WEBVTT

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<v Speaker 1>Oh hey, it's your old dad Ward Bond podcast. Just

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<v Speaker 1>slip it into your life to chat with you about

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<v Speaker 1>ancient toilets, buried treasure and Roman rulers. Oh this episode,

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<v Speaker 1>it's been simmering for millennia, and if you listened to Egyptology,

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<v Speaker 1>you'll already have kind of a wee primer on the

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<v Speaker 1>hot empire gossip we're about to unleash. But first, just

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<v Speaker 1>a quick thanks thank you to all the patrons at

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<v Speaker 1>patreon dot com slash ologies for supporting as little as

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<v Speaker 1>a quarter an episode. A buck a month gets you

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<v Speaker 1>in that club, and thanks to everyone getting merch at

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<v Speaker 1>ologiesmerch dot com and for no money, you can support

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<v Speaker 1>just by telling some friends, maybe some co workers, some

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<v Speaker 1>enemies about the show. Also, rating and subscribing on iTunes

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<v Speaker 1>keeps this boat afloat, and reviewing just makes my day

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<v Speaker 1>because sometimes I'm tired or sad and then I see

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<v Speaker 1>a nice thing you said. So this week I creep

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<v Speaker 1>the review of Sexy Bitch. They say, you know that

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<v Speaker 1>thing that happens when you meet someone at a party

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<v Speaker 1>and realize that you both love the same science podcast,

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<v Speaker 1>and then you freak out and talk about it at

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<v Speaker 1>a mile a minute while everyone around you is like,

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<v Speaker 1>what's their problem right now? If the answer is no,

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<v Speaker 1>you've never listened to ologies. This episode list is like

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<v Speaker 1>the menu at an amazing restaurant. Literally, anything you choose

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<v Speaker 1>is a good idea. Thank you, sexy bitch. Okay, Archaeology,

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<v Speaker 1>let's get into the etymology really quick. Archaeology comes from

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<v Speaker 1>the Greek ark for beginning, and classical archaeology deals specifically

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<v Speaker 1>with ancient Rome or ancient Greece. Boy, howdy hot dang,

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<v Speaker 1>this ologist knows his business. He's an American who lives

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<v Speaker 1>in Rome. So the dude is literally walking the talk.

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<v Speaker 1>And he's the executive director of the American Institute for

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<v Speaker 1>Roman Culture. So dude was a Fulbright scholar who got

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<v Speaker 1>his masters and PhD in archaeology at the University of Texas.

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<v Speaker 1>And he's the host of a PBS series called Ancient

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<v Speaker 1>Invisible Cities, as well as the Italian series called Under

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<v Speaker 1>Italy where he crawls into little tunnels and tombs and shit.

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<v Speaker 1>It's very rad. Season two is about to start. He

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<v Speaker 1>was in la as a Getty Conservation Institute scholar at

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<v Speaker 1>the Getty Museum and my lovely friend and equestrian by

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<v Speaker 1>the name of Mackenzie Rollins. Hey girl introduced us via

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<v Speaker 1>email and then we met up. We chatted, We got

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<v Speaker 1>a little geeky about the Greeks, but mostly it's all

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<v Speaker 1>about the Romans. So a statement on his website just reads,

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<v Speaker 1>my passion is Rome and it is not a lie,

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<v Speaker 1>and like a plague in ancient times, it's infectious. So

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<v Speaker 1>hang on to your togas and recline on your laurels

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<v Speaker 1>to hear all kinds of dirt with classical archaeologist doctor

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<v Speaker 1>Darius Aria. It's out Darius Aria sounds like a superhero.

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<v Speaker 2>Yam yeah, almost almost rhymes, which I've gotten.

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<v Speaker 1>That Darius Aria hello, also known as Dark. So you

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<v Speaker 1>are in the United States right now, but you're based

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<v Speaker 1>in Italy.

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<v Speaker 2>That's exactly correct. And I get complimented here on my

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<v Speaker 2>English all the time because they're like, oh my god,

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<v Speaker 2>you're from Italy, but you're English. You sound so so

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<v Speaker 2>like a native speaker. I'm like, well, actually, yes, now

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<v Speaker 2>you're from New York originally. No, okay, So I was

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<v Speaker 2>born in Buffalo, but I was I grew up in Huntington,

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<v Speaker 2>West Virginia, and my dad was a coal miner and no,

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<v Speaker 2>okay for one second, the Iranian coal miner. That's a

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<v Speaker 2>good story though. Anyways, Then I went to a boarding

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<v Speaker 2>school in New Hampshire, so I had my New England experience.

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<v Speaker 2>And then I stayed in the area. I went to

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<v Speaker 2>University of Pennsylvania, so I had my Philadelphia experience city

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<v Speaker 2>of brotherly love. And then I got my PhD in Austin, Texas,

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<v Speaker 2>which is the surreal spot in all of Texas.

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<v Speaker 1>And then when did you start studying archaeology? I know

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<v Speaker 1>your dad you got a coal miner. Your dad was

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<v Speaker 1>a surgeon.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, my dad surgeon retired, but he my dad's Iranian,

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<v Speaker 2>so he came over through study in Vienna. That my

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<v Speaker 2>mom there work in London, and then finally to Buffalo

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<v Speaker 2>where he did his residency. My mom is an American

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<v Speaker 2>German American, so that's the kind of link up. But archaeology,

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<v Speaker 2>I mean, I was always interested in ancient history. I

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<v Speaker 2>was always interested in something something old. Was lucky enough

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<v Speaker 2>as a kid then to travel to museums in the

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<v Speaker 2>United States. And I love the Smithsonian. I mean, I

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<v Speaker 2>think the Smithsonian will strike has something for everyone. You know,

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<v Speaker 2>it just strikes you in a certain way. It's air

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<v Speaker 2>and space or natural history. And for me, it was

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<v Speaker 2>these exhibitions on the ancient civilizations, and there was a

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<v Speaker 2>huge one on Darius the Great. I'm like, oh, who

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<v Speaker 2>is this guy?

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<v Speaker 1>You know?

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<v Speaker 2>So got a little bit of my history in there

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<v Speaker 2>that spurred it on.

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<v Speaker 1>So side note, if you're like everyone knows who Darius

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<v Speaker 1>the Great, the ruler of Persia around five hundred BCE is,

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<v Speaker 1>except me, You're not alone. I had to look this up.

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<v Speaker 1>So Darius the dead one, not a live guide that

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<v Speaker 1>I'm interviewing, built the seventeen hundred mile long Intercontinental Royal Road,

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<v Speaker 1>and he had a ton of wives. And he also

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<v Speaker 1>is known for having carved his autobiography into a limestone

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<v Speaker 1>cliff face, including details about a bunch of wars he won.

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<v Speaker 1>It was a baller move. It was kind of like

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<v Speaker 1>a mix between Mount Rushmore and a Barbara Walters interview

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<v Speaker 1>and some really good battle rap lyrics. Anyway, he had style,

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<v Speaker 1>and you were named after him.

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<v Speaker 2>Uh yeah, I mean, but I mean it's.

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<v Speaker 1>Like, is it like John Is it a very comedy?

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<v Speaker 2>John Smith is Darius Aria in FARSI something like that.

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<v Speaker 1>It's great, Honestly, you sound like a superhero.

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<v Speaker 2>And well, when I studied Latin, it was great because

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<v Speaker 2>then my name can decline.

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<v Speaker 1>You know that is such a niche observation. As someone

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<v Speaker 1>who studied Latin for four years, I like very much

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<v Speaker 1>appreciate the declining. Exactly, did you study ancient languages when

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<v Speaker 1>you were getting your archaeology PhD.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah?

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<v Speaker 2>Right, when I was a kid, I was in Huntington.

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<v Speaker 2>We had this absolutely spectacular, nationally acclaimed Latin teacher. So

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<v Speaker 2>why and that's why I didn't study French. I mean

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<v Speaker 2>that was the other option that we got to study

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<v Speaker 2>with with this with this person, and she was just

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<v Speaker 2>so dynamic and on fire. Lowis Merritt. I mean, you

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<v Speaker 2>know she's still kicking around, and you know, whoever I

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<v Speaker 2>go back home, she's always, oh my one of my favorites,

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<v Speaker 2>you know, the students and all this sort of stuff.

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<v Speaker 2>But she was just great. And that's what you want

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<v Speaker 2>in any teacher. Someone that really inspires you, and someone

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<v Speaker 2>you can go back to, and someone that just you know,

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<v Speaker 2>is really excited about their material.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I bet as a Latin teacher, She's like yes, yes,

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<v Speaker 1>She's like I turned one yeah, into a lifelong Roman.

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<v Speaker 2>Enthusiast, addictic, and then I live in Rome. That's why

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<v Speaker 2>he was just blindly doing the Latin and Greek junior

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<v Speaker 2>high then high school, you know it. Just really enjoyed it,

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<v Speaker 2>but I didn't think career. So I was that generation

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<v Speaker 2>where you just didn't really talk about it and and

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<v Speaker 2>then you know, and then you'd move forward, and then

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<v Speaker 2>you're in university and your parents like, what are you studying?

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<v Speaker 2>Like my studying, I'm going to keep studying classics, but

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<v Speaker 2>I don't want to do that. They're like, well, okay,

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<v Speaker 2>maybe you want to look into PhD. No, no, I don't

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<v Speaker 2>want to do that. And you want to look at

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<v Speaker 2>the sciences you want you know, your brother's pre med.

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<v Speaker 2>Do you want to look at it?

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<v Speaker 3>No?

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<v Speaker 2>No, So I just was not interested in that. And

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<v Speaker 2>then I decided, having studied a semester in Rome, Italy,

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<v Speaker 2>that was the real kicker for me. That was when

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<v Speaker 2>I really just opened my eyes to, you know, how

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<v Speaker 2>much more I could do with the stuff I was studying.

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<v Speaker 4>And so that archaeology just became this thing like, oh,

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<v Speaker 4>could I really do that?

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<v Speaker 2>And a lot of people want to. They fall in

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<v Speaker 2>love with archaeology and it's just hard to do something

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<v Speaker 2>with it because the field is I mean, you're very specialized,

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<v Speaker 2>and then you come out and there are there's no jobs,

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<v Speaker 2>so it feels like just an uphill kind of battle.

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<v Speaker 2>So I wasn't even thinking about that when.

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<v Speaker 4>I decided to do it. I wasn't thinking about job prospects.

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<v Speaker 2>I was not very This is not what I would

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<v Speaker 2>tell my children. I would have to go into something.

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<v Speaker 2>Don't be responsible, don't think about your future, don't think

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<v Speaker 2>about how you're going to pay for anything. You know,

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<v Speaker 2>I would never tell my kids to do that. I'll

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<v Speaker 2>be like any other parent, going, oh my god, what

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<v Speaker 2>are you doing with your life?

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<v Speaker 1>You followed a passion, though, yeah, which is what got

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<v Speaker 1>you to keep studying it through getting a PhD. It

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<v Speaker 1>was what you were most passionate about. So Daria says

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<v Speaker 1>that part of being a professional archaeologist is just figuring

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<v Speaker 1>out the right job after you score the PhD. And

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<v Speaker 1>you might have to get a little creative, so you

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<v Speaker 1>might have to compromise a little. You might have to

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<v Speaker 1>write a book in the day while waiting tables at

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<v Speaker 1>olive garden at night. That's okay. So for him doing

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<v Speaker 1>field work plus scholarly work plus hosting TV shows and

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<v Speaker 1>podcasts has turned out to be the right combination.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm Darius Saria. I'm an archaeologist off to explore three

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<v Speaker 2>of the most amazing cities on the planet.

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<v Speaker 1>So you know, a field is potentially a little challenging

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<v Speaker 1>when your side hustle is being a TV show host.

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<v Speaker 1>But he's great at it and it's working for him clearly.

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<v Speaker 1>I mean, like, imagine if John Stamos had a PhD

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<v Speaker 1>and took over my gross job, but in ancient catacombs,

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<v Speaker 1>he's killing it. What does an archaeologist do If someone

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<v Speaker 1>says I'm an archaeologist, what does that mean? Because I

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<v Speaker 1>feel like we I think of dusty chinos and like

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<v Speaker 1>worn boots and definitely a hat.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah. Most most archaeology isn't spending your time in the field.

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<v Speaker 2>I mean I can qualify that and say, okay, some

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<v Speaker 2>people just do that all the time because they're like

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<v Speaker 2>contract archaeologists. So there's always something going on in Italy

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<v Speaker 2>where you know, some house is being built or some

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<v Speaker 2>building is being restored, or some road is being put in,

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<v Speaker 2>and so they're always out in the field doing the excavation.

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<v Speaker 4>And that sense urban development and so on.

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<v Speaker 2>Or rescue operations. But you know, generally speaking, you're studying

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<v Speaker 2>the past. So you know, you're an egyptologist, or I'm

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<v Speaker 2>a classical archaeologist, so I'm in the Mediterranean, I'm in

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<v Speaker 2>Central Europe, I'm where the Romans were. But generally speaking,

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<v Speaker 2>know the archaeologists will spend a lot of time in libraries,

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<v Speaker 2>like I'm here at the library using the resources of the.

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<v Speaker 1>Getty and so it's some part in the but a

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<v Speaker 1>lot of it is spent also piecing together a lot

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<v Speaker 1>of different parts of history to form kind of a narrative,

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<v Speaker 1>or try to piece together a narrative that has parts missing.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, exactly. So you're you know, you're getting a wealth

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<v Speaker 2>of information when you're excavating or doing some sort of

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<v Speaker 2>evaluative study. I mean, it could be non invasive nowadays,

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<v Speaker 2>but then you need to sift through the data, like

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<v Speaker 2>what you've now come up with has to make sense.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh man, I love this part. Archaeology is like a

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<v Speaker 1>fascinating parfait of abandoned junk.

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<v Speaker 2>Or if you're excavating, you know you've unearthed different strata,

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<v Speaker 2>different layers that people have left behind and you've gone

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<v Speaker 2>through the chronology, you know, backwards, so you're trying to

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<v Speaker 2>piece it together, understanding from the beginning to the end.

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<v Speaker 2>Of course, you're actually the most recent stuff first, so

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<v Speaker 2>there's a bit of a puzzle there, and what.

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<v Speaker 1>Kind of tools are you using? Take me through a dig?

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, So the first thing is sometimes you know, talk

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<v Speaker 2>to some little kid, rarely in a but somebody else says,

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<v Speaker 2>have you ever found any dinosaurs? Like new I'm not

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<v Speaker 2>that kind of archaeologist. So God creates dinosaurs, God destroys dinosaurs,

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<v Speaker 2>God creates man, Man destroys God. Anyways, so what I'm

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<v Speaker 2>concentrating on professionally has been the Roman era, and because

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<v Speaker 2>Rome is not a place that's abandoned and has continually

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<v Speaker 2>been occupied, there are various layers that can be quite late.

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<v Speaker 2>So you know, the top layer of a site, well,

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<v Speaker 2>I mean it will be modern, you know, so there's

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<v Speaker 2>going to be something just people deposits, how people leave

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<v Speaker 2>stuff behind, and it can be you know, a coke

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<v Speaker 2>bottle or a piece of barbed wire fencing. I mean,

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<v Speaker 2>it could be something obviously like that. And then you're

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<v Speaker 2>getting down into actually in Rome, in vicinity, the environs

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<v Speaker 2>can be very, very rapid. Sometimes it's even as it's

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<v Speaker 2>been just shallow as say, you know, four or five inches, awesome, boom,

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<v Speaker 2>we're already hitting ancient material.

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<v Speaker 1>Is is this like in a construction side? Is a puzzle?

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<v Speaker 2>Now, So I've been My excavations have been in really

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<v Speaker 2>historic places that are well known, like the Roman Forum,

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<v Speaker 2>but then also an archaeological site called Ostia Antica. And

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<v Speaker 2>Ostia Antica was the port city of Rome. Basically, Ostia

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<v Speaker 2>was developed as the city at the mouth of the

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<v Speaker 2>Tiber River. So you imagine this river flowing from the

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<v Speaker 2>north through Rome and then dumping out into the Mediterranean.

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<v Speaker 1>So this is a city located right about at the

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<v Speaker 1>kneecap of Italy. It's right on the sea, and it's

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<v Speaker 1>been abandoned for about one thousand years, and it now

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<v Speaker 1>kind of looks like grassland taking over a grid of

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<v Speaker 1>crumbling brick structures. But in its heyday it was this

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<v Speaker 1>bustling port city and the seaside tourist town, filled with

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<v Speaker 1>government buildings and military fortifications, amphitheaters, residences, and ships carrying

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<v Speaker 1>grains and other supplies would offload tons of goods to

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<v Speaker 1>be stored and cataloged in warehouses and then tugged up

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<v Speaker 1>river by little boats and then dragged into Rome itself

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<v Speaker 1>by oxen or slaves, because yeah, Romans had plenty of

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<v Speaker 1>slaves to cover all kinds of jobs, from hard labor

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<v Speaker 1>to sex work to really specialized and enslaved physicians and accountants.

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<v Speaker 1>And one very famous slave revolt was led by a gladiator.

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<v Speaker 1>What was his name.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm Spadacus, I'm Spotagus, I'm Spartacus, I'm Spotagus, I'm Spartacus.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, back to the port, Ostia Antica, which means alluringly

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<v Speaker 1>old mouth. This was a place of a lot of

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<v Speaker 1>comings and goings, but once a newer port city nearby

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<v Speaker 1>started getting more traffic, Ostia Antica became so five minutes ago,

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<v Speaker 1>it was so over. It was like a hipster bar

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<v Speaker 1>that your mom's friends started going to. But its abandoned

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<v Speaker 1>ruins are a really really good place for archaeologists to

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<v Speaker 1>piece together the past, because that's what they do. I

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<v Speaker 1>just stated the obvious anyway, Ostia Antica.

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<v Speaker 2>And so then obviously Ostia becomes a very very important

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<v Speaker 2>place uh for the Empire, and it becomes a very

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<v Speaker 2>multicultural city and it's a great It's like a mini Rome.

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<v Speaker 2>So the fact that it gets abandoned is just there. Uh,

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<v Speaker 2>then allows us to have really exciting and pretty immediate

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<v Speaker 2>excavations as opposed to you know, other sites that are

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<v Speaker 2>you know, continua occupied like Rome.

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<v Speaker 4>Obviously, Rome was much.

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<v Speaker 2>More complex to excavate because there's a modern city on

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<v Speaker 2>top of And.

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<v Speaker 1>What kind of stuff do you typically find?

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<v Speaker 2>Can you find a lot of pottery?

