16:26,440 --> 03:16:29,239
going to have new You're gonna have new members, and

2909
03:16:29,319 --> 03:16:31,559
you can teach them and bring them up all you

2910
03:16:31,639 --> 03:16:34,440
want in the ways that you of the community, but

2911
03:16:34,559 --> 03:16:36,639
they could rebel and then what are you going to do?

2912
03:16:37,159 --> 03:16:40,120
Are you going to kick them out and keep them

2913
03:16:40,120 --> 03:16:43,280
writing and kick your kids out because they don't believe

2914
03:16:43,360 --> 03:16:49,159
in you know, everything that's on the Covenant constitution. Well

2915
03:16:49,360 --> 03:16:54,200
maybe you will. I don't know how you're going, how

2916
03:16:54,239 --> 03:16:57,719
that will last past one generation or two. But hey,

2917
03:16:57,879 --> 03:16:59,920
at least you had something there for a while, right.

2918
03:17:00,319 --> 03:17:03,000
It's not like you want would want to build anything lasting.

2919
03:17:11,319 --> 03:17:14,319
It would thus seem almost necessary that governments should commence

2920
03:17:14,360 --> 03:17:17,760
in some one of the simple and absolute forms, which,

2921
03:17:17,840 --> 03:17:20,799
however well suited to the community in its earlier stages,

2922
03:17:20,920 --> 03:17:24,239
must in its progress, lead to oppression and abuse of power,

2923
03:17:24,319 --> 03:17:27,440
and finally to an appeal to force, to be succeeded

2924
03:17:27,440 --> 03:17:30,920
by a military despotism, unless the conflicts to which it

2925
03:17:31,040 --> 03:17:35,440
leads should be fortunately adjusted by a compromise, which will

2926
03:17:35,479 --> 03:17:38,440
give to the respective parties a participation in the control

2927
03:17:38,479 --> 03:17:40,840
of the government, and thereby lay the foundation of a

2928
03:17:40,879 --> 03:17:45,440
constitutional government to be afterwards matured and perfected. Such governments

2929
03:17:45,520 --> 03:17:50,319
have been emphatically the product of circumstances, and hence the

2930
03:17:50,399 --> 03:17:53,440
difficulty of one people imitating the government of another, and

2931
03:17:53,479 --> 03:17:57,440
hence also the importance of terminating all civil conflicts by

2932
03:17:57,479 --> 03:18:01,559
a compromise which shall prevent either party from obtaining complete

2933
03:18:01,559 --> 03:18:07,159
control and thus subjecting the other. Of the different forms

2934
03:18:07,159 --> 03:18:11,120
of constitutional governments, the popular is the popular is the

2935
03:18:11,159 --> 03:18:14,680
most complex and difficult of construction. It is indeed so

2936
03:18:14,840 --> 03:18:18,360
difficult that ours, it is believed, may with truth be

2937
03:18:18,440 --> 03:18:20,840
said to be the only one of a purely popular

2938
03:18:20,959 --> 03:18:25,319
character of any considerable importance that ever existed of any

2939
03:18:25,319 --> 03:18:31,559
considerably importance. Let's see what he says about practicality. The

2940
03:18:31,600 --> 03:18:33,719
cause is to be found in the fact that in

2941
03:18:33,760 --> 03:18:37,200
the other two forms, society is arranged in artificial orders

2942
03:18:37,280 --> 03:18:41,840
or classes. Artificial orders or classes, where these exist, the

2943
03:18:41,879 --> 03:18:44,680
line of distinction between them is so strongly marked as

2944
03:18:44,719 --> 03:18:48,479
to throw into shade, or otherwise to absorb all interests

2945
03:18:48,479 --> 03:18:52,719
which are foreign to them, respectively. Hence, in an aristocracy

2946
03:18:52,799 --> 03:18:56,799
all interests are politically reduced to the nobles and the people,

2947
03:18:56,959 --> 03:18:59,920
and in a monarchy with a nobility into three, the monarch,

2948
03:19:00,159 --> 03:19:03,239
the nobles, and the people. In either case that they

2949
03:19:03,280 --> 03:19:05,600
are so few that the sense of each may be

2950
03:19:05,680 --> 03:19:09,799
taken separately though its appropriate organ so as to give

2951
03:19:09,840 --> 03:19:12,639
to each a concurrent voice and a negative on the other,

2952
03:19:12,719 --> 03:19:15,520
through the usual departments of the government, without making it

2953
03:19:15,559 --> 03:19:18,600
too complex or too tardy in its movements to perform

2954
03:19:18,879 --> 03:19:22,479
with promptness and energy all the necessary functions of government.

2955
03:19:24,559 --> 03:19:27,399
The case is different in constitutional governments of the popular

2956
03:19:27,479 --> 03:19:31,079
form in consequence of the absence of these artificial distinctions,

2957
03:19:31,120 --> 03:19:36,520
the various natural interests resulting from diversity of pursuits, condition, situation,

2958
03:19:36,719 --> 03:19:39,479
and character of different portions of the people, and from

2959
03:19:39,479 --> 03:19:42,360
the action of the government itself, rise into prominence and

2960
03:19:42,399 --> 03:19:46,200
struggle to obtain the ascendency they will. It is true,

2961
03:19:46,399 --> 03:19:50,319
in governments of the numerical majority ultimately coalesce and form

2962
03:19:50,440 --> 03:19:53,840
two great parties, but not so closely as to lose

2963
03:19:54,040 --> 03:19:57,639
entirely their separate character and existence. These they will, ever

2964
03:19:57,680 --> 03:20:01,959
be ready to reassume when the objects for which they

2965
03:20:02,000 --> 03:20:06,239
coalesced are accomplished. To overcome the difficulties occasion by so

2966
03:20:06,399 --> 03:20:10,920
great a diversity of interest, or an organism far more complex,

2967
03:20:11,120 --> 03:20:19,319
is necessary. Another obstacle difference to overcome, opposes the formation

2968
03:20:19,440 --> 03:20:22,799
of popular constitutional governments. It is much more difficult to

2969
03:20:22,879 --> 03:20:26,959
terminate the struggles between conflicting interests by compromise in absolute

2970
03:20:27,000 --> 03:20:31,559
popular governments than an aristocracy or monarchy, and an aristocracy

2971
03:20:31,639 --> 03:20:34,600
the object of the people in the ordinary struggle between

2972
03:20:34,600 --> 03:20:36,840
them and the nobles is not, at least in its

2973
03:20:36,879 --> 03:20:40,440
early stages, to overthrow the nobility and revolutionize the government

2974
03:20:40,719 --> 03:20:45,680
but to participate in its powers, notwithstanding the oppression to

2975
03:20:45,760 --> 03:20:48,319
which they may be subjected under this form of government.

2976
03:20:48,360 --> 03:20:51,079
The people commonly feel no small degree of respect for

2977
03:20:51,120 --> 03:20:55,200
the descendants of the long line of distinguished ancestors, and

2978
03:20:55,239 --> 03:20:58,639
do not usually aspire to more in opposing the authority

2979
03:20:58,639 --> 03:21:01,559
of the nobles than to pain such a participation in

2980
03:21:01,600 --> 03:21:04,000
the powers of the government as will enable them to

2981
03:21:04,079 --> 03:21:08,239
correct its abuses enlighten their burdens among the nobility. On

2982
03:21:08,280 --> 03:21:11,399
the other hand, it sometimes happens that there are individuals

2983
03:21:11,399 --> 03:21:14,479
of great influence with both sides, who have the good

2984
03:21:14,520 --> 03:21:18,239
sense and patriotism to interpose in order to affect a

2985
03:21:18,319 --> 03:21:21,079
compromise by yielding to the reasonable demands of the people,

2986
03:21:21,239 --> 03:21:24,079
and thereby to avoid the hazard of a final and

2987
03:21:24,159 --> 03:21:28,559
decisive appeal to force. It is thus, by a judicious

2988
03:21:28,559 --> 03:21:32,159
and timely compromise the people in such governments may be

2989
03:21:32,280 --> 03:21:36,319
raised to a participation in the administrative sufficient for their protection,

2990
03:21:36,799 --> 03:21:39,479
without the loss of authority and the part on the

2991
03:21:39,520 --> 03:21:43,079
part of the nobles. In the case of a monarchy,

2992
03:21:43,120 --> 03:21:47,360
the process is somewhat different. Where it is a military despotism,

2993
03:21:47,440 --> 03:21:50,719
that people rarely have the spirit or intelligence to attempt resistance,

2994
03:21:51,239 --> 03:21:55,680
or if otherwise, their resistance must almost necessarily terminate in

2995
03:21:55,760 --> 03:21:58,799
defeat or in a mere change of dynasty, by the

2996
03:21:58,799 --> 03:22:01,920
elevation of their leaders to the throne. It is different

2997
03:22:02,079 --> 03:22:05,319
where the monarch is surrounded by a hereditary nobility in

2998
03:22:05,360 --> 03:22:08,840
a struggle between him and them. Both, but especially the monarch,

2999
03:22:09,200 --> 03:22:12,000
are usually disposed to court the people in order to

3000
03:22:12,079 --> 03:22:15,239
enlist them on their respective sides a state of things

3001
03:22:15,319 --> 03:22:19,040
highly favorable to their elevation. In this case, the struggle,

3002
03:22:19,239 --> 03:22:22,479
if it should not be continued without decisive results, would

3003
03:22:22,479 --> 03:22:26,040
almost necessarily raise them to political importance and to a

3004
03:22:26,120 --> 03:22:30,440
participation in the powers of the government. The case is

3005
03:22:30,440 --> 03:22:36,760
different in absolute democracy. Party conflicts between the majority and minority,

3006
03:22:36,799 --> 03:22:40,239
and such governments can hardly ever terminate and compromise. The

3007
03:22:40,280 --> 03:22:43,200
object of the opposing minority is to expel the majority

3008
03:22:43,200 --> 03:22:46,120
from power, and of the majority to maintain their hold

3009
03:22:46,200 --> 03:22:49,399
upon it. It is on both sides a struggle for

3010
03:22:49,440 --> 03:22:52,319
the whole, a struggle that must determine which shall be

3011
03:22:52,440 --> 03:22:55,719
the governing and which the subject party, and in character

3012
03:22:56,680 --> 03:22:59,879
and in character, object and result, not unlike that be

3013
03:23:00,000 --> 03:23:05,719
between competitors for the scepter. In absolute monarchies, its regular course,

3014
03:23:06,159 --> 03:23:09,559
as has been shown, is excessive violence and appeal to force,

3015
03:23:09,879 --> 03:23:13,639
followed by revolution, and terminating at last in the elevations

3016
03:23:13,639 --> 03:23:16,360
to supreme power of the general of the successful party.

