WEBVTT

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<v Speaker 1>Oh hello, Okay, so two things. One, we won the

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<v Speaker 1>twenty twenty two Webby for Best Host, which feels like

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<v Speaker 1>an awkward thing for a host to announce. But I'm

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<v Speaker 1>very shocked and proud. I'm a little ashamed of how

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<v Speaker 1>proud I am, not shockingly. But anyway, if you listened

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<v Speaker 1>to last week's Toothology encore about squids, you may know

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<v Speaker 1>I'm up in my folks helping my dad through some

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<v Speaker 1>cancer treatments. And so while we head off to radiation,

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<v Speaker 1>please enjoy this encore from twenty eighteen, which is just

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<v Speaker 1>so chock full a word facts and history an ologies. Okay,

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<v Speaker 1>oh hey, it's your all dad Ward Bond podcast, just

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<v Speaker 1>slipping into your life to chat with you about ancient toilets,

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<v Speaker 1>buried treasure, and Roman rulers. Oh this episode, it's been

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<v Speaker 1>simmering for millennia, and if you listened to Egyptology you'll

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<v Speaker 1>already have kind of a wee primer on the hot

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<v Speaker 1>empire gossip we're about to unleash. But first, just a

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<v Speaker 1>quick thanks thank you to all the patrons at patreon

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<v Speaker 1>dot com slash ologies for supporting as little as a

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<v Speaker 1>quarter an episode. A buck a month gets you in

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<v Speaker 1>that club and thanks to everyone getting merch at ologiesmerch

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<v Speaker 1>dot com and for no money, you can support just

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<v Speaker 1>by telling some friends, maybe some co workers, some enemies

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<v Speaker 1>about the show. Also, rating and subscribing on iTunes keeps

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<v Speaker 1>this boat afloat, and reviewing just makes my day because

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<v Speaker 1>sometimes I'm tired or sad and then I see a

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<v Speaker 1>nice thing you said. So this week I creep the

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<v Speaker 1>review of Sexy Bitch. They say, you know that thing

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<v Speaker 1>that happens when you meet someone at a party and

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<v Speaker 1>realize that you both love the same science podcast and

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<v Speaker 1>then you freak out and talk about it at a

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<v Speaker 1>mile a minute while everyone around you is like, what's

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<v Speaker 1>their problem right now? If the answer is no, you've

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<v Speaker 1>never listened to ologies, this episode list is like the

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<v Speaker 1>menu at an amazing restaurant. Literally, anything you choose is

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<v Speaker 1>a good idea. Thank you, Sexy Bitch. Okay, Archaeology, let's

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<v Speaker 1>get into the etymology really quick. Archaeology comes from the

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<v Speaker 1>Greek ark for beginning, and classical archaeology deals specifically with

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<v Speaker 1>ancient Rome or ancient Greece. Boy, howdy, hot dang, this

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<v Speaker 1>ologist knows his business. He's an American who lives in Rome,

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<v Speaker 1>so the dude is literally walking the talk, and he's

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<v Speaker 1>the executive director of the American Institute for Roman Culture.

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<v Speaker 1>So dude was a Fulbright scholar who got his masters

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<v Speaker 1>and PhD in archaeology at the University of Texas. And

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<v Speaker 1>he's the host of a PBS series called Ancient Invisible Cities,

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<v Speaker 1>as well as the Italian series called Under Italy, where

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<v Speaker 1>he crawls into cool tunnels and tombs and shit. It's

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<v Speaker 1>very rad. Season two is about to start. He was

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<v Speaker 1>in la as a Getty Conservation Institute scholar at the

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<v Speaker 1>Getty Museum, and my lovely friend, an equestrian by the

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<v Speaker 1>name of Mackenzie Rollins. Hey Girl, introduced us via email

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<v Speaker 1>and then we met up. We chatted. We got a

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<v Speaker 1>little geeky about the Greeks, but mostly it's all about

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<v Speaker 1>the Romans. So a statement on his website just reads,

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<v Speaker 1>my passion is Rome and it is not a lie.

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<v Speaker 1>And like a plague in ancient times, it's infectious. So

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<v Speaker 1>hang on your togas and recline on your laurels to

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<v Speaker 1>hear all kinds of dirt with classical archaeologist doctor Darius Aria.

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<v Speaker 1>Darius Aria sounds like a superhero name.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, almost almost rhymes which I've.

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<v Speaker 1>Gotten Darius Aria Hello, also known as Dark. So you

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<v Speaker 1>are in the United States right now, but you're based

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<v Speaker 1>in Italy.

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<v Speaker 2>That's exactly correct. And I get complimented here on my

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<v Speaker 2>English all the time because they're like, oh my god,

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<v Speaker 2>you're from Italy, but you're English. You sound so so

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<v Speaker 2>like a native speaker. I'm like, well, actually, yes, now

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<v Speaker 2>you're from New York originally. No, okay, so I was

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<v Speaker 2>born in Buffalo, but I was. I grew up in Huntington,

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<v Speaker 2>West Virginia. My dad was a coal miner and no, okay,

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<v Speaker 2>one second, the Iranian coal miner. That's a good story though. Anyways,

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<v Speaker 2>then I went to a boarding school in New Hampshire,

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<v Speaker 2>so I had my New England experience. And then I

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<v Speaker 2>stayed in the area. I went to University of Pennsylvania,

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<v Speaker 2>so I had my Philadelphia experience City of Brotherly Love.

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<v Speaker 2>And then I got my PhD in Austin, Texas, which

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<v Speaker 2>is the surreal spot in all of Texas.

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<v Speaker 1>And then when did you start studying archaeology? I know

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<v Speaker 1>your dad he got a coal miner. Your dad was

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<v Speaker 1>a surgeon.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, my dad's surgeon retired, but he my dad's Iranian,

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<v Speaker 2>so he came over through study in Vienna that my

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<v Speaker 2>mom there, work in London, and then finally to Buffalo

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<v Speaker 2>where he did his residency. My mom is American German American,

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<v Speaker 2>so that's the kind of link up. But archaeology, I mean,

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<v Speaker 2>I was always interested in ancient history. I was always

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<v Speaker 2>interested in something something old. I was lucky enough as

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<v Speaker 2>a kid and to travel to museums in the United States,

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<v Speaker 2>and I love the Smithsonian. I mean, I think the

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<v Speaker 2>Smithsonian will strike has something for everyone. You know, it

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<v Speaker 2>just strikes you in a certain ways, air and space

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<v Speaker 2>or natural history. And for me it was these exhibitions

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<v Speaker 2>on the ancient civilizations. And there was a huge one

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<v Speaker 2>on Darius the Great. I'm like, oh, who is this guy?

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<v Speaker 1>You know?

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<v Speaker 2>So got a little bit of my history in there

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<v Speaker 2>that spurred it on.

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<v Speaker 1>So side note, if you're like everyone knows who Darius

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<v Speaker 1>the Great, the ruler of Persia around five hundred BCE, is,

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<v Speaker 1>except me, You're not alone. I had to look this up.

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<v Speaker 1>So Darius the dead one, not a live guide that

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<v Speaker 1>I'm interviewing, built the seventeen hundred mile long Intercontinental Royal Road,

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<v Speaker 1>and he had a ton of wives. And he also

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<v Speaker 1>is known for having carved his autobiography into a limestone

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<v Speaker 1>cliff face, including details about a bunch of wars he won.

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<v Speaker 1>It was a baller move. It was kind of like

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<v Speaker 1>a mix between Mount Rushmore and a Barbara Walters interview

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<v Speaker 1>and some really good battle rap lyrics. Anyway, he had style,

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<v Speaker 1>and you were named after him.

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<v Speaker 2>Uh yeah, I mean, but I mean it's like.

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<v Speaker 1>Is it like John? Is it a very comedy?

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<v Speaker 2>I'm John John Smith is Darius Aria in FARSI something

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<v Speaker 2>like that.

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<v Speaker 1>It's great. Honestly, you sound like a superhero.

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<v Speaker 2>And well, when I studied Latin, it was great because

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<v Speaker 2>then my name can decline.

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<v Speaker 1>You know, that is such a niche observation. As someone

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<v Speaker 1>who studied Latin for four years, very much, I appreciate

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<v Speaker 1>the declining.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly.

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<v Speaker 1>Did you study ancient languages when you were getting your

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<v Speaker 1>archaeology PhD?

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah? Right, when I was a kid, I was in Huntington.

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<v Speaker 2>We had this absolutely spectacular, nationally acclaimed Latin teacher. So

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<v Speaker 2>why and that's why I didn't study French. I mean,

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<v Speaker 2>that was the other option that we got to study

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<v Speaker 2>with with this with this person, and she was just

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<v Speaker 2>so dynamic and on fire. Lewis Merritt, I mean, you know,

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<v Speaker 2>she's still kicking around and you know whatever. Wherever I

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<v Speaker 2>go back home, she's always, oh my one of my

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<v Speaker 2>favorite you know, the students and all this sort of stuff.

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<v Speaker 2>But she was just great, and that's what you want

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<v Speaker 2>in any teacher. So that really inspires you, and someone

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<v Speaker 2>you can go back to and someone that just you know,

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<v Speaker 2>is really excited about their material.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I bet as a Latin teacher. She's like, yes, yes,

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<v Speaker 1>she's like I turned one, yeah, into a lifelong Roman

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<v Speaker 1>enthusiast addict, and then I live in Rome.

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<v Speaker 2>That's why he was just blindly doing the Latin and

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<v Speaker 2>Greek junior high then high school. You know it. Just

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<v Speaker 2>really enjoyed it, but I didn't think career. So I

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<v Speaker 2>was in that generation where you just didn't really talk

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<v Speaker 2>about it and then you know, and then you'd move

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<v Speaker 2>forward and then you're in university and your parents like,

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<v Speaker 2>what are you studying? By my studying, I'm going to

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<v Speaker 2>keep studying classics, but I don't want to do that.

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<v Speaker 2>They're like, well, okay, maybe you want to look at

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<v Speaker 2>a PhD. No, no, I don't want to do that. And

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<v Speaker 2>you want to look at the sciences. You know your

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<v Speaker 2>brother's pre med Do you want to look at it?

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<v Speaker 1>No?

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<v Speaker 2>No, So I just was not interested in that. And

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<v Speaker 2>then I decided, having studied a semester in Rome, Italy,

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<v Speaker 2>that was the real kicker for me. That was when

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<v Speaker 2>I really just opened my eyes to you know, how

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<v Speaker 2>much more or I could do with the stuff I

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<v Speaker 2>was studying. And so that archaeology just became this thing like, oh,

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<v Speaker 2>could I really do that? And a lot of people

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<v Speaker 2>wanted They fall in love with archaeology, and it's just

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<v Speaker 2>hard to do something with it because the field is

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<v Speaker 2>I mean, you're very specialized, and then you come out

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<v Speaker 2>and there are there's no jobs, so it feels like

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<v Speaker 2>just an uphill kind of battle. So I wasn't even

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<v Speaker 2>thinking about that when I decided to do it. I

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<v Speaker 2>wasn't thinking about job prospects. I was not very This

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<v Speaker 2>is not what I would tell my children. I would

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<v Speaker 2>have to go into something. Don't be responsible, don't think

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<v Speaker 2>about your future, don't think about how you're going to

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<v Speaker 2>pay for anything. You know, I would never tell my

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<v Speaker 2>kids to do that. I'll be like any other parent going,

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<v Speaker 2>oh my god, what are you doing with your life?