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<v Speaker 1>I was going to say, yeah.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, So I mean imagine, you know, imagine, you know,

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<v Speaker 2>you you have your house, you're living in your house

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<v Speaker 2>for decades and decades and decades, and you're producing over

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<v Speaker 2>that time period a lot of garbage. Now imagine your

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<v Speaker 2>rubbish heap, your dump was right outside in your backyard.

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<v Speaker 2>Just imagine what people would find.

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<v Speaker 1>Personally, It's just a bunch of kombucha bottles and empty

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<v Speaker 1>bags of cool ranch to writos. Let's be honest.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh yeah, And of course we're obviously we're talking about

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<v Speaker 2>a lot of today, we're talking about a lot of plastic.

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<v Speaker 2>So for the Romans, almost everything. I mean, sure, there's

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<v Speaker 2>you know, leather goods they're using, or baskets or what

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<v Speaker 2>you know, but the main thing is, you know, in

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<v Speaker 2>burlap bags. But really what's traditionally preserving, what was used

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<v Speaker 2>for storage from pretty much anything, was pottery. So you're

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<v Speaker 2>gonna find that that stuff is fired and it's basically indestructible,

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<v Speaker 2>but you know, it's kind of like smashed up and

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<v Speaker 2>those things can be pieced together and then hopefully, if

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<v Speaker 2>you're lucky, you know, there's writing. You know, they write

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<v Speaker 2>on them, oftentimes the what the material is and so forth,

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<v Speaker 2>or you know who owns it and so on. There's

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<v Speaker 2>a big dump actually in Rome called Monthly Tstatcho. It's

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<v Speaker 2>like a hill.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh my god. Okay, a Google search reveals this huge

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00:15:56.399 --> 00:15:59.600
<v Speaker 1>grassy hill in an otherwise flat neighborhood. But then you

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<v Speaker 1>get up close and it's like a ceramics graveyard. There's

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<v Speaker 1>just piles and piles and piles of broken pottery, like

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00:16:06.399 --> 00:16:09.759
<v Speaker 1>if a giant was so pissed and just smashed all

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<v Speaker 1>your jars.

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<v Speaker 3>Bis.

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<v Speaker 1>So it's all the antiquated mystery of a creepy cemetery

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<v Speaker 1>with none of the I'm sad about all the lives

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<v Speaker 1>that have ended factor. It's great.

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<v Speaker 2>It's literally something like about one hundred and fifty feet high.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh my god, and it's got a circumference of like

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<v Speaker 2>a mile and a half and then just dumped ceramics

315
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<v Speaker 2>that are smashed, and the primarily the amphidi are these

316
00:16:39.720 --> 00:16:42.879
<v Speaker 2>jars were used for carrying olive oil. So then you say, well,

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<v Speaker 2>why don't they just reuse the jars? Well, because if

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<v Speaker 2>you have it filled with olive oil, you ever try

319
00:16:47.399 --> 00:16:49.480
<v Speaker 2>to clean a bottle of olive oil, it's a pain

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<v Speaker 2>in the ass. Okay, it's yeah. So what they did

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00:16:51.799 --> 00:16:52.960
<v Speaker 2>was they just smashed it. So it gives you an

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<v Speaker 2>idea of the volume, the sheer volume that's coming in.

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<v Speaker 2>And then keep in mind too that the we love

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<v Speaker 2>the ancient guys because it was also sustainable. So even

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<v Speaker 2>Rome was a big consumer city generally speaking, you'd take

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<v Speaker 2>those jars and you'd smash them and you'd stick them

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<v Speaker 2>in the rubble for the mortar of a wall. So

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00:17:10.480 --> 00:17:14.119
<v Speaker 2>these things get you know, they're reusing everything. But to

329
00:17:14.160 --> 00:17:17.039
<v Speaker 2>be able to create a massive hill like that means

330
00:17:17.039 --> 00:17:19.480
<v Speaker 2>they had so much volume coming into this megacity that

331
00:17:19.519 --> 00:17:21.799
<v Speaker 2>was the ultimate consumer city, that oh, we can't even

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00:17:21.880 --> 00:17:23.559
<v Speaker 2>use all this stuff, we'll just dump it over here

333
00:17:23.960 --> 00:17:25.359
<v Speaker 2>and it just becomes this hill.

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00:17:25.839 --> 00:17:28.319
<v Speaker 1>My god. So people have always been garbage people.

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00:17:28.480 --> 00:17:29.200
<v Speaker 4>Oh yeah.

336
00:17:29.440 --> 00:17:44.079
<v Speaker 2>Yet some of the greatest finds I think in recent

337
00:17:44.079 --> 00:17:46.759
<v Speaker 2>times really adding to our knowledge of the ancient world

338
00:17:47.319 --> 00:17:51.240
<v Speaker 2>is like, for example, the drainage channels in Herculaneum, one

339
00:17:51.240 --> 00:17:53.519
<v Speaker 2>of these cities destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius. They

340
00:17:53.559 --> 00:17:57.079
<v Speaker 2>found something like six tons of human feces. So you go, oh,

341
00:17:57.079 --> 00:18:00.119
<v Speaker 2>that's not my kind of dig, but like, oh the

342
00:18:00.200 --> 00:18:03.599
<v Speaker 2>mother load. Oh these guys were constipated. Now. But basically

343
00:18:03.680 --> 00:18:05.960
<v Speaker 2>what happens is they sift through all this stuff and

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00:18:06.000 --> 00:18:09.279
<v Speaker 2>they find out you know, oh, they had parasites and

345
00:18:09.319 --> 00:18:11.359
<v Speaker 2>they had you know, and this is what they're eating.

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<v Speaker 2>This is that this is their diet, and and and

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00:18:14.039 --> 00:18:16.799
<v Speaker 2>so forth, and it's really really fascinating. Again, I don't

348
00:18:16.839 --> 00:18:18.839
<v Speaker 2>think I want to be like, I don't want to

349
00:18:18.839 --> 00:18:21.440
<v Speaker 2>be known as the shit archaeologist or something like that.

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00:18:21.920 --> 00:18:23.559
<v Speaker 2>You know, what's your specialty, Like.

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<v Speaker 1>I've washed my hands, so side note scatology, bioarchaeology, geoarchaeology.

352
00:18:31.240 --> 00:18:34.960
<v Speaker 1>Oh my, So if you archaeopoop people are out there, holler,

353
00:18:35.680 --> 00:18:36.559
<v Speaker 1>somebody's got to do it.

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00:18:36.599 --> 00:18:38.559
<v Speaker 2>And you don't know what's going to happen when you

355
00:18:38.599 --> 00:18:41.240
<v Speaker 2>dig and you always have these questions that you ask

356
00:18:41.279 --> 00:18:45.480
<v Speaker 2>and you get approval to pursue to answer those questions

357
00:18:45.519 --> 00:18:48.599
<v Speaker 2>in your excavation. But of course it's just like Murphy's law,

358
00:18:48.680 --> 00:18:51.240
<v Speaker 2>like you're never going to find what you sought out

359
00:18:51.279 --> 00:18:53.880
<v Speaker 2>to find. Or you know, you think these are shops

360
00:18:53.880 --> 00:18:56.240
<v Speaker 2>and therefore you want to understand the commercial activities along

361
00:18:56.240 --> 00:18:58.519
<v Speaker 2>this road. Oh wait a minute, they're not shops there.

362
00:18:58.640 --> 00:19:00.240
<v Speaker 2>You know, it was a brothel or I don't know whatever,

363
00:19:00.400 --> 00:19:02.839
<v Speaker 2>you know, instead of it being, you know, a wine

364
00:19:02.839 --> 00:19:04.799
<v Speaker 2>shop or something like that. So you just you will

365
00:19:04.799 --> 00:19:07.279
<v Speaker 2>not know until you excavate. And that's part of the

366
00:19:07.319 --> 00:19:10.400
<v Speaker 2>fun and the mystery and in the puzzle work because

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00:19:10.519 --> 00:19:12.839
<v Speaker 2>you never find everything intact. You're always going to find

368
00:19:13.000 --> 00:19:16.480
<v Speaker 2>you know, half the puzzle pieces are missing, so then

369
00:19:16.519 --> 00:19:18.720
<v Speaker 2>you need to figure it out, and you figure that

370
00:19:18.759 --> 00:19:20.680
<v Speaker 2>out by talking to colleagues and seeing things that are

371
00:19:20.720 --> 00:19:22.440
<v Speaker 2>similar and so forth.

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00:19:22.519 --> 00:19:23.920
<v Speaker 4>But that's a lot of fun.

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00:19:24.200 --> 00:19:27.480
<v Speaker 1>Now, when you've got let's say, a crushed base that

374
00:19:27.480 --> 00:19:30.519
<v Speaker 1>you've understen, it's very exciting. Whose job is it to

375
00:19:30.599 --> 00:19:32.160
<v Speaker 1>physically put it back together?

376
00:19:32.279 --> 00:19:32.480
<v Speaker 2>Ah?

377
00:19:32.559 --> 00:19:32.720
<v Speaker 3>Yes?

378
00:19:32.799 --> 00:19:36.200
<v Speaker 2>So then I mean, well that's the job of the conservator,

379
00:19:36.240 --> 00:19:39.319
<v Speaker 2>which is very very important. So you know, you can

380
00:19:39.359 --> 00:19:43.720
<v Speaker 2>carefully document and excavate, like we actually add a number

381
00:19:43.720 --> 00:19:45.799
<v Speaker 2>of tombs at our last dig. So then we had

382
00:19:45.920 --> 00:19:47.920
<v Speaker 2>a you know, specific expert.

383
00:19:48.200 --> 00:19:51.079
<v Speaker 1>So this expert he's talking about is the very very

384
00:19:51.279 --> 00:19:56.759
<v Speaker 1>European sounding Pierre Paulo Petrone of the Laboratory of Human

385
00:19:56.839 --> 00:20:02.240
<v Speaker 1>Osteobiology and Forensic Anthropology. This is near Pompeii. This guy

386
00:20:02.759 --> 00:20:06.559
<v Speaker 1>studies the victims of ancient disasters. And just a quick

387
00:20:06.599 --> 00:20:09.799
<v Speaker 1>tippy tap on the old computer machine turned up a

388
00:20:09.839 --> 00:20:14.440
<v Speaker 1>paper of his entitled quote a hypothesis of sudden body

389
00:20:14.440 --> 00:20:18.880
<v Speaker 1>fluid vaporization in the seventy nine to eighty victims of Vesuvius.

390
00:20:19.440 --> 00:20:21.039
<v Speaker 2>Sudden body fluid vaporization.

391
00:20:22.480 --> 00:20:27.160
<v Speaker 1>Sudden body fluid vaporization. So today I learned that a

392
00:20:27.240 --> 00:20:29.880
<v Speaker 1>volcano can boil the blood right out of your body.

393
00:20:30.079 --> 00:20:34.119
<v Speaker 2>Okay, anyway, he's looking at some pelvic bone and he's

394
00:20:34.160 --> 00:20:37.720
<v Speaker 2>telling you man or woman and age and da da

395
00:20:37.839 --> 00:20:39.839
<v Speaker 2>da dad. So it's just it was a lot of

396
00:20:39.880 --> 00:20:41.960
<v Speaker 2>fun to have him on the site. And you have

397
00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:45.000
<v Speaker 2>to depend upon a good team of people from different

398
00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:49.200
<v Speaker 2>backgrounds depending on what you're doing. Do you need a

399
00:20:49.240 --> 00:20:52.880
<v Speaker 2>structural engineer because you're going deep do you need this

400
00:20:53.759 --> 00:20:59.279
<v Speaker 2>forensic anthropologist, Do you need the numismatist, do you need

401
00:20:59.400 --> 00:21:01.839
<v Speaker 2>you know, for the co But it really is exciting

402
00:21:01.839 --> 00:21:05.279
<v Speaker 2>because what you're doing is it's you're recovering the remains

403
00:21:05.319 --> 00:21:09.319
<v Speaker 2>of ancient cultures. That's what really archaeology is, and you're

404
00:21:09.359 --> 00:21:15.599
<v Speaker 2>you're doing that through the examination of the material remains.

405
00:21:15.640 --> 00:21:18.960
<v Speaker 2>And you know, it's not just the things, but it's

406
00:21:19.000 --> 00:21:23.720
<v Speaker 2>the things that then indicate human activity, human lives. I mean,

407
00:21:23.720 --> 00:21:25.960
<v Speaker 2>it really is the way to connect to those those

408
00:21:26.000 --> 00:21:28.359
<v Speaker 2>people of the past. And oftentimes, you know, it's not

409
00:21:28.519 --> 00:21:32.240
<v Speaker 2>the big high and mighty the emperors. Like I've done

410
00:21:32.240 --> 00:21:33.759
<v Speaker 2>a lot of TV shows, it's like tell us one

411
00:21:33.759 --> 00:21:36.240
<v Speaker 2>more episode, doing one more episode on Caligula, you know,

412
00:21:36.400 --> 00:21:39.480
<v Speaker 2>or somebody is create you know, Nero burning Rome. But

413
00:21:39.519 --> 00:21:43.480
<v Speaker 2>it's also just that average person, you know, those communities

414
00:21:43.799 --> 00:21:47.039
<v Speaker 2>who were those people, and so they oftentimes remain anonymous

415
00:21:47.079 --> 00:21:49.599
<v Speaker 2>because they don't have the funds to leave behind something

416
00:21:49.680 --> 00:21:53.519
<v Speaker 2>great and massive and impressive. So it's really the archaeological

417
00:21:53.519 --> 00:21:56.039
<v Speaker 2>remains that can help unearth their story.

418
00:21:55.759 --> 00:21:57.559
<v Speaker 1>And how did ancient Romans live.

419
00:21:58.200 --> 00:22:00.119
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, there's different ways of looking at it because on

420
00:22:00.160 --> 00:22:01.960
<v Speaker 2>the one hand, we just I mean, I'm still in

421
00:22:02.000 --> 00:22:05.240
<v Speaker 2>awe of the aqueducts that were constructed to bring all

422
00:22:05.279 --> 00:22:06.920
<v Speaker 2>that water into a city. I mean, how do you

423
00:22:06.960 --> 00:22:10.240
<v Speaker 2>maintain you know, a million, you know people. I mean,

424
00:22:10.240 --> 00:22:12.680
<v Speaker 2>that's a mega city. Cities didn't get that large until

425
00:22:12.839 --> 00:22:15.160
<v Speaker 2>after the seventeen hundreds. I mean, this is you got

426
00:22:15.160 --> 00:22:17.960
<v Speaker 2>to get the industrial revolution to have the sophistication to

427
00:22:18.000 --> 00:22:21.599
<v Speaker 2>have the cities. Then you look at the cities of

428
00:22:21.640 --> 00:22:24.960
<v Speaker 2>the Industrial Revolution, and life for a lot of people

429
00:22:25.039 --> 00:22:26.759
<v Speaker 2>is pretty shitty, you know, pretty bad. And then you

430
00:22:26.799 --> 00:22:28.920
<v Speaker 2>look at ancient Roman times you go, yeah, a lot

431
00:22:28.960 --> 00:22:32.200
<v Speaker 2>of people just eking by. They're just you know, barely

432
00:22:32.240 --> 00:22:34.799
<v Speaker 2>making a living. So, you know, we're looking at maybe

433
00:22:34.839 --> 00:22:37.240
<v Speaker 2>you know, our society today and saying, wow, the wealthy

434
00:22:37.319 --> 00:22:40.960
<v Speaker 2>are becoming really wealthy, you know that one idea boom,

435
00:22:41.119 --> 00:22:43.839
<v Speaker 2>you know, that uber that, you know whatever, that startup,

436
00:22:43.880 --> 00:22:47.039
<v Speaker 2>and but then everyone else, you know, you kind of

437
00:22:47.039 --> 00:22:48.519
<v Speaker 2>see this kind of crunch and saying, oh, the middle

438
00:22:48.559 --> 00:22:51.119
<v Speaker 2>class is suffering, and then the poor boy, they're really poor.

439
00:22:51.519 --> 00:22:55.680
<v Speaker 1>Darius points out with dismay that this mirrors today's culture.

440
00:22:55.680 --> 00:22:59.680
<v Speaker 1>In some countries, some people can't afford healthcare, well, some

441
00:22:59.799 --> 00:23:02.119
<v Speaker 1>are just drowning in coin, no.

442
00:23:02.200 --> 00:23:06.599
<v Speaker 2>Big deal, just taking a private seven forty seven. Well, well,

443
00:23:06.640 --> 00:23:09.119
<v Speaker 2>you go back to the ancient Roman times. You had

444
00:23:09.119 --> 00:23:12.000
<v Speaker 2>a small class of people, and boy were they wealthy.

445
00:23:12.079 --> 00:23:15.440
<v Speaker 2>I mean, they were so wealthy, just on another level.

446
00:23:15.559 --> 00:23:19.759
<v Speaker 2>And I'm not even talking about the imperial family. It's

447
00:23:19.799 --> 00:23:22.079
<v Speaker 2>just that so much wealth was concentrated in the hands

448
00:23:22.079 --> 00:23:24.359
<v Speaker 2>of you know, a handful of families, and then there

449
00:23:24.359 --> 00:23:27.000
<v Speaker 2>really was no middle class per se. It's hard to

450
00:23:27.039 --> 00:23:29.759
<v Speaker 2>get involved and talk about what was life like when

451
00:23:29.759 --> 00:23:31.519
<v Speaker 2>we try to look at it in our own terms,

452
00:23:31.519 --> 00:23:34.240
<v Speaker 2>but it definitely was a hard life. I mean, if

453
00:23:34.279 --> 00:23:38.720
<v Speaker 2>we think about childbirth, oh, exact childbirth is I mean,

454
00:23:38.880 --> 00:23:41.559
<v Speaker 2>you know, gaving a baby is even you have risks

455
00:23:41.599 --> 00:23:44.480
<v Speaker 2>today with all the modern menaged childbirth. Yeah, so you

456
00:23:44.559 --> 00:23:47.680
<v Speaker 2>had the midwife. She was very important. You had actually

457
00:23:48.200 --> 00:23:51.559
<v Speaker 2>really neat to see this. One guy has a plaque

458
00:23:51.599 --> 00:23:55.400
<v Speaker 2>outside of his shop and literally is a woman in

459
00:23:55.519 --> 00:23:58.680
<v Speaker 2>a birthing chair that's being assisted, so literally like a

460
00:23:58.680 --> 00:24:02.680
<v Speaker 2>cutout chair. These things today and so the Romans wouldn't,

461
00:24:02.720 --> 00:24:04.160
<v Speaker 2>you know, it wouldn't go flat. That was something that

462
00:24:04.200 --> 00:24:06.880
<v Speaker 2>was created in more recent times and now they're kind

463
00:24:06.880 --> 00:24:08.319
<v Speaker 2>of going away from it. But basically, you know, he

464
00:24:08.359 --> 00:24:10.039
<v Speaker 2>has one giving birth in a chair with a cutout,

465
00:24:10.079 --> 00:24:12.200
<v Speaker 2>and someone's receiving the baby. So it's like, this is

466
00:24:12.480 --> 00:24:14.200
<v Speaker 2>the person. This is the person you're going to contact

467
00:24:14.839 --> 00:24:17.039
<v Speaker 2>to come to your house. You know, all these specializations,

468
00:24:17.079 --> 00:24:19.119
<v Speaker 2>all these careers, like this is the person that makes

469
00:24:19.160 --> 00:24:21.000
<v Speaker 2>the shoes times, I mean there was the guy down

470
00:24:21.039 --> 00:24:23.839
<v Speaker 2>the street that was making your shoes. Unless you get

471
00:24:23.839 --> 00:24:26.759
<v Speaker 2>the import right, get more refined leather or whatever, and

472
00:24:26.759 --> 00:24:28.359
<v Speaker 2>it can be much more expensive. And that's why you

473
00:24:28.359 --> 00:24:30.160
<v Speaker 2>show you that's the way you're showing your own wealth.