3017
03:23:16,719 --> 03:23:20,760
And hence, among other reasons, aristocracies and monarchies more readily

3018
03:23:20,799 --> 03:23:25,440
assume the constitutional form than absolute power governments. Of the

3019
03:23:25,440 --> 03:23:29,120
three different forms, the monarchical has the heretofore been much

3020
03:23:29,319 --> 03:23:32,760
the most prevalent and generally the most powerful and durable.

3021
03:23:33,319 --> 03:23:36,639
This result is doubtless to its attributed principle to be

3022
03:23:36,680 --> 03:23:39,840
attributed principally to the fact that in its absolute form

3023
03:23:39,840 --> 03:23:43,040
it is the most simple and easily constructed, and hence,

3024
03:23:43,079 --> 03:23:47,280
as government is indispensable, communities having too little intelligence to

3025
03:23:47,360 --> 03:23:51,440
form or preserve the others naturally fall into this. It

3026
03:23:51,479 --> 03:23:55,280
may also in part be attributed to another case already

3027
03:23:55,319 --> 03:23:59,000
alluded to, that its origin, in its organism and character

3028
03:23:59,319 --> 03:24:02,559
it is much more more closely assimilated than either of

3029
03:24:02,600 --> 03:24:06,639
the other two, to military power, on which all absolute

3030
03:24:06,680 --> 03:24:10,360
governments depend for support, and hence also the tendency of

3031
03:24:10,399 --> 03:24:13,360
the others of constitutional governments which have been so badly

3032
03:24:13,399 --> 03:24:17,040
constructed or become so disorganized as to require force to

3033
03:24:17,040 --> 03:24:21,159
support them to pass into military despotism, that is, into

3034
03:24:21,239 --> 03:24:24,879
monarchy in its most absolute and simple form. And hence

3035
03:24:25,040 --> 03:24:29,639
again the fact that revelate revolutions and absolute monarchies end

3036
03:24:29,879 --> 03:24:33,239
almost invariably in a change of dynasty, and not of

3037
03:24:33,239 --> 03:24:36,000
the forms of the government, as is almost universally the

3038
03:24:36,040 --> 03:24:40,120
case in the other systems. But there are besides these

3039
03:24:40,280 --> 03:24:43,600
other causes of the higher character which contribute much to

3040
03:24:43,719 --> 03:24:47,719
make monarchies the most prevalent and usually the most durable governments.

3041
03:24:48,120 --> 03:24:50,559
Among them. The leading one is they are the most

3042
03:24:50,559 --> 03:24:53,959
susceptible to improvement. That is, they can be more easily

3043
03:24:54,000 --> 03:24:57,120
and readily modified so as to prevent to a limited

3044
03:24:57,159 --> 03:25:00,920
extent oppression and abuse of power, without assuming the institutional form.

3045
03:25:01,000 --> 03:25:06,520
In a strict sense. It slides almost naturally into one

3046
03:25:06,520 --> 03:25:10,280
of the most important modifications I refer to hereditary descent.

3047
03:25:10,879 --> 03:25:13,799
When this becomes well defined and firmly established, the community

3048
03:25:13,879 --> 03:25:16,200
or kingdom comes to be regarded by the sovereign as

3049
03:25:16,239 --> 03:25:20,079
the hereditary possession of his family, a circumstance which tends

3050
03:25:20,079 --> 03:25:23,120
strongly to identify his interests with those of his subjects,

3051
03:25:23,360 --> 03:25:27,440
and thereby to mitigate the rigor of the government. It

3052
03:25:27,479 --> 03:25:31,520
gives besides great additional security to his person, and prevents,

3053
03:25:31,520 --> 03:25:34,079
in the same degree not only the suspicion and hostile

3054
03:25:34,120 --> 03:25:38,639
feelings incidents in security, but invites all those kindly feelings

3055
03:25:38,680 --> 03:25:41,920
which naturally spring up on both sides between those whose

3056
03:25:41,959 --> 03:25:45,479
interests are identified when there is nothing to prevent it,

3057
03:25:46,000 --> 03:25:48,760
and hence the strong feelings of paternity on the side

3058
03:25:48,799 --> 03:25:51,680
of the sovereign and of loyalty on that of his subjects,

3059
03:25:51,719 --> 03:26:00,559
which are often exhibited in such governments. There is another

3060
03:26:00,639 --> 03:26:04,879
improvement of which it is readily susceptible. Nearly allied to

3061
03:26:04,920 --> 03:26:09,879
the preceding. The hereditary principle, not unfrequently extends to other families,

3062
03:26:10,000 --> 03:26:13,479
especially to those of the distinguished chieftains by whose aid

3063
03:26:13,520 --> 03:26:17,920
the monarchy was established when it originates in conquest. When

3064
03:26:17,959 --> 03:26:20,559
this is the case and a powerful body of hereditary

3065
03:26:20,600 --> 03:26:24,360
nobles surround the sovereign, they opposed a strong resistance to

3066
03:26:24,399 --> 03:26:27,559
his authority and heat of theirs, tending to the advantage

3067
03:26:27,559 --> 03:26:30,120
and security of the people. Even when they do not

3068
03:26:30,159 --> 03:26:32,959
succeed in obtaining a participation in the powers of the government,

3069
03:26:33,239 --> 03:26:36,399
they usually acquire sufficient ways to be felt and respected.

3070
03:26:36,920 --> 03:26:40,239
From this state of things, such governments usually in time

3071
03:26:40,520 --> 03:26:42,959
settle down on some fixed rules of action which the

3072
03:26:43,000 --> 03:26:46,639
sovereign is compelled to respect, and by which increased protection

3073
03:26:46,799 --> 03:26:49,719
and security are required by all. It was thus the

3074
03:26:49,840 --> 03:26:54,040
enlightened monarchies of Europe. It was thus that the enlightened

3075
03:26:54,079 --> 03:26:56,719
monarchies of Europe were formed, under which the people of

3076
03:26:56,760 --> 03:26:59,360
that portion of the globe have made such great advances

3077
03:26:59,399 --> 03:27:04,639
in power, intelligence, and in civilization. Well, it's nice of

3078
03:27:04,680 --> 03:27:08,840
them to say that to these may be added the

3079
03:27:08,879 --> 03:27:12,680
greater capacity which governments of the monarchical form have exhibited

3080
03:27:12,840 --> 03:27:15,799
to hold under subjugation a large extent of territory and

3081
03:27:15,799 --> 03:27:19,159
a numerous population, and which has made them more powerful

3082
03:27:19,159 --> 03:27:21,799
than others of a different form, to the extent that

3083
03:27:21,840 --> 03:27:25,799
these constitute an element of power. All these causes combined

3084
03:27:25,840 --> 03:27:29,399
have given such great and decisive advantages as to enable them,

3085
03:27:29,559 --> 03:27:33,040
heretofore to absorb in the progress of events, the few

3086
03:27:33,079 --> 03:27:36,719
governments which have from time to time assumed different forms,

3087
03:27:37,120 --> 03:27:40,920
not accepting even the mighty Roman Republic, which, after attaining

3088
03:27:40,959 --> 03:27:44,360
the highest point of power, passed seemingly under the operation

3089
03:27:44,440 --> 03:27:48,760
of irresistible causes, into a military despotism. I say, heretofore,

3090
03:27:49,440 --> 03:27:52,239
for it remains to be seen whether they will continue

3091
03:27:52,280 --> 03:27:55,680
to retain their advantages in these respects over the others

3092
03:27:56,000 --> 03:27:58,879
under the great and growing influence of public opinion and

3093
03:27:58,920 --> 03:28:03,000
the new and imposing which popular government has assumed with us.

3094
03:28:04,479 --> 03:28:08,280
These have already affected great changes, and will probably affect

3095
03:28:08,319 --> 03:28:12,600
still greater adverse to the monarchical form. But as yet

3096
03:28:12,879 --> 03:28:15,719
these changes have tended rather to the absolute than to

3097
03:28:15,760 --> 03:28:18,760
the constitutional form of popular governments, for reasons which have

3098
03:28:18,799 --> 03:28:22,840
been explained. If this tendency should continue permanently in the

3099
03:28:22,879 --> 03:28:27,120
same direction, the monarchical form must still retain its advantages

3100
03:28:27,159 --> 03:28:30,760
and continue to be the most prevalent. Should this be

3101
03:28:30,879 --> 03:28:34,079
the case, the alternative will be between monarchy and popular

3102
03:28:34,120 --> 03:28:38,760
government in the form of the numerical majority or absolute democracy, which,

3103
03:28:38,840 --> 03:28:42,159
as has been shown, is not the is not only

3104
03:28:42,200 --> 03:28:44,799
the most fugitive of all the forms, but has the

3105
03:28:44,840 --> 03:28:49,040
strongest tendency of all others to the monarchical if on

3106
03:28:49,079 --> 03:28:52,399
the other, If on the contrary, this tendency or the

3107
03:28:52,520 --> 03:28:56,120
changes referred to, should incline to the constitutional form of

3108
03:28:56,159 --> 03:28:59,399
government of popular power, and a proper organism comes to

3109
03:28:59,440 --> 03:29:03,360
be regarded as not less indispensable than the right of

3110
03:29:03,399 --> 03:29:06,440
suffrage to the establishment of such governments in such case

3111
03:29:07,000 --> 03:29:11,200
that it is not improbable that, in the progress of events,

3112
03:29:11,280 --> 03:29:14,159
the monarchical will cease to be the prevalent form of government.

3113
03:29:14,760 --> 03:29:17,680
Whether they take this direction, at least for a long time,

3114
03:29:18,000 --> 03:29:20,719
will depend on the success of our government and a

3115
03:29:20,760 --> 03:29:24,840
correct understanding of the principles of which it is constructed.

3116
03:29:25,559 --> 03:29:29,399
Or technology can create great weapons in which you can

3117
03:29:29,440 --> 03:29:34,879
go to war, and you can wipe out monarchies through

3118
03:29:34,920 --> 03:29:44,040
banking too. Through let's face it, to comprehend more fully

3119
03:29:44,159 --> 03:29:46,440
the force and bearing of public opinion, and to form

3120
03:29:46,479 --> 03:29:50,360
a just estimate of the changes to which, aided by

3121
03:29:50,360 --> 03:29:53,440
the press, it will probably lead politically and socially, it

3122
03:29:53,440 --> 03:29:57,479
will be necessary to consider it in connection with the

3123
03:29:57,559 --> 03:30:01,200
causes that have given it an influence so rate as

3124
03:30:01,280 --> 03:30:04,479
to entitle it to be regarded as a new political element.