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<v Speaker 1>You followed a passion though, yeah, which is what got

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<v Speaker 1>you to keep studying it through getting a PhD. It

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<v Speaker 1>was what you were most passionate about. So Daria says

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<v Speaker 1>that part of being a professional archaeologist is just figuring

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<v Speaker 1>out the right job after you score the PhD. And

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<v Speaker 1>you might have to get a little creative, so you

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<v Speaker 1>might have to compromise a little. You might have to

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<v Speaker 1>write a book in the day while waiting tables at

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<v Speaker 1>olive garden at night. That's okay. So for him, doing

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<v Speaker 1>field work plus scholarly work plus hosting TV shows and

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<v Speaker 1>podcasts has turned out to be the right combination.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm Darius Aria. I'm an archaeologist off to explore three

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<v Speaker 2>of the most amazing cities on the planet.

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<v Speaker 1>So you know, a field is potentially a little challenging

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<v Speaker 1>when your side hustle is being a TV show host.

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<v Speaker 1>But he's great at it and it's working for him clearly.

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<v Speaker 1>I mean, like, imagine if John Stamos had a PhD

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<v Speaker 1>and took over Mike Roe's job, but in ancient catacombs,

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<v Speaker 1>he's killing it. What does an archaeologist do if someone

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<v Speaker 1>says I'm an archaeologist, what does that mean, because I

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<v Speaker 1>feel like we I think of dusty chinos and like

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<v Speaker 1>worn boots and definitely a hat.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, most archaeology isn't spending your time in the field.

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<v Speaker 2>I mean I can qualify that and say, okay, some

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<v Speaker 2>people just do that all the time because they're like

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<v Speaker 2>contract archaeologists. So there's always something going on in Italy

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<v Speaker 2>where you know, some house is being built, or some

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<v Speaker 2>building is being restored, or some road is being put in,

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<v Speaker 2>and so they're always out in the field doing the

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<v Speaker 2>excavation in that sense, urban development and so on, or

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<v Speaker 2>rescue operations. But you know, generally speaking, you're studying the past.

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<v Speaker 2>So you know you're an egyptologist or I'm a classical archaeologist,

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<v Speaker 2>so I'm in the Mediterranean, I'm in Central Europe, I'm

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<v Speaker 2>where the Romans were. But generally speaking, you know, the

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<v Speaker 2>archaeologists will spend a lot of time in libraries, like

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<v Speaker 2>I'm here at the library using the resources of the Getty.

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<v Speaker 1>And so it's some part in the field, but a

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<v Speaker 1>lot of a lot of it is spent also piecing

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<v Speaker 1>together a lot of different parts of history to form

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<v Speaker 1>kind of a narrative or try to piece together a

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<v Speaker 1>narrative that has parts missing.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, exactly. So you're you're you know, you're getting a

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<v Speaker 2>wealth of information when you're excavating or doing some sort

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<v Speaker 2>of evaluative study. I mean, it could be non invasive nowadays.

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<v Speaker 2>But then you need to sift through the data, like

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<v Speaker 2>what you've now come up with has to make sense.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh man, I love this part archaeology. She is like

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<v Speaker 1>a fascinating parfait of abandoned junk.

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<v Speaker 2>Or if you're excavating, you know, you've unearthed different strata,

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<v Speaker 2>different layers that people have left behind, and you've gone

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<v Speaker 2>through the chronology you know, backwards, so you're trying to

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<v Speaker 2>piece it together understanding from the beginning to the end.

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<v Speaker 2>Of course, you're actually the most recent stuff first, so

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<v Speaker 2>there's a bit of a puzzle there.

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<v Speaker 1>And what kind of tools are you using? Take me

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<v Speaker 1>through a dig?

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, so the first thing is sometimes you know, talk

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<v Speaker 2>to some little kid, rarely an adult, but somebody else says,

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<v Speaker 2>have you ever found any dinosaurs? Like new I'm not

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<v Speaker 2>that kind of archaeologist. So anyways, so what I'm concentrating

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<v Speaker 2>on professionally has been the Roman era, and because Rome

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<v Speaker 2>is not a place that's abandoned and it has continually

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<v Speaker 2>been occupied, there are various layers that can be quite late.

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<v Speaker 2>So you know, top layer of a site, well, I

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<v Speaker 2>mean it will be modern, you know, so there's going

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<v Speaker 2>to be something just people deposit to, People leave stuff behind,

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<v Speaker 2>and it can be you know, a coke bottle or

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<v Speaker 2>a piece of barbed wire fencing. I mean, it could

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<v Speaker 2>be something obviously like that. And then you're getting down

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<v Speaker 2>into actually in Rome, in vicinity, the environs can be very,

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<v Speaker 2>very rapid. Sometimes it's even as it's been just shallow

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<v Speaker 2>as say, you know, four or five inches awesome, boom,

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<v Speaker 2>we're already hitting ancient material.

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<v Speaker 1>And where it is this is this like in a

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<v Speaker 1>construction site, a puddle.

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<v Speaker 2>So I've been my excavations have been in really historic

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<v Speaker 2>places that are well known, like the Roman Forum, but

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<v Speaker 2>then also an archaeological site called Ostia Antica. And Ostia

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<v Speaker 2>Antica was the port city of Rome. Basically, Ostia was

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<v Speaker 2>developed as the city at the mouth of the Tiber River.

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<v Speaker 2>So you imagine this river flowing from the north through

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<v Speaker 2>Rome and then dumping out into the Mediterranean.

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<v Speaker 1>So this is a city located right about at the

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<v Speaker 1>kneecap of Italy. It's right on the sea, and it's

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<v Speaker 1>been abandoned for about one thousand years, and now a

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<v Speaker 1>kind of looks like grassland taking over a grid of

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<v Speaker 1>crumbling brick structures. But in its heyday it was this

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<v Speaker 1>bustling port city and the seaside tourist town filled with

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<v Speaker 1>government buildings and military fortifications, amphitheaters, residences, and ships carrying

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<v Speaker 1>grains and other supplies would offload tons of goods to

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<v Speaker 1>be stored and cataloged in warehouses and then tugged upriver

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<v Speaker 1>by little boats and then dragged into Rome itself by

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<v Speaker 1>oxen or slaves, because yeah, Romans had plenty of slaves

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<v Speaker 1>to cover all kinds of jobs, from hard labor to

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<v Speaker 1>sex work to really specialized and enslaved physicians and accountants.

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<v Speaker 1>And one very famous slave revolt was led by a gladiator.

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<v Speaker 1>What was his name?

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<v Speaker 2>I'm I'm Spotagus, I'm Spartacus, I'm Spotagus, I'm Spartakus.

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<v Speaker 1>Also just a side note, this was recorded in twenty eighteen,

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<v Speaker 1>and in the last four or so years we've collectively

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<v Speaker 1>moved towards saying enslaved person, because slave implies that it's

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<v Speaker 1>a person's core identity when it's really a condition forced

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<v Speaker 1>onto them. Also, while we're at it, master bedrooms, we've

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<v Speaker 1>learned to call them primary bedrooms. Language is elastic, and

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<v Speaker 1>that's why I love it. See also the etymology episode

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<v Speaker 1>with Helen Zaltzman if you like linguistic things. Okay, back

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<v Speaker 1>to the port, Ostia Antica, which means alluringly old mouth.

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<v Speaker 1>This was a place of a lot of comings and goings.

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<v Speaker 1>But once a newer port city nearby started getting more traffic,

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<v Speaker 1>Ostia Antika became so five minutes ago. It was so over.

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<v Speaker 1>It was like a hipster bar that your mom's friends

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<v Speaker 1>started going to. But it's abandoned. Ruins are a really

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<v Speaker 1>really good place for archaeologists to piece together the past,

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<v Speaker 1>because that's what they do. I just stated the obvious anyway,

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<v Speaker 1>Ostia Antica.

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<v Speaker 2>And so then obviously Ostia becomes a very very important place,

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<v Speaker 2>uh for the Empire, and it becomes a very multicultural city,

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<v Speaker 2>and it's a great it's like a mini Rome. So

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<v Speaker 2>the fact that it gets abandoned is just there. Uh.

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<v Speaker 2>Then allows us to have really exciting and pretty immediate

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<v Speaker 2>excavations as opposed to you know, other sites that are

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<v Speaker 2>you know, continue occupied like Rome. Obviously, Rome is much

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<v Speaker 2>more complex to excavate because there's a modern city on top.

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<v Speaker 1>Of And what kind of stuff do you typically find.

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<v Speaker 2>You find a lot of pottery. I was going to say, yeah, yeah,

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<v Speaker 2>So I mean imagine, you know, imagine, you know, you

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<v Speaker 2>you have your house, you're living in your house for

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<v Speaker 2>decades and decades and decades, and you're producing over that

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<v Speaker 2>time period a lot of garbage. Now imagine your rubbish heap,

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<v Speaker 2>your dump was right outside in your backyard. Just imagine

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<v Speaker 2>what people would find.

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<v Speaker 1>Personally, There's a bunch of kombucha bottles and empty bags

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<v Speaker 1>that cool ranch to ritos, let's be honest.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh and of course, obviously we're talking about a lot

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<v Speaker 2>of today, we're talking about a lot of plastic. So

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<v Speaker 2>for the Romans, almost everything. I mean, sure there's you know,

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<v Speaker 2>leather goods they're using, or baskets or what you know,

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<v Speaker 2>but the main thing is, you know, in burlap bags.

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<v Speaker 2>But really what's traditionally preserving, what was used for storage

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<v Speaker 2>for pretty much anything, was pottery. So you're going to

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<v Speaker 2>find that and that stuff is fired and it's basically indestructible,

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00:16:23.399 --> 00:16:26.360
<v Speaker 2>but you know it's kind of like smashed up and

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<v Speaker 2>those things can be pieced together and then hopefully, if

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<v Speaker 2>you're lucky. You know, there's writing. You know, they write

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<v Speaker 2>on them, oftentimes the what the material is and so forth,

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<v Speaker 2>or you know who owns it and so on. There's

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<v Speaker 2>a big dump actually in Rome called Monthly Testatcho. It's

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<v Speaker 2>like a hill.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh my god. Okay, a Google search reveals this huge

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00:16:48.000 --> 00:16:51.320
<v Speaker 1>grassy hill in an otherwise flat neighborhood. But then you

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<v Speaker 1>get up close and it's like a ceramics graveyard. There's

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<v Speaker 1>just piles and piles and piles of broken pottery, like

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<v Speaker 1>if a giant was so pissed and just smashed all

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<v Speaker 1>your jars. So it's all the antiquated mystery of a

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00:17:10.160 --> 00:17:14.359
<v Speaker 1>creepy cemetery with none of the I'm sad about all

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<v Speaker 1>the lives that have ended. Factor. It's great.