474
00:24:30.440 --> 00:24:33.960
<v Speaker 2>But you know, the clothes that are being made, everything

475
00:24:34.000 --> 00:24:36.119
<v Speaker 2>is made by hand. But in a certain sense, things

476
00:24:36.119 --> 00:24:38.680
<v Speaker 2>did get industrialized. You could go to dry cleaners that

477
00:24:38.680 --> 00:24:41.599
<v Speaker 2>could accommodate thousands and thousands of people. You drop off

478
00:24:41.640 --> 00:24:44.680
<v Speaker 2>your toga and your toga would be cleaned, oftentimes being

479
00:24:44.680 --> 00:24:49.440
<v Speaker 2>soaked in ammonium from urine to get those stains out,

480
00:24:49.720 --> 00:24:52.559
<v Speaker 2>no thank you, and then afterwards you'd rinse it out

481
00:24:52.559 --> 00:24:55.079
<v Speaker 2>and obviously there are different ways in which you can

482
00:24:55.119 --> 00:24:58.440
<v Speaker 2>have it finally clean and smelling well. So the life

483
00:24:58.440 --> 00:25:01.880
<v Speaker 2>got really complicated, but then also sophisticated because you had

484
00:25:01.920 --> 00:25:04.079
<v Speaker 2>the water, let's say, from the aqueducts coming in. You

485
00:25:04.119 --> 00:25:06.759
<v Speaker 2>have the bath complexes. You can go. You who don't

486
00:25:06.799 --> 00:25:09.200
<v Speaker 2>even have a flushing, you know, running water in your

487
00:25:09.200 --> 00:25:13.119
<v Speaker 2>house or a toilet could go to these publicly financed,

488
00:25:13.440 --> 00:25:17.240
<v Speaker 2>subsidized spaces where you could have a jacuzzi, you know,

489
00:25:17.400 --> 00:25:19.039
<v Speaker 2>soak and a rub down.

490
00:25:19.599 --> 00:25:22.039
<v Speaker 1>Okay, looked up the amenities in Roman baths and they

491
00:25:22.119 --> 00:25:25.759
<v Speaker 1>had heated floors and dry saunas and wet saunas, and

492
00:25:25.880 --> 00:25:30.279
<v Speaker 1>furnace warmed bathing water and coal plunges and these soaring,

493
00:25:30.480 --> 00:25:35.480
<v Speaker 1>beautiful ceilings and intricate mosaic floors. And they were public

494
00:25:35.599 --> 00:25:37.319
<v Speaker 1>so they were pretty cheap to get into, and on

495
00:25:37.359 --> 00:25:40.359
<v Speaker 1>some holidays they were just totally free. So I guess

496
00:25:40.640 --> 00:25:42.519
<v Speaker 1>if I had a time machine and I could only

497
00:25:42.519 --> 00:25:45.240
<v Speaker 1>pick one thing to do, I would definitely pop over

498
00:25:45.319 --> 00:25:48.400
<v Speaker 1>to Germany in the nineteen thirties and fatally kick a

499
00:25:48.440 --> 00:25:51.839
<v Speaker 1>certain someone in the ball. But then I'd be like, hey, hey,

500
00:25:51.920 --> 00:25:54.039
<v Speaker 1>on the way back, can we also hit an ancient

501
00:25:54.079 --> 00:25:57.359
<v Speaker 1>Roman bath? And while we're talking aquatic, so the water

502
00:25:57.440 --> 00:26:00.720
<v Speaker 1>systems in Rome were legendary. They were pannels of water

503
00:26:00.799 --> 00:26:04.039
<v Speaker 1>that went under the city or above it in these

504
00:26:04.160 --> 00:26:08.160
<v Speaker 1>bridge like structures. And they were fed by springs and

505
00:26:08.200 --> 00:26:11.759
<v Speaker 1>the flow was transported only via gravity. So all these

506
00:26:11.799 --> 00:26:15.279
<v Speaker 1>aqueducts were built to be on some gradient and even

507
00:26:15.319 --> 00:26:17.319
<v Speaker 1>if it wasn't too steep, it didn't even look steep,

508
00:26:17.359 --> 00:26:19.640
<v Speaker 1>it still was enough to keep the water flowing just

509
00:26:19.880 --> 00:26:23.640
<v Speaker 1>slightly downhill. Now, the first aqueduct began operating in three

510
00:26:23.720 --> 00:26:26.920
<v Speaker 1>hundred and twelve BCE, and it fed a cattle market

511
00:26:27.240 --> 00:26:30.079
<v Speaker 1>in Rome. And then as the centuries passed, hundreds of

512
00:26:30.160 --> 00:26:34.079
<v Speaker 1>these human built rivers existed all over the Roman Empire,

513
00:26:34.119 --> 00:26:37.759
<v Speaker 1>and a lot of the water was used for the bathhouses.

514
00:26:38.160 --> 00:26:41.200
<v Speaker 1>I mean, I'm mostly Italian, and it's so weird to

515
00:26:41.200 --> 00:26:45.319
<v Speaker 1>think of my ancestors just scrubby dubby nude JACUZI chillin.

516
00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:48.519
<v Speaker 1>It's probably naked, right, I think they were probably naked.

517
00:26:50.279 --> 00:26:53.759
<v Speaker 2>So the Romans had incredible, you know, different ways of

518
00:26:54.720 --> 00:26:59.599
<v Speaker 2>you know, benefiting from yeah, conquest, but then also just

519
00:27:00.200 --> 00:27:03.759
<v Speaker 2>kind of a life standard that that that nobody else had.

520
00:27:03.960 --> 00:27:06.119
<v Speaker 2>And so then people were what are people doing today?

521
00:27:06.119 --> 00:27:08.400
<v Speaker 2>We're going to the cities because cities give you more opportunities.

522
00:27:08.559 --> 00:27:11.000
<v Speaker 2>What were they doing under the Romans? People were flocking

523
00:27:11.000 --> 00:27:13.480
<v Speaker 2>to the cities. There were jobs there were opportunities, and

524
00:27:13.519 --> 00:27:16.319
<v Speaker 2>there was a whole different lifestyle. And the more sophisticated

525
00:27:16.319 --> 00:27:20.799
<v Speaker 2>studies right now, I would add that we are learning that, yeah,

526
00:27:20.839 --> 00:27:24.079
<v Speaker 2>most people probably had lice, and uh, you know, there

527
00:27:24.079 --> 00:27:27.079
<v Speaker 2>are a lot of people looking at our shit study.

528
00:27:27.319 --> 00:27:29.400
<v Speaker 2>You know that a lot of people probably had you know,

529
00:27:29.400 --> 00:27:32.599
<v Speaker 2>different kinds of parasites and worms and whatever whatever. So

530
00:27:32.680 --> 00:27:35.119
<v Speaker 2>I mean, maybe not necessarily the best thing to be

531
00:27:35.200 --> 00:27:37.000
<v Speaker 2>in those cities. You talk about the spread of disease

532
00:27:37.039 --> 00:27:38.160
<v Speaker 2>and so forth. And then of course some of the

533
00:27:38.200 --> 00:27:42.000
<v Speaker 2>biggest outbreaks from antiquity, you know, or under the Romans, uh,

534
00:27:42.680 --> 00:27:45.519
<v Speaker 2>like what oftentimes is identified as peopond a plague and

535
00:27:45.559 --> 00:27:48.680
<v Speaker 2>smallpox and stuff like that that were decimating in different

536
00:27:48.680 --> 00:27:51.920
<v Speaker 2>periods of the of the Roman Empire, which had profound effects.

537
00:27:51.920 --> 00:27:55.960
<v Speaker 2>So imagine one is so bad in the let's say

538
00:27:55.960 --> 00:27:58.359
<v Speaker 2>the second century, that they say the one out of

539
00:27:58.440 --> 00:28:01.200
<v Speaker 2>five in the m This is an empire of about

540
00:28:01.240 --> 00:28:03.799
<v Speaker 2>fifty to sixty million people, one out of five died.

541
00:28:04.279 --> 00:28:08.119
<v Speaker 2>No one was spared from rich to poor, and they're like,

542
00:28:08.240 --> 00:28:09.519
<v Speaker 2>what the hell can we do?

543
00:28:09.559 --> 00:28:10.519
<v Speaker 4>How can we stop this?

544
00:28:11.119 --> 00:28:14.920
<v Speaker 2>They faced very difficult things back then, and of course

545
00:28:14.960 --> 00:28:18.200
<v Speaker 2>medicine was really based upon observation. It wasn't based upon

546
00:28:18.640 --> 00:28:20.799
<v Speaker 2>the sorts of things that we can do today. So yeah,

547
00:28:20.839 --> 00:28:22.519
<v Speaker 2>I don't think I really want to go on a

548
00:28:22.599 --> 00:28:26.799
<v Speaker 2>time machine and hang out in ancient Rome because you

549
00:28:26.799 --> 00:28:28.079
<v Speaker 2>probably wouldn't live that long.

550
00:28:28.319 --> 00:28:31.400
<v Speaker 1>You know, you'd have a urine soaked toga and a

551
00:28:31.599 --> 00:28:32.680
<v Speaker 1>communicable disease.

552
00:28:32.920 --> 00:28:34.640
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, but I mean those guys are tough too. I

553
00:28:34.680 --> 00:28:37.480
<v Speaker 2>mean it was all like children again. You know, maybe

554
00:28:37.599 --> 00:28:40.000
<v Speaker 2>half of them died before the age of five. So

555
00:28:40.839 --> 00:28:43.440
<v Speaker 2>and we've got catacombs, we've got to you know, cemeteries,

556
00:28:43.440 --> 00:28:48.079
<v Speaker 2>we've got places filled with the little sarcophagus, the little

557
00:28:48.119 --> 00:28:51.839
<v Speaker 2>tomb because obviously everyone, just like today, if you lose

558
00:28:51.839 --> 00:28:54.519
<v Speaker 2>a child, it doesn't matter what the age is. You

559
00:28:54.599 --> 00:28:57.559
<v Speaker 2>love that child, and so you really but you see

560
00:28:57.559 --> 00:28:59.640
<v Speaker 2>a lot of them, and so you're getting the sense

561
00:28:59.640 --> 00:29:02.440
<v Speaker 2>that a lot of kids were dying.

562
00:29:03.119 --> 00:29:07.440
<v Speaker 1>Well, yay for vaccines, am I right? Also the elderly,

563
00:29:07.599 --> 00:29:10.400
<v Speaker 1>instead of just being made fun of for not using Snapchat,

564
00:29:10.680 --> 00:29:13.880
<v Speaker 1>they were revered because you could go to them for

565
00:29:13.960 --> 00:29:17.319
<v Speaker 1>advice and for wisdom. So instead of just consulting a

566
00:29:17.359 --> 00:29:21.480
<v Speaker 1>horoscope or a magic eight ball or the robot who

567
00:29:21.519 --> 00:29:24.279
<v Speaker 1>lives on your countertop for life decisions. You would just

568
00:29:24.319 --> 00:29:27.200
<v Speaker 1>ask the human being who loves you, who created you

569
00:29:27.240 --> 00:29:30.599
<v Speaker 1>with their own body and survived plagues and wars, and

570
00:29:30.680 --> 00:29:33.200
<v Speaker 1>ask how do I be an adult? And they would

571
00:29:33.200 --> 00:29:33.519
<v Speaker 1>tell you.

572
00:29:33.920 --> 00:29:35.920
<v Speaker 2>And that could be a world of experience because that

573
00:29:35.960 --> 00:29:38.680
<v Speaker 2>person lived through X, Y and z that now maybe

574
00:29:38.920 --> 00:29:41.960
<v Speaker 2>the city or the state is now experiencing and they

575
00:29:41.960 --> 00:29:46.880
<v Speaker 2>can remember a time when because that's your great asset.

576
00:29:47.039 --> 00:29:48.640
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, they're like, look at all the things that didn't

577
00:29:48.720 --> 00:29:50.240
<v Speaker 1>kill you. You must be a badass.

578
00:29:50.359 --> 00:29:53.640
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, you couldn't google the stuff. You'd have the elders talking,

579
00:29:53.759 --> 00:29:56.400
<v Speaker 2>you have the documents, you have the libraries, you have

580
00:29:56.440 --> 00:29:58.440
<v Speaker 2>those kind of things that were written down, but having

581
00:29:58.480 --> 00:30:00.759
<v Speaker 2>a person still alive would have been. So that's sort

582
00:30:00.759 --> 00:30:02.640
<v Speaker 2>of the sorts of things that we can tease out

583
00:30:02.960 --> 00:30:05.880
<v Speaker 2>from archaeology is that we have. I mean, particularly with

584
00:30:05.920 --> 00:30:08.160
<v Speaker 2>the Romans, we have so much literature and hundreds of

585
00:30:08.160 --> 00:30:09.119
<v Speaker 2>thousands of descriptions.

586
00:30:09.160 --> 00:30:11.200
<v Speaker 1>We have a very stupid question. Yah, no, student, We're

587
00:30:11.200 --> 00:30:14.279
<v Speaker 1>gonna ask it anyway as I do. If you had

588
00:30:14.319 --> 00:30:17.880
<v Speaker 1>to describe to like a second grader, the rise and

589
00:30:17.920 --> 00:30:21.200
<v Speaker 1>fall of the Roman Empire and like a couple of sentences,

590
00:30:21.480 --> 00:30:25.359
<v Speaker 1>h how did Rome? How did the Roman Empire get

591
00:30:25.559 --> 00:30:26.440
<v Speaker 1>so powerful?

592
00:30:26.519 --> 00:30:26.680
<v Speaker 2>Right?

593
00:30:27.240 --> 00:30:28.400
<v Speaker 1>And what the hell happened?

594
00:30:28.480 --> 00:30:31.000
<v Speaker 2>Yeah? Okay, that's that's who. That's a great one.

595
00:30:31.079 --> 00:30:33.640
<v Speaker 1>Okay, let's buckle up your butts for a whiz through

596
00:30:33.720 --> 00:30:36.799
<v Speaker 1>space and time to get some highlights in a very

597
00:30:36.920 --> 00:30:41.680
<v Speaker 1>very brief history of the Roman Empire situation. So the

598
00:30:41.720 --> 00:30:44.000
<v Speaker 1>history of Rome, it all starts around seven to fifty

599
00:30:44.000 --> 00:30:47.839
<v Speaker 1>three BCE, when a virgin named Riha got knocked up

600
00:30:48.039 --> 00:30:51.000
<v Speaker 1>by the god Mars. Legend has it Mars is like,

601
00:30:51.039 --> 00:30:52.799
<v Speaker 1>I'm going to put a couple babies in you. So

602
00:30:52.839 --> 00:30:55.559
<v Speaker 1>she had twins who were supposed to be tossed into

603
00:30:55.599 --> 00:30:58.200
<v Speaker 1>a damn river, but instead they got ditched under a

604
00:30:58.240 --> 00:31:02.119
<v Speaker 1>fig tree and they were discovered she wolf, who kindly

605
00:31:02.200 --> 00:31:05.559
<v Speaker 1>suckled them, which seems weird and gross to be like

606
00:31:05.680 --> 00:31:10.480
<v Speaker 1>sucking from wild dog breasts. But hello, I ate cheese yesterday,

607
00:31:10.680 --> 00:31:14.559
<v Speaker 1>which is like from big old cow titties. So whatever. Anyway, Romulus,

608
00:31:14.559 --> 00:31:18.119
<v Speaker 1>one of the twins, killed his brother Remus, what a dick,

609
00:31:18.720 --> 00:31:20.799
<v Speaker 1>and he was like, how about this, I'm the first

610
00:31:20.839 --> 00:31:23.759
<v Speaker 1>king of Rome. Now. Now, Rome was ruled by a

611
00:31:23.759 --> 00:31:26.799
<v Speaker 1>bunch of kings, a lot of whom were total dicks,

612
00:31:27.039 --> 00:31:29.720
<v Speaker 1>and then it became a republic in five hundred and

613
00:31:29.799 --> 00:31:33.759
<v Speaker 1>nine BCE all the way to forty five BC when

614
00:31:33.759 --> 00:31:37.720
<v Speaker 1>it becomes an empire. So that empire lasts about five

615
00:31:37.759 --> 00:31:41.960
<v Speaker 1>hundred years until its fall, which happened about four hundred

616
00:31:42.039 --> 00:31:45.039
<v Speaker 1>and seventy six a d. So I'm going to let

617
00:31:45.119 --> 00:31:47.240
<v Speaker 1>Darius explain more and why.