3125
03:30:04,920 --> 03:30:08,120
They will, upon investigation, be found in the many discoveries

3126
03:30:08,159 --> 03:30:11,360
and inventions made in the last few centuries. Among the

3127
03:30:11,360 --> 03:30:15,600
most prominent of those are an earlier date. Of those

3128
03:30:15,639 --> 03:30:18,719
of an earlier date stand the practical application of the

3129
03:30:18,719 --> 03:30:21,959
magnetic powers to the purposes of navigation, by the invention

3130
03:30:22,040 --> 03:30:25,799
of the mariner's compass, the discovery of the mode of

3131
03:30:25,840 --> 03:30:28,840
making gunpowder and its applications to the art of war,

3132
03:30:29,159 --> 03:30:32,159
and the inventions of the art of printing. Among the

3133
03:30:32,200 --> 03:30:36,639
most recent are the numerous chemical and mechanical discoveries and inventions,

3134
03:30:36,879 --> 03:30:39,760
and their applications to the various arts of production. The

3135
03:30:39,799 --> 03:30:43,959
application of steam to machinery of almost every description, especially

3136
03:30:44,040 --> 03:30:48,200
to such as is as is designed to facilitate transportation

3137
03:30:48,319 --> 03:30:51,239
and travel by land and water, And finally, the invention

3138
03:30:51,399 --> 03:30:55,959
of the magnetic telegraph. All these have led to important results.

3139
03:30:56,200 --> 03:30:59,200
Though the invention of the Mariner's compass, the globe. Through

3140
03:30:59,239 --> 03:31:01,440
the invention of the mariners compass, the globe has been

3141
03:31:01,479 --> 03:31:05,360
circumnavigated and explored, and all who inhabit it, with but

3142
03:31:05,520 --> 03:31:08,959
few exceptions, brought within the sphere of an all pervading

3143
03:31:09,159 --> 03:31:13,120
commerce which is daily diffusing over its surface. The light

3144
03:31:13,159 --> 03:31:16,719
and blessings of civilization, though that of the art of printing.

3145
03:31:17,040 --> 03:31:18,879
Through that of the art of printing, the fruits of

3146
03:31:18,920 --> 03:31:22,360
observation and reflection of discoveries and inventions, with all the

3147
03:31:22,360 --> 03:31:27,520
accumulated stores of previously acquired knowledge are preserved and widely diffused.

3148
03:31:28,200 --> 03:31:30,600
The application of gunpowder to the art of war has

3149
03:31:30,639 --> 03:31:34,520
forever settled the long conflict for ascendency between civilization and

3150
03:31:34,559 --> 03:31:38,639
barbarism in favor of the former, and thereby guaranteed that

3151
03:31:38,719 --> 03:31:42,200
whatever knowledge is now accumulated, or may hereafter be added,

3152
03:31:42,440 --> 03:31:46,520
shall never again be lost. The numerous discoveries and inventions

3153
03:31:46,600 --> 03:31:50,079
chemical and mechanical, and the application of steam to machinery,

3154
03:31:50,159 --> 03:31:53,879
have increased manyfold the production powers of labor and capital,

3155
03:31:54,200 --> 03:31:58,120
and have thereby greatly increased the number who may devote

3156
03:31:58,120 --> 03:32:01,639
themselves to study and improvement, and the amount of means

3157
03:32:01,799 --> 03:32:06,040
necessary for commercial exchanges, especially between the more and the

3158
03:32:06,120 --> 03:32:09,200
less advanced in civilized portions of the globe, to the

3159
03:32:09,239 --> 03:32:13,319
great advantage of both, but particularly of the latter, the

3160
03:32:13,399 --> 03:32:16,360
application of steams to the purposes of travel and transportation

3161
03:32:16,479 --> 03:32:20,879
by land and water have vastly increased the facility, cheapness,

3162
03:32:20,920 --> 03:32:26,079
and rapidity of both, diffusing with them information and intelligence

3163
03:32:26,079 --> 03:32:28,399
almost as quickly and as freely as it is borne

3164
03:32:28,399 --> 03:32:33,120
by the winds, while the electrical wires outstrip them in velocity,

3165
03:32:33,319 --> 03:32:38,680
rivaling in rapidity. Though even thought itself, the joint effect

3166
03:32:38,840 --> 03:32:42,000
of all this has been a great increase and diffusion

3167
03:32:42,040 --> 03:32:45,559
of knowledge, and with this an impulse to progress and

3168
03:32:45,600 --> 03:32:52,639
civilization heretofore unexampled in the history of the world, accompanied

3169
03:32:52,639 --> 03:32:57,840
by a mental energy and activity unprecedented to all these causes.

3170
03:32:57,920 --> 03:33:01,239
Public opinion and its organ the press, oh their origin

3171
03:33:01,399 --> 03:33:04,760
and great influence. Already they have attained a force in

3172
03:33:04,840 --> 03:33:08,000
the more civilized portions of the globe, sufficient to be

3173
03:33:08,040 --> 03:33:11,200
felt by all governments, even the most absolute and despotic.

3174
03:33:11,479 --> 03:33:14,159
But as great as they now are, they have is

3175
03:33:14,399 --> 03:33:19,120
yet attained nothing like their maximum force. It is probable

3176
03:33:19,200 --> 03:33:21,399
that not one of these causes, that not one of

3177
03:33:21,399 --> 03:33:24,719
the causes which have contributed to the formation and influence,

3178
03:33:24,799 --> 03:33:27,680
has yet produced its full effect. While several of the

3179
03:33:27,719 --> 03:33:31,120
most powerful have just begun to operate, and many others,

3180
03:33:31,200 --> 03:33:34,760
probably of equal or even greater force, yet remain to

3181
03:33:34,799 --> 03:33:38,959
be brought to light. It's good looking ahead by him.

3182
03:33:40,719 --> 03:33:43,479
When the causes now in operation have produced their full effect,

3183
03:33:43,559 --> 03:33:48,280
and inventions and discoveries shall have been exhausted. If that

3184
03:33:48,440 --> 03:33:51,680
may ever be, they will give a force to public

3185
03:33:51,719 --> 03:33:56,120
opinion and cause changes political and social difficult to be anticipated.

3186
03:33:56,600 --> 03:33:59,319
What will be their final bearing. Time can only decide

3187
03:33:59,360 --> 03:34:03,159
with any certain andy that they will, however, greatly improve

3188
03:34:03,200 --> 03:34:07,040
the condition of man. Ultimately, it would be impious to doubt.

3189
03:34:07,479 --> 03:34:12,719
It would be to suppose that the all wise and beneficent, beneficent,

3190
03:34:13,360 --> 03:34:18,280
beneficent Creator, being the creator of all, had so constituted

3191
03:34:18,360 --> 03:34:21,920
man as that the employment of the high intellectual faculties

3192
03:34:22,360 --> 03:34:25,319
with which he has been pleased to endow him, in

3193
03:34:25,440 --> 03:34:27,799
order that he may develop the laws that control the

3194
03:34:27,840 --> 03:34:30,719
great agents of the material world and make them subservience

3195
03:34:30,719 --> 03:34:33,200
to his use, would prove to him the cause of

3196
03:34:33,239 --> 03:34:37,399
permanent evil, and not of permanent good. If then such

3197
03:34:37,440 --> 03:34:41,280
a supposition be admissible, they must, in their orderly and

3198
03:34:41,360 --> 03:34:45,600
full development, end in his permanent good. But this cannot

3199
03:34:45,600 --> 03:34:49,799
be unless the ultimate effect of their action politically shall

3200
03:34:49,840 --> 03:34:53,319
be to give acendency to that form of government best

3201
03:34:53,360 --> 03:34:57,719
calculated to fulfill the ends for which government is ordained. For.

3202
03:34:57,879 --> 03:35:00,520
So completely does the well being of our race depend

3203
03:35:00,639 --> 03:35:04,079
on good government that it is hardly possible any chance.

3204
03:35:05,120 --> 03:35:08,639
It is hardly possible any change the ultimate effect of

3205
03:35:08,680 --> 03:35:12,280
which should be otherwise could prove to be a permanent good.

3206
03:35:12,799 --> 03:35:16,760
It is, however, not improbable that many and great, but

3207
03:35:16,920 --> 03:35:20,600
temporary evils will follow the changes that have affected and

3208
03:35:20,680 --> 03:35:23,479
are destined to effect. It seems to be a law

3209
03:35:23,520 --> 03:35:26,159
in the political as well as in the material world,

3210
03:35:26,319 --> 03:35:30,000
that great changes cannot be made except very gradually, without

3211
03:35:30,040 --> 03:35:34,200
convulsions and revolutions, to be followed by calamities in the beginning.

3212
03:35:34,840 --> 03:35:38,000
However beneficial they may prove to be in the end,

3213
03:35:39,200 --> 03:35:42,280
the first effect of such changes on long established governments

3214
03:35:42,319 --> 03:35:45,879
will be to unsettle the opinions and principles in which

3215
03:35:45,920 --> 03:35:50,120
they originated and which have guided their policy before those

3216
03:35:50,159 --> 03:35:54,120
which the changes are calculated to form and established are

3217
03:35:54,120 --> 03:35:57,639
fairly developed and understood. The interval between the decay of

3218
03:35:57,680 --> 03:35:59,879
the old and the formation of the establishment of the

3219
03:36:00,120 --> 03:36:04,159
new constitutes a period of transition which must always necessarily

3220
03:36:04,200 --> 03:36:10,239
be one of uncertainty, confusion, error, and wild and fierce fanaticism.

3221
03:36:11,239 --> 03:36:13,440
I'm gonna leave it right there. I can't think of

3222
03:36:13,479 --> 03:36:19,280
a more perfect place to stop and finish the next time,

3223
03:36:20,280 --> 03:36:26,760
Page ninety Governments. All right, I hope you're getting a

3224
03:36:26,799 --> 03:36:32,120
lot out of this. I think that Calhoun is indispensable

3225
03:36:32,239 --> 03:36:37,200
to understand where a political mind was at at the

3226
03:36:37,280 --> 03:36:42,120
time and what he saw the future. And it's really

3227
03:36:42,159 --> 03:36:45,079
easy to see that he knew that all this was

3228
03:36:45,120 --> 03:36:49,200
going to fall apart, that it would it wasn't going

3229
03:36:49,280 --> 03:36:51,639
to work the way he wanted it to work. As

3230
03:36:51,719 --> 03:36:54,319
much as he would want it to, it wasn't gonna

3231
03:36:54,840 --> 03:36:56,639
it wasn't going to turn out the way he wanted.