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<v Speaker 2>It's literally something like about one hundred and fifty feet high,

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<v Speaker 2>oh my god, and it's got a circumference of like

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<v Speaker 2>a mile and a half and they just dumped ceramics

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<v Speaker 2>that are smashed and the primarily the amphidi. These jars

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<v Speaker 2>were used for carrying olive oil. So then you say, well,

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<v Speaker 2>why don't they just reuse the jars? Well, because if

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<v Speaker 2>you have it filled with olive oil, you ever try

334
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<v Speaker 2>to clean a bottle of olive oil. It's a pain

335
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<v Speaker 2>in the ass. Okay, it's yeah, So what they did

336
00:17:43.400 --> 00:17:44.599
<v Speaker 2>was they just smashed it. So it gives you an

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<v Speaker 2>idea of the volume, the sheer volume that's coming in.

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<v Speaker 2>And then keep in mind too that the we love

339
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<v Speaker 2>the ancient guys because it was also sustainable. So even

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<v Speaker 2>Rome was a big consumer city generally speaking, you'd take

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<v Speaker 2>those jars and you'd smash them and you'd stick them

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<v Speaker 2>in the rubble for the mortar of a wall. So

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00:18:02.119 --> 00:18:05.759
<v Speaker 2>these things get you know, they're reusing everything. But to

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<v Speaker 2>be able to create a massive hill like that means

345
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<v Speaker 2>it has so much volume coming into this megacity that

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<v Speaker 2>was the ultimate consumer city, that oh, we can't even

347
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<v Speaker 2>use all this stuff. We'll just dump it over here

348
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<v Speaker 2>and it just becomes this hill.

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<v Speaker 1>My god. So people have always been garbage people.

350
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<v Speaker 2>Oh yeah. Some of the greatest finds I think in

351
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<v Speaker 2>recent times really adding to our knowledge of the ancient

352
00:18:25.079 --> 00:18:29.759
<v Speaker 2>world is like, for example, the drainage channels in Herculaneum,

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<v Speaker 2>one of these cities destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius.

354
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<v Speaker 2>They found something like six tons of human feces, So

355
00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:38.319
<v Speaker 2>you go, oh, that's not my kind of dig, but yeah, like,

356
00:18:38.359 --> 00:18:41.680
<v Speaker 2>oh we hit the mother load. Ooh, these guys were constipated. Now.

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<v Speaker 2>But basically what happens is they sift through all this

358
00:18:44.240 --> 00:18:47.079
<v Speaker 2>stuff and they find out you know, oh they had

359
00:18:47.079 --> 00:18:49.480
<v Speaker 2>parasites and they had you know, and this is what

360
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<v Speaker 2>they're eating, is that this is their diet and so forth,

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<v Speaker 2>and it's really really fascinating. Again, I don't think I

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<v Speaker 2>want to be like, I don't want to be known

363
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<v Speaker 2>as the shit archaeologists or something like that. You know,

364
00:19:00.880 --> 00:19:05.640
<v Speaker 2>what's your specialty, Like I've washed my hands.

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00:19:05.799 --> 00:19:10.279
<v Speaker 1>Since making this episode. Side note, we've done scatology, all

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<v Speaker 1>about zoo poo, and more recently environmental microbiology, which is

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<v Speaker 1>all about testing wastewater for diseases. You're welcome, enjoy your lunch.

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<v Speaker 2>Somebody's got to do it. And you don't know what's

369
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<v Speaker 2>going to happen when you dig, and you always have

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<v Speaker 2>these questions that you ask and you get approval to

371
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<v Speaker 2>pursue to answer those questions in your excavation. But of

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<v Speaker 2>course it's just like Murphy's law, like you're never going

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<v Speaker 2>to find what you sought out to find. You know,

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<v Speaker 2>you think these are shops, and therefore you want to

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<v Speaker 2>understand the commercial activities along this road. Oh wait a minute,

376
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<v Speaker 2>they're not shops there, you know, as a brothel or

377
00:19:43.799 --> 00:19:45.480
<v Speaker 2>I don't know whatever, you know, instead of it being

378
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<v Speaker 2>you know, a wine shop or something like that. So

379
00:19:48.079 --> 00:19:50.759
<v Speaker 2>you just you will not know until you excavate. And

380
00:19:50.799 --> 00:19:53.319
<v Speaker 2>that's part of the fun and the mystery and in

381
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<v Speaker 2>the puzzle work because you never find everything intact. You're

382
00:19:56.000 --> 00:19:59.359
<v Speaker 2>always going to find you know, half the puzzle pieces

383
00:19:59.400 --> 00:20:01.799
<v Speaker 2>are missing, so then you need to figure it out,

384
00:20:02.279 --> 00:20:04.119
<v Speaker 2>and you figure that out by talking to colleagues and

385
00:20:04.119 --> 00:20:07.440
<v Speaker 2>seeing things that are similar and so forth. But that's

386
00:20:07.480 --> 00:20:08.079
<v Speaker 2>a lot of fun.

387
00:20:08.359 --> 00:20:11.599
<v Speaker 1>Now when you've got let's say, a crushed base that

388
00:20:11.640 --> 00:20:14.519
<v Speaker 1>you've understed and it's very exciting. Whose job is it

389
00:20:14.559 --> 00:20:16.599
<v Speaker 1>to physically put it back together? Ah?

390
00:20:16.680 --> 00:20:19.640
<v Speaker 2>Yes? So then I mean, well that's the job of

391
00:20:19.720 --> 00:20:22.799
<v Speaker 2>the conservator, which is very very important. So you know,

392
00:20:22.920 --> 00:20:27.519
<v Speaker 2>you can carefully document and excavate, like we actually had

393
00:20:27.559 --> 00:20:29.480
<v Speaker 2>a number of tombs at our last dig, so then

394
00:20:29.480 --> 00:20:32.079
<v Speaker 2>we had a you know, specific expert.

395
00:20:32.319 --> 00:20:35.200
<v Speaker 1>So this expert he's talking about is the very very

396
00:20:35.440 --> 00:20:40.880
<v Speaker 1>European sounding Pierre Paulo Petrone of the Laboratory of Human

397
00:20:41.000 --> 00:20:46.359
<v Speaker 1>Osteobiology and Forensic Anthropology. This is near Pompeii. This guy

398
00:20:46.880 --> 00:20:50.680
<v Speaker 1>studies the victims of ancient disasters, and just a quick

399
00:20:50.720 --> 00:20:53.960
<v Speaker 1>tippy tap on the old computer machine turned up a

400
00:20:53.960 --> 00:20:58.559
<v Speaker 1>paper of his entitled quote a hypothesis of sudden body

401
00:20:58.599 --> 00:21:02.240
<v Speaker 1>fluid vaporization in the seventy nine to eighty victims of

402
00:21:02.279 --> 00:21:07.960
<v Speaker 1>Vesuvius Sudden body fluid vaporization. So today I learned that

403
00:21:08.200 --> 00:21:11.000
<v Speaker 1>a volcano can boil the blood right out of your body.

404
00:21:11.200 --> 00:21:15.240
<v Speaker 2>Okay, anyway, he's looking at some pelvic bone and he's

405
00:21:15.279 --> 00:21:18.799
<v Speaker 2>telling you man or woman and age and da da

406
00:21:18.839 --> 00:21:20.920
<v Speaker 2>da da dad. So it's just it was a lot

407
00:21:20.920 --> 00:21:22.960
<v Speaker 2>of fun to have him on the site. And you

408
00:21:23.000 --> 00:21:25.759
<v Speaker 2>have to depend upon a good team of people from

409
00:21:25.799 --> 00:21:30.240
<v Speaker 2>different backgrounds depending on what you're doing. Do you need

410
00:21:30.279 --> 00:21:33.720
<v Speaker 2>a structural engineer because you're going deep. Do you need

411
00:21:33.880 --> 00:21:39.960
<v Speaker 2>this forensic anthropologist, Do you need the numismatist, do you

412
00:21:40.079 --> 00:21:42.440
<v Speaker 2>need you know, for the coins. But it really is

413
00:21:42.519 --> 00:21:45.880
<v Speaker 2>exciting because what you're doing is it's you're recovering the

414
00:21:45.920 --> 00:21:50.440
<v Speaker 2>remains of ancient cultures. That's what really archaeology is. And

415
00:21:50.119 --> 00:21:56.680
<v Speaker 2>you're you're doing that through the examination of the material remains,

416
00:21:56.759 --> 00:22:00.279
<v Speaker 2>and you know, it's not just the things, but the

417
00:22:00.319 --> 00:22:04.839
<v Speaker 2>things that then indicate human activity, human lives. I mean,

418
00:22:04.839 --> 00:22:07.400
<v Speaker 2>it really is the way to connect to those people

419
00:22:07.440 --> 00:22:10.119
<v Speaker 2>of the past. And oftentimes, you know, it's not the

420
00:22:10.160 --> 00:22:13.400
<v Speaker 2>big high and mighty the emperors. Like I've done a

421
00:22:13.400 --> 00:22:15.440
<v Speaker 2>lot of TV shows, it's like tell us one more episode,

422
00:22:15.480 --> 00:22:17.880
<v Speaker 2>doing one more episode on Caligula, you know, or somebody

423
00:22:17.920 --> 00:22:21.079
<v Speaker 2>isn't create you know, Nero burning Rome. But it's also

424
00:22:21.240 --> 00:22:25.279
<v Speaker 2>just that average person, you know, those communities who were

425
00:22:25.319 --> 00:22:28.480
<v Speaker 2>those people, and so they oftentimes remain anonymous because they

426
00:22:28.480 --> 00:22:31.240
<v Speaker 2>don't have the funds to leave behind something great and

427
00:22:31.359 --> 00:22:35.000
<v Speaker 2>massive and impressive. So it's really the archaeological remains that

428
00:22:35.039 --> 00:22:37.160
<v Speaker 2>can help unearth their story.

429
00:22:36.880 --> 00:22:38.680
<v Speaker 1>And how did ancient Romans live.