618
00:31:47.559 --> 00:31:52.839
<v Speaker 2>They obviously had great things that nobody else did. So

619
00:31:52.880 --> 00:31:55.039
<v Speaker 2>they started off as a little village like everybody else,

620
00:31:55.880 --> 00:31:58.599
<v Speaker 2>but they had a sense of themselves and what they

621
00:31:58.599 --> 00:32:02.119
<v Speaker 2>could accomplish, and they did it so against all odds,

622
00:32:02.119 --> 00:32:05.079
<v Speaker 2>so they end up having a better military. Basically, they

623
00:32:05.119 --> 00:32:08.720
<v Speaker 2>had something a good idea, a good kind of mindset

624
00:32:09.160 --> 00:32:12.599
<v Speaker 2>that ends up over time allowing them not just to

625
00:32:12.599 --> 00:32:15.519
<v Speaker 2>defeat people, but to have relationships with those people in

626
00:32:15.559 --> 00:32:19.720
<v Speaker 2>those communities. And they do it rather quickly, and they

627
00:32:19.799 --> 00:32:22.640
<v Speaker 2>end up having a great network, to the point that

628
00:32:23.359 --> 00:32:27.079
<v Speaker 2>all these communities in Italy are now on their side

629
00:32:27.440 --> 00:32:32.200
<v Speaker 2>and they're all becoming romans. Right, they actually get the

630
00:32:32.200 --> 00:32:35.440
<v Speaker 2>citizenship and over time that relationship. Like me to you,

631
00:32:35.920 --> 00:32:40.359
<v Speaker 2>we speak each other's language, so we trade. This is

632
00:32:40.359 --> 00:32:42.799
<v Speaker 2>after we've maybe gone to war, and then eventually we

633
00:32:42.839 --> 00:32:46.240
<v Speaker 2>allow you to intermarry with us, so now your people

634
00:32:46.279 --> 00:32:49.160
<v Speaker 2>can marry in our people, and eventually, you know, your

635
00:32:49.200 --> 00:32:51.640
<v Speaker 2>community can have the right to vote. So all these

636
00:32:51.720 --> 00:32:53.960
<v Speaker 2>kind of steps is the way they kind of figured

637
00:32:53.960 --> 00:32:56.240
<v Speaker 2>out how they would deal with other people. If you

638
00:32:56.319 --> 00:32:59.079
<v Speaker 2>go over to the Greek system just for a second,

639
00:32:59.079 --> 00:33:01.440
<v Speaker 2>where there's no Greece, but they were Greek city states,

640
00:33:01.720 --> 00:33:07.440
<v Speaker 2>so common gods and shared cultural norms and language, freaking

641
00:33:07.519 --> 00:33:09.880
<v Speaker 2>hated each other's guts. So I'll be like, I'm going

642
00:33:09.920 --> 00:33:12.440
<v Speaker 2>to enslave you, and you're gonna enslave me, and so

643
00:33:12.759 --> 00:33:17.079
<v Speaker 2>there was. They were very jealous about the citizenship of

644
00:33:17.119 --> 00:33:20.240
<v Speaker 2>their city states. It was just almost impossible to become

645
00:33:20.279 --> 00:33:23.680
<v Speaker 2>an Athenian or something like that. They would enslave you,

646
00:33:23.680 --> 00:33:26.359
<v Speaker 2>you know, and so forth. But anyways, that's I think

647
00:33:26.480 --> 00:33:28.680
<v Speaker 2>one of the core differences. The Romans in the end

648
00:33:28.720 --> 00:33:33.200
<v Speaker 2>were always navigating negotiating with these kinds of terms. By

649
00:33:33.200 --> 00:33:37.440
<v Speaker 2>about the nineties BC, even though Rome had already conquered

650
00:33:37.480 --> 00:33:40.720
<v Speaker 2>the entire peninsula, the entire boot of Italy, the bulk

651
00:33:40.759 --> 00:33:42.759
<v Speaker 2>of the people that were still fighting with them and

652
00:33:42.799 --> 00:33:46.240
<v Speaker 2>supporting them, and you know, went against the Carthaginians, the

653
00:33:47.000 --> 00:33:49.720
<v Speaker 2>big rival of Rome. And the western part of the Mediterranean,

654
00:33:50.039 --> 00:33:54.799
<v Speaker 2>they're not mostly citizens of Rome. So finally they're like, hey,

655
00:33:55.240 --> 00:33:56.960
<v Speaker 2>we're out of here. We're going to do basically a

656
00:33:56.960 --> 00:33:59.519
<v Speaker 2>big ass walkout, and because you're not letting us be

657
00:33:59.559 --> 00:34:01.440
<v Speaker 2>a part of you. But at this point we're really

658
00:34:01.440 --> 00:34:04.319
<v Speaker 2>we've given enough. And so there's like a like a

659
00:34:04.319 --> 00:34:09.039
<v Speaker 2>civil war that ends up with the Romans giving all

660
00:34:09.119 --> 00:34:12.719
<v Speaker 2>of the Italian allies citizenship. That's like a big deal

661
00:34:12.760 --> 00:34:17.360
<v Speaker 2>and that was a big bloody fight. But anyways, it's

662
00:34:17.960 --> 00:34:19.920
<v Speaker 2>you know, these things took place over time.

663
00:34:20.360 --> 00:34:23.599
<v Speaker 1>Carthage, by the way, is now in modern day Tunisia

664
00:34:23.639 --> 00:34:25.519
<v Speaker 1>in North Africa, and it's just a hop and a

665
00:34:25.559 --> 00:34:29.239
<v Speaker 1>skip over from Sicily. So these wars were called the

666
00:34:29.320 --> 00:34:34.159
<v Speaker 1>Punic Wars, and that's Punic, that's with an N punic. Yeah,

667
00:34:34.199 --> 00:34:37.519
<v Speaker 1>And they were rough, long wars. They lasted almost one

668
00:34:37.599 --> 00:34:41.199
<v Speaker 1>hundred years. But eventually Daria says Rome wins out around

669
00:34:41.199 --> 00:34:44.760
<v Speaker 1>one hundred and forty six BCE because they have this

670
00:34:44.960 --> 00:34:49.280
<v Speaker 1>massive support from Romans all over Italy. So they destroy

671
00:34:49.480 --> 00:34:53.679
<v Speaker 1>Carthage and the city of Corinth like Burbye. But this

672
00:34:53.880 --> 00:34:56.960
<v Speaker 1>power doesn't last forever. It starts to crumble.

673
00:34:57.519 --> 00:35:01.440
<v Speaker 2>So the Romans just they they did kick ass, yes

674
00:35:01.480 --> 00:35:05.880
<v Speaker 2>it's true, but at the same time they were very

675
00:35:06.320 --> 00:35:09.199
<v Speaker 2>hesitant to use that power. But when they used that power,

676
00:35:09.280 --> 00:35:12.000
<v Speaker 2>it became quite awesome. And then the last one hundred

677
00:35:12.079 --> 00:35:16.039
<v Speaker 2>years of the republic is really about a deterioration of

678
00:35:16.119 --> 00:35:21.440
<v Speaker 2>the norms and the basic premises, let's say, of their constitution,

679
00:35:22.719 --> 00:35:26.159
<v Speaker 2>where more and more it was about individual strongmen rulers,

680
00:35:27.360 --> 00:35:32.159
<v Speaker 2>not rulers yet but more like lead politician that were

681
00:35:32.199 --> 00:35:35.880
<v Speaker 2>also the generals, and the generalships start getting extended more

682
00:35:35.920 --> 00:35:38.480
<v Speaker 2>and more, breaking the norms.

683
00:35:38.840 --> 00:35:42.280
<v Speaker 1>So weird rulers start to take over, starting with Julius

684
00:35:42.280 --> 00:35:45.880
<v Speaker 1>Caesar who crosses the Rubicon into Italy and ends the

685
00:35:45.880 --> 00:35:50.320
<v Speaker 1>era of this people led republic by becoming a dictator.

686
00:35:50.519 --> 00:35:54.440
<v Speaker 1>This is around forty five BCE. So a smaller little

687
00:35:54.480 --> 00:35:58.079
<v Speaker 1>body of rulers start kind of rotting it from the inside.

688
00:35:58.800 --> 00:36:02.280
<v Speaker 1>Not to be dramatic, but the whole timeline is dramatic.

689
00:36:02.760 --> 00:36:05.639
<v Speaker 2>You're really getting more and more the concentration of wealth

690
00:36:05.679 --> 00:36:08.480
<v Speaker 2>and power into just not just these maybe three or

691
00:36:08.519 --> 00:36:11.440
<v Speaker 2>four hundred families historically. Now it's into like three or

692
00:36:11.440 --> 00:36:15.880
<v Speaker 2>four people that can really run it. And at a

693
00:36:15.920 --> 00:36:20.400
<v Speaker 2>certain point it's this guy named Crassus Pompey and Julius Caesar,

694
00:36:20.519 --> 00:36:22.079
<v Speaker 2>so the triumvir and if you ever heard of this

695
00:36:22.159 --> 00:36:24.679
<v Speaker 2>term the triumph, the three man grouping, it's they're the

696
00:36:24.719 --> 00:36:26.519
<v Speaker 2>ones that conceived of this, and between the three of them,

697
00:36:26.519 --> 00:36:28.559
<v Speaker 2>with all their clout and contacts and so on, now

698
00:36:28.599 --> 00:36:31.599
<v Speaker 2>they're running the Senate. But finally it boiled down to

699
00:36:31.719 --> 00:36:34.239
<v Speaker 2>just one guy, and the last man standing and that

700
00:36:34.320 --> 00:36:39.000
<v Speaker 2>kind of conflict was Julius Caesar. So the Republic had

701
00:36:39.039 --> 00:36:42.239
<v Speaker 2>an empire in its last hundred years, but now it's

702
00:36:42.320 --> 00:36:47.360
<v Speaker 2>under the rule of one guy. Caesar assassinated in the

703
00:36:47.360 --> 00:36:49.599
<v Speaker 2>IDEs of March. So we covered a little.

704
00:36:49.360 --> 00:36:52.599
<v Speaker 1>Bit of this drama in the Egyptology episode Just Fyi.

705
00:36:52.960 --> 00:36:56.760
<v Speaker 1>So to meet Caesar, by the way, Cleopatra, Egyptian queen,

706
00:36:56.920 --> 00:37:01.119
<v Speaker 1>reportedly had herself rolled into a carpet and then snuck

707
00:37:01.159 --> 00:37:04.400
<v Speaker 1>into Caesar's quarters and he was like hot, damn. This

708
00:37:04.480 --> 00:37:08.239
<v Speaker 1>teen queen has got some flair, and despite being decades

709
00:37:08.280 --> 00:37:10.960
<v Speaker 1>apart in age, they became lovers. And then they had

710
00:37:10.960 --> 00:37:16.079
<v Speaker 1>a son that Caesar never acknowledged. And then Julius Caesar

711
00:37:16.119 --> 00:37:22.079
<v Speaker 1>got shanked by his own posse crypt two, who true

712
00:37:22.519 --> 00:37:25.760
<v Speaker 1>but the empire marches on thanks to nepotism.

713
00:37:26.280 --> 00:37:29.199
<v Speaker 2>The perpetuation, let's say, of the one man rule is

714
00:37:29.239 --> 00:37:33.400
<v Speaker 2>continued by his great nephew who is his adopted heir,

715
00:37:33.480 --> 00:37:35.679
<v Speaker 2>and that is Octavin. He changes his name to Augustus,

716
00:37:35.679 --> 00:37:39.039
<v Speaker 2>who defeats his rival, Mark Antony, the former lieutenant of

717
00:37:40.360 --> 00:37:42.639
<v Speaker 2>Julius Caesar that had kind of a falling out, and

718
00:37:42.679 --> 00:37:45.960
<v Speaker 2>his now girlfriend Cleopatra. So I got a mixtion, an

719
00:37:45.960 --> 00:37:47.960
<v Speaker 2>incredible historical figure.

720
00:37:48.679 --> 00:37:51.239
<v Speaker 1>Theopatra was Julius Caesar's ex, right.

721
00:37:51.239 --> 00:37:53.519
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, well she had a baby with him, yes, his Aaron.

722
00:37:53.599 --> 00:37:57.440
<v Speaker 2>So basically he is back in Rome. He's consolidated his power,

723
00:37:58.000 --> 00:38:01.800
<v Speaker 2>his foreign not wife, but you know, his foreign lover,

724
00:38:02.039 --> 00:38:04.559
<v Speaker 2>who's a queen. It's pretty good, you know, got something

725
00:38:04.559 --> 00:38:06.400
<v Speaker 2>over all the other guys in the Roman Senate, like

726
00:38:06.440 --> 00:38:09.480
<v Speaker 2>who's your wife? Who's your girlfriend? Because my girlfriend, let

727
00:38:09.480 --> 00:38:12.039
<v Speaker 2>me tell you, man, queen of Egypt, and that's pretty good.

728
00:38:12.039 --> 00:38:14.400
<v Speaker 2>So she's in power. She's hanging out in Rome and

729
00:38:14.440 --> 00:38:16.880
<v Speaker 2>then he's killed and so she's like, I gotta get

730
00:38:16.880 --> 00:38:18.920
<v Speaker 2>out of town, and she goes back to Egypt. But

731
00:38:19.039 --> 00:38:22.320
<v Speaker 2>then she's a very powerful person. And who comes next

732
00:38:22.440 --> 00:38:24.320
<v Speaker 2>is Mark Antony. He's going, hey, give me a chance,

733
00:38:24.360 --> 00:38:27.199
<v Speaker 2>you know, you know, and so therefore they end up

734
00:38:28.719 --> 00:38:31.960
<v Speaker 2>shacking up and he ends up living instead in Alexandria

735
00:38:32.000 --> 00:38:35.360
<v Speaker 2>with her, and it seems like a legitimate affair that

736
00:38:35.400 --> 00:38:38.400
<v Speaker 2>grows into a real, you know, relationship and lots of

737
00:38:38.480 --> 00:38:39.320
<v Speaker 2>kids and so forth.

738
00:38:39.599 --> 00:38:46.119
<v Speaker 1>So Cleopatra Arianas and she and marc Antony have some kids.

739
00:38:45.760 --> 00:38:49.519
<v Speaker 2>And he thinks he's going to be ruling the empire

740
00:38:49.679 --> 00:38:54.079
<v Speaker 2>with her, even potentially from Alexandria, just kind of abandoning

741
00:38:54.559 --> 00:38:57.599
<v Speaker 2>Rome as the prime city. But then that's all thwarted

742
00:38:57.599 --> 00:38:59.920
<v Speaker 2>when you know, he goes off against had to have

743
00:39:00.159 --> 00:39:03.679
<v Speaker 2>against Octavian and loses in a big naval battle it's

744
00:39:03.719 --> 00:39:06.280
<v Speaker 2>called Actium. And then from that point on then you

745
00:39:06.320 --> 00:39:08.920
<v Speaker 2>get these dynasties. So you get you know, Julius Caesar's

746
00:39:09.760 --> 00:39:12.239
<v Speaker 2>grand nephew, Augustus is the emperor changed.

747
00:39:12.039 --> 00:39:13.000
<v Speaker 4>His name to Augustus.

748
00:39:13.119 --> 00:39:15.360
<v Speaker 2>I mean, you know how many people are famous today

749
00:39:15.639 --> 00:39:17.760
<v Speaker 2>and it's not the real name. You know, they've changed

750
00:39:17.800 --> 00:39:20.320
<v Speaker 2>their names. Well, the Augustus did that first, and you

751
00:39:20.400 --> 00:39:21.840
<v Speaker 2>did that over two thousand years ago.

752
00:39:22.000 --> 00:39:24.920
<v Speaker 4>He's like, I gotta leave behind this bad legacy.

753
00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:29.159
<v Speaker 2>I'll just changed the name or start afresh branding just

754
00:39:29.199 --> 00:39:31.840
<v Speaker 2>a little red, totally amazing rebranding. And then of course

755
00:39:31.840 --> 00:39:36.000
<v Speaker 2>he gets the best you know poets and historians of

756
00:39:36.000 --> 00:39:39.880
<v Speaker 2>the day to write new histories and you know, poems

757
00:39:39.920 --> 00:39:42.840
<v Speaker 2>of praise and so on, and that's what you learn

758
00:39:42.880 --> 00:39:45.360
<v Speaker 2>as a child when you're you know, learning Latin.

759
00:39:46.119 --> 00:39:50.800
<v Speaker 1>So Augustus, Caesar's nephew, becomes Rome's first emperor, and he

760
00:39:50.880 --> 00:39:55.800
<v Speaker 1>commissions this great literary figure Virgil, to write some epic

761
00:39:56.320 --> 00:40:00.280
<v Speaker 1>soft propaganda, kind of like if terrible news anchors just

762
00:40:00.400 --> 00:40:04.480
<v Speaker 1>read glowing poetry over the air. But Virgil croaks getting

763
00:40:04.480 --> 00:40:07.280
<v Speaker 1>off a boat and has instructions to burn the piece

764
00:40:07.360 --> 00:40:09.320
<v Speaker 1>as it's just a rough draft. He's like, oh, don't

765
00:40:09.320 --> 00:40:11.800
<v Speaker 1>publish this. Oh my god, it's so bad. But Augustus

766
00:40:11.880 --> 00:40:13.559
<v Speaker 1>is like, nah, it looks good to me. Let's just

767
00:40:13.599 --> 00:40:16.719
<v Speaker 1>publish this, bitch. And it becomes, of course, the Aeneid,

768
00:40:16.920 --> 00:40:20.559
<v Speaker 1>which contains lots of swords and blood and one line

769
00:40:20.840 --> 00:40:23.000
<v Speaker 1>that you are free to bellow as you enter your

770
00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:27.559
<v Speaker 1>next debauched party quote, let me rage before I die.

771
00:40:27.840 --> 00:40:31.199
<v Speaker 2>And then so the empire chugs along and you know

772
00:40:31.400 --> 00:40:33.719
<v Speaker 2>ups and downs. You know, down would be like a Caligula.

773
00:40:34.800 --> 00:40:39.119
<v Speaker 2>Up would be Trajan who builds a kilometer long bridge

774
00:40:39.159 --> 00:40:42.440
<v Speaker 2>across the Danube and kicks butt in Romania. So you

775
00:40:42.519 --> 00:40:45.039
<v Speaker 2>have a lot of high points, but then you get

776
00:40:45.079 --> 00:40:48.239
<v Speaker 2>to a moment when there's crisis, and the crisis is

777
00:40:48.480 --> 00:40:51.280
<v Speaker 2>from two thirty five to two eighty four, and it's

778
00:40:51.360 --> 00:40:54.360
<v Speaker 2>just bad where you know, emperors last about as long

779
00:40:54.400 --> 00:40:57.719
<v Speaker 2>as a prime minister of Italy, which is around two years. Oh,

780
00:40:57.719 --> 00:41:02.039
<v Speaker 2>such as bad bad man and assassinate and invasions and

781
00:41:02.400 --> 00:41:05.960
<v Speaker 2>outbreaks of plague and runaway inflation. It's like Venezuela. I

782
00:41:05.960 --> 00:41:07.920
<v Speaker 2>mean really bad stuff. I mean really as bad as

783
00:41:07.960 --> 00:41:11.880
<v Speaker 2>you can imagine. We get Constantine, and of course Constantine

784
00:41:11.920 --> 00:41:16.000
<v Speaker 2>is the famous emperor to really give legitimacy to Christianity,

785
00:41:16.159 --> 00:41:20.679
<v Speaker 2>but he establishes Constantinople, which we call Istanbul today, great

786
00:41:20.679 --> 00:41:24.920
<v Speaker 2>account and concepts in is Stanbul, the concepts, but the

787
00:41:25.400 --> 00:41:27.840
<v Speaker 2>concept Alicia, this Stanbul.

788
00:41:28.360 --> 00:41:30.840
<v Speaker 1>Thank you. They might be giants for your contributions to

789
00:41:31.119 --> 00:41:32.159
<v Speaker 1>historical literacy.