3232
03:36:56,799 --> 03:37:01,399
So that's it. I'm not going to tack an add

3233
03:37:01,399 --> 03:37:03,200
on to the front of this. So if you go

3234
03:37:03,239 --> 03:37:05,639
to freemamby on the Wall dot com forward slash support,

3235
03:37:06,399 --> 03:37:11,239
you can support the show. This episode had ads in it.

3236
03:37:11,680 --> 03:37:14,040
You can avoid the ads by and get the show

3237
03:37:14,479 --> 03:37:17,680
early before it's released to the public. Freemamby on the

3238
03:37:17,680 --> 03:37:20,000
Wall dot com forward slash support. You can do it

3239
03:37:20,079 --> 03:37:23,120
right there through my website by subscribing. You can subscribe

3240
03:37:23,120 --> 03:37:27,360
through substack, you can subscribe through Patreon, subscribe star, and

3241
03:37:27,440 --> 03:37:29,479
I started a gum Road. Now you got a couple

3242
03:37:29,440 --> 03:37:32,200
of subscribers over there. So if you go to gum Road,

3243
03:37:33,120 --> 03:37:36,440
they take care of our people and they make sure

3244
03:37:36,479 --> 03:37:41,760
that we don't experience any censorship. And yeah, we'll be

3245
03:37:41,799 --> 03:37:44,840
back for the finish, the final episode, which would be

3246
03:37:45,000 --> 03:37:49,360
part five of Calhoun's disposition on government. And then I've

3247
03:37:49,360 --> 03:37:51,360
already decided what the next one is going to be,

3248
03:37:51,639 --> 03:37:55,079
and it's going to be long. There's gonna be as

3249
03:37:55,079 --> 03:37:58,079
long as it could be. You know some books that

3250
03:37:58,120 --> 03:38:00,760
I would love to read but would take twenty to

3251
03:38:00,799 --> 03:38:05,399
thirty episodes, but this one could take possibly a couple

3252
03:38:05,440 --> 03:38:08,920
more than Race War in High School did. So that's it.

3253
03:38:09,319 --> 03:38:11,280
See on the next We'll see it for the final

3254
03:38:11,319 --> 03:38:18,520
episode of John C. Calhoun's Disquisition on Government. I want

3255
03:38:18,520 --> 03:38:21,559
to welcome everyone back to the finale of John C.

3256
03:38:21,760 --> 03:38:26,760
Calhouns A Disquisition on Government. Let's get this done with

3257
03:38:26,920 --> 03:38:30,360
so I can move on to my next project, my

3258
03:38:30,479 --> 03:38:33,159
next reading, which I'm sure a lot of you will

3259
03:38:33,159 --> 03:38:36,559
be interested in. So I'm going to pick up where

3260
03:38:36,559 --> 03:38:40,440
we left off, and I'm going to go to the end.

3261
03:38:41,840 --> 03:38:46,159
All right, The governments are the more advanced and civilized

3262
03:38:46,159 --> 03:38:48,280
portions of the world are now in the midst of

3263
03:38:48,319 --> 03:38:51,079
this period. It has proved and will continue to prove

3264
03:38:51,120 --> 03:38:54,840
a severe trial to existing political institutions of every form,

3265
03:38:55,440 --> 03:38:59,120
those governments which have not the sagacity to perceive what

3266
03:38:59,239 --> 03:39:02,520
is truly pub opinion, to distinguish between it and the

3267
03:39:02,559 --> 03:39:07,079
mere clamor of faction or shouts of fanaticism, and the

3268
03:39:07,120 --> 03:39:10,799
good sense and firmness to yield timely and cautiously to

3269
03:39:10,840 --> 03:39:14,040
the claims of the one, and to resist promptly and

3270
03:39:14,079 --> 03:39:17,600
decidedly the demands of the other are doomed to fall.

3271
03:39:18,399 --> 03:39:21,360
Few will be able successfully to pass through this period

3272
03:39:21,360 --> 03:39:25,479
of transition, and these not without shocks and modifications more

3273
03:39:25,559 --> 03:39:29,639
or less considerable. It will endure until the governing and

3274
03:39:29,680 --> 03:39:33,159
the governed shall better understand the ends for which government

3275
03:39:33,239 --> 03:39:36,719
is ordained, and the form best adapted to accomplish them,

3276
03:39:36,879 --> 03:39:40,959
under all the circumstances in which communities may be respectively placed.

3277
03:39:43,200 --> 03:39:47,120
I shall, in conclusion, proceed to exemplify the elementary principles

3278
03:39:47,120 --> 03:39:49,799
which have been established by giving a brief account of

3279
03:39:49,840 --> 03:39:52,479
the origin and character of the governments of Rome and

3280
03:39:52,559 --> 03:39:55,680
Great Britain, the two most remarkable and perfect of their

3281
03:39:55,719 --> 03:39:59,639
perspective forms of constitutional government. The object is to show

3282
03:39:59,680 --> 03:40:02,600
how these these principles were applied in the more simple

3283
03:40:02,680 --> 03:40:07,000
forms of such governments, preparatory to the preparatory to an

3284
03:40:07,440 --> 03:40:10,000
exposition of the mode in which they have been applied

3285
03:40:10,040 --> 03:40:13,520
in our own more complex system. It will appear that

3286
03:40:13,639 --> 03:40:16,559
in each the principles are the same, and that the

3287
03:40:16,559 --> 03:40:19,959
difference in their application resulted from the different situation and

3288
03:40:20,079 --> 03:40:24,680
social condition of the respective communities. They were modified in

3289
03:40:24,760 --> 03:40:28,079
each so as to conform to these and hence their

3290
03:40:28,120 --> 03:40:32,520
remarkable success. They were applied to communities in which hereditary

3291
03:40:32,639 --> 03:40:37,440
rank had long prevailed. Their respective constitutions originated in concession

3292
03:40:37,520 --> 03:40:40,879
to the people, and through them they acquired a participation

3293
03:40:41,000 --> 03:40:44,040
in the powers of government. But with us they were

3294
03:40:44,040 --> 03:40:48,079
applied to communities which all political rank and distinction between

3295
03:40:48,079 --> 03:40:52,040
citizens were excluded, and where government had its orige origin

3296
03:40:52,200 --> 03:40:59,680
in the will of the people. His idea of the concurrent,

3297
03:41:01,079 --> 03:41:04,920
you get the idea that in his idea, the concurrent

3298
03:41:04,920 --> 03:41:12,319
majority would be a perfect kind of polity, for a

3299
03:41:12,319 --> 03:41:18,000
perfect kind of system, for a people who know each other,

3300
03:41:18,040 --> 03:41:22,000
who respect each other, who have foundations in the same things,

3301
03:41:22,040 --> 03:41:25,760
who built upon who come from the same place, who

3302
03:41:25,840 --> 03:41:28,639
share the same culture, share the same background, share the

3303
03:41:28,680 --> 03:41:33,200
same religion. But when it comes down to multiculturalism, it's

3304
03:41:33,319 --> 03:41:36,079
just not going to happen. Factions are going to fight

3305
03:41:36,120 --> 03:41:40,520
against each other or in. McIntyre had a great, great

3306
03:41:40,559 --> 03:41:43,799
tweet today in which he said that I will find

3307
03:41:43,840 --> 03:41:46,959
it because I don't want to mess it up. He said,

3308
03:41:47,479 --> 03:41:51,680
once men and women become political interest groups, your civilization

3309
03:41:51,920 --> 03:41:57,360
is over. The total state is the politicization of every

3310
03:41:57,479 --> 03:42:01,760
aspect of society, and nothing demolish is social coordination faster

3311
03:42:01,840 --> 03:42:05,559
than introducing this into the sexual dynamic and family formation.

3312
03:42:06,840 --> 03:42:10,239
If politics has come down to men's rights and women's rights,

3313
03:42:10,719 --> 03:42:15,639
you're lost. You're done so a concurrent majority. You can

3314
03:42:15,680 --> 03:42:19,760
never have a concurrent majority in that you can't have

3315
03:42:19,799 --> 03:42:25,440
one in this system. But, however different their origin and character,

3316
03:42:25,520 --> 03:42:27,600
it will be found that the object in each was

3317
03:42:27,639 --> 03:42:30,680
the same to blend and harmonize the conflicting interests of

3318
03:42:30,719 --> 03:42:33,920
the community, and the means the same, taking the sense

3319
03:42:33,959 --> 03:42:37,879
of each class or portion through its appropriate organ and

3320
03:42:37,920 --> 03:42:41,120
considering the concurrent sense of all as the sense of

3321
03:42:41,159 --> 03:42:45,680
the whole community. Such being the fact. An accurate and

3322
03:42:45,760 --> 03:42:49,879
clear conception how this was affected in their more simple

3323
03:42:50,000 --> 03:42:52,840
forms will enable us better to understand how it was

3324
03:42:52,879 --> 03:42:58,040
accomplished in our far more refined, artificial and complex form.

3325
03:42:58,520 --> 03:43:01,000
It is well known to all the least conversant with

3326
03:43:01,079 --> 03:43:04,360
their history that the Roman people consisted of two distinct

3327
03:43:04,520 --> 03:43:08,319
orders or classes, the patricians and the plebeians, and that

3328
03:43:08,399 --> 03:43:12,040
the line of distinction was so strongly drawn that for

3329
03:43:12,079 --> 03:43:15,680
a long time the right of intermarriage between them was prohibited.