430
00:22:39.319 --> 00:22:41.240
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, there's different ways of looking at it because on

431
00:22:41.279 --> 00:22:43.079
<v Speaker 2>the one hand, we just I mean, I'm still in

432
00:22:43.119 --> 00:22:46.359
<v Speaker 2>awe of the aqueducts that were constructed to bring all

433
00:22:46.400 --> 00:22:48.039
<v Speaker 2>that water into a city. I mean, how do you

434
00:22:48.079 --> 00:22:51.319
<v Speaker 2>maintain you know, a million, you know people. I mean

435
00:22:51.359 --> 00:22:53.799
<v Speaker 2>that's a mega city. Cities didn't get that large until

436
00:22:53.920 --> 00:22:56.240
<v Speaker 2>after the seventeen hundreds. I mean, this is you got

437
00:22:56.240 --> 00:22:59.079
<v Speaker 2>to get the Industrial Revolution to have the sophistication to

438
00:22:59.079 --> 00:23:02.720
<v Speaker 2>have those cities. Then you look at the cities of

439
00:23:02.759 --> 00:23:06.039
<v Speaker 2>the Industrial Revolution, and life for a lot of people

440
00:23:06.160 --> 00:23:07.880
<v Speaker 2>is pretty shitty, you know, pretty bad. And then you

441
00:23:07.920 --> 00:23:09.880
<v Speaker 2>look at ancient Roman times and you go, yeah, a

442
00:23:09.920 --> 00:23:12.640
<v Speaker 2>lot of people just eking by. They're just you know,

443
00:23:13.000 --> 00:23:15.599
<v Speaker 2>barely making a living. So, you know, we're looking at

444
00:23:15.640 --> 00:23:17.799
<v Speaker 2>maybe you know, our society today and saying, wow, the

445
00:23:17.880 --> 00:23:22.079
<v Speaker 2>wealthy are becoming really wealthy, you know that one idea boom,

446
00:23:22.240 --> 00:23:24.960
<v Speaker 2>you know, that uber that, you know whatever, that startup,

447
00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:28.160
<v Speaker 2>and but then everyone else, you know, you kind of

448
00:23:28.160 --> 00:23:29.680
<v Speaker 2>see this kind of crunch and saying, oh, the middle

449
00:23:29.680 --> 00:23:32.279
<v Speaker 2>class is suffering, and then the poor boy, they're really poor.

450
00:23:32.640 --> 00:23:36.799
<v Speaker 1>Darius points out with dismay that this mirrors today's culture.

451
00:23:36.799 --> 00:23:40.839
<v Speaker 1>In some countries, some people can't afford healthcare. Well, some

452
00:23:40.960 --> 00:23:44.720
<v Speaker 1>are just drowning in coin, no big deal, just taking

453
00:23:44.920 --> 00:23:47.160
<v Speaker 1>a private seven forty seven.

454
00:23:47.440 --> 00:23:49.319
<v Speaker 2>Well, well, you go back to the ancient Roman times,

455
00:23:49.960 --> 00:23:52.480
<v Speaker 2>you had a small class of people and boy were

456
00:23:52.480 --> 00:23:55.720
<v Speaker 2>they wealthy. I mean, they were so wealthy, just on

457
00:23:55.759 --> 00:23:59.920
<v Speaker 2>another level. And I'm not even talking about the imperial family.

458
00:24:00.640 --> 00:24:02.920
<v Speaker 2>It's just that so much wealth was concentrated in the

459
00:24:02.920 --> 00:24:05.279
<v Speaker 2>hands of, you know, a handful of families, and then

460
00:24:05.319 --> 00:24:07.519
<v Speaker 2>there really was no middle class per se. It's hard

461
00:24:07.559 --> 00:24:10.359
<v Speaker 2>to get involved and talk about what was life like

462
00:24:10.680 --> 00:24:12.640
<v Speaker 2>when we try to look at it in our own terms.

463
00:24:12.640 --> 00:24:15.359
<v Speaker 2>But it definitely was a hard life. I mean, if

464
00:24:15.400 --> 00:24:19.839
<v Speaker 2>we think about childbirth, uh oh, exactly. Childbirth is I mean,

465
00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:22.680
<v Speaker 2>you know, gaving a baby is even you have risks

466
00:24:22.720 --> 00:24:25.440
<v Speaker 2>today with all the modern menage wild birth. Yeah, so

467
00:24:25.519 --> 00:24:28.079
<v Speaker 2>you had the midwife. She was very important. You had

468
00:24:28.519 --> 00:24:32.279
<v Speaker 2>actually really neat to see this. One guy has a

469
00:24:32.319 --> 00:24:35.799
<v Speaker 2>plaque outside of his shop and literally is a woman

470
00:24:36.359 --> 00:24:39.680
<v Speaker 2>in a birthing chair that's being assisted, so literally like

471
00:24:39.720 --> 00:24:42.480
<v Speaker 2>a cutout chair. These things exist today and so the

472
00:24:43.079 --> 00:24:44.960
<v Speaker 2>Romans wouldn't you know, it wouldn't go flat. That was

473
00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:47.640
<v Speaker 2>something that was created in more recent times and now

474
00:24:47.640 --> 00:24:49.359
<v Speaker 2>they're kind of going away from it. But basically, you know,

475
00:24:49.359 --> 00:24:50.839
<v Speaker 2>he has one giving birth in a chair with a

476
00:24:50.839 --> 00:24:53.160
<v Speaker 2>cutout and someone's receiving the baby. So it's like this

477
00:24:53.240 --> 00:24:54.640
<v Speaker 2>is this is the person. This is the person you're

478
00:24:54.640 --> 00:24:57.119
<v Speaker 2>going to contact to come to your house. You know,

479
00:24:57.160 --> 00:24:59.599
<v Speaker 2>all these specializations, all these careers, like this is the

480
00:24:59.599 --> 00:25:01.680
<v Speaker 2>person that makes the shoes times, I mean there was

481
00:25:01.680 --> 00:25:03.559
<v Speaker 2>the guy down the street that was making your shoes.

482
00:25:04.240 --> 00:25:07.279
<v Speaker 2>Unless you get the import right, get more refined leather

483
00:25:07.400 --> 00:25:09.079
<v Speaker 2>or whatever, and it can be much more expensive. And

484
00:25:09.079 --> 00:25:10.640
<v Speaker 2>that's why you show you that's the way you're showing

485
00:25:10.680 --> 00:25:14.000
<v Speaker 2>your own wealth. But you know, the clothes that are

486
00:25:14.000 --> 00:25:16.480
<v Speaker 2>being made, everything is made by hand. But in a

487
00:25:16.480 --> 00:25:19.039
<v Speaker 2>certain sense things did get industrialized. You could go to

488
00:25:19.119 --> 00:25:22.079
<v Speaker 2>dry cleaners that could accommodate thousands and thousands of people.

489
00:25:22.119 --> 00:25:24.960
<v Speaker 2>You drop off your toga and your toga would be cleaned,

490
00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:29.960
<v Speaker 2>oftentimes being soaked in ammonium from urine to get those

491
00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:33.440
<v Speaker 2>stains out, no thank you, and then afterwards you'd rinse

492
00:25:33.480 --> 00:25:36.000
<v Speaker 2>it out. And obviously there are different ways in which

493
00:25:36.000 --> 00:25:38.920
<v Speaker 2>you can have it finally clean and smelling well. So

494
00:25:39.200 --> 00:25:42.759
<v Speaker 2>the life got really complicated, but then also sophisticated because

495
00:25:42.799 --> 00:25:45.000
<v Speaker 2>you have the water, let's say, from the aqueducts coming in,

496
00:25:45.079 --> 00:25:47.640
<v Speaker 2>you have the bath complexes. You can go you who

497
00:25:47.680 --> 00:25:49.720
<v Speaker 2>don't even have a flushing, you know, running water in

498
00:25:50.160 --> 00:25:54.240
<v Speaker 2>your house or a toilet could go to these publicly financed,

499
00:25:54.559 --> 00:25:58.359
<v Speaker 2>subsidized spaces where you could have a jacuzzi, you know,

500
00:25:58.519 --> 00:26:00.000
<v Speaker 2>soaking and a rub down.

501
00:26:00.720 --> 00:26:03.160
<v Speaker 1>Okay, looked up the amenities in Roman baths, and they

502
00:26:03.240 --> 00:26:06.839
<v Speaker 1>had heated floors and dry saunas and wet saunas, and

503
00:26:07.000 --> 00:26:11.400
<v Speaker 1>furnace warmed bathing water and cold plunges and these soaring,

504
00:26:11.599 --> 00:26:16.599
<v Speaker 1>beautiful ceilings and intricate mosaic floors. And they were public

505
00:26:16.720 --> 00:26:18.440
<v Speaker 1>so they were pretty cheap to get into, and on

506
00:26:18.480 --> 00:26:21.440
<v Speaker 1>some holidays they were just totally free. So I guess

507
00:26:21.759 --> 00:26:23.599
<v Speaker 1>if I had a time machine and I could only

508
00:26:23.640 --> 00:26:26.359
<v Speaker 1>pick one thing to do, I would definitely pop over

509
00:26:26.440 --> 00:26:29.519
<v Speaker 1>to Germany in the nineteen thirties and fatally kick a

510
00:26:29.559 --> 00:26:32.960
<v Speaker 1>certain someone in the ball. But then I'd be like, hey, hey,

511
00:26:33.039 --> 00:26:35.119
<v Speaker 1>on the way back, can we also hit an ancient

512
00:26:35.200 --> 00:26:38.480
<v Speaker 1>Roman bath? And while we're talking aquatic, so the water

513
00:26:38.559 --> 00:26:41.839
<v Speaker 1>systems in Rome were legendary. They were channels of water

514
00:26:41.880 --> 00:26:45.119
<v Speaker 1>that went under the city or above it in these

515
00:26:45.240 --> 00:26:49.240
<v Speaker 1>bridge like structures, and they were fed by springs and

516
00:26:49.319 --> 00:26:52.880
<v Speaker 1>the flow was transported only via gravity. So all these

517
00:26:52.920 --> 00:26:56.400
<v Speaker 1>aqueducts were built to be on some gradient, and even

518
00:26:56.440 --> 00:26:58.440
<v Speaker 1>if it wasn't too steep, it didn't even look steep,

519
00:26:58.480 --> 00:27:00.759
<v Speaker 1>it still was enough to keep the water glowing just

520
00:27:01.000 --> 00:27:01.920
<v Speaker 1>slightly downhill.

521
00:27:02.079 --> 00:27:02.240
<v Speaker 2>Now.

522
00:27:02.240 --> 00:27:06.000
<v Speaker 1>The first aqueduct began operating in three hundred and twelve BCE,

523
00:27:06.400 --> 00:27:09.079
<v Speaker 1>and it fed a cattle market in Rome. And then

524
00:27:09.119 --> 00:27:13.400
<v Speaker 1>as the centuries passed, hundreds of these human built rivers

525
00:27:13.480 --> 00:27:15.880
<v Speaker 1>existed all over the Roman Empire, and a lot of

526
00:27:15.880 --> 00:27:19.559
<v Speaker 1>the water was used for the bath houses. I mean,

527
00:27:19.599 --> 00:27:22.640
<v Speaker 1>I'm mostly Italian, and it's so weird to think of

528
00:27:22.680 --> 00:27:27.400
<v Speaker 1>my ancestors just scrubby dubby nude JACUZI chill in. It's

529
00:27:27.440 --> 00:27:29.640
<v Speaker 1>probably naked, right, I think they were probably naked.