790
00:41:33.159 --> 00:41:36.360
<v Speaker 2>As the new prime location of the Empire, and that

791
00:41:36.480 --> 00:41:39.800
<v Speaker 2>half of the Empire, the eastern half, actually lives on

792
00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:43.039
<v Speaker 2>another one thousand years. But in the West it really

793
00:41:43.119 --> 00:41:48.239
<v Speaker 2>kind of disintegrates fully in the fifth century. It kind

794
00:41:48.239 --> 00:41:50.239
<v Speaker 2>of gets won back just briefly in the beginning of

795
00:41:50.239 --> 00:41:52.800
<v Speaker 2>the sixth century. And each one of these moments that

796
00:41:52.840 --> 00:41:55.519
<v Speaker 2>I'm just just rattling off, I mean, they're all incredible

797
00:41:55.559 --> 00:41:59.599
<v Speaker 2>moments of history, just unbelievable, mind boggling sagas.

798
00:42:00.119 --> 00:42:03.960
<v Speaker 1>So ultimately, hundreds of years after Caesar, around four hundred

799
00:42:03.960 --> 00:42:07.760
<v Speaker 1>and seventy six a d the Western Roman Empire falls.

800
00:42:08.079 --> 00:42:11.360
<v Speaker 2>I've fallen and I can get up.

801
00:42:11.719 --> 00:42:14.639
<v Speaker 1>And then its last emperor, a dude by the name

802
00:42:14.679 --> 00:42:19.760
<v Speaker 1>of Romulus Augustus, loses a battle with some Goths, which

803
00:42:19.800 --> 00:42:21.920
<v Speaker 1>I like to imagine was just a big tussle with

804
00:42:22.000 --> 00:42:26.880
<v Speaker 1>invaders wearing fishnet shirts and cat collars blasting sisters of

805
00:42:26.960 --> 00:42:29.760
<v Speaker 1>mercy until Rome was like, fine, fine, we're done. We're

806
00:42:29.800 --> 00:42:34.519
<v Speaker 1>done here. And Rome interestingly started with a Romulus. Its

807
00:42:34.559 --> 00:42:37.920
<v Speaker 1>first emperor was an Augustus, and it ended with a

808
00:42:38.039 --> 00:42:46.960
<v Speaker 1>Romulus Augustus words.

809
00:42:46.960 --> 00:42:49.199
<v Speaker 2>But Rome ends up, you know, so having this voice ing.

810
00:42:49.320 --> 00:42:50.920
<v Speaker 2>Rome today still has a voice as well as the

811
00:42:50.920 --> 00:42:53.440
<v Speaker 2>capital of a country. Country has only been around since

812
00:42:53.480 --> 00:42:57.840
<v Speaker 2>eighteen seventy eighteen sixty thereabouts, as modern as modern Italy.

813
00:42:58.400 --> 00:43:00.000
<v Speaker 2>There was no modern Italy before that. It was all

814
00:43:00.079 --> 00:43:00.719
<v Speaker 2>city states.

815
00:43:01.000 --> 00:43:03.440
<v Speaker 1>So Italy is a brand new country. I did not

816
00:43:03.719 --> 00:43:07.079
<v Speaker 1>know this, and again I'm Italian. Okay, So how does

817
00:43:07.119 --> 00:43:09.800
<v Speaker 1>this relate to the archaeology, Yeah, he had all.

818
00:43:09.760 --> 00:43:12.559
<v Speaker 2>Kinds of It's a rich history in Italy and that

819
00:43:13.079 --> 00:43:16.159
<v Speaker 2>is all going to leave behind layers strata, which is

820
00:43:16.199 --> 00:43:18.679
<v Speaker 2>going to be part of your excavation. So you know,

821
00:43:18.760 --> 00:43:20.519
<v Speaker 2>so like, oh wait, we're in the fifteen hundred still,

822
00:43:20.559 --> 00:43:23.440
<v Speaker 2>you know, because we're finding this kind of am I

823
00:43:23.719 --> 00:43:26.400
<v Speaker 2>like a you know, pottery or whatnot. So it's just

824
00:43:26.559 --> 00:43:30.559
<v Speaker 2>everyone leaves behind something and that's that's again part of

825
00:43:30.599 --> 00:43:30.920
<v Speaker 2>the fun.

826
00:43:31.440 --> 00:43:35.480
<v Speaker 1>So what types of things does Darius find on digs? Well,

827
00:43:35.519 --> 00:43:38.360
<v Speaker 1>there aren't a lot of old diaries or papers laying around,

828
00:43:38.400 --> 00:43:42.800
<v Speaker 1>but there are tombstones and inscriptions on marble, and there

829
00:43:42.800 --> 00:43:46.360
<v Speaker 1>are old coins, and those give archaeologists some dates to

830
00:43:46.400 --> 00:43:51.480
<v Speaker 1>work with ps. People who study coins are called numismatologists. Hey,

831
00:43:52.000 --> 00:43:54.280
<v Speaker 1>a lot of the tombs that archaeologists poke around in

832
00:43:54.320 --> 00:43:57.280
<v Speaker 1>have already been disturbed, so they mostly find modest kind

833
00:43:57.280 --> 00:44:01.639
<v Speaker 1>of everyday articles, like a hairpin made bone. But I

834
00:44:01.920 --> 00:44:04.960
<v Speaker 1>kept probing for drama and I asked about the less

835
00:44:05.039 --> 00:44:08.599
<v Speaker 1>everyday things and Daria said that his favorite discovery that

836
00:44:08.639 --> 00:44:11.039
<v Speaker 1>his team has made is a statue of a man,

837
00:44:11.159 --> 00:44:13.960
<v Speaker 1>and it was made in red kind of veined marble.

838
00:44:14.320 --> 00:44:17.599
<v Speaker 1>It had one bronze eye. The other went missing. Now,

839
00:44:17.679 --> 00:44:20.599
<v Speaker 1>the subject of the sculpture is based on an old myth,

840
00:44:20.920 --> 00:44:24.880
<v Speaker 1>and he's depicted in this blood red stone for a reason.

841
00:44:25.440 --> 00:44:31.079
<v Speaker 2>Marcius is this foolish satyr that challenges and challenges Apollo,

842
00:44:31.519 --> 00:44:36.159
<v Speaker 2>the god of music, god of enlightenment, and got of

843
00:44:36.239 --> 00:44:38.639
<v Speaker 2>many things. But God of light changes him to a

844
00:44:38.679 --> 00:44:43.440
<v Speaker 2>musical contest and then he loses. So he is skinned alive.

845
00:44:43.639 --> 00:44:46.480
<v Speaker 2>Oh yeah. So you usually see him in this scene

846
00:44:46.960 --> 00:44:49.880
<v Speaker 2>where he is strung up on a tree or a

847
00:44:49.920 --> 00:44:53.760
<v Speaker 2>tree trunk and it looks like he's in pain. And

848
00:44:53.760 --> 00:44:57.159
<v Speaker 2>so forth there's a seated Apollo with his lyre, and

849
00:44:57.199 --> 00:45:00.719
<v Speaker 2>then you have a slave attendant, the Scythian, who is

850
00:45:01.239 --> 00:45:03.440
<v Speaker 2>sharpening a knife. That's the kind of scene that you get.

851
00:45:03.599 --> 00:45:06.039
<v Speaker 2>So we found the Marsias figure. There are many of these,

852
00:45:06.239 --> 00:45:09.119
<v Speaker 2>but and some of them are white stone, and some

853
00:45:09.199 --> 00:45:12.000
<v Speaker 2>of them are in colored red marble. So we found

854
00:45:12.039 --> 00:45:14.199
<v Speaker 2>one of red marble, and so you get that sense

855
00:45:14.199 --> 00:45:18.599
<v Speaker 2>of skinned alive, like predator, you know, Schwartzenegger. Yeah, so

856
00:45:18.599 --> 00:45:20.559
<v Speaker 2>it's that kind of it looks just horrific. I mean,

857
00:45:20.559 --> 00:45:23.159
<v Speaker 2>it looks his face looks very tortured and contorted and

858
00:45:23.199 --> 00:45:25.880
<v Speaker 2>so on, just a lot of energy there, which I

859
00:45:25.960 --> 00:45:28.400
<v Speaker 2>kind of like, I'm more interested in that than say

860
00:45:28.480 --> 00:45:32.639
<v Speaker 2>the classical kind of classicizing kind of some sort of nice,

861
00:45:33.079 --> 00:45:36.239
<v Speaker 2>unemotional kind of gaze, like I'm above all of this.

862
00:45:36.920 --> 00:45:39.599
<v Speaker 2>That's that doesn't get me going, you know, But when

863
00:45:39.599 --> 00:45:44.599
<v Speaker 2>you see drama and you know, bold and detorted figures

864
00:45:44.599 --> 00:45:47.480
<v Speaker 2>and so on, its just like, wow, that's drama.

865
00:45:47.280 --> 00:45:49.280
<v Speaker 1>Some drama that Darius is not into.

866
00:45:49.719 --> 00:45:51.199
<v Speaker 2>And then of course you have the whole other side

867
00:45:51.199 --> 00:45:54.880
<v Speaker 2>of collectors and looting and looted art. Like right now,

868
00:45:54.920 --> 00:45:58.599
<v Speaker 2>please don't buy anything that's from Syria on the market

869
00:45:58.639 --> 00:46:01.800
<v Speaker 2>because it's stolen. I mean, like, don't do it, museum,

870
00:46:01.880 --> 00:46:05.800
<v Speaker 2>don't do it. Individual. But there's a huge market for materials,

871
00:46:05.800 --> 00:46:09.000
<v Speaker 2>and that's again part of that space in which I'm

872
00:46:09.480 --> 00:46:13.400
<v Speaker 2>interested in. It's not just the archaeology excavation, which is destructive,

873
00:46:13.400 --> 00:46:14.800
<v Speaker 2>it's also the preservation side.

874
00:46:14.960 --> 00:46:17.599
<v Speaker 1>You know, in terms of your career, what would you

875
00:46:17.599 --> 00:46:20.360
<v Speaker 1>say your biggest goal in archaeology is, Yeah.

876
00:46:20.159 --> 00:46:23.679
<v Speaker 2>It was definitely the preservation side. It's definitely how do

877
00:46:23.719 --> 00:46:25.480
<v Speaker 2>we treat these sites better, how do we get more

878
00:46:25.480 --> 00:46:28.360
<v Speaker 2>people interested, how do we communicate the values of preservations.

879
00:46:28.400 --> 00:46:30.480
<v Speaker 2>I mean people right now, I mean we're probably traveling

880
00:46:30.480 --> 00:46:34.159
<v Speaker 2>more than ever. You know, flights can be cheaper. I

881
00:46:34.199 --> 00:46:36.280
<v Speaker 2>don't know your airbnbing it. I mean, you can do

882
00:46:36.280 --> 00:46:38.039
<v Speaker 2>anything you can to save money to get to these places.

883
00:46:38.119 --> 00:46:40.599
<v Speaker 2>But when you're going to a place, the chances are

884
00:46:40.639 --> 00:46:44.079
<v Speaker 2>a big part of your experience will be what food

885
00:46:44.519 --> 00:46:48.920
<v Speaker 2>will be contemporary society, but it will also be something

886
00:46:48.920 --> 00:46:51.320
<v Speaker 2>that's old. And so that's the part where you got

887
00:46:51.320 --> 00:46:53.519
<v Speaker 2>to look at that and say, what's being done?

888
00:46:53.840 --> 00:46:55.920
<v Speaker 4>Is it being done well? You know, how's it being.

889
00:46:55.800 --> 00:46:59.119
<v Speaker 2>Preserved, who's involved, is the local community benefiting from it?

890
00:46:59.159 --> 00:47:02.960
<v Speaker 2>And so forth. I hate nothing more than somebody says

891
00:47:03.000 --> 00:47:04.679
<v Speaker 2>they did something in Rome and says, yeah, but I

892
00:47:04.719 --> 00:47:07.239
<v Speaker 2>saw it so that it looked really it looked really overgrown,

893
00:47:07.320 --> 00:47:09.960
<v Speaker 2>or didn't look like anyone really cared. And that's that's

894
00:47:09.960 --> 00:47:11.840
<v Speaker 2>not the kind of walk away you want from Rome.

895
00:47:11.920 --> 00:47:15.000
<v Speaker 2>It's like should be a blazing, you know, postcard to

896
00:47:15.079 --> 00:47:17.400
<v Speaker 2>the world, like this is where we take care of history.

897
00:47:17.480 --> 00:47:19.280
<v Speaker 2>If you've never been to Rome. You need on some

898
00:47:19.360 --> 00:47:22.360
<v Speaker 2>level to experience the Colosseum, You need on some level

899
00:47:22.400 --> 00:47:24.840
<v Speaker 2>to experience the Vatican. Now, if you just drop in

900
00:47:24.840 --> 00:47:26.159
<v Speaker 2>and say I'm gonna go to the Vatican, you didn't

901
00:47:26.159 --> 00:47:28.800
<v Speaker 2>get your ticket online ahead of time or whatever, then

902
00:47:28.840 --> 00:47:31.199
<v Speaker 2>you're kind of you know, you're in trouble. I mean,

903
00:47:31.239 --> 00:47:33.679
<v Speaker 2>it's just going to be difficult. You might wait hours,

904
00:47:33.760 --> 00:47:36.639
<v Speaker 2>I mean or whatever, but that would be a shame.

905
00:47:36.760 --> 00:47:41.119
<v Speaker 2>But then you need to experience the real Rome. How

906
00:47:41.119 --> 00:47:43.199
<v Speaker 2>do you do that? And a lot of it is

907
00:47:43.360 --> 00:47:46.440
<v Speaker 2>just you know, carving out some spaces and just I

908
00:47:46.480 --> 00:47:50.559
<v Speaker 2>think seeing the city go by, sit down on a

909
00:47:50.599 --> 00:47:54.239
<v Speaker 2>piazza and enjoy that kind of reality. I think that

910
00:47:54.360 --> 00:47:56.679
<v Speaker 2>I want you to slow down when you come to Rome.

911
00:47:56.679 --> 00:48:00.400
<v Speaker 2>It's otherwise you come away from Rome with this. And

912
00:48:00.440 --> 00:48:02.079
<v Speaker 2>there was a huge line. I did this, and there

913
00:48:02.119 --> 00:48:04.800
<v Speaker 2>was a huge crowd. I did this. I mean, that's

914
00:48:04.840 --> 00:48:08.360
<v Speaker 2>just really gonna eat into the authenticity of the experience.

915
00:48:08.440 --> 00:48:10.880
<v Speaker 1>What about something archaeological while you're in Rome?

916
00:48:10.960 --> 00:48:12.239
<v Speaker 2>Oh my god. If you don't, if you don't go

917
00:48:12.239 --> 00:48:14.840
<v Speaker 2>to the Roman Forum, you're in big trouble. And that's

918
00:48:14.880 --> 00:48:16.960
<v Speaker 2>that's the most there's one of the most historic sites

919
00:48:17.039 --> 00:48:19.519
<v Speaker 2>in the world is the Roman Forum. So sure, there's

920
00:48:19.519 --> 00:48:21.599
<v Speaker 2>the col scene, which is iconic, but the Forum is

921
00:48:21.599 --> 00:48:24.159
<v Speaker 2>where it all happened. I mean, that's where the senate was,

922
00:48:24.639 --> 00:48:27.719
<v Speaker 2>that's where the riots were, that's where the voting took place.

923
00:48:28.320 --> 00:48:30.360
<v Speaker 2>That's where Cicero made his career.

924
00:48:30.760 --> 00:48:33.840
<v Speaker 1>Cicero, by the bye, was one of the most famous

925
00:48:34.000 --> 00:48:36.920
<v Speaker 1>Roman prose writers, and he was also an orator. He

926
00:48:37.039 --> 00:48:40.079
<v Speaker 1>was a lawyer, and he spoke out against the dictatorship

927
00:48:40.320 --> 00:48:42.880
<v Speaker 1>of Julius Caesar. He's like, I think this guy's a knop.

928
00:48:43.159 --> 00:48:45.880
<v Speaker 1>He also later spoke out against marc Antony, but instead

929
00:48:45.880 --> 00:48:49.679
<v Speaker 1>of just exchanging Twitter clapbacks, marc Antony just had him

930
00:48:49.760 --> 00:48:53.760
<v Speaker 1>killed and then displayed his head and his hands in

931
00:48:53.800 --> 00:48:57.960
<v Speaker 1>the Roman Forum. I'm telling you they love drama. Italians

932
00:48:58.000 --> 00:48:58.559
<v Speaker 1>love drama.

933
00:48:59.159 --> 00:49:01.280
<v Speaker 2>I mean, anyone that's famous that you think of the

934
00:49:01.320 --> 00:49:04.880
<v Speaker 2>ancient Roman world, you're literally going to walk where they walked.

935
00:49:05.039 --> 00:49:05.960
<v Speaker 2>You just have to go there.

936
00:49:06.039 --> 00:49:06.800
<v Speaker 4>You just have to go.

937
00:49:06.800 --> 00:49:09.840
<v Speaker 2>There, no excuses. And there are tons of other places.

938
00:49:09.840 --> 00:49:12.440
<v Speaker 2>You know, Trajan's markets in the form of a column

939
00:49:12.519 --> 00:49:16.360
<v Speaker 2>of Trajan and the lark Argentina, where Julius Caesar was assassinated.

940
00:49:16.360 --> 00:49:18.400
<v Speaker 2>There are many other things to see. The Pantheon, of course,

941
00:49:18.440 --> 00:49:20.679
<v Speaker 2>Oh my god, gotta go to the Pantheon. Those are

942
00:49:20.760 --> 00:49:23.559
<v Speaker 2>those are the must sees, must you must experience.

943
00:49:23.559 --> 00:49:24.760
<v Speaker 4>You must be in that space.

944
00:49:25.199 --> 00:49:26.960
<v Speaker 1>So you should block out, like at least a week

945
00:49:27.039 --> 00:49:27.199
<v Speaker 1>or so.

946
00:49:28.280 --> 00:49:31.079
<v Speaker 2>Oh yeah, well, I mean I've like, I lived.

947
00:49:30.920 --> 00:49:31.679
<v Speaker 1>There too, live there.

948
00:49:31.679 --> 00:49:33.719
<v Speaker 2>I live there twenty years, and I do not think

949
00:49:33.760 --> 00:49:36.400
<v Speaker 2>that I've seen everything't I haven't seen a fraction. But

950
00:49:36.440 --> 00:49:39.320
<v Speaker 2>you're coming back because Rome is so rich in history.