3330
03:43:18,040 --> 03:43:20,319
After the overthrow of the monarchy and the expulsion of

3331
03:43:20,360 --> 03:43:24,879
the Tarkans, the governments fell exclusively under the control of

3332
03:43:24,879 --> 03:43:28,680
the patricians, who, with their client and dependence, formed at

3333
03:43:28,680 --> 03:43:32,040
the time a very numerous and powerful body. At first,

3334
03:43:32,120 --> 03:43:35,399
while there was danger of the return of the exiled family,

3335
03:43:35,680 --> 03:43:38,959
they treated the Plebeian the Plebeians with kindness. I'm not

3336
03:43:38,959 --> 03:43:42,319
going to say Plebeians. I'm going to say Plebeians with kindness,

3337
03:43:42,319 --> 03:43:44,639
because that's the way I learned it in school. But

3338
03:43:44,840 --> 03:43:49,479
after it had passed away with oppression and cruelty. It

3339
03:43:49,559 --> 03:43:51,840
is not necessary, with the object in view, to enter

3340
03:43:51,879 --> 03:43:55,040
into a minute account of the various acts of oppression

3341
03:43:55,079 --> 03:43:58,159
and cruelty to which they were subjected. It is sufficient

3342
03:43:58,200 --> 03:44:01,040
to state that, according to the usage of war at

3343
03:44:01,079 --> 03:44:03,520
the time, the territory of a conquered people became the

3344
03:44:03,559 --> 03:44:07,079
property of the conquerors, and that the Plebeians were harassed

3345
03:44:07,440 --> 03:44:12,040
and oppressed by incessant wars, in which the danger and

3346
03:44:12,120 --> 03:44:15,120
toil were theirs, while all the fruits of victory, the

3347
03:44:15,200 --> 03:44:18,200
lands of the vanquished, and the spoils of war accrued

3348
03:44:18,280 --> 03:44:21,360
to the benefit of their oppressors. The result was such

3349
03:44:21,360 --> 03:44:25,680
as might be expected. They were impoverished, and forced from

3350
03:44:25,799 --> 03:44:30,280
necessity to borrow from the patricians at eusyrius and exorbitant

3351
03:44:30,360 --> 03:44:33,600
interests funds with which they had been enriched through their

3352
03:44:33,600 --> 03:44:37,120
blood and toil, and to pledge their all for repayment

3353
03:44:37,479 --> 03:44:43,840
at stipulated periods. In case of default, the pledge became forfeited,

3354
03:44:44,319 --> 03:44:46,639
and under the provisions of law, in such cases, the

3355
03:44:46,680 --> 03:44:49,760
debtors were liable to be seized and sold or imprisoned

3356
03:44:49,760 --> 03:44:53,000
by their creditors in private jails prepared and kept for

3357
03:44:53,040 --> 03:44:57,120
the purpose. These savage provisions were enforced with the utmost

3358
03:44:57,200 --> 03:45:02,600
rigor against the indebted and impoverished pablion they constituted, indeed

3359
03:45:02,760 --> 03:45:05,680
an essential part of the system through which they were

3360
03:45:05,719 --> 03:45:09,440
plundered and oppressed by the patricians. A system so oppressive

3361
03:45:09,479 --> 03:45:13,239
could not be endured. The natural consequences followed. Deep hatred

3362
03:45:13,360 --> 03:45:17,479
was engendered between the orders, accompanied by factions, violence, and corruption,

3363
03:45:17,879 --> 03:45:21,520
which distracted and weakened the government. At length, an incident

3364
03:45:21,559 --> 03:45:24,159
occurred which roused the indignation of the Plebeians to the

3365
03:45:24,280 --> 03:45:28,000
utmost pitch, and which ended in an open rupture between

3366
03:45:28,000 --> 03:45:35,639
the two orders. An old soldier who had long served

3367
03:45:35,639 --> 03:45:38,879
the country and had fought with bravery. In twenty eight

3368
03:45:38,920 --> 03:45:42,520
Battles made his escape from the prison of his creditor, Squalid,

3369
03:45:42,600 --> 03:45:45,879
pale and famished. He implored the protection of the Plebeians.

3370
03:45:46,280 --> 03:45:48,680
A crowd surrounded him, and his tale of service to

3371
03:45:48,719 --> 03:45:50,559
the country and the cruelty to which he had been

3372
03:45:50,559 --> 03:45:53,639
treated by his creditor kindled the flame, which continued to

3373
03:45:53,760 --> 03:45:57,079
rage until it extended to the army. It refused to

3374
03:45:57,120 --> 03:46:01,559
continue any longer in service crosty Onio, and took possession

3375
03:46:01,600 --> 03:46:04,879
of the Sacred mount. The patricians divided an opinion as

3376
03:46:04,920 --> 03:46:07,840
to the course which should be pursued. The more violent

3377
03:46:07,920 --> 03:46:10,959
insisted on an appeal to arms, but fortunately the Council

3378
03:46:11,040 --> 03:46:16,760
of the Moderate, which recommended concession and compromise, prevailed. Commissioners

3379
03:46:16,760 --> 03:46:19,440
were appointed to treat with the arm with the army,

3380
03:46:19,840 --> 03:46:23,360
and a formal compact was entered into between the orders

3381
03:46:23,360 --> 03:46:26,239
and ratified by the oaths of each, which conceded to

3382
03:46:26,280 --> 03:46:29,440
the Plebeians the right to elect two tribunes as to

3383
03:46:29,520 --> 03:46:33,360
protectors of their order, and made their persons sacred. The

3384
03:46:33,440 --> 03:46:37,000
number was afterwards increased to ten, and their election by

3385
03:46:37,079 --> 03:46:40,959
centuries changed to elections by tribe, a mode by which

3386
03:46:41,000 --> 03:46:45,319
the plebeians secured a decided preponderance. Such was the origin

3387
03:46:45,360 --> 03:46:48,600
of the tribunit, which in process of time opened all

3388
03:46:48,639 --> 03:46:51,399
the honors of the government to the plebeians. They acquired

3389
03:46:51,399 --> 03:46:53,920
the right not only a veto in the passage of

3390
03:46:53,920 --> 03:46:57,639
all laws, but also their execution, and thus obtained, through

3391
03:46:57,680 --> 03:47:00,760
their tribunes, a negative on the entire higher action of

3392
03:47:00,760 --> 03:47:04,239
the government, without divesting the patricians of their control over

3393
03:47:04,280 --> 03:47:10,159
the Senate, but this arrangement the government. By this arrangement,

3394
03:47:10,319 --> 03:47:13,000
the government was placed under the concurrent and joint voice

3395
03:47:13,079 --> 03:47:16,399
of the two orders, expressed through separate and appropriate organs,

3396
03:47:16,799 --> 03:47:19,280
the one possessing the positive and the other the negative

3397
03:47:19,280 --> 03:47:22,360
powers of the government. This simple change converted it from

3398
03:47:22,360 --> 03:47:25,479
an absolute into a constitutional government, from a government of

3399
03:47:25,479 --> 03:47:28,319
the patricians only to that of the whole Roman people,

3400
03:47:28,399 --> 03:47:31,680
and from an aristocracy into a republic. In doing this,

3401
03:47:31,760 --> 03:47:34,760
it laid a solid foundation of Roman liberty and greatness.

3402
03:47:36,079 --> 03:47:40,040
A superficial observer would pronounce the government so organized as

3403
03:47:40,079 --> 03:47:42,760
that one should have the power of making and executing

3404
03:47:42,799 --> 03:47:46,280
the laws in another, or the representatives of another, the

3405
03:47:46,399 --> 03:47:50,760
unlimited authority of preventing their enactment and execution. If not

3406
03:47:50,840 --> 03:47:55,440
wholly impracticable, at least too feeble to stand the shocks

3407
03:47:55,479 --> 03:47:59,159
to which all governments are subject are subject, and would

3408
03:47:59,200 --> 03:48:04,559
therefore predict this speedy dissolution after a distracted and glorious career,

3409
03:48:05,399 --> 03:48:08,440
how different from the result. Instead of distraction, it proved

3410
03:48:08,479 --> 03:48:11,799
to be proved to be the bond of concord and harmony,

3411
03:48:12,040 --> 03:48:14,920
instead of weakness and unequal strength, And instead of a

3412
03:48:14,959 --> 03:48:18,680
shortening glorious career, one of great length and immortal glory.

3413
03:48:19,079 --> 03:48:22,639
It moderated the conflicts between the orders, harmonized their interests,

3414
03:48:22,680 --> 03:48:26,079
and blended them into one. Substituted devotion to country in

3415
03:48:26,079 --> 03:48:29,200
the place of devotion to particular orders, called forth the

3416
03:48:29,319 --> 03:48:31,920
united strength and energy of the whole, and the hour

3417
03:48:31,959 --> 03:48:34,879
of danger raised to power the wives of the patriotic

3418
03:48:35,159 --> 03:48:38,559
elevated the Roman name above all others, extended her authority

3419
03:48:38,559 --> 03:48:41,120
and dominion over the greater part of the then known world,

3420
03:48:41,440 --> 03:48:44,239
and transmitted the influence of her laws and institutions to

3421
03:48:44,280 --> 03:48:49,799
the present day. Had the opposite council prevailed that this

3422
03:48:49,879 --> 03:48:52,760
crucial juncture, had an appeal had been made to arms

3423
03:48:52,799 --> 03:48:55,840
instead of the concession and compromise Rome, instead of being

3424
03:48:55,840 --> 03:48:59,440
what she afterwards became would in all probability have been

3425
03:48:59,440 --> 03:49:02,680
an inglooryious and as little known to posterity as the

3426
03:49:02,680 --> 03:49:06,159
insignificant states which surrounded her, whose names and existence would

3427
03:49:06,200 --> 03:49:09,360
have been long consigned to oblivion had they not been

3428
03:49:09,399 --> 03:49:12,719
preserved in the history of her conquests of them. But

3429
03:49:12,879 --> 03:49:15,879
for the wise course then adopted, it is not improbable,

3430
03:49:16,719 --> 03:49:20,239
whichever order might have prevailed, that she would have fallen

3431
03:49:20,360 --> 03:49:23,479
under some cruel and petty tyrant, and finally been conquered

3432
03:49:23,479 --> 03:49:26,959
by some of the neighboring states, or or by the

3433
03:49:27,000 --> 03:49:31,120
Carthaginians or the Gauls. To the fortunate turn which events

3434
03:49:31,120 --> 03:49:35,000
then took, she owed her unbounded sway and imperishable renown.

3435
03:49:36,280 --> 03:49:38,920
It is true that the tribuneit, after raising her to

3436
03:49:39,000 --> 03:49:42,239
a height of power and prosperity never before equaled, finally

3437
03:49:42,280 --> 03:49:45,959
became one of the instruments by which her liberty was overthrown.

3438
03:49:46,280 --> 03:49:48,559
But it was not until she became exposed to new

3439
03:49:48,680 --> 03:49:51,520
dangers growing out of the increase of wealth and the

3440
03:49:51,559 --> 03:49:55,360
great extent of her dominions against which the Tribunit furnished

3441
03:49:55,399 --> 03:50:02,200
no guards. What's he saying Its original object was the

3442
03:50:02,200 --> 03:50:06,159
protection of the plebeians against depression and abusive power on

3443
03:50:06,239 --> 03:50:10,000
the part of the patricians. This is thoroughly accomplished. That

3444
03:50:10,120 --> 03:50:13,040
this it thoroughly accomplished. But it had no power to

3445
03:50:13,040 --> 03:50:16,280
protect the people of the numerous and wealthy conquered countries

3446
03:50:16,520 --> 03:50:20,079
from being plundered by consuls and proconsuls. Nor could it

3447
03:50:20,120 --> 03:50:24,040
prevent the plunderers from using the enormous wealth which they

3448
03:50:24,079 --> 03:50:28,040
extorted from the impoverished and ruined and ruined provinces to

3449
03:50:28,159 --> 03:50:31,520
corrupt and debase to people, nor arrest the formations of

3450
03:50:31,600 --> 03:50:34,879
part formation of parties, irrespective of the old division of

3451
03:50:34,920 --> 03:50:39,440
patricians and plebeians, having no other object than to obtain

3452
03:50:39,479 --> 03:50:41,920
the control of the government for the purpose of plunder.