530
00:27:31.400 --> 00:27:34.880
<v Speaker 2>So the Romans had incredible, you know, different ways of

531
00:27:35.839 --> 00:27:40.680
<v Speaker 2>you know, benefiting from yeah, conquest, but then also just

532
00:27:41.039 --> 00:27:44.880
<v Speaker 2>a kind of a life standard that that nobody else had.

533
00:27:45.079 --> 00:27:47.240
<v Speaker 2>And so then people were what are people doing today?

534
00:27:47.279 --> 00:27:49.559
<v Speaker 2>We're going to the cities because cities give you more opportunities.

535
00:27:49.680 --> 00:27:52.119
<v Speaker 2>What were they doing under the Romans? People were flocking

536
00:27:52.119 --> 00:27:54.599
<v Speaker 2>to the cities. There were jobs, there were opportunities, and

537
00:27:54.640 --> 00:27:57.400
<v Speaker 2>there was a whole different lifestyle. And the more sophisticated

538
00:27:57.440 --> 00:28:01.920
<v Speaker 2>studies right now, I would add that we are learning that, Yeah,

539
00:28:01.960 --> 00:28:05.359
<v Speaker 2>most people probably had lice, and you know, there are

540
00:28:05.400 --> 00:28:08.480
<v Speaker 2>a lot of people looking at our shit study, you

541
00:28:08.519 --> 00:28:10.519
<v Speaker 2>know that a lot of people probably had you know,

542
00:28:10.519 --> 00:28:13.720
<v Speaker 2>different kinds of parasites and worms and whatever whatever. So

543
00:28:13.759 --> 00:28:16.240
<v Speaker 2>I mean, maybe not necessarily the best thing to be

544
00:28:16.319 --> 00:28:18.119
<v Speaker 2>in those cities. You talk about the spread of disease

545
00:28:18.160 --> 00:28:19.279
<v Speaker 2>and so forth. And then of course some of the

546
00:28:19.319 --> 00:28:23.799
<v Speaker 2>biggest outbreaks from antiquity, you know, or under the Romans,

547
00:28:23.799 --> 00:28:26.640
<v Speaker 2>like what oftentimes is identified as peopan a plague and

548
00:28:26.680 --> 00:28:29.759
<v Speaker 2>smallpox and stuff like that that were decimating in different

549
00:28:29.799 --> 00:28:33.160
<v Speaker 2>periods of the Roman Empire, which had profound effects. So

550
00:28:33.480 --> 00:28:37.160
<v Speaker 2>imagine one is so bad in the let's say the

551
00:28:37.200 --> 00:28:39.839
<v Speaker 2>second century, that they say the one out of five

552
00:28:40.680 --> 00:28:42.640
<v Speaker 2>in the empire. This is an empire of about fifty

553
00:28:42.640 --> 00:28:45.480
<v Speaker 2>to sixty million people, one out of five died. No

554
00:28:45.559 --> 00:28:49.240
<v Speaker 2>one was spared from rich to poor, and they're like,

555
00:28:49.359 --> 00:28:51.640
<v Speaker 2>what the hell can we do? How can we stop this?

556
00:28:52.240 --> 00:28:56.039
<v Speaker 2>They faced very difficult things back then, and of course

557
00:28:56.039 --> 00:28:59.240
<v Speaker 2>medicine was really based upon observation. It wasn't based upon

558
00:28:59.720 --> 00:29:01.920
<v Speaker 2>this sorts of things that we can do today. So yeah,

559
00:29:01.960 --> 00:29:03.599
<v Speaker 2>I don't think I really want to go in a

560
00:29:03.720 --> 00:29:07.920
<v Speaker 2>time machine and hang out in ancient Rome because you

561
00:29:07.920 --> 00:29:09.200
<v Speaker 2>probably wouldn't live that long.

562
00:29:09.440 --> 00:29:12.519
<v Speaker 1>You know, you'd have a urine soaked toga and a

563
00:29:12.680 --> 00:29:13.799
<v Speaker 1>communicable disease.

564
00:29:14.039 --> 00:29:15.759
<v Speaker 2>Yeah. But I mean those guys were tough too. I

565
00:29:15.799 --> 00:29:18.599
<v Speaker 2>mean it was all like children again. You know, maybe

566
00:29:18.720 --> 00:29:21.079
<v Speaker 2>half of them died before the age of five. So,

567
00:29:21.960 --> 00:29:24.559
<v Speaker 2>and we've got catacombs, we've got to you know, cemeteries,

568
00:29:24.559 --> 00:29:29.240
<v Speaker 2>you've got places filled with the little sarcophagus, the little

569
00:29:29.240 --> 00:29:32.960
<v Speaker 2>tomb because obviously everyone, just like today, if you lose

570
00:29:32.960 --> 00:29:35.640
<v Speaker 2>a child, it doesn't matter what the age is. You

571
00:29:35.720 --> 00:29:38.400
<v Speaker 2>love that child. Yeah, and so you really but you

572
00:29:38.440 --> 00:29:40.519
<v Speaker 2>see a lot of them, and so you're getting the

573
00:29:40.559 --> 00:29:43.559
<v Speaker 2>sense that boy, a lot of kids were dying.

574
00:29:44.240 --> 00:29:48.559
<v Speaker 1>Well, yay for vaccines, am I right? Also the elderly,

575
00:29:48.720 --> 00:29:51.519
<v Speaker 1>instead of just being made fun of for not using Snapchat,

576
00:29:51.799 --> 00:29:55.000
<v Speaker 1>they were revered because you could go to them for

577
00:29:55.079 --> 00:29:58.440
<v Speaker 1>advice and for wisdom. So instead of just consulting a

578
00:29:58.480 --> 00:30:02.599
<v Speaker 1>horoscope or a magic eight ball or the robot who

579
00:30:02.640 --> 00:30:05.400
<v Speaker 1>lives on your countertop for life decisions, you would just

580
00:30:05.440 --> 00:30:08.319
<v Speaker 1>ask the human being who loves you, who created you

581
00:30:08.359 --> 00:30:11.720
<v Speaker 1>with their own body and survived plagues and wars and

582
00:30:11.799 --> 00:30:14.319
<v Speaker 1>ask how do I be an adult? And they would

583
00:30:14.319 --> 00:30:15.279
<v Speaker 1>tell you, and.

584
00:30:15.200 --> 00:30:17.400
<v Speaker 2>That could be a world of experience because that person

585
00:30:17.480 --> 00:30:20.160
<v Speaker 2>lived through X, Y and Z. That now maybe the

586
00:30:20.160 --> 00:30:22.839
<v Speaker 2>city or this, you know, the state is now experiencing

587
00:30:22.839 --> 00:30:26.720
<v Speaker 2>and they can remember a time when because that's your

588
00:30:27.440 --> 00:30:28.000
<v Speaker 2>great asset.

589
00:30:28.160 --> 00:30:29.759
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, they're like, look at all the things that didn't

590
00:30:29.839 --> 00:30:31.359
<v Speaker 1>kill you. It must to be a badass.

591
00:30:31.480 --> 00:30:34.759
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, you couldn't google the stuff. You'd have the elders talking,

592
00:30:34.880 --> 00:30:37.519
<v Speaker 2>you have the documents, you have the libraries, you have

593
00:30:37.559 --> 00:30:39.559
<v Speaker 2>those kind of things that were written down. But having

594
00:30:39.599 --> 00:30:41.720
<v Speaker 2>a person still alive would have been great. So that's

595
00:30:41.720 --> 00:30:43.440
<v Speaker 2>sort of the sorts of things that we can tease

596
00:30:43.519 --> 00:30:46.960
<v Speaker 2>out from archaeology is that we have, I mean, particularly

597
00:30:46.960 --> 00:30:49.200
<v Speaker 2>with the Romans, we have so much literature and hundreds

598
00:30:49.200 --> 00:30:50.279
<v Speaker 2>of thousands of descriptions.

599
00:30:50.400 --> 00:30:53.519
<v Speaker 1>If you had to describe to like a second grader,

600
00:30:53.920 --> 00:30:56.079
<v Speaker 1>the rise and fall of the Roman Empire and like

601
00:30:56.559 --> 00:31:01.039
<v Speaker 1>a couple of sentences, h how did how did the

602
00:31:01.079 --> 00:31:05.039
<v Speaker 1>Roman Empire get so powerful? Right? And what the hell happened?

603
00:31:05.119 --> 00:31:07.640
<v Speaker 2>Yeah? Okay that's who that's a great one.

604
00:31:07.759 --> 00:31:10.319
<v Speaker 1>Okay, let's buckle up your butts for a whiz through

605
00:31:10.359 --> 00:31:13.440
<v Speaker 1>space and time to get some highlights in a very

606
00:31:13.559 --> 00:31:18.319
<v Speaker 1>very brief history of the Roman empire situation. So the

607
00:31:18.359 --> 00:31:20.640
<v Speaker 1>history of Rome, it all starts around seven to fifty

608
00:31:20.640 --> 00:31:24.480
<v Speaker 1>three BCE, when a virgin named Ria got knocked up

609
00:31:24.680 --> 00:31:27.640
<v Speaker 1>by the god Mars. Legend has it Mars is like,

610
00:31:27.680 --> 00:31:29.559
<v Speaker 1>I'm gonna put a couple babies in you. So she

611
00:31:29.640 --> 00:31:32.279
<v Speaker 1>had twins who were supposed to be tossed into a

612
00:31:32.319 --> 00:31:35.440
<v Speaker 1>damn river, but instead they got ditched under a fig tree,

613
00:31:35.680 --> 00:31:38.759
<v Speaker 1>and they were discovered by a she wolf who kindly

614
00:31:38.839 --> 00:31:42.200
<v Speaker 1>suckled them, which seems weird and gross to be like

615
00:31:42.319 --> 00:31:47.119
<v Speaker 1>sucking from wild dog breasts. But hello, I ate cheese yesterday,

616
00:31:47.319 --> 00:31:51.160
<v Speaker 1>which is like from big old cow titties. So whatever. Anyway, Romulus,

617
00:31:51.240 --> 00:31:54.799
<v Speaker 1>one of the twins, killed his brother Remus, what a dick,

618
00:31:55.359 --> 00:31:57.440
<v Speaker 1>and he was like, how about this, I'm the first

619
00:31:57.519 --> 00:32:00.640
<v Speaker 1>king of Rome. Now. Now, Rome was by a bunch

620
00:32:00.680 --> 00:32:03.759
<v Speaker 1>of kings, a lot of whom were total dicks, and

621
00:32:03.799 --> 00:32:06.720
<v Speaker 1>then it became a republic in five hundred and nine

622
00:32:06.799 --> 00:32:10.519
<v Speaker 1>BCE all the way to forty five BC when it

623
00:32:10.559 --> 00:32:14.720
<v Speaker 1>becomes an empire. So that empire lasts about five hundred

624
00:32:14.759 --> 00:32:18.799
<v Speaker 1>years until its fall, which happened about four hundred and

625
00:32:18.920 --> 00:32:22.519
<v Speaker 1>seventy six AD. So I'm going to let Darius explain

626
00:32:22.599 --> 00:32:23.880
<v Speaker 1>more and why.