951
00:49:39.320 --> 00:49:40.960
<v Speaker 2>How do you how do you rival a place with

952
00:49:41.039 --> 00:49:44.079
<v Speaker 2>hundreds of churches, it's the capital of an empire that

953
00:49:44.119 --> 00:49:46.960
<v Speaker 2>basically formed Europe. I mean, all these civilizations around the

954
00:49:46.960 --> 00:49:52.239
<v Speaker 2>world and everyone when we're making something extraordinary historically speaking, Sure,

955
00:49:52.239 --> 00:49:54.960
<v Speaker 2>I'm going to glorify myself because I'm the patron of that,

956
00:49:55.039 --> 00:49:59.039
<v Speaker 2>but I'm glorifying God and all those statues in all

957
00:49:59.079 --> 00:50:01.039
<v Speaker 2>those museums from it in the ancient world. I mean,

958
00:50:01.039 --> 00:50:04.800
<v Speaker 2>in one way or another, it's really it's it's religiously motivated.

959
00:50:05.480 --> 00:50:06.760
<v Speaker 2>It's so weird, and you know, so.

960
00:50:07.199 --> 00:50:09.480
<v Speaker 1>I'd never thought about it this, but it's so weird

961
00:50:09.519 --> 00:50:13.920
<v Speaker 1>that ancient art is just like fan art to God, yeah,

962
00:50:13.960 --> 00:50:16.960
<v Speaker 1>So every time you see a statue of a god

963
00:50:17.320 --> 00:50:20.400
<v Speaker 1>or a painting of an angel, it's just like a

964
00:50:20.440 --> 00:50:23.719
<v Speaker 1>binder paper pencil drawing of Taylor Swift or some Lady

965
00:50:23.719 --> 00:50:25.559
<v Speaker 1>Gaga lyrics embroidered on a pillow.

966
00:50:25.920 --> 00:50:27.639
<v Speaker 2>I mean, you know. So you walk around the streets

967
00:50:27.639 --> 00:50:31.320
<v Speaker 2>of Rome or any city in Italy, and in all

968
00:50:31.400 --> 00:50:35.039
<v Speaker 2>these street corners there's a little shrine to Madonna, you know,

969
00:50:35.199 --> 00:50:37.519
<v Speaker 2>to marry and you're just like, what the hell, like,

970
00:50:37.559 --> 00:50:40.360
<v Speaker 2>why what that? You know, she's everywhere right, she's like rockstar.

971
00:50:40.639 --> 00:50:45.719
<v Speaker 2>And then you realize that that tradition came from the Romans,

972
00:50:46.159 --> 00:50:49.440
<v Speaker 2>and the Romans then believed at you know, what's a crossroad.

973
00:50:49.440 --> 00:50:52.480
<v Speaker 2>I mean, that's a point of it's a meeting point.

974
00:50:52.559 --> 00:50:54.559
<v Speaker 2>You know, things can happen, you know, you go left,

975
00:50:54.599 --> 00:50:57.800
<v Speaker 2>you go right, and so forth. So you'd want these

976
00:50:58.039 --> 00:51:02.639
<v Speaker 2>local deities in your neighborhoods overlooking you, and you pay

977
00:51:02.679 --> 00:51:05.079
<v Speaker 2>your respect to them because they're you know, taking care

978
00:51:05.079 --> 00:51:06.880
<v Speaker 2>of you. That you know, if I go here at

979
00:51:06.880 --> 00:51:10.760
<v Speaker 2>this intersection, I turn left and roof tile slides off

980
00:51:10.760 --> 00:51:13.320
<v Speaker 2>and bashes me in the head and I'm dead. But

981
00:51:13.440 --> 00:51:16.079
<v Speaker 2>if I go right and I walk along, well then

982
00:51:16.159 --> 00:51:18.639
<v Speaker 2>you know, I just met my wife or something like that, so,

983
00:51:18.719 --> 00:51:21.920
<v Speaker 2>you know, really sliding doors kind of kind of concept.

984
00:51:21.920 --> 00:51:25.519
<v Speaker 1>Can I ask you patron questions? Yeah, but before we

985
00:51:25.559 --> 00:51:28.320
<v Speaker 1>take questions from you, our beloved listeners, we're going to

986
00:51:28.400 --> 00:51:31.480
<v Speaker 1>take a quick break for sponsors of the show. Sponsors.

987
00:51:31.639 --> 00:51:33.679
<v Speaker 1>Why sponsors, You know what they do? They help us

988
00:51:33.719 --> 00:51:36.559
<v Speaker 1>give money to different charities every week. So if you

989
00:51:36.599 --> 00:51:39.079
<v Speaker 1>want to know where Ologies gives our money, you can

990
00:51:39.119 --> 00:51:41.719
<v Speaker 1>go to Aliward dot com and look for the tab

991
00:51:41.840 --> 00:51:45.159
<v Speaker 1>Ologies gives back. There's like one hundred and fifty different

992
00:51:45.199 --> 00:51:48.559
<v Speaker 1>charities that we've given to already, with more every single week.

993
00:51:48.599 --> 00:51:50.280
<v Speaker 1>So if you need a place to go, donate a

994
00:51:50.280 --> 00:51:51.840
<v Speaker 1>little bit of money but you're not sure where to go.

995
00:51:52.159 --> 00:51:55.480
<v Speaker 1>Those are all picked biologists who work in those fields,

996
00:51:55.800 --> 00:51:59.280
<v Speaker 1>and this ad break allows us to give a ton

997
00:51:59.320 --> 00:52:04.440
<v Speaker 1>of money to them. So thanks for listening and think sponsors. Okay,

998
00:52:04.599 --> 00:52:08.559
<v Speaker 1>your questions. So the first Patreon question was asked by

999
00:52:08.599 --> 00:52:13.719
<v Speaker 1>a few people, including Richard Riguero, Neil Williams, John Murray, Ellen, Alexander,

1000
00:52:13.800 --> 00:52:16.760
<v Speaker 1>and Ashley Hamer. Ashley Hamer wants to know what is

1001
00:52:16.800 --> 00:52:18.639
<v Speaker 1>the deal with all the lead in Rome? They had

1002
00:52:18.639 --> 00:52:20.679
<v Speaker 1>it in their pipes, they sprinkled it in their wine.

1003
00:52:20.840 --> 00:52:23.239
<v Speaker 1>Considering how long they used it, you think people would

1004
00:52:23.280 --> 00:52:24.519
<v Speaker 1>have noticed their effects. Did they?

1005
00:52:24.639 --> 00:52:27.360
<v Speaker 2>Absolutely? Yes. You just read Vitrivius ten Books of Architecture

1006
00:52:27.360 --> 00:52:30.199
<v Speaker 2>from the first century BC, where he says, yes, when

1007
00:52:30.239 --> 00:52:34.360
<v Speaker 2>those guys that are making the lead pipes for look

1008
00:52:34.360 --> 00:52:37.360
<v Speaker 2>at their condition, look at their help, it's terrible. So

1009
00:52:37.480 --> 00:52:40.639
<v Speaker 2>you educated Rome and keep your distance. But they wanted

1010
00:52:40.639 --> 00:52:44.239
<v Speaker 2>the lead. Why because it is a huge derivative from

1011
00:52:44.360 --> 00:52:47.920
<v Speaker 2>the refining process of silver. So when you find silver

1012
00:52:48.159 --> 00:52:51.880
<v Speaker 2>in Spain, you usually get it with a lot of lead,

1013
00:52:52.239 --> 00:52:55.960
<v Speaker 2>So you separate the lead from the silver. Now you've

1014
00:52:55.960 --> 00:52:59.840
<v Speaker 2>got literally tons and tons and tons and tons of

1015
00:53:00.079 --> 00:53:03.039
<v Speaker 2>silver of lead. What do you do with the lead. Well,

1016
00:53:03.360 --> 00:53:06.320
<v Speaker 2>that's a low melting point, it's malleable. Let's use it

1017
00:53:06.360 --> 00:53:10.719
<v Speaker 2>for piping in addition to piping in ceramics, piping in stone,

1018
00:53:10.840 --> 00:53:13.800
<v Speaker 2>even piping in wood. But it's that lead is used,

1019
00:53:14.000 --> 00:53:17.480
<v Speaker 2>and it's okay in Rome because the water always flows

1020
00:53:17.519 --> 00:53:21.400
<v Speaker 2>through it. It doesn't sit the people today in let's

1021
00:53:21.400 --> 00:53:23.519
<v Speaker 2>say Washington, d C. I mean they have a lot

1022
00:53:23.559 --> 00:53:25.559
<v Speaker 2>of lead pipes. They say, run your tap for fifteen

1023
00:53:25.599 --> 00:53:27.760
<v Speaker 2>minutes before you use that stuff. So the lead is

1024
00:53:27.800 --> 00:53:30.679
<v Speaker 2>also going to not affect you in Rome in the

1025
00:53:30.719 --> 00:53:33.400
<v Speaker 2>same way that you would think because the water is hard,

1026
00:53:33.800 --> 00:53:38.400
<v Speaker 2>the piping all gets coated with calcium very rapidly, so

1027
00:53:39.320 --> 00:53:42.639
<v Speaker 2>people don't die from lead poisoning. Let's say, per se.

1028
00:53:42.679 --> 00:53:45.039
<v Speaker 2>It's like an old kind of wives tale. But yes,

1029
00:53:45.239 --> 00:53:47.920
<v Speaker 2>they did use lead and other things. And we talked

1030
00:53:47.920 --> 00:53:50.159
<v Speaker 2>about in rouge or we even talk about it putting

1031
00:53:50.199 --> 00:53:54.800
<v Speaker 2>in food sometimes so bad idea, bad idea, don't do it,

1032
00:53:54.840 --> 00:53:56.880
<v Speaker 2>don't do it. So obviously you have me some things

1033
00:53:56.880 --> 00:53:58.400
<v Speaker 2>you read about. You're just like, I don't understand why

1034
00:53:58.480 --> 00:54:01.119
<v Speaker 2>they would do that, But the lead pipe, I understand

1035
00:54:01.159 --> 00:54:03.760
<v Speaker 2>now why they did it, why they used the lead

1036
00:54:04.199 --> 00:54:05.960
<v Speaker 2>A little smarter about it than let's say we are.

1037
00:54:06.079 --> 00:54:08.320
<v Speaker 1>Is there any true to the fact that that's why,

1038
00:54:08.559 --> 00:54:10.599
<v Speaker 1>like Caligula was kind of crazy, that's why people were

1039
00:54:10.599 --> 00:54:11.360
<v Speaker 1>so banana.

1040
00:54:11.400 --> 00:54:12.920
<v Speaker 2>So I don't know. I mean now, I mean the guy,

1041
00:54:13.000 --> 00:54:15.599
<v Speaker 2>that guy, that guy was messed up. I mean, watch

1042
00:54:15.639 --> 00:54:17.880
<v Speaker 2>my show. But basically fourteen hundred Days of Terror, I

1043
00:54:17.920 --> 00:54:22.920
<v Speaker 2>mean with the guy with Caligula, the insanity part, we

1044
00:54:22.960 --> 00:54:25.119
<v Speaker 2>can't ever quite figure out what the deal is. But

1045
00:54:25.800 --> 00:54:28.400
<v Speaker 2>here's a guy who his relatives are being killed left

1046
00:54:28.400 --> 00:54:31.599
<v Speaker 2>and right. He's held hostage by the previous emperor, Tiberius

1047
00:54:31.639 --> 00:54:33.599
<v Speaker 2>on the island of Capri's doing god knows what for

1048
00:54:33.639 --> 00:54:36.599
<v Speaker 2>like ten fifteen years. Then when Tiberius is finally dead,

1049
00:54:36.599 --> 00:54:38.800
<v Speaker 2>now he's the last relative still standing, so he's the

1050
00:54:38.920 --> 00:54:42.280
<v Speaker 2>Now the emperor has no experience, never really dealt with society.

1051
00:54:42.400 --> 00:54:44.880
<v Speaker 2>He's just been living on a private island, living in

1052
00:54:44.920 --> 00:54:47.039
<v Speaker 2>fear of being killed because one by one his other

1053
00:54:47.079 --> 00:54:51.519
<v Speaker 2>relatives are being put to death. So and that that's

1054
00:54:51.559 --> 00:54:53.840
<v Speaker 2>gonna mess you up, and it's going to also make

1055
00:54:53.920 --> 00:54:56.840
<v Speaker 2>you not trust anybody. And when we do look at

1056
00:54:56.880 --> 00:54:59.480
<v Speaker 2>legitimate sources that talk about him and show him interacting

1057
00:54:59.480 --> 00:55:04.679
<v Speaker 2>with this one particular delegation that comes from I think Jerusalem,

1058
00:55:05.480 --> 00:55:07.360
<v Speaker 2>he doesn't. He seems to be very sharp and witty,

1059
00:55:07.800 --> 00:55:10.679
<v Speaker 2>maybe cruel, maybe ironic, but doesn't seem crazy. So I

1060
00:55:10.679 --> 00:55:12.679
<v Speaker 2>don't know. But the thing is, you know, he has

1061
00:55:12.760 --> 00:55:16.039
<v Speaker 2>absolute power and he does end up doing some pretty

1062
00:55:16.039 --> 00:55:18.480
<v Speaker 2>strange things. Then the rest of the stories are apocryphal.

1063
00:55:18.559 --> 00:55:20.760
<v Speaker 2>So like they said that he did this, they said

1064
00:55:20.760 --> 00:55:22.360
<v Speaker 2>that he did this, How can we prove that stuff?

1065
00:55:22.559 --> 00:55:24.000
<v Speaker 2>But the bottom line is he was killed by his

1066
00:55:24.039 --> 00:55:27.000
<v Speaker 2>own bodyguards. So he rubbed people the wrong way. It's

1067
00:55:27.000 --> 00:55:28.880
<v Speaker 2>like your secret service just turning around and shooting you.

1068
00:55:28.920 --> 00:55:31.760
<v Speaker 2>Oh God, and that means you're probably you know, you

1069
00:55:31.880 --> 00:55:33.320
<v Speaker 2>got some major issues there.

1070
00:55:33.159 --> 00:55:35.679
<v Speaker 1>Because he was really known for being, like I feel like,

1071
00:55:36.960 --> 00:55:40.760
<v Speaker 1>very incestuous and very kinky. He was a bit kinky.

1072
00:55:41.440 --> 00:55:43.320
<v Speaker 2>Well, I mean again, that's just you know how the

1073
00:55:43.360 --> 00:55:45.360
<v Speaker 2>stories come out. I mean, you know, once you're dead,

1074
00:55:45.400 --> 00:55:47.159
<v Speaker 2>people can say whatever they want in you. There's no

1075
00:55:47.199 --> 00:55:49.519
<v Speaker 2>there's no tape, there's no recording, there's no so it's

1076
00:55:49.519 --> 00:55:51.719
<v Speaker 2>a little difficult to sift through it. But he definitely

1077
00:55:51.719 --> 00:55:55.400
<v Speaker 2>did some over the top things. Whether or not he was,

1078
00:55:55.480 --> 00:55:57.559
<v Speaker 2>you know, having sex with his sister, we don't know.

1079
00:55:58.199 --> 00:56:00.480
<v Speaker 1>Well back then, I feel like that wasn't that. I mean,

1080
00:56:00.599 --> 00:56:04.159
<v Speaker 1>FDR married his cousin. So whatever, they're like, you're alive,

1081
00:56:04.280 --> 00:56:07.519
<v Speaker 1>I'm alive. Why not? Jay wants to know. Is Rome

1082
00:56:07.559 --> 00:56:11.920
<v Speaker 1>a big archaeological minefield with ancient stuff below the ground everywhere?

1083
00:56:11.920 --> 00:56:15.039
<v Speaker 1>And how does anyone build anything without ruining some of

1084
00:56:15.039 --> 00:56:16.719
<v Speaker 1>the sweet mosaic under the ground.

1085
00:56:16.960 --> 00:56:19.960
<v Speaker 2>You're absolutely correct. Rome was the mega city, the greatest

1086
00:56:19.960 --> 00:56:22.320
<v Speaker 2>city of the ancient world, a million people living there,

1087
00:56:22.360 --> 00:56:26.039
<v Speaker 2>So everywhere you dig, you find something ancient that's exactly correct. Now.

1088
00:56:26.519 --> 00:56:28.760
<v Speaker 2>In different time periods, people cared less. So when you

1089
00:56:28.800 --> 00:56:33.199
<v Speaker 2>unify Italy, the Savoya family wants boulevards and new buildings,

1090
00:56:33.280 --> 00:56:35.840
<v Speaker 2>and they uncover tons of stuff and then oh, look,

1091
00:56:35.880 --> 00:56:38.159
<v Speaker 2>we'll keep the statues or whatnot. We'll document this, but

1092
00:56:38.199 --> 00:56:40.679
<v Speaker 2>we'll knock everything down. So there are those issues where

1093
00:56:40.679 --> 00:56:42.360
<v Speaker 2>you lost a lot of material but also made a

1094
00:56:42.400 --> 00:56:47.000
<v Speaker 2>lot of discoveries. Today, of course, is very very the

1095
00:56:47.119 --> 00:56:50.000
<v Speaker 2>process is very meticulous, very refined, and very time consuming.

1096
00:56:50.199 --> 00:56:53.559
<v Speaker 2>So if I put an elevator in this building, or

1097
00:56:53.599 --> 00:56:56.559
<v Speaker 2>I want to gut this building and put in a

1098
00:56:57.039 --> 00:57:00.239
<v Speaker 2>department store, which happened with Rina Chante, then they really

1099
00:57:00.239 --> 00:57:03.119
<v Speaker 2>found a whole slice of a neighborhood. It's all been

1100
00:57:03.159 --> 00:57:07.480
<v Speaker 2>fully documented, and they left one wall exposed. But for me,

1101
00:57:07.559 --> 00:57:10.679
<v Speaker 2>the tragedy there is that they should have made them

1102
00:57:10.679 --> 00:57:14.000
<v Speaker 2>spend an extra million or two to make that whole

1103
00:57:14.559 --> 00:57:18.679
<v Speaker 2>slice of neighborhood of Rome, with homes and fountains and

1104
00:57:18.800 --> 00:57:21.880
<v Speaker 2>streets accessible. I think it should have been mandated. That's

1105
00:57:22.360 --> 00:57:25.159
<v Speaker 2>borderline crime. I think it's a tragedy. It's a tragedy.