3453
03:50:42,600 --> 03:50:47,959
Against these formidable evils, her constitution furnished no adequate security.

3454
03:50:48,040 --> 03:50:51,360
Under their baneful influence. The possession of the government became

3455
03:50:51,399 --> 03:50:54,840
the object of the most violent conflicts, not between patricians

3456
03:50:54,840 --> 03:51:00,000
and probelions, but between profligate and corrupt factions. They continued

3457
03:51:00,159 --> 03:51:03,840
with increasing violence until finally Rome sunk, as must every

3458
03:51:03,840 --> 03:51:09,120
community under similar circumstances. Beneath the strong grasp the despotic

3459
03:51:09,239 --> 03:51:12,200
rule of the chieftain of the successful Party, the sad

3460
03:51:12,239 --> 03:51:16,120
but only alternative which remained to prevent universal violence, confusion,

3461
03:51:16,360 --> 03:51:22,040
and anarchy. The republic had in reality ceased to exist

3462
03:51:22,120 --> 03:51:25,559
long before the establishment of the empire. The interval was

3463
03:51:25,600 --> 03:51:29,680
filled by the rule of ferocious, corrupt, and bloody factions.

3464
03:51:29,879 --> 03:51:33,200
There was, indeed, a small but patriotic body of eminent

3465
03:51:33,200 --> 03:51:36,719
individuals who struggled in vain to correct abuses and to

3466
03:51:36,760 --> 03:51:40,079
restore the government to its primitive character and purity, and

3467
03:51:40,120 --> 03:51:43,000
who sacrificed their lives and their endeavors to accomplish an

3468
03:51:43,040 --> 03:51:46,879
objects so virtuous and noble. But it can be, but

3469
03:51:46,920 --> 03:51:50,440
it can be no disparagement to the tribunet that the

3470
03:51:50,479 --> 03:51:55,000
great powers conferred on it for wise purposes, and which

3471
03:51:55,079 --> 03:51:59,440
it had so fully accomplished, should be seized upon during

3472
03:51:59,479 --> 03:52:02,680
this violence and corrupt interval to overthrow the liberty it

3473
03:52:02,719 --> 03:52:08,159
had established and so long nourished and supported. It's very

3474
03:52:08,159 --> 03:52:15,000
interesting that the when you look at civilizations through history,

3475
03:52:16,159 --> 03:52:18,280
that as long as they stayed tight knit, as long

3476
03:52:18,280 --> 03:52:21,680
as they stayed homogeneous, things were fine. As soon as

3477
03:52:21,719 --> 03:52:25,040
they started to try to branch out or got overrun.

3478
03:52:25,799 --> 03:52:30,200
Obviously overrun, but branch out bring people in from the

3479
03:52:30,239 --> 03:52:36,600
outside get rich. It's when things start to fall apart.

3480
03:52:38,799 --> 03:52:41,799
In assigning such consequence to the tribunit, I must not

3481
03:52:41,920 --> 03:52:46,760
overlook other important provisions of the constitution of the Roman government.

3482
03:52:47,079 --> 03:52:49,479
The Senate, as far as we are in form seems

3483
03:52:49,479 --> 03:52:53,879
to have been admirably constituted to secure consistency and steadiness

3484
03:52:53,879 --> 03:52:56,840
in action. The power, when the Republic was exposed to

3485
03:52:56,840 --> 03:53:00,000
eminent danger to appoint a dictator vested for a limited

3486
03:53:00,079 --> 03:53:03,239
period with almost boundless authority the two councils in the

3487
03:53:03,239 --> 03:53:07,600
manner of electing them. The auguries, the Cibilian books, the priesthood,

3488
03:53:07,639 --> 03:53:10,600
and the censorship, all of which I pertained to the patricians,

3489
03:53:10,879 --> 03:53:14,959
were perhaps indispensable to withstand the vast and apparently irregular

3490
03:53:15,040 --> 03:53:18,399
powers power of the tribunit. While the possession of such

3491
03:53:18,440 --> 03:53:22,040
great powers by the patricians made it necessary to give

3492
03:53:22,079 --> 03:53:25,760
proportionate strength to the only organ which the Pablians could

3493
03:53:25,799 --> 03:53:29,520
act on the government with effect. The government was indeed

3494
03:53:29,799 --> 03:53:34,319
powerfully constituted and apparently well proportioned, both in its positive

3495
03:53:34,319 --> 03:53:38,159
and negative organs. It was truly an iron government. Without

3496
03:53:38,200 --> 03:53:40,120
the tribunit, it proved to be one of the most

3497
03:53:40,120 --> 03:53:43,520
oppressive and cruel that ever existed, but with it one

3498
03:53:43,520 --> 03:53:52,440
of the strongest and the best. The origin and character

3499
03:53:52,479 --> 03:53:54,920
of the British government are so well known that a

3500
03:53:55,040 --> 03:53:58,760
very brief sketch, with object in view, will suffice the

3501
03:53:58,799 --> 03:54:02,680
causes which ultimately into its present form commenced with the

3502
03:54:02,719 --> 03:54:07,399
Norman conquest. This introduced a feudal system with its necessary appendages,

3503
03:54:07,440 --> 03:54:10,600
a hereditary monarchy and nobility, the former in the line

3504
03:54:10,639 --> 03:54:12,879
of the chief who led the invading army, and the

3505
03:54:12,959 --> 03:54:16,680
latter and that of his distinguished followers. They became his

3506
03:54:17,559 --> 03:54:23,000
feud feudatories. The country, both land and people, the latter

3507
03:54:23,040 --> 03:54:26,760
its serfs, was divided between them. Conflicts soon followed between

3508
03:54:26,760 --> 03:54:29,239
the monarch and the nobles, as must ever be the

3509
03:54:29,319 --> 03:54:32,319
case under such systems. They were followed in the progress

3510
03:54:32,319 --> 03:54:35,120
of events by efforts on both parts of monarchs and

3511
03:54:35,159 --> 03:54:39,520
nobles to conciliate the favor of the people. They, in consequence,

3512
03:54:39,600 --> 03:54:42,280
gradually rose to power. At every step of their assent,

3513
03:54:42,520 --> 03:54:45,600
they became more important, and were more and more courted,

3514
03:54:45,719 --> 03:54:48,840
until at length their influence was so sensibly felt that

3515
03:54:48,879 --> 03:54:53,239
they were summoned to attend the meeting of Parliament by delegates. Not, however,

3516
03:54:53,319 --> 03:54:56,440
as an estate of the realm or constituent member of

3517
03:54:56,479 --> 03:54:59,920
the body politic. The first summons came from the nobles,

3518
03:55:00,159 --> 03:55:04,239
and was designed to conciliate their good feelings and secure

3519
03:55:04,239 --> 03:55:07,399
their cooperation in the war against the King. This was

3520
03:55:07,399 --> 03:55:11,799
followed by one from him, but his object was simply

3521
03:55:12,159 --> 03:55:14,399
to have them present at the meeting of his parliament

3522
03:55:14,440 --> 03:55:17,600
in order to be consulted by the crown on questions

3523
03:55:17,600 --> 03:55:21,159
relating to taxes and supplies, not indeed to discuss the

3524
03:55:21,239 --> 03:55:24,079
right to lay the one and to raise the other,

3525
03:55:24,520 --> 03:55:27,399
for the King claimed the arbitrary authority to do both,

3526
03:55:27,479 --> 03:55:30,760
but with a view to facilitate their collection and to

3527
03:55:30,799 --> 03:55:34,600
reconcile them to their imposition. From this humble beginning, they,

3528
03:55:34,879 --> 03:55:39,399
after a long struggle accompanied by many vicissitudes, raised themselves

3529
03:55:39,399 --> 03:55:42,040
to be considered one of the estates of the realm, and, finally,

3530
03:55:42,079 --> 03:55:44,680
in their effort to enlarge and secure what they had gained,

3531
03:55:44,760 --> 03:55:48,000
overpowered for a time the other two estates, and thus

3532
03:55:48,040 --> 03:55:52,719
concentrated all power in a single estate or body. Give

3533
03:55:52,760 --> 03:56:01,520
me a second here, a decent real quick all right?

3534
03:56:03,600 --> 03:56:06,520
This in effect made the government absolute and led to

3535
03:56:06,559 --> 03:56:10,200
consequences which, as by a fixed law, must ever result

3536
03:56:10,200 --> 03:56:14,159
in popular governments of this form, namely to organize parties

3537
03:56:14,239 --> 03:56:18,600
or rather factions contending violently to obtain or retain the

3538
03:56:18,639 --> 03:56:21,319
control of the government, and this again by laws almost

3539
03:56:21,319 --> 03:56:24,959
as uniform to the concentration of all the powers of

3540
03:56:25,040 --> 03:56:27,760
government in the hands of the military commander of the

3541
03:56:27,799 --> 03:56:31,079
successful party. His heir was too feeble to hold the

3542
03:56:31,079 --> 03:56:34,200
scepter he had grasped, and the general discontent with the

3543
03:56:34,239 --> 03:56:36,760
results of the revolution led to the restoration of the

3544
03:56:36,799 --> 03:56:40,040
old dynasty without defining the limits between the powers of

3545
03:56:40,079 --> 03:56:46,680
the respective estates. After a short interval, another revolution followed

3546
03:56:46,680 --> 03:56:49,280
in which the lords and commons united against the king.

3547
03:56:49,559 --> 03:56:52,440
This terminated in his overthrow and the transfer of the

3548
03:56:52,520 --> 03:56:55,920
crown to a collateral branch of the family, accompanied by

3549
03:56:55,959 --> 03:56:59,120
a declaration of rights which defined the power of the

3550
03:56:59,159 --> 03:57:02,920
several estates of the realm and finally perfected and established

3551
03:57:02,920 --> 03:57:07,559
the Constitution. Thus, a feudal monarchy was converted, through a

3552
03:57:07,639 --> 03:57:11,120
slow but steady process of many centuries, into a highly

3553
03:57:11,159 --> 03:57:15,520
refined constitutional monarchy without changing the basis of the original government.