627
00:32:24.200 --> 00:32:29.480
<v Speaker 2>They obviously had great things that nobody else did. So

628
00:32:29.519 --> 00:32:31.680
<v Speaker 2>they started off as a little village like everybody else,

629
00:32:32.519 --> 00:32:35.240
<v Speaker 2>but they had a sense of themselves and what they

630
00:32:35.279 --> 00:32:38.759
<v Speaker 2>could accomplish, and they did it so against all odds,

631
00:32:38.799 --> 00:32:41.759
<v Speaker 2>so they end up having a better military. Basically, they

632
00:32:41.759 --> 00:32:45.359
<v Speaker 2>had something a good idea, a good kind of mindset

633
00:32:45.799 --> 00:32:49.240
<v Speaker 2>that ends up over time allowing them not just to

634
00:32:49.240 --> 00:32:52.160
<v Speaker 2>defeat people, but to have relationships with those people in

635
00:32:52.200 --> 00:32:56.359
<v Speaker 2>those communities. And they do it rather quickly, and they

636
00:32:56.440 --> 00:32:59.119
<v Speaker 2>end up having a great network, to the point that

637
00:33:00.079 --> 00:33:03.720
<v Speaker 2>all these communities in Italy are now on their side

638
00:33:04.079 --> 00:33:09.480
<v Speaker 2>and they're all becoming romans, right, they actually get the citizenship,

639
00:33:09.519 --> 00:33:12.680
<v Speaker 2>and over time that relationship, like me to you, we

640
00:33:12.720 --> 00:33:17.279
<v Speaker 2>speak each other's language, so we trade. This is after

641
00:33:17.319 --> 00:33:19.799
<v Speaker 2>we've maybe gone to war, and then eventually we allow

642
00:33:19.920 --> 00:33:23.079
<v Speaker 2>you to intermarry with us, so now your people can

643
00:33:23.119 --> 00:33:26.279
<v Speaker 2>marry in our people, and eventually, you know, your community

644
00:33:26.319 --> 00:33:28.559
<v Speaker 2>can have the right to vote. So all these kind

645
00:33:28.559 --> 00:33:30.759
<v Speaker 2>of steps is the way they kind of figured out

646
00:33:30.759 --> 00:33:33.079
<v Speaker 2>how they would deal with other people. If you go

647
00:33:33.200 --> 00:33:35.880
<v Speaker 2>over to the Greek system just for a second, Well,

648
00:33:35.880 --> 00:33:38.119
<v Speaker 2>there's no Greece per se, but there were Greek city states,

649
00:33:38.359 --> 00:33:44.119
<v Speaker 2>so common gods and shared cultural norms and language freaking

650
00:33:44.160 --> 00:33:46.440
<v Speaker 2>hated each other's guts. So and I'll be like, I'm

651
00:33:46.440 --> 00:33:49.079
<v Speaker 2>gonna enslave you, and you're gonna enslave me, and so

652
00:33:49.400 --> 00:33:53.720
<v Speaker 2>there was. They were very jealous about the citizenship of

653
00:33:53.759 --> 00:33:56.880
<v Speaker 2>their city states. It was just almost impossible to become

654
00:33:56.920 --> 00:34:00.319
<v Speaker 2>an Athenian or something like that. They would enslave you,

655
00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:03.000
<v Speaker 2>you know, and so forth. But anyways, that's I think

656
00:34:03.119 --> 00:34:05.039
<v Speaker 2>one of the core difference is the Romans in the

657
00:34:05.160 --> 00:34:09.599
<v Speaker 2>end were always navigating negotiating with these kinds of terms.

658
00:34:09.719 --> 00:34:13.719
<v Speaker 2>By about the nineties BC, even though Rome had already

659
00:34:13.719 --> 00:34:17.119
<v Speaker 2>conquered the entire peninsula, the entire boot of Italy, the

660
00:34:17.119 --> 00:34:19.280
<v Speaker 2>bulk of the people that were still fighting with them

661
00:34:19.320 --> 00:34:22.840
<v Speaker 2>and supporting them, and you know, went against the Carthaginians,

662
00:34:22.880 --> 00:34:25.639
<v Speaker 2>the big rival of Rome and the western part of

663
00:34:25.639 --> 00:34:29.440
<v Speaker 2>the Mediterranean. They're not mostly citizens of Rome. So finally

664
00:34:29.440 --> 00:34:32.920
<v Speaker 2>they're like, hey, we're out of here. We're going to

665
00:34:33.000 --> 00:34:35.599
<v Speaker 2>do basically a big ass walkout. And because you're not

666
00:34:35.639 --> 00:34:37.440
<v Speaker 2>letting us be a part of you. But at this

667
00:34:37.440 --> 00:34:40.280
<v Speaker 2>point we're really we've given enough. And so there's like

668
00:34:40.400 --> 00:34:45.199
<v Speaker 2>a civil war that ends up with the Romans giving

669
00:34:45.480 --> 00:34:49.079
<v Speaker 2>all of the Italian allies citizenship. That's like a big

670
00:34:49.119 --> 00:34:52.480
<v Speaker 2>deal and that was a big bloody fight. But anyways,

671
00:34:53.760 --> 00:34:56.559
<v Speaker 2>it's you know, these things took place over time.

672
00:34:57.000 --> 00:35:00.159
<v Speaker 1>Carthage, by the way, is now in modern day Tunisia

673
00:35:00.320 --> 00:35:02.159
<v Speaker 1>in North Africa, and it's just a hop and a

674
00:35:02.199 --> 00:35:05.880
<v Speaker 1>skip over from Sicily. So these wars were called the

675
00:35:05.960 --> 00:35:10.800
<v Speaker 1>Punic Wars, and that's Punic, that's with an N punic. Yeah,

676
00:35:10.840 --> 00:35:14.159
<v Speaker 1>and they were rough, long wars. They lasted almost one

677
00:35:14.239 --> 00:35:17.840
<v Speaker 1>hundred years, but eventually Daria says, Rome wins out around

678
00:35:17.840 --> 00:35:21.400
<v Speaker 1>one hundred and forty six BCE because they have this

679
00:35:21.599 --> 00:35:25.960
<v Speaker 1>massive support from Romans all over Italy. So they destroy

680
00:35:26.119 --> 00:35:30.360
<v Speaker 1>Carthage and the city of Corinth like Burbye. But this

681
00:35:30.519 --> 00:35:33.599
<v Speaker 1>power doesn't last forever. It starts to crumble.

682
00:35:34.159 --> 00:35:38.559
<v Speaker 2>So the Romans just they did kick ass, yes it's true,

683
00:35:38.840 --> 00:35:43.480
<v Speaker 2>but at the same time they were very hesitant to

684
00:35:43.559 --> 00:35:46.039
<v Speaker 2>use that power. But when they used that power, it

685
00:35:46.159 --> 00:35:48.880
<v Speaker 2>became quite awesome. And then the last one hundred years

686
00:35:48.920 --> 00:35:52.960
<v Speaker 2>of the Republic is really about a deterioration of the

687
00:35:53.000 --> 00:35:58.079
<v Speaker 2>norms and the basic premises, let's say, of their constitution,

688
00:35:59.360 --> 00:36:04.079
<v Speaker 2>where more more it was about individual strongmen rulers, not

689
00:36:04.239 --> 00:36:09.119
<v Speaker 2>rulers yet but more like lead politician that were also

690
00:36:09.199 --> 00:36:13.119
<v Speaker 2>the generals, and the generalships start getting extended more and more,

691
00:36:13.559 --> 00:36:15.199
<v Speaker 2>breaking the norms.

692
00:36:15.480 --> 00:36:18.960
<v Speaker 1>So weird rulers start to take over, starting with Julius

693
00:36:18.960 --> 00:36:22.519
<v Speaker 1>Caesar who crosses the Rubicon into Italy and ends the

694
00:36:22.559 --> 00:36:26.960
<v Speaker 1>era of this people led republic by becoming a dictator.

695
00:36:27.159 --> 00:36:31.079
<v Speaker 1>This is around forty five BCE, So a smaller little

696
00:36:31.119 --> 00:36:34.719
<v Speaker 1>body of rulers start kind of rotting it from the inside.

697
00:36:35.440 --> 00:36:38.920
<v Speaker 1>Not to be dramatic, but the whole timeline is dramatic.

698
00:36:39.400 --> 00:36:42.280
<v Speaker 2>You're really getting more and more the concentration of wealth

699
00:36:42.320 --> 00:36:45.159
<v Speaker 2>and power into just not just these maybe three or

700
00:36:45.159 --> 00:36:48.079
<v Speaker 2>four hundred families historically. Now it's into like three or

701
00:36:48.079 --> 00:36:52.519
<v Speaker 2>four people that can really run it. And at a

702
00:36:52.559 --> 00:36:57.039
<v Speaker 2>certain point it's this guy named Crassus Pompey and Julius Caesar,

703
00:36:57.159 --> 00:36:58.719
<v Speaker 2>so the triumvir and if you ever heard of this

704
00:36:58.800 --> 00:37:01.239
<v Speaker 2>term the triomph, the three men and grouping, it's they're

705
00:37:01.280 --> 00:37:02.920
<v Speaker 2>the ones that conceived of this, and between the three

706
00:37:02.920 --> 00:37:04.840
<v Speaker 2>of them with all their clout and contacts and so on,

707
00:37:05.119 --> 00:37:08.119
<v Speaker 2>now they're running the Senate. But finally it boiled down

708
00:37:08.159 --> 00:37:10.719
<v Speaker 2>to just one guy. And the last man standing in

709
00:37:10.760 --> 00:37:15.480
<v Speaker 2>that kind of conflict was Julius Caesar. So the Republic

710
00:37:15.519 --> 00:37:18.159
<v Speaker 2>had an empire in its last one hundred years, but

711
00:37:18.320 --> 00:37:23.679
<v Speaker 2>now it's under the rule of one guy. Caesar assassinated

712
00:37:23.800 --> 00:37:26.239
<v Speaker 2>in the IDEs of March. So we covered a little.

713
00:37:26.000 --> 00:37:29.239
<v Speaker 1>Bit of this drama in the Egyptology episode Just fyi.