1106
00:57:26.159 --> 00:57:28.519
<v Speaker 2>So sometimes I think, you know, they do it well

1107
00:57:28.559 --> 00:57:30.440
<v Speaker 2>in Rome and sometimes they could do it better. I

1108
00:57:30.800 --> 00:57:32.639
<v Speaker 2>mean it's packed in dirt, so I means you can

1109
00:57:32.679 --> 00:57:34.920
<v Speaker 2>get back to it. But it's like in the sub

1110
00:57:34.920 --> 00:57:37.199
<v Speaker 2>basement of the store all you got, but you know,

1111
00:57:37.239 --> 00:57:39.599
<v Speaker 2>twenty five feet below you, it's just packed dirt for

1112
00:57:39.800 --> 00:57:44.239
<v Speaker 2>you know, walls and homes and mosaics and everything's just

1113
00:57:44.280 --> 00:57:45.639
<v Speaker 2>packed in. You know, it's there.

1114
00:57:46.199 --> 00:57:49.159
<v Speaker 1>In C two on site, Wow, Lloyd Parley has a

1115
00:57:49.199 --> 00:57:50.280
<v Speaker 1>bathroom question.

1116
00:57:50.360 --> 00:57:53.920
<v Speaker 2>Right, sponge on a stick YEP sponge on the stell.

1117
00:57:53.679 --> 00:57:57.039
<v Speaker 1>Whole wiping their butts with the public shared sponge on it. Sick.

1118
00:57:57.079 --> 00:57:59.039
<v Speaker 2>Yes, Actually, there's a nice mosaic that was found. I

1119
00:57:59.039 --> 00:58:02.280
<v Speaker 2>can't remember where I want to say, so a.

1120
00:58:02.320 --> 00:58:06.440
<v Speaker 1>Recent mosaic of this item, which is known as a xylospongium,

1121
00:58:07.079 --> 00:58:10.960
<v Speaker 1>was recently uncovered in modern Turkey, and let's just say

1122
00:58:11.000 --> 00:58:14.239
<v Speaker 1>it was humorous in nature, and it confirmed that for

1123
00:58:14.360 --> 00:58:18.800
<v Speaker 1>millennia people have enjoyed toilet humor and comic strips. While

1124
00:58:18.800 --> 00:58:19.039
<v Speaker 1>in the.

1125
00:58:19.119 --> 00:58:22.039
<v Speaker 2>John they find a mosaic with a guy with a

1126
00:58:22.039 --> 00:58:24.159
<v Speaker 2>little stick and a sponge on it. So what's with that?

1127
00:58:24.880 --> 00:58:27.800
<v Speaker 2>So the idea is, do you have any idea how

1128
00:58:27.880 --> 00:58:30.440
<v Speaker 2>much paper costs back then? Oh my god, it has

1129
00:58:30.480 --> 00:58:32.719
<v Speaker 2>made my hand. It's made from a pyrus. Oh god,

1130
00:58:32.760 --> 00:58:35.039
<v Speaker 2>I mean, you can't waste that on your ass. It's

1131
00:58:35.119 --> 00:58:37.880
<v Speaker 2>not going to happen. So you you, you do, you

1132
00:58:37.880 --> 00:58:41.199
<v Speaker 2>know what. Let's talk about kids, let's talk about let's

1133
00:58:41.239 --> 00:58:48.079
<v Speaker 2>talk about diapers, let's talk about menstruation. I mean, seriously,

1134
00:58:48.159 --> 00:58:50.719
<v Speaker 2>all the modern things we have today. Then we're a

1135
00:58:50.760 --> 00:58:53.880
<v Speaker 2>throwaway society and it's convenient. I mean, go back. I

1136
00:58:53.880 --> 00:58:57.360
<v Speaker 2>mean my parents, you know, they washed our diapers, and

1137
00:58:57.400 --> 00:58:59.360
<v Speaker 2>if you were rich, they said you can have a

1138
00:58:59.480 --> 00:59:03.079
<v Speaker 2>diaper laundry service even back then. But I mean who

1139
00:59:03.119 --> 00:59:05.800
<v Speaker 2>could afford that? So you know, and then when you know,

1140
00:59:06.000 --> 00:59:07.880
<v Speaker 2>then the disposables came out and you're like, well, I'll

1141
00:59:07.920 --> 00:59:09.519
<v Speaker 2>splurge in those every once in a while. You know,

1142
00:59:09.599 --> 00:59:11.280
<v Speaker 2>my parents would just to have it if you traveled

1143
00:59:11.320 --> 00:59:13.360
<v Speaker 2>or whatever. But I mean the things that we take

1144
00:59:13.360 --> 00:59:17.079
<v Speaker 2>for granted today. Oh so you know, it's the same

1145
00:59:17.119 --> 00:59:20.239
<v Speaker 2>thing with a with with sponge on a stick. I mean,

1146
00:59:20.320 --> 00:59:23.280
<v Speaker 2>what do you expect them to do. But the fact

1147
00:59:23.280 --> 00:59:26.559
<v Speaker 2>that you can go to these spas and these you know,

1148
00:59:27.079 --> 00:59:30.599
<v Speaker 2>incredible sophisticated experiences of the ancient world, and you're going

1149
00:59:30.599 --> 00:59:33.320
<v Speaker 2>to the theater, and you're going to gladiator games, and

1150
00:59:33.360 --> 00:59:35.400
<v Speaker 2>you're going to you know, concession stands and so forth.

1151
00:59:35.559 --> 00:59:37.360
<v Speaker 2>But then like it's a circus Maximus. You saw the

1152
00:59:37.440 --> 00:59:40.119
<v Speaker 2>chariot racing. Now two hundred thousand people got to take

1153
00:59:40.119 --> 00:59:42.960
<v Speaker 2>a leak. Where are they gonna go? Where are they

1154
00:59:42.960 --> 00:59:45.719
<v Speaker 2>gonna go? And we we struggle to figure out where

1155
00:59:45.719 --> 00:59:47.159
<v Speaker 2>all these people are going to go to the bathroom.

1156
00:59:47.199 --> 00:59:50.480
<v Speaker 2>But you know, these are big issues. So sponge on

1157
00:59:50.519 --> 00:59:52.159
<v Speaker 2>a stick, thank you very much.

1158
00:59:54.119 --> 00:59:56.639
<v Speaker 1>Didn't know about that until this moment.

1159
00:59:56.719 --> 01:00:00.880
<v Speaker 2>Oh yeah, oh god, God forbid you have like diarrheas.

1160
01:00:00.920 --> 01:00:04.920
<v Speaker 1>Oh God, can I just take this stick with that exactly.

1161
01:00:05.000 --> 01:00:06.599
<v Speaker 2>I'm going to need you someone to rinse that out, please,

1162
01:00:06.639 --> 01:00:06.960
<v Speaker 2>thank you.

1163
01:00:07.039 --> 01:00:11.440
<v Speaker 1>Oy we got an aquaduct, all right, Yeah, okay, let's see.

1164
01:00:12.039 --> 01:00:15.159
<v Speaker 1>Christopher Barley and Lord Parley both wanted to know if

1165
01:00:15.280 --> 01:00:18.920
<v Speaker 1>Roman concrete was indeed stronger than ours. Now it is,

1166
01:00:19.320 --> 01:00:19.960
<v Speaker 1>it is, ok.

1167
01:00:20.000 --> 01:00:23.639
<v Speaker 2>It is? Why is the Dome of the Pantheon still

1168
01:00:23.639 --> 01:00:28.559
<v Speaker 2>standing after let's say, you know, eighteen hundred years? I mean,

1169
01:00:28.559 --> 01:00:30.360
<v Speaker 2>how is this possible? We can't build anything that last

1170
01:00:30.400 --> 01:00:31.199
<v Speaker 2>eighteen hundred years?

1171
01:00:31.199 --> 01:00:32.400
<v Speaker 4>But I mean, how do you.

1172
01:00:32.320 --> 01:00:34.519
<v Speaker 2>Have anything last that long? How come we're excavating stuff

1173
01:00:34.519 --> 01:00:37.199
<v Speaker 2>when we're finding these really well preserved you know, structures

1174
01:00:37.639 --> 01:00:40.039
<v Speaker 2>is because they built them in a different way, and

1175
01:00:40.800 --> 01:00:42.440
<v Speaker 2>for us to do it today, it's just not time.

1176
01:00:42.480 --> 01:00:44.679
<v Speaker 2>It's just not what do you call that. It's not efficient,

1177
01:00:44.679 --> 01:00:48.199
<v Speaker 2>it's not cost effect efficient. So are we cook the line?

1178
01:00:48.320 --> 01:00:50.760
<v Speaker 2>We the processing is different, so the material is weaker.

1179
01:00:51.039 --> 01:00:52.079
<v Speaker 1>Oh I didn't.

1180
01:00:51.840 --> 01:00:53.239
<v Speaker 2>Know that, So that doesn't last as long.

1181
01:00:53.880 --> 01:00:57.800
<v Speaker 1>Okay, So much like a coveted recipe for barbecue sauce,

1182
01:00:58.000 --> 01:01:02.280
<v Speaker 1>Roman concrete recipes are citing to people, including myself. Okay,

1183
01:01:02.280 --> 01:01:07.000
<v Speaker 1>So the secret ingredients volcanic ash and seawater. So the

1184
01:01:07.119 --> 01:01:10.480
<v Speaker 1>seawater broke down the ash, and then this other mineral,

1185
01:01:10.639 --> 01:01:14.840
<v Speaker 1>phillipsite crystallized in its place, and that hardened the concrete

1186
01:01:14.880 --> 01:01:17.360
<v Speaker 1>over time, so instead of breaking down, it just kind

1187
01:01:17.360 --> 01:01:19.920
<v Speaker 1>of got better and better. But still, you know what,

1188
01:01:20.000 --> 01:01:23.840
<v Speaker 1>I would take our shitty concrete over there, zylospongia really

1189
01:01:23.880 --> 01:01:26.519
<v Speaker 1>any day. Kimberly wants to know what's the origin or

1190
01:01:26.559 --> 01:01:28.280
<v Speaker 1>history of the saying Rome wasn't built in a day?

1191
01:01:29.360 --> 01:01:32.280
<v Speaker 2>Oh well, gosh darn it, you know, I guess we

1192
01:01:32.280 --> 01:01:33.079
<v Speaker 2>could google that.

1193
01:01:33.840 --> 01:01:36.159
<v Speaker 1>Okay, so I looked into this in case you ever

1194
01:01:36.239 --> 01:01:39.480
<v Speaker 1>get on Jeopardy or if you just truly run out

1195
01:01:39.519 --> 01:01:41.920
<v Speaker 1>of things to talk to your relatives about over the holidays.

1196
01:01:41.960 --> 01:01:46.519
<v Speaker 1>And the saying comes from some medieval French poems from

1197
01:01:46.519 --> 01:01:50.119
<v Speaker 1>the year eleven ninety. Okay, so pass the potatoes. Please

1198
01:01:50.159 --> 01:01:51.960
<v Speaker 1>don't ask about my ex boyfriend getting married.

1199
01:01:52.280 --> 01:01:54.760
<v Speaker 2>But you know, how about all roads lead to Rome?

1200
01:01:54.960 --> 01:01:58.320
<v Speaker 2>Or how about okay, here Augustus said the MP for Augustus.

1201
01:01:58.360 --> 01:01:59.840
<v Speaker 2>This is one of my favorite sayings, I think because

1202
01:01:59.840 --> 01:02:03.119
<v Speaker 2>I all the time. He used to say, make haste slowly.

1203
01:02:03.840 --> 01:02:04.599
<v Speaker 1>What does that mean?

1204
01:02:04.880 --> 01:02:07.880
<v Speaker 2>Exactly? It's great, it's perfect.

1205
01:02:07.800 --> 01:02:10.519
<v Speaker 1>Make haste slowly. Yes, I'm going to need a minute

1206
01:02:10.519 --> 01:02:11.079
<v Speaker 1>to digest.

1207
01:02:11.199 --> 01:02:12.760
<v Speaker 2>So Rome was built in a day? Is that kind

1208
01:02:12.760 --> 01:02:16.519
<v Speaker 2>of idea? Is that? You just it? This is not

1209
01:02:16.559 --> 01:02:19.480
<v Speaker 2>a prefab society. This is not something that happened overnight.

1210
01:02:19.559 --> 01:02:22.880
<v Speaker 2>There were ups, they were downs, But we're measuring that.

1211
01:02:22.960 --> 01:02:25.599
<v Speaker 2>How do we measure time today? I mean that tweet

1212
01:02:25.599 --> 01:02:28.440
<v Speaker 2>that came out an hour ago is no longer relevant,

1213
01:02:28.639 --> 01:02:31.360
<v Speaker 2>you know, like that? But back then, think about it.

1214
01:02:31.400 --> 01:02:34.000
<v Speaker 2>I mean, we're talking about civilizations that had had a

1215
01:02:34.039 --> 01:02:36.719
<v Speaker 2>good year. No, they had a good century. I mean

1216
01:02:36.719 --> 01:02:38.920
<v Speaker 2>it's like that kind of idea. So it's like that,

1217
01:02:38.960 --> 01:02:42.920
<v Speaker 2>it's like the measure of time is totally different. And

1218
01:02:42.960 --> 01:02:44.920
<v Speaker 2>that's another way. I guess you could say why Rome

1219
01:02:46.000 --> 01:02:48.880
<v Speaker 2>as a as an empire lasted so long? I mean,

1220
01:02:48.920 --> 01:02:51.320
<v Speaker 2>how long do empires last today? How long did the

1221
01:02:51.320 --> 01:02:53.360
<v Speaker 2>British empire last? How long is America doing? I mean,

1222
01:02:53.400 --> 01:02:54.880
<v Speaker 2>we don't have an empire per se, but we're like

1223
01:02:54.920 --> 01:02:58.119
<v Speaker 2>a global or dominant global force. You're not going to

1224
01:02:58.199 --> 01:03:00.440
<v Speaker 2>be the big dog on the block forever. You know,

1225
01:03:00.440 --> 01:03:03.440
<v Speaker 2>you're not going to be dominant forever. I personally tell

1226
01:03:03.440 --> 01:03:06.679
<v Speaker 2>my kids, don't worry. America will still be America as

1227
01:03:06.719 --> 01:03:08.400
<v Speaker 2>long as you're alive as well. Don't worry about it.

1228
01:03:08.400 --> 01:03:11.039
<v Speaker 2>But things are changing, definitely, there's this change in America,

1229
01:03:11.440 --> 01:03:13.840
<v Speaker 2>as Rome will change and adopt as well.

1230
01:03:14.039 --> 01:03:16.760
<v Speaker 1>It's interesting to look at the rise of a kind

1231
01:03:16.760 --> 01:03:19.199
<v Speaker 1>of autocrats as leading to a downfall.

1232
01:03:19.480 --> 01:03:21.679
<v Speaker 2>Well, yeah, well we have, but we have a very

1233
01:03:21.679 --> 01:03:24.519
<v Speaker 2>strong constitution. And I love Rome. I love the Roman

1234
01:03:24.599 --> 01:03:29.079
<v Speaker 2>Republic and it lasted five hundred years, but they don't

1235
01:03:29.079 --> 01:03:32.159
<v Speaker 2>have the checks and balances and so forth that we do.

1236
01:03:32.719 --> 01:03:36.440
<v Speaker 2>So have faith in the Constitution. It's a good it's

1237
01:03:36.480 --> 01:03:41.159
<v Speaker 2>a good basic document, and I think we'll be fine.

1238
01:03:43.440 --> 01:03:47.000
<v Speaker 1>Okay, So this next question floored me. Jamie Peterson wants

1239
01:03:47.039 --> 01:03:48.920
<v Speaker 1>to know. Is it true that marble statues were originally

1240
01:03:48.920 --> 01:03:51.400
<v Speaker 1>painted brilliant colors and the paint disappeared over the time

1241
01:03:51.719 --> 01:03:54.039
<v Speaker 1>to reveal the natural stone color that we see today.

1242
01:03:54.159 --> 01:04:02.440
<v Speaker 2>Yes, absolutely, because the materials were biodegradable. If you bury something,

1243
01:04:03.119 --> 01:04:04.920
<v Speaker 2>it's just gonna it's gonna come off. But we in

1244
01:04:04.960 --> 01:04:08.119
<v Speaker 2>the field, we know this, but most people, they're not

1245
01:04:08.199 --> 01:04:10.679
<v Speaker 2>involved directly in the field of you know, classical studies

1246
01:04:10.760 --> 01:04:13.920
<v Speaker 2>or ancient archaeology and so on. So they use tempera,

1247
01:04:13.960 --> 01:04:16.440
<v Speaker 2>they're using caustics, so they actually put a hot wax

1248
01:04:16.480 --> 01:04:19.320
<v Speaker 2>kind of paint that was translucent, translucent, so the whole

1249
01:04:19.400 --> 01:04:22.760
<v Speaker 2>dynamic would actually really look like We're not exactly sure.

1250
01:04:22.920 --> 01:04:25.440
<v Speaker 2>So when you see a reconstruction, always take those reconstructions

1251
01:04:25.440 --> 01:04:27.800
<v Speaker 2>to day with the grain of salt, because they're usually

1252
01:04:28.280 --> 01:04:32.119
<v Speaker 2>not very good. Okay, okay, So to recreate what must

1253
01:04:32.159 --> 01:04:34.800
<v Speaker 2>have been there has not really been done.

1254
01:04:35.000 --> 01:04:36.639
<v Speaker 1>When did they stop painting them? Do you think?

1255
01:04:36.800 --> 01:04:38.440
<v Speaker 2>Ah, that's a good question. Now, I mean all throughout

1256
01:04:38.480 --> 01:04:41.599
<v Speaker 2>antiquity they were, they were painting them. That's not necessarily

1257
01:04:41.639 --> 01:04:43.960
<v Speaker 2>be the full body. It could be like it could

1258
01:04:44.000 --> 01:04:46.719
<v Speaker 2>be the clothing, the drapery, the hair, the paint, the pupils,

1259
01:04:47.280 --> 01:04:50.320
<v Speaker 2>maybe the ring on your finger, et cetera. Even inserting

1260
01:04:50.440 --> 01:04:53.760
<v Speaker 2>like a metal necklace or a crown or ear rings.

1261
01:04:53.880 --> 01:04:55.519
<v Speaker 2>So it got to be they got to be quite

1262
01:04:55.800 --> 01:04:58.840
<v Speaker 2>quite dynamic and lavish. Gosh, that's not But then, of

1263
01:04:58.880 --> 01:04:59.960
<v Speaker 2>course the thatch I was telling you I found the

1264
01:05:00.440 --> 01:05:02.360
<v Speaker 2>I mean he was already made of a colored stone.

1265
01:05:02.480 --> 01:05:04.000
<v Speaker 2>So then you don't even need to paint him because

1266
01:05:04.000 --> 01:05:06.480
<v Speaker 2>you're using the beautiful and fanning and the color of

1267
01:05:06.519 --> 01:05:09.079
<v Speaker 2>the marble itself. And that becomes really prevalent from the

1268
01:05:09.119 --> 01:05:11.880
<v Speaker 2>second century a d and onward to use that kind

1269
01:05:11.880 --> 01:05:14.440
<v Speaker 2>of colored stone. I have no idea, quite sopistigating stuff.