3554
03:57:16,200 --> 03:57:19,040
As it now stands, the realm consists of three estates,

3555
03:57:19,079 --> 03:57:22,360
the King, the lord's temporal and spiritual and the Commons.

3556
03:57:22,680 --> 03:57:26,200
The Parliament is to Grand Council. It possesses the supreme power.

3557
03:57:26,360 --> 03:57:29,639
It enacts laws by the concurring assent of the Lords

3558
03:57:29,639 --> 03:57:32,360
and Commons, subject to the approval of the King. The

3559
03:57:32,440 --> 03:57:35,440
executive power is vested in the Monarch, who is regarded

3560
03:57:35,479 --> 03:57:40,520
as constituting the first estate. Although irresponsible himself, he can

3561
03:57:40,639 --> 03:57:44,520
only act through responsible ministers and agents. They are responsible

3562
03:57:44,559 --> 03:57:47,120
to the other Estates, to the Lords as constituting the

3563
03:57:47,200 --> 03:57:49,920
High Court, before whom all the servants of the Crown

3564
03:57:49,959 --> 03:57:52,879
may be tried from malpractices and crimes against the realm

3565
03:57:53,239 --> 03:57:57,360
or official delinquencies, and to the Commons, as possessing the

3566
03:57:57,399 --> 03:58:01,840
impeaching power and constituting the granding in quest of the Kingdom.

3567
03:58:02,440 --> 03:58:06,719
These provisions, with their legislative powers, especially that of withholding supplies,

3568
03:58:07,000 --> 03:58:10,399
give them a controlling influence on the executive department, virtually

3569
03:58:11,040 --> 03:58:14,120
and virtually a participation in its powers, so that the

3570
03:58:14,159 --> 03:58:16,760
acts of the government throughout its entire range may be

3571
03:58:16,799 --> 03:58:19,399
fairly considered as the results of the concurrent and joint

3572
03:58:19,440 --> 03:58:22,479
action of the three Estates, and as these embrace all

3573
03:58:22,520 --> 03:58:26,479
the orders of the concurrent and joint action of the Estates,

3574
03:58:26,479 --> 03:58:29,639
of the realm he would take, he would take an

3575
03:58:29,639 --> 03:58:33,159
imperfect He would take an imperfect and false view of

3576
03:58:33,159 --> 03:58:36,159
the subject. Who would consider the King in his mere

3577
03:58:36,159 --> 03:58:40,239
individual character, or even as the head of the royal family,

3578
03:58:40,719 --> 03:58:45,559
as constituting an estate regarded in either light, so far

3579
03:58:45,600 --> 03:58:48,879
from deserving to be considered as the first estate and

3580
03:58:48,920 --> 03:58:50,920
the head of the realm as he is, he would

3581
03:58:50,920 --> 03:58:55,040
represent an interest too inconsiderable to be an object of

3582
03:58:55,079 --> 03:58:59,440
special protection. Instead of this, he represents what in reality

3583
03:58:59,520 --> 03:59:03,239
is habitually and naturally the most powerful interests, all things

3584
03:59:03,280 --> 03:59:07,280
considered under every form of government in all civilized communities,

3585
03:59:07,559 --> 03:59:11,440
the tax consuming interest, or more broadly, the great interest,

3586
03:59:11,520 --> 03:59:14,079
which necessarily grows out of the action of the government,

3587
03:59:14,360 --> 03:59:17,200
be its form that it may the interest that lives

3588
03:59:17,239 --> 03:59:20,600
by the government. It is composed of recipients of its

3589
03:59:20,600 --> 03:59:24,360
honors and emoluments, and may be properly called the government

3590
03:59:24,440 --> 03:59:28,079
interest or party, in contradistinction to the rest of the community,

3591
03:59:28,280 --> 03:59:31,639
or as they may be properly called, the people or commons.

3592
03:59:32,319 --> 03:59:35,479
The one comprehends all who are supported by the government,

3593
03:59:35,719 --> 03:59:38,959
and the other, and the other all who support the government.

3594
03:59:39,280 --> 03:59:42,719
And it is only because the former are strongest all

3595
03:59:42,760 --> 03:59:45,719
things being considered, that they are enabled to retain for

3596
03:59:45,799 --> 03:59:51,600
any considerable time advantages so great and commanding. This great

3597
03:59:51,600 --> 03:59:54,680
and predominant interest is naturally represented by a single head,

3598
03:59:54,760 --> 03:59:58,200
for it is impossible, without being so represented, to distribute

3599
03:59:58,200 --> 04:00:01,280
the honors and emoluments of the government among government among

3600
04:00:01,319 --> 04:00:05,000
those who compose it, without producing discord and conflict. And

3601
04:00:05,040 --> 04:00:08,399
it is only by preventing these that advantages so tempting

3602
04:00:08,520 --> 04:00:12,079
can be long retained. And hence the strong tendency of

3603
04:00:12,079 --> 04:00:14,840
this great interest to the monarchical form, that is to

3604
04:00:14,879 --> 04:00:18,600
be represented by a single individual. On the contrary, the

3605
04:00:18,639 --> 04:00:23,639
antagonistic interests, that which supports the government has the opposite tendency,

3606
04:00:23,879 --> 04:00:26,600
a tendency to be represented by many, because a large

3607
04:00:26,639 --> 04:00:30,159
assembly can better judge than one individual or a few,

3608
04:00:30,600 --> 04:00:33,239
what burdens the community can bear, and how it can

3609
04:00:33,280 --> 04:00:38,399
be most equally distributed and easily collected. Good luck. In

3610
04:00:38,440 --> 04:00:41,520
the British government, the King constitutes an estate because he

3611
04:00:41,600 --> 04:00:44,200
is the head and representative of of this great interest.

3612
04:00:44,520 --> 04:00:46,879
He is the conduit through which all the honors and

3613
04:00:46,920 --> 04:00:50,399
emoluments of the government flows. While the House of Commons,

3614
04:00:50,399 --> 04:00:52,559
according to the theory of the government is the head

3615
04:00:52,600 --> 04:00:56,000
and representative of the opposite, the great tax paying interest

3616
04:00:56,120 --> 04:01:01,719
by which the government is supported. Between these great interests

3617
04:01:01,760 --> 04:01:05,959
there is necessarily a constant and strong tendency to conflict, which,

3618
04:01:06,120 --> 04:01:09,120
if not counteracted, must end in violence and an appeal

3619
04:01:09,159 --> 04:01:12,559
to force, to be followed by revolution. As has been explained.

3620
04:01:12,879 --> 04:01:14,959
To prevent this, the House of Lords, as one of

3621
04:01:14,959 --> 04:01:17,840
the estates of the realm, is interposed and constitutes the

3622
04:01:17,840 --> 04:01:20,799
conservative power of the government. It consists, in fact, of

3623
04:01:20,840 --> 04:01:24,200
that portion of the government who are the principal recipients

3624
04:01:24,639 --> 04:01:28,360
of the honors, emoluments, and other advantages derived from the government,

3625
04:01:28,520 --> 04:01:31,600
and whose condition cannot be improved, but must be made

3626
04:01:31,639 --> 04:01:34,360
worse by the triumph of either of the conflicting estates

3627
04:01:34,360 --> 04:01:36,680
over the other. And hence it is opposed to the

3628
04:01:36,719 --> 04:01:40,760
ascendency of either, and in favor of preserving the equilibrium

3629
04:01:40,799 --> 04:01:45,239
between them. This sketch, brief as it is, is sufficient

3630
04:01:45,319 --> 04:01:48,360
to show that these two constitutional governments, by far the

3631
04:01:48,360 --> 04:01:51,959
most illustrious of their respective kinds, conformed to the principles

3632
04:01:52,000 --> 04:01:54,559
that have been established alike in their origin and in

3633
04:01:54,600 --> 04:01:58,440
their construction. The constitutions of both originated in a pressure

3634
04:01:58,719 --> 04:02:02,559
occasioned by conflicts interest between hostile classes or orders, and

3635
04:02:02,639 --> 04:02:07,239
were intended to meet the pressing exigencies of the occasion.

3636
04:02:07,520 --> 04:02:10,399
Neither party it would seem having any conception of the

3637
04:02:10,399 --> 04:02:14,000
principles involved or the consequences to follow beyond the immediate

3638
04:02:14,040 --> 04:02:18,479
objects in contemplation. It would indeed seem almost impossible for

3639
04:02:18,559 --> 04:02:22,719
constitutional governments founded on orders or classes to originate in

3640
04:02:22,840 --> 04:02:26,000
any other manner. It is difficult to conceive that any

3641
04:02:26,040 --> 04:02:29,360
people among whom they did not exist would or could

3642
04:02:29,479 --> 04:02:33,399
voluntarily institute them in order to establish such governments, While

3643
04:02:33,440 --> 04:02:37,159
it is not at all wonderful that they would grow

3644
04:02:37,200 --> 04:02:40,399
out of the conflicts between orders or classes when aided

3645
04:02:40,440 --> 04:02:45,239
by a favorable combination of circumstances. The constitutions of both

3646
04:02:45,360 --> 04:02:48,319
rest on the same principle, an organism by which the

3647
04:02:48,399 --> 04:02:51,000
voice of each order or class is taken through its

3648
04:02:51,040 --> 04:02:54,719
appropriate organ and which requires the concurring voice of all

3649
04:02:54,799 --> 04:02:59,120
to constitute that of the whole community. The effects, too,

3650
04:02:59,520 --> 04:03:03,399
were the same, in both to unite and harmonize conflicting interests,

3651
04:03:03,440 --> 04:03:06,520
to strengthen attachments to the whole community, and to moderate

3652
04:03:06,559 --> 04:03:09,799
that to the respective orders or classes, to rally all

3653
04:03:10,079 --> 04:03:13,159
in the hour of danger around the standard of their country,

3654
04:03:13,360 --> 04:03:18,159
to elevate the feeling of nationality, and to develop power

3655
04:03:18,399 --> 04:03:23,559
moral and physical to an extraordinary extent. Yet each has

3656
04:03:23,559 --> 04:03:27,479
the distinguishing figures resulting from the difference of their organisms

3657
04:03:27,520 --> 04:03:36,920
and the circumstances of which they respectively originated. In the

3658
04:03:36,959 --> 04:03:40,239
government of Great Britain, the three orders are blended in

3659
04:03:40,280 --> 04:03:43,600
the legislative department, so that the separate and concurring act

3660
04:03:43,639 --> 04:03:46,719
of each is necessary to make laws. While on the contrary,

3661
04:03:46,760 --> 04:03:49,319
in the Roman, one order had the power of making

3662
04:03:49,399 --> 04:03:52,760
laws and another of annulling them or arresting their execution.