714
00:37:29.599 --> 00:37:33.400
<v Speaker 1>So to meet Caesar, by the way, Cleopatra, Egyptian queen,

715
00:37:33.559 --> 00:37:37.760
<v Speaker 1>reportedly had herself rolled into a carpet and then snuck

716
00:37:37.800 --> 00:37:40.960
<v Speaker 1>into Caesar's quarters and he was like hot, damn. This

717
00:37:41.119 --> 00:37:44.880
<v Speaker 1>teen queen has got some flair, and despite being decades

718
00:37:44.920 --> 00:37:47.599
<v Speaker 1>apart in age, they became lovers. And then they had

719
00:37:47.599 --> 00:37:52.719
<v Speaker 1>a son that Caesar never acknowledged. And then Julius Caesar

720
00:37:52.760 --> 00:37:58.760
<v Speaker 1>got shanked by his own posse crypt two. Oh true,

721
00:37:59.159 --> 00:38:02.400
<v Speaker 1>But the empire March is on thanks to nepotism.

722
00:38:02.920 --> 00:38:05.840
<v Speaker 2>The perpetuation, let's say, of the one man rule is

723
00:38:05.880 --> 00:38:10.039
<v Speaker 2>continued by his great nephew who is his adopted heir,

724
00:38:10.119 --> 00:38:12.320
<v Speaker 2>and that is Octavin, who changes his name to Augustus,

725
00:38:12.320 --> 00:38:15.679
<v Speaker 2>who defeats his rival Mark Antony, the former lieutenant of

726
00:38:17.000 --> 00:38:19.280
<v Speaker 2>Julius Caesar that had kind of a falling out, and

727
00:38:19.320 --> 00:38:22.599
<v Speaker 2>his now girlfriend Cleopatrara. So I got a mixtion, an

728
00:38:22.639 --> 00:38:24.599
<v Speaker 2>incredible historical figure.

729
00:38:25.360 --> 00:38:28.400
<v Speaker 1>Leopatra was Julius Caesar's ex, right, Yeah, well she.

730
00:38:28.360 --> 00:38:31.000
<v Speaker 2>Had a baby with him, yes, his aaron. So basically

731
00:38:31.239 --> 00:38:34.719
<v Speaker 2>he is back in Rome, he's consolidated his power, his

732
00:38:35.800 --> 00:38:38.960
<v Speaker 2>foreign not wife, but you know, his foreign lover, who's

733
00:38:38.960 --> 00:38:41.400
<v Speaker 2>a queen. He's pretty good, you know, got something over

734
00:38:41.440 --> 00:38:43.320
<v Speaker 2>all the other guys in the Roman Senate, like who's

735
00:38:43.360 --> 00:38:46.199
<v Speaker 2>your wife? Who's your girlfriend? Because my girlfriend, let me

736
00:38:46.199 --> 00:38:48.679
<v Speaker 2>tell you, man, queen of Egypt, and that's pretty good.

737
00:38:48.719 --> 00:38:51.039
<v Speaker 2>So she's in power. She's hanging out in Rome, and

738
00:38:51.079 --> 00:38:53.480
<v Speaker 2>then he's killed and so she's like, I gotta get

739
00:38:53.519 --> 00:38:55.559
<v Speaker 2>out of town, and she goes back to Egypt. But

740
00:38:55.679 --> 00:38:58.960
<v Speaker 2>then she's a very powerful person. And who comes next

741
00:38:59.079 --> 00:39:01.159
<v Speaker 2>is marc Antony. Hey give me a chance, you know,

742
00:39:01.719 --> 00:39:05.880
<v Speaker 2>you know, And so therefore they end up shacking up

743
00:39:05.920 --> 00:39:08.960
<v Speaker 2>and he ends up living instead in Alexandria with her,

744
00:39:09.159 --> 00:39:12.800
<v Speaker 2>and it seemed like a legitimate affair that grows into

745
00:39:13.199 --> 00:39:15.400
<v Speaker 2>a real you know, relationship and lots of kids and

746
00:39:15.480 --> 00:39:15.960
<v Speaker 2>so forth.

747
00:39:16.239 --> 00:39:22.480
<v Speaker 1>So Cleopatra Arianas and she and marc Antony have some kids, and.

748
00:39:23.639 --> 00:39:26.760
<v Speaker 2>He thinks he's going to be ruling the empire with her,

749
00:39:27.840 --> 00:39:31.880
<v Speaker 2>even potentially from Alexandria, just kind of abandoning Rome as

750
00:39:31.920 --> 00:39:34.840
<v Speaker 2>the prime city. But then that's all thwarted when you know,

751
00:39:34.840 --> 00:39:38.559
<v Speaker 2>he goes off against head to head against Octavian and

752
00:39:38.719 --> 00:39:41.599
<v Speaker 2>loses in a big naval battle it's called Actium. And

753
00:39:41.639 --> 00:39:43.760
<v Speaker 2>then from that point on then you get these dynasties.

754
00:39:43.840 --> 00:39:47.519
<v Speaker 2>So you get you know, Julius Caesar's grand nephew, Augustus

755
00:39:47.639 --> 00:39:50.000
<v Speaker 2>is the emperor changed his name to Augustus. I mean,

756
00:39:50.000 --> 00:39:52.800
<v Speaker 2>you know how many people are famous today and it's

757
00:39:52.840 --> 00:39:55.480
<v Speaker 2>not the real name. You know, they've changed their names, right, Well,

758
00:39:55.519 --> 00:39:57.480
<v Speaker 2>the Augustus did that first, and he did that over

759
00:39:57.519 --> 00:40:00.000
<v Speaker 2>two thousand years ago. He's like, I gotta leave behind

760
00:40:00.079 --> 00:40:01.559
<v Speaker 2>and this bad legacy.

761
00:40:01.639 --> 00:40:05.480
<v Speaker 1>I'll just I change the name or start afresh branding,

762
00:40:05.719 --> 00:40:06.480
<v Speaker 1>just a little.

763
00:40:06.239 --> 00:40:08.800
<v Speaker 2>Roll, totally amazing rebranding. And of course he gets the

764
00:40:08.880 --> 00:40:13.079
<v Speaker 2>best you know, poets and historians of the day to

765
00:40:13.119 --> 00:40:17.280
<v Speaker 2>write new histories, and you know, poems of praise and

766
00:40:17.599 --> 00:40:20.280
<v Speaker 2>so on, and that's what you learn as a child

767
00:40:20.320 --> 00:40:22.000
<v Speaker 2>when you're you know, learning Latin.

768
00:40:22.800 --> 00:40:27.440
<v Speaker 1>So Augustus, Caesar's nephew, becomes Rome's first emperor, and he

769
00:40:27.519 --> 00:40:32.440
<v Speaker 1>commissions this great literary figure, Virgil, to write some epic

770
00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:36.920
<v Speaker 1>soft propaganda, kind of like if terrible news anchors just

771
00:40:37.000 --> 00:40:41.119
<v Speaker 1>read glowing poetry over the air. But Virgil croaks getting

772
00:40:41.119 --> 00:40:43.960
<v Speaker 1>off a boat and has instructions to burn the piece

773
00:40:44.000 --> 00:40:45.960
<v Speaker 1>as it's just a rough draft. He's like, oh, don't

774
00:40:45.960 --> 00:40:48.400
<v Speaker 1>publish this. Oh my god, it's so bad. But Augustus

775
00:40:48.519 --> 00:40:50.199
<v Speaker 1>is like, nah, it looks good to me. Let's just

776
00:40:50.239 --> 00:40:53.360
<v Speaker 1>publish this bitch. And it becomes, of course, the Aeneid,

777
00:40:53.559 --> 00:40:57.199
<v Speaker 1>which contains lots of swords and blood and one line

778
00:40:57.480 --> 00:40:59.599
<v Speaker 1>that you are free to bellow as you enter your

779
00:40:59.639 --> 00:41:04.199
<v Speaker 1>next botched party quote, let me rage before I die.

780
00:41:04.480 --> 00:41:07.840
<v Speaker 2>And then so the empire chugs along, and you know

781
00:41:08.039 --> 00:41:10.360
<v Speaker 2>ups and downs. You know, down would be like a Caligula.

782
00:41:11.440 --> 00:41:15.760
<v Speaker 2>Up would be Trajan who builds a kilometer long bridge

783
00:41:15.800 --> 00:41:19.119
<v Speaker 2>across the Danube and kicks butt in Romania. So you

784
00:41:19.159 --> 00:41:21.679
<v Speaker 2>have a lot of high points, but then you get

785
00:41:21.719 --> 00:41:24.880
<v Speaker 2>to a moment when there's crisis, and the crisis is

786
00:41:25.119 --> 00:41:27.920
<v Speaker 2>from two thirty five to two eighty four, and it's

787
00:41:28.000 --> 00:41:31.000
<v Speaker 2>just bad where you know, emperors last about as long

788
00:41:31.039 --> 00:41:34.199
<v Speaker 2>as a prime Minister of Italy, which is around two years.

789
00:41:34.400 --> 00:41:39.599
<v Speaker 2>Such as bad, bad and assassinations and invasions and outbreaks

790
00:41:39.599 --> 00:41:42.719
<v Speaker 2>of plague and runaway inflation. It's like Venezuela. I mean

791
00:41:42.800 --> 00:41:44.639
<v Speaker 2>really bad stuff. I mean really as bad as you

792
00:41:44.679 --> 00:41:48.639
<v Speaker 2>can imagine. We get Constantine, and of course Constantine is

793
00:41:48.679 --> 00:41:52.880
<v Speaker 2>the famous emperor to really give legitimacy to Christianity, but

794
00:41:53.159 --> 00:41:58.920
<v Speaker 2>he establishes Constantinople, which we call Istanbul today, and ultimates

795
00:41:58.960 --> 00:42:00.639
<v Speaker 2>in istanbulando.

796
00:42:01.360 --> 00:42:05.800
<v Speaker 1>But Chilly Wading and the Steinbull, thank you, they might

797
00:42:05.840 --> 00:42:08.800
<v Speaker 1>be giants for your contributions to historical literacy.

798
00:42:09.800 --> 00:42:13.000
<v Speaker 2>As the new prime location of the empire, and that

799
00:42:13.119 --> 00:42:16.400
<v Speaker 2>half of the empire, the eastern half, actually lives on

800
00:42:16.639 --> 00:42:19.719
<v Speaker 2>another one thousand years. But in the West it really

801
00:42:19.760 --> 00:42:24.880
<v Speaker 2>kind of disintegrates fully in the fifth century. It kind

802
00:42:24.880 --> 00:42:26.880
<v Speaker 2>of gets won back just briefly in the beginning of

803
00:42:26.880 --> 00:42:29.440
<v Speaker 2>the sixth century. And each one of these moments, and

804
00:42:29.480 --> 00:42:32.159
<v Speaker 2>I'm just just rattling off, I mean, they're all incredible

805
00:42:32.199 --> 00:42:36.280
<v Speaker 2>moments of history just unbelievable, mind boggling sagas.