1270
01:05:14.519 --> 01:05:19.079
<v Speaker 1>Rachel Marshall wants to know. Were people openly LGBTQ. Yes,

1271
01:05:19.360 --> 01:05:20.400
<v Speaker 1>in Roman culture.

1272
01:05:20.519 --> 01:05:22.599
<v Speaker 2>Yes, that's very interesting. So they don't have they don't

1273
01:05:22.639 --> 01:05:25.239
<v Speaker 2>have a term like homosexual. They don't have this term,

1274
01:05:26.000 --> 01:05:31.400
<v Speaker 2>but they have obviously homosexual practice and so okay, generally speaking,

1275
01:05:31.440 --> 01:05:35.719
<v Speaker 2>in the Greek world, it's pretty normal, standardized, no big deal.

1276
01:05:35.760 --> 01:05:38.119
<v Speaker 2>In fact, it becomes for the Spartans like this is spota,

1277
01:05:38.239 --> 01:05:40.599
<v Speaker 2>you know, three hundred. Well, the typical thing was you

1278
01:05:40.639 --> 01:05:45.880
<v Speaker 2>pair an older soldier with a young soldier and when

1279
01:05:45.880 --> 01:05:47.800
<v Speaker 2>they initiate you and kind of get you into the

1280
01:05:47.800 --> 01:05:50.599
<v Speaker 2>whole military experience, part of it is also a sexual bond.

1281
01:05:51.039 --> 01:05:53.280
<v Speaker 2>And this is kind of normal. And the philosophers would

1282
01:05:53.360 --> 01:05:55.480
<v Speaker 2>be debating about this in Athens and talk about it

1283
01:05:55.480 --> 01:05:57.639
<v Speaker 2>like the highest form of love. And of course the

1284
01:05:57.679 --> 01:05:59.679
<v Speaker 2>higher form of love is between a man and a

1285
01:05:59.719 --> 01:06:03.159
<v Speaker 2>man than a man and a woman, because the man

1286
01:06:03.199 --> 01:06:04.920
<v Speaker 2>and the woman where you're gonna have a child. But

1287
01:06:05.000 --> 01:06:07.400
<v Speaker 2>man and a man, it's not about that, it's about

1288
01:06:07.400 --> 01:06:11.039
<v Speaker 2>real love, right, So anyways, lots of interesting conversation.

1289
01:06:11.440 --> 01:06:14.719
<v Speaker 1>So Darius also explained that the way Romans regarded sexual

1290
01:06:14.760 --> 01:06:20.199
<v Speaker 1>preference was really more about dominant versus submissive. So who's giving,

1291
01:06:20.599 --> 01:06:23.920
<v Speaker 1>who's receiving. It was acceptable to be a giver, but

1292
01:06:24.000 --> 01:06:27.199
<v Speaker 1>it was frowned on to be a receiver no matter

1293
01:06:27.239 --> 01:06:31.559
<v Speaker 1>what sex or gender someone was. So not frowned upon. However,

1294
01:06:31.960 --> 01:06:36.559
<v Speaker 1>it's having sex with slaves or children. So yeah, they

1295
01:06:36.559 --> 01:06:39.440
<v Speaker 1>were progressive in some ways and very whack in others.

1296
01:06:40.119 --> 01:06:42.159
<v Speaker 1>They also didn't seem to give tons of consideration to

1297
01:06:42.480 --> 01:06:46.599
<v Speaker 1>female enjoyment or sexuality. But yes, it was expected and

1298
01:06:46.760 --> 01:06:49.840
<v Speaker 1>acceptable for a Roman guide to just swing a bunch

1299
01:06:49.840 --> 01:06:51.199
<v Speaker 1>of ways for the Romans. Though.

1300
01:06:51.320 --> 01:06:53.199
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, it's not a big deal. The bigger deal would be, say,

1301
01:06:53.480 --> 01:06:56.400
<v Speaker 2>in the Imperial period, are you're a Christian? Oh, you're

1302
01:06:56.440 --> 01:06:58.800
<v Speaker 2>a Christian. You're denying the existence of the gods that

1303
01:06:58.840 --> 01:07:01.000
<v Speaker 2>hold together the fabric of of the empire.

1304
01:07:01.320 --> 01:07:01.960
<v Speaker 1>That's bad.

1305
01:07:02.239 --> 01:07:04.039
<v Speaker 2>You don't want to be a Christian in certain periods,

1306
01:07:04.039 --> 01:07:06.639
<v Speaker 2>and there are waves of persecution. So that's the that's

1307
01:07:06.679 --> 01:07:08.599
<v Speaker 2>the worst thing, right, last two questions.

1308
01:07:08.639 --> 01:07:12.119
<v Speaker 1>I always ask worst thing about your job, thing that sucks,

1309
01:07:12.159 --> 01:07:15.599
<v Speaker 1>the most shittiest thing about being an archaeologist.

1310
01:07:16.199 --> 01:07:18.360
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, it probably no money in archaeology. So you do

1311
01:07:18.400 --> 01:07:20.639
<v Speaker 2>it because you love it. You do it because you

1312
01:07:20.679 --> 01:07:20.920
<v Speaker 2>love it.

1313
01:07:20.920 --> 01:07:21.039
<v Speaker 3>You know.

1314
01:07:21.039 --> 01:07:22.920
<v Speaker 2>It's not like you're it's not like I have a

1315
01:07:22.920 --> 01:07:25.760
<v Speaker 2>hedge fund or something like that. I guess I'm just

1316
01:07:25.840 --> 01:07:28.480
<v Speaker 2>griping here of it. I got no complaints. I think

1317
01:07:28.480 --> 01:07:32.239
<v Speaker 2>there's everything that's great. You meet people, diverse cultures, get

1318
01:07:32.280 --> 01:07:34.199
<v Speaker 2>to travel, got to always have a little bit of

1319
01:07:34.239 --> 01:07:34.800
<v Speaker 2>a tan, you know.

1320
01:07:35.320 --> 01:07:37.559
<v Speaker 1>Well, that was my next question, the best thing about

1321
01:07:37.639 --> 01:07:38.800
<v Speaker 1>being an archaeologist.

1322
01:07:39.000 --> 01:07:43.000
<v Speaker 2>My work is outdoors. My work is outside. Then my

1323
01:07:43.480 --> 01:07:45.480
<v Speaker 2>younger daughter used to say when she was really little,

1324
01:07:45.599 --> 01:07:48.199
<v Speaker 2>she said, daddy's office is the coliseum, which is a

1325
01:07:48.280 --> 01:07:52.239
<v Speaker 2>nice thing to say, and it's kind of like, yeah, yeah, yeah, sure,

1326
01:07:52.440 --> 01:07:55.239
<v Speaker 2>I mean, it's just I want to be in contact

1327
01:07:55.239 --> 01:07:56.960
<v Speaker 2>with this as much as possible. And the other beautiful

1328
01:07:57.000 --> 01:07:59.440
<v Speaker 2>thing again to underline, is there are collections around the

1329
01:07:59.440 --> 01:08:03.519
<v Speaker 2>world in museums which do a phenomenal job to promote

1330
01:08:03.840 --> 01:08:05.639
<v Speaker 2>all this history and stuff like that. But remember they're

1331
01:08:05.679 --> 01:08:10.119
<v Speaker 2>all pretty much all collections you've acquired, you've bought, you've

1332
01:08:10.119 --> 01:08:12.440
<v Speaker 2>purchased in Right nowadays are really scrutinizing where this stuff

1333
01:08:12.480 --> 01:08:14.039
<v Speaker 2>is coming from, because a lot of stuff is looted.

1334
01:08:14.679 --> 01:08:18.000
<v Speaker 1>Darias says that preservation is really important, as is knowing

1335
01:08:18.039 --> 01:08:19.720
<v Speaker 1>where the objects came from.

1336
01:08:19.880 --> 01:08:21.520
<v Speaker 2>Seeing right now, I'm at the Getty and the Getty

1337
01:08:21.560 --> 01:08:25.760
<v Speaker 2>has a beautiful, fantastic relationship. Was not always the case,

1338
01:08:25.760 --> 01:08:28.319
<v Speaker 2>but right now with the Italian government and they're sharing

1339
01:08:28.560 --> 01:08:32.199
<v Speaker 2>and they're working and their preserving monuments and so forth.

1340
01:08:32.239 --> 01:08:34.159
<v Speaker 2>So it's great to see when those things can really work,

1341
01:08:34.399 --> 01:08:36.960
<v Speaker 2>and it doesn't just benefit the monument themselves. It benefits

1342
01:08:37.239 --> 01:08:39.560
<v Speaker 2>the local community, the local governments and so forth. That's

1343
01:08:39.600 --> 01:08:41.840
<v Speaker 2>the kind of things I'm involved in.

1344
01:08:41.880 --> 01:08:43.000
<v Speaker 4>I want to be more involved in.

1345
01:08:43.920 --> 01:08:46.199
<v Speaker 1>So a little bit of karma with your history.

1346
01:08:46.439 --> 01:08:46.760
<v Speaker 2>Yeah.

1347
01:08:46.800 --> 01:08:51.479
<v Speaker 1>Also, yeah, and now we could find you across many

1348
01:08:51.520 --> 01:08:52.520
<v Speaker 1>social media platforms.

1349
01:08:52.560 --> 01:08:56.399
<v Speaker 2>It's the same handle, same handle, Darius Aria Digs. You

1350
01:08:56.479 --> 01:08:57.840
<v Speaker 2>just got to figure ou how to spell my name.

1351
01:08:58.439 --> 01:09:05.439
<v Speaker 2>But yeah, Darius Aria Diggs pretty much Twitter, Facebook, Instagram,

1352
01:09:05.600 --> 01:09:06.359
<v Speaker 2>my website.

1353
01:09:06.800 --> 01:09:07.680
<v Speaker 4>I don't know it all.

1354
01:09:07.720 --> 01:09:08.760
<v Speaker 2>It's all pretty much there.

1355
01:09:08.920 --> 01:09:09.960
<v Speaker 1>Smart branding.

1356
01:09:10.359 --> 01:09:13.520
<v Speaker 2>Yes, thank you so much, Thank you very much.

1357
01:09:13.680 --> 01:09:15.319
<v Speaker 1>This is great, amazing.

1358
01:09:15.399 --> 01:09:17.880
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I gotta go to Rome. Just let me know

1359
01:09:17.880 --> 01:09:18.760
<v Speaker 2>when you're coming to Rome.

1360
01:09:18.960 --> 01:09:29.199
<v Speaker 1>Good, we'll get an appallspret So keep asking smart people

1361
01:09:29.359 --> 01:09:33.399
<v Speaker 1>stupid questions and go check out some Roman ruins, eat

1362
01:09:33.439 --> 01:09:36.399
<v Speaker 1>some pizza. While you're there. You can find Darius Ariya

1363
01:09:36.520 --> 01:09:40.039
<v Speaker 1>all over. He has tons of beautiful photos and links

1364
01:09:40.119 --> 01:09:44.680
<v Speaker 1>up at his website that's Dariusariyadiggs dot com, and his

1365
01:09:44.760 --> 01:09:49.439
<v Speaker 1>Twitter and Instagram are also at Darius Arya Diggs. Special

1366
01:09:49.439 --> 01:09:52.520
<v Speaker 1>thanks to his amazing wife, Erica, a writer, for encouraging

1367
01:09:52.560 --> 01:09:55.279
<v Speaker 1>him to have one handle everywhere. That is a great strategy.

1368
01:09:55.520 --> 01:09:58.239
<v Speaker 1>So Darius Aria Diggs you can find him everywhere. You

1369
01:09:58.279 --> 01:10:00.640
<v Speaker 1>can check out his show Ancient and visib Cities on

1370
01:10:00.720 --> 01:10:04.479
<v Speaker 1>PBS and the premiere of this week of season two

1371
01:10:04.720 --> 01:10:08.359
<v Speaker 1>of his Italian show Under Italy, and that's at RYE

1372
01:10:08.439 --> 01:10:12.000
<v Speaker 1>play dot it r I A p l a y

1373
01:10:12.119 --> 01:10:15.800
<v Speaker 1>dot it, and his American Institute for Roman Culture is

1374
01:10:15.840 --> 01:10:20.439
<v Speaker 1>at romanculture dot org. And he's working on a new podcast.

1375
01:10:20.760 --> 01:10:22.960
<v Speaker 1>Follow him on social media to get all the news

1376
01:10:23.000 --> 01:10:24.800
<v Speaker 1>on that, because that's going to be cool as hell.

1377
01:10:25.000 --> 01:10:27.520
<v Speaker 1>So you can find me at Ologies on Twitter and

1378
01:10:27.600 --> 01:10:31.600
<v Speaker 1>Instagram at Ali Ward with one L on both and

1379
01:10:31.840 --> 01:10:35.399
<v Speaker 1>aliward dot com has more links. Ologiesmerch dot com has

1380
01:10:35.439 --> 01:10:38.399
<v Speaker 1>all kinds of shopping fun, from pins to winter hats

1381
01:10:38.399 --> 01:10:40.960
<v Speaker 1>to Ology sweatshirts to keep you warm. Thank you Shannon

1382
01:10:41.000 --> 01:10:43.800
<v Speaker 1>Felts and Bonnie Dutch for all the amazing help with that.

1383
01:10:44.279 --> 01:10:45.920
<v Speaker 1>All of those links are all in the show notes.

1384
01:10:46.359 --> 01:10:49.680
<v Speaker 1>The Ologies podcast Facebook group is a great place full

1385
01:10:49.720 --> 01:10:52.520
<v Speaker 1>of wonderful people and that's all thanks to Aaron Talbert

1386
01:10:52.520 --> 01:10:55.279
<v Speaker 1>and Handlelippo who admin it, and thank you Nick Thorburn

1387
01:10:55.279 --> 01:10:57.279
<v Speaker 1>of the band Islands who wrote and performed the theme

1388
01:10:57.319 --> 01:11:00.439
<v Speaker 1>music and also of course, thank you to Stephen Raymond Dorris.

1389
01:11:00.520 --> 01:11:02.520
<v Speaker 1>He is the host of the per cast and see

1390
01:11:02.600 --> 01:11:05.520
<v Speaker 1>Jurassic right, and he edits this every week and he

1391
01:11:05.600 --> 01:11:08.960
<v Speaker 1>deserves just a wheelbarrow full of kittens and muffins for

1392
01:11:09.079 --> 01:11:11.279
<v Speaker 1>doing so. Now, at the end of each episode, I

1393
01:11:11.359 --> 01:11:14.000
<v Speaker 1>tell you a little secret, and this week's is just

1394
01:11:14.039 --> 01:11:16.920
<v Speaker 1>a little self help nugget for anyone who ever gets

1395
01:11:17.000 --> 01:11:19.479
<v Speaker 1>down on themselves. Okay, so you know how sometimes you

1396
01:11:19.479 --> 01:11:21.600
<v Speaker 1>walk around and you think, wow, I'm such a turd.

1397
01:11:21.960 --> 01:11:24.000
<v Speaker 1>I bet no one will invite me to their holiday parties,

1398
01:11:24.039 --> 01:11:27.600
<v Speaker 1>and everyone secretly thinks I'm smelly and stupid. And then

1399
01:11:27.720 --> 01:11:31.239
<v Speaker 1>you look for evidence to support that hypothesis, like a

1400
01:11:31.239 --> 01:11:33.760
<v Speaker 1>friend maybe didn't text you back right away, or maybe

1401
01:11:33.880 --> 01:11:37.279
<v Speaker 1>you got a bad gift in the office present exchange,

1402
01:11:37.319 --> 01:11:39.680
<v Speaker 1>and you're like, see, look, okay, So the problem here

1403
01:11:40.199 --> 01:11:43.000
<v Speaker 1>is that you're perhaps trying to prove the wrong hypothesis,

1404
01:11:43.239 --> 01:11:46.520
<v Speaker 1>and then you're just collecting data to support something that

1405
01:11:46.600 --> 01:11:49.359
<v Speaker 1>isn't really factual, so you may need to change your

1406
01:11:49.439 --> 01:11:52.640
<v Speaker 1>hypothesis too. I'm pretty fucking cool. And then you'll start

1407
01:11:52.680 --> 01:11:55.119
<v Speaker 1>to realize, hey, there's a lot of evidence to support

1408
01:11:55.159 --> 01:11:58.159
<v Speaker 1>that this feeling lately has been working really well for

1409
01:11:58.279 --> 01:12:01.439
<v Speaker 1>me having a bad day, Maybe just switch around my hypothesis.

1410
01:12:01.520 --> 01:12:03.239
<v Speaker 1>So if you need some evidence right now, I'm going

1411
01:12:03.319 --> 01:12:05.039
<v Speaker 1>to tell you right now, if you're still listening to this,

1412
01:12:05.239 --> 01:12:07.560
<v Speaker 1>not only are you curious about the world, but you're

1413
01:12:07.600 --> 01:12:10.920
<v Speaker 1>also very patient and kind to listen to the last

1414
01:12:11.039 --> 01:12:14.479
<v Speaker 1>dregs of this podcast episode. So you're pretty fun cool.

1415
01:12:15.039 --> 01:12:20.399
<v Speaker 1>So say I ole dad word fun podcast. Okay, bye bye, Pacadermatology,

1416
01:12:21.399 --> 01:12:31.159
<v Speaker 1>r doo, Zoology, lithologyology, meteorologyology, ethnology, seriology.

1417
01:12:49.399 --> 01:12:51.800
<v Speaker 3>Get value you can't argue with at Tesco with their

1418
01:12:51.840 --> 01:12:54.640
<v Speaker 3>amazing club card prices. Have the perfect night in with

1419
01:12:54.720 --> 01:12:57.800
<v Speaker 3>our finest frozen pizza meal deal. Get the finest frozen pizza,

1420
01:12:57.960 --> 01:13:00.720
<v Speaker 3>chips and ice cream all for six zero like our

1421
01:13:00.720 --> 01:13:03.880
<v Speaker 3>delicious spicy Salami, hot honey and do Ya or Margarito

1422
01:13:03.920 --> 01:13:07.079
<v Speaker 3>wood fired pizzas, served up with their crispy, chunky chips

1423
01:13:07.279 --> 01:13:10.319
<v Speaker 3>and ice cream like sea salta caramel or pistachio for dessert.

1424
01:13:10.720 --> 01:13:14.920
<v Speaker 3>Can't argue with that shopping store or online Tesco. Every

1425
01:13:14.920 --> 01:13:17.520
<v Speaker 3>Little helps available at most stores, Prices varying.

1426
01:13:17.560 --> 01:13:17.960
<v Speaker 2>Express