3663
04:03:53,399 --> 04:03:58,799
Each had its peculiar advantages. The Roman developed more fully

3664
04:03:58,879 --> 04:04:02,319
the love of country and the feelings of nationality. I

3665
04:04:02,360 --> 04:04:05,200
am a Roman citizen was pronounced with a pride and

3666
04:04:05,280 --> 04:04:09,440
elevation of sentiment never perhaps felt before or since by

3667
04:04:09,559 --> 04:04:12,959
any citizen or subject of any community in announcing the

3668
04:04:12,959 --> 04:04:16,920
country to which he belonged. It also developed more fully

3669
04:04:17,000 --> 04:04:21,280
the power of community, taking into consideration their respective population

3670
04:04:21,399 --> 04:04:24,040
and the state of the art of arts. At the

3671
04:04:24,079 --> 04:04:28,239
different periods, Rome developed more power comparatively than Great Britain

3672
04:04:28,319 --> 04:04:31,639
ever has vast as that is and has been or

3673
04:04:31,680 --> 04:04:35,799
perhaps than any other community ever did, hence the mighty

3674
04:04:35,799 --> 04:04:38,760
control she acquired from a beginning so humble. But the

3675
04:04:38,760 --> 04:04:41,600
British government is far superior to that of Rome, and

3676
04:04:41,680 --> 04:04:46,040
its adaptation and capacity to embrace under its control extensive

3677
04:04:46,079 --> 04:04:51,360
dominions without subverting its constitution. In other words, they can

3678
04:04:51,360 --> 04:04:57,920
be an empire without the constitution falling apart. Well in

3679
04:04:57,959 --> 04:05:01,719
this respect, the Roman constitution was effective, and in consequence

3680
04:05:01,760 --> 04:05:04,840
soon began to exhibit marks of decay after Rome had

3681
04:05:04,840 --> 04:05:08,799
extended her dominions beyond Italy. While the British holds under

3682
04:05:08,840 --> 04:05:12,680
its way without apparently impairing either an empire equal to

3683
04:05:12,760 --> 04:05:15,319
that under the weight of which the constitution and liberty

3684
04:05:15,319 --> 04:05:18,639
of Rome were crushed. The great advantage it derives from

3685
04:05:18,680 --> 04:05:21,920
its different structure, especially that of the Executive Department of

3686
04:05:21,920 --> 04:05:25,440
the Executive Department, and the character of its conservative principle.

3687
04:05:26,000 --> 04:05:28,920
The former is so constructed as to prevent, in consequence

3688
04:05:28,959 --> 04:05:32,760
of its unity and hereditary character, the violent and factious

3689
04:05:32,920 --> 04:05:35,760
struggles to obtain the control of the government and with

3690
04:05:35,879 --> 04:05:40,200
it the vast patronage, which distracted, corrupted, and finally subverted

3691
04:05:40,239 --> 04:05:44,159
the Roman Republic. Against this fatal disease, the latter had

3692
04:05:44,200 --> 04:05:49,520
no security whatever, While the British Government, besides the advantages

3693
04:05:49,600 --> 04:05:52,200
it possesses in this respect from the structure of its

3694
04:05:52,200 --> 04:05:56,120
executive department, has in the character of its conservative principle,

3695
04:05:56,399 --> 04:06:01,399
another and powerful security against it. Its such that patronage,

3696
04:06:01,479 --> 04:06:05,200
instead of weakening, strengthens it. For the greater the patronage

3697
04:06:05,200 --> 04:06:07,559
of the government, the greater will it be the share

3698
04:06:07,600 --> 04:06:12,239
which falls the estate constituting the conservative department of the government.

3699
04:06:12,600 --> 04:06:16,920
And the more eligible its condition, the greater its opposition

3700
04:06:17,000 --> 04:06:20,399
to any radical change in its form. The two causes

3701
04:06:20,440 --> 04:06:23,920
combined give to the government a greater capacity of holding

3702
04:06:24,040 --> 04:06:29,680
under subjection extensive dominions without subverting the Constitution or destroying liberty,

3703
04:06:29,879 --> 04:06:33,959
than has ever been possessed by any other. It is difficult, indeed,

3704
04:06:34,120 --> 04:06:36,920
to assign any limit to its capacity in this respect.

3705
04:06:37,319 --> 04:06:40,399
The most probable which can be assigned is its ability

3706
04:06:40,440 --> 04:06:43,840
to bear increased burdens the taxation necessary to meet the

3707
04:06:43,879 --> 04:06:47,079
expenses incidents of the acquisition and government of such vast

3708
04:06:47,079 --> 04:06:50,600
dominions may prove in the end so heavy as to

3709
04:06:50,680 --> 04:06:54,479
crush under its weight the laboring and productive portions of

3710
04:06:54,520 --> 04:06:58,639
the population. I have now finished this brief sketch. I

3711
04:06:58,719 --> 04:07:02,760
proposed of the ore and character of these two renowned governments,

3712
04:07:02,799 --> 04:07:05,920
and shall proceed to consider the character, origin, and structure

3713
04:07:05,920 --> 04:07:08,319
of the government of the United States. It differs from

3714
04:07:08,360 --> 04:07:11,360
the Roman and British more than they differ from each other.

3715
04:07:11,639 --> 04:07:15,360
And although an existing government of recent origin, its character

3716
04:07:15,399 --> 04:07:21,319
and structure are perhaps less understood than these others. And

3717
04:07:21,479 --> 04:07:24,559
if you want to read about that, it's called a

3718
04:07:24,639 --> 04:07:27,440
Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States.

3719
04:07:27,719 --> 04:07:32,319
You can read that on your own, all right. It

3720
04:07:32,399 --> 04:07:36,040
reminds me of when he was talking about Rome, was

3721
04:07:36,079 --> 04:07:43,040
saying Rome, people didn't love Rome because it was great.

3722
04:07:44,360 --> 04:07:49,120
Rome was great because people loved Rome. And it seems

3723
04:07:49,159 --> 04:07:55,719
like when the people like something, when they love something,

3724
04:07:55,719 --> 04:08:02,680
when they're investing in something, it sticks around, it will

3725
04:08:02,719 --> 04:08:10,079
keep its form. But unfortunately we've just gotten to the

3726
04:08:10,120 --> 04:08:14,200
point where even through this, reading five readings of this,

3727
04:08:15,000 --> 04:08:18,520
you see that what he was proposing and would have

3728
04:08:18,520 --> 04:08:22,680
been proposed since the beginning, just couldn't be held onto

3729
04:08:23,879 --> 04:08:27,840
and you can make you can look at him talking

3730
04:08:27,879 --> 04:08:30,719
about Britain becoming an empire but still being able to

3731
04:08:31,559 --> 04:08:34,680
hold their constitutions together, and a lot of people point

3732
04:08:34,760 --> 04:08:38,600
to the beginning of our empire building which they say

3733
04:08:38,680 --> 04:08:42,239
turn of the century in nineteen to twentieth and see

3734
04:08:42,239 --> 04:08:47,959
how things fell apart there. But two world wars didn't help,

3735
04:08:48,159 --> 04:08:53,200
Cold War didn't help, and basically getting involved in other

3736
04:08:53,239 --> 04:08:57,959
people's businesses where we could have been concentrated on. I

3737
04:08:57,959 --> 04:09:00,600
think even at a point and run nineteen ninety one

3738
04:09:00,639 --> 04:09:03,840
where the Soviet Union fell and Pat Buchannan said, great,

3739
04:09:04,239 --> 04:09:08,000
no more enemies, let's concentrate on the homeland. If they

3740
04:09:08,000 --> 04:09:13,159
hadn't decided to switch over to concentrating on Islam, things

3741
04:09:13,159 --> 04:09:16,440
would be a lot different now. But yeah, it's hard

3742
04:09:16,479 --> 04:09:20,559
to say mistakes were made. Long before the nineteen ninety

3743
04:09:20,559 --> 04:09:26,040
one we still lived under a basically Nuremberg New New Deal,

3744
04:09:26,079 --> 04:09:31,000
anti fascist regime. Nineteen ninety one you already started seeing

3745
04:09:31,000 --> 04:09:37,559
political correctness coming through, and yeah, so can it be?

3746
04:09:39,000 --> 04:09:41,719
Would it have it? Probably would have kicked the can

3747
04:09:41,799 --> 04:09:45,159
down the road a little bit, But people would have

3748
04:09:45,200 --> 04:09:47,440
got tired, They would have got tired of peace, and

3749
04:09:47,440 --> 04:09:49,440
they would have won a war. They would have wanted enemies.

3750
04:09:50,319 --> 04:09:56,280
And that's the way. It's the way elites look look

3751
04:09:56,319 --> 04:10:00,440
at things. They see war, see an enemy, see it

3752
04:10:00,479 --> 04:10:05,959
as something that can bring people together common enemy. People

3753
04:10:06,000 --> 04:10:11,319
in Hawaii volunteering for the military after nine to eleven,

3754
04:10:11,360 --> 04:10:15,440
even though there were no attacks anywhere near it. We're

3755
04:10:15,479 --> 04:10:21,120
all Americans, right, I think falling more and more away

3756
04:10:21,159 --> 04:10:25,040
from that. So it's like I said, through this whole thing,

3757
04:10:25,760 --> 04:10:27,959
I don't think any of this is gonna is going

3758
04:10:28,040 --> 04:10:30,239
to help us. I just think it shows where we

3759
04:10:30,280 --> 04:10:33,559
went wrong and shows what doesn't work, and then we

3760
04:10:33,600 --> 04:10:37,760
need something new. And that's about it. Look forward to

3761
04:10:37,760 --> 04:10:43,559
my next reading. There were ads on this. Sorry about that.

3762
04:10:43,719 --> 04:10:46,120
Got to pay the bills. If you want to be

3763
04:10:46,159 --> 04:10:49,120
able to get the episodes ad free, go to freemanbyond

3764
04:10:49,159 --> 04:10:52,680
the Wall dot com Forward Slash Support. If you subscribe

3765
04:10:52,920 --> 04:10:58,000
on my website right there on Subscribe, star on substack,

3766
04:10:58,360 --> 04:11:02,040
on Patreon, or on gummy Road, I give you the

3767
04:11:02,079 --> 04:11:07,639
episodes early and ad free, so consider doing that. And

3768
04:11:07,680 --> 04:11:11,280
I just want to thank everyone and onto the next reading.

3769
04:11:11,879 --> 04:11:12,879
Take care bye,