806
00:42:36.719 --> 00:42:40.599
<v Speaker 1>So, ultimately, hundreds of years after Caesar, around four hundred

807
00:42:40.599 --> 00:42:44.400
<v Speaker 1>and seventy six a d. The Western Roman Empire falls

808
00:42:44.599 --> 00:42:47.559
<v Speaker 1>and then its last emperor, a dude by the name

809
00:42:47.559 --> 00:42:52.679
<v Speaker 1>of Romulus Augustus, loses a battle with some Goths, which

810
00:42:52.679 --> 00:42:54.840
<v Speaker 1>I like to imagine was just a big tussle with

811
00:42:54.920 --> 00:42:59.719
<v Speaker 1>invaders wearing fishnet shirts and cat collars, blasting sisters, and

812
00:43:00.280 --> 00:43:03.119
<v Speaker 1>until Rome was like, fine, fine, we're done, We're done here.

813
00:43:03.360 --> 00:43:08.360
<v Speaker 1>And Rome interestingly started with a Romulus. Its first emperor

814
00:43:08.480 --> 00:43:12.199
<v Speaker 1>was an Augustus, and it ended with a Romulus Augustus.

815
00:43:13.639 --> 00:43:15.320
<v Speaker 1>It's done, it's done.

816
00:43:15.119 --> 00:43:21.159
<v Speaker 2>All the words, but Rome ends up, you know, so

817
00:43:21.280 --> 00:43:23.360
<v Speaker 2>having this voice ing Rome today still has a voice

818
00:43:23.360 --> 00:43:25.719
<v Speaker 2>as well. It's the capital of a country country's only

819
00:43:25.719 --> 00:43:29.880
<v Speaker 2>been around since eighteen seventy eighteen sixty thereabouts as modern

820
00:43:29.920 --> 00:43:32.679
<v Speaker 2>as modern Italy. There was no modern Italy before there.

821
00:43:32.679 --> 00:43:33.679
<v Speaker 2>It was all city states.

822
00:43:33.920 --> 00:43:36.360
<v Speaker 1>So Italy is a brand new country. I did not

823
00:43:36.599 --> 00:43:40.000
<v Speaker 1>know this, and again I'm Italian, Okay, So how does

824
00:43:40.039 --> 00:43:41.800
<v Speaker 1>this relate to the archaeology.

825
00:43:42.000 --> 00:43:44.039
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, he had all kinds of There's a rich history

826
00:43:44.119 --> 00:43:46.519
<v Speaker 2>in Italy, so and that that is all going to

827
00:43:46.639 --> 00:43:49.519
<v Speaker 2>leave behind layers strata, which is going to be part

828
00:43:49.559 --> 00:43:52.199
<v Speaker 2>of your excavation. So you know, so like, oh wait,

829
00:43:52.239 --> 00:43:54.079
<v Speaker 2>we're in the fifteen hundred still, you know, because we're

830
00:43:54.079 --> 00:43:58.639
<v Speaker 2>finding this kind of myolic you know, pottery or whatnot.

831
00:43:58.719 --> 00:44:03.400
<v Speaker 2>So it's just everyone behind something and that's again part

832
00:44:03.400 --> 00:44:03.800
<v Speaker 2>of the fun.

833
00:44:04.320 --> 00:44:08.360
<v Speaker 1>So what types of things does Darius find on digs. Well,

834
00:44:08.400 --> 00:44:11.280
<v Speaker 1>there aren't a lot of old diaries or papers laying around,

835
00:44:11.320 --> 00:44:15.639
<v Speaker 1>but there are tombstones and inscriptions on marble, and there

836
00:44:15.679 --> 00:44:19.280
<v Speaker 1>are old coins and those give archaeologists some dates to

837
00:44:19.320 --> 00:44:24.360
<v Speaker 1>work with. Ps. People who study coins are called numismatologists. Hey,

838
00:44:24.880 --> 00:44:27.159
<v Speaker 1>a lot of the tombs that archaeologists poke around in

839
00:44:27.239 --> 00:44:30.159
<v Speaker 1>have already been disturbed, so they mostly find modest, kind

840
00:44:30.199 --> 00:44:33.920
<v Speaker 1>of everyday articles, like a hairpin made from bone. But

841
00:44:34.440 --> 00:44:37.440
<v Speaker 1>I kept probing for drama, and I asked about the

842
00:44:37.559 --> 00:44:41.400
<v Speaker 1>less everyday things, and Darius said that his favorite discovery

843
00:44:41.440 --> 00:44:43.639
<v Speaker 1>that his team has made is a statue of a

844
00:44:43.639 --> 00:44:46.880
<v Speaker 1>man and it was made in red kind of veined marble.

845
00:44:47.199 --> 00:44:50.480
<v Speaker 1>It had one bronze eye, the other went missing. Now,

846
00:44:50.599 --> 00:44:53.519
<v Speaker 1>the subject of the sculpture is based on an old myth,

847
00:44:53.840 --> 00:44:57.800
<v Speaker 1>and he's depicted in this blood red stone for a reason.

848
00:44:58.320 --> 00:45:03.960
<v Speaker 2>Marcius is this so foolish satyr that challenges and challenges Apollo,

849
00:45:04.440 --> 00:45:09.119
<v Speaker 2>the god of music, god of enlightenment and god of

850
00:45:09.119 --> 00:45:11.519
<v Speaker 2>many things, but God of Light changes him to a

851
00:45:11.599 --> 00:45:16.360
<v Speaker 2>musical contest and then he loses. So he is skinned alive.

852
00:45:17.360 --> 00:45:19.400
<v Speaker 2>Oh yeah, So you usually see him in this scene

853
00:45:19.880 --> 00:45:22.800
<v Speaker 2>where he is strung up on a tree or a

854
00:45:22.800 --> 00:45:26.639
<v Speaker 2>tree trunk and it looks like he's in pain and

855
00:45:26.679 --> 00:45:29.599
<v Speaker 2>so forth. And there's a seated Apollo with his lyre,

856
00:45:29.960 --> 00:45:33.440
<v Speaker 2>and then you have a slave attendant, the Scythian, who

857
00:45:33.519 --> 00:45:35.880
<v Speaker 2>is sharpening a knife. That's the kind of scene that

858
00:45:35.880 --> 00:45:38.400
<v Speaker 2>you'd get. So we found the Marsians figure. There are

859
00:45:38.400 --> 00:45:41.440
<v Speaker 2>many of these, but and some of them are white stone,

860
00:45:41.800 --> 00:45:44.559
<v Speaker 2>and some of them are in colored red marble. So

861
00:45:44.599 --> 00:45:46.679
<v Speaker 2>he found one of red marble. And so you get

862
00:45:46.760 --> 00:45:51.400
<v Speaker 2>that sense of skinned alive like predator, you know, Schwartzenegger. Yeah,

863
00:45:51.400 --> 00:45:53.440
<v Speaker 2>So it's that kind of It looks just horrific. I mean,

864
00:45:53.440 --> 00:45:56.079
<v Speaker 2>it looks his face looks very tortured and contorted and

865
00:45:56.119 --> 00:45:58.760
<v Speaker 2>so on. Just a lot of energy there, which I

866
00:45:58.880 --> 00:46:01.320
<v Speaker 2>kind of like, I'm more interested in that than say

867
00:46:01.360 --> 00:46:05.559
<v Speaker 2>the classical kind of classicizing kind of some sort of nice,

868
00:46:06.000 --> 00:46:09.079
<v Speaker 2>unemotional kind of gaze like I'm above all of this.

869
00:46:09.800 --> 00:46:12.639
<v Speaker 2>That doesn't get me going, you know, but when you

870
00:46:12.679 --> 00:46:17.800
<v Speaker 2>see drama and you know, bolder, retorted figures and so on,

871
00:46:18.000 --> 00:46:20.320
<v Speaker 2>just like, wow, that's drama.

872
00:46:20.159 --> 00:46:22.199
<v Speaker 1>Some drama that Darius is not into.

873
00:46:22.599 --> 00:46:24.079
<v Speaker 2>And then of course you have the whole other side

874
00:46:24.119 --> 00:46:27.760
<v Speaker 2>of collectors and looting and looted art. Like right now,

875
00:46:27.800 --> 00:46:31.480
<v Speaker 2>please don't buy anything that's from Syria on the market

876
00:46:31.519 --> 00:46:33.440
<v Speaker 2>because it's stolen. Do you know what I mean? Like,

877
00:46:33.519 --> 00:46:36.119
<v Speaker 2>don't do it, museum, don't do it individual. But there's

878
00:46:36.119 --> 00:46:40.559
<v Speaker 2>a huge market for materials and that's again part of

879
00:46:40.599 --> 00:46:43.440
<v Speaker 2>that space in which I'm interested in. It's not just

880
00:46:43.480 --> 00:46:47.800
<v Speaker 2>the archaeology excavation, which is destructive, it's also the preservation side.

881
00:46:47.840 --> 00:46:50.480
<v Speaker 1>You know, in terms of your career, what would you

882
00:46:50.519 --> 00:46:53.239
<v Speaker 1>say your biggest goal in archaeology is, Yeah.

883
00:46:53.079 --> 00:46:55.360
<v Speaker 2>It was definitely the preservation side. It's definitely how do

884
00:46:55.400 --> 00:46:57.960
<v Speaker 2>we how do we treat these sites better, how do

885
00:46:58.000 --> 00:47:00.440
<v Speaker 2>we get more people interested? How do we communicate values

886
00:47:00.480 --> 00:47:02.679
<v Speaker 2>of preservations? I mean people right now? I mean we're

887
00:47:02.719 --> 00:47:06.360
<v Speaker 2>probably traveling more than ever. You know, flights can be cheaper.

888
00:47:07.000 --> 00:47:09.079
<v Speaker 2>I don't know your airbnbing it. I mean, you can

889
00:47:09.079 --> 00:47:10.519
<v Speaker 2>do anything you can to save money to get to

890
00:47:10.519 --> 00:47:12.679
<v Speaker 2>these places. But when you're going to a place, the

891
00:47:12.920 --> 00:47:15.679
<v Speaker 2>chances are a big part of your experience will be

892
00:47:16.079 --> 00:47:21.159
<v Speaker 2>what food, will be contemporary society, but it will also

893
00:47:21.199 --> 00:47:24.000
<v Speaker 2>be something that's old. And so that's the part where

894
00:47:24.000 --> 00:47:26.480
<v Speaker 2>you got to look at that and say, what's being done?

895
00:47:26.760 --> 00:47:29.079
<v Speaker 2>Is it being done well, you know, how's it being preserved,

896
00:47:29.119 --> 00:47:32.159
<v Speaker 2>who's involved, is the local community benefiting from it? And

897
00:47:32.199 --> 00:47:35.880
<v Speaker 2>so forth. And I hate nothing more than somebody says

898
00:47:35.880 --> 00:47:37.599
<v Speaker 2>they did something in Rome and says, yeah, but I

899
00:47:37.599 --> 00:47:40.119
<v Speaker 2>saw it so that it looked really it looked really overgrown,

900
00:47:40.239 --> 00:47:42.840
<v Speaker 2>or didn't look like anyone really cared. And that's that's

901
00:47:42.880 --> 00:47:44.719
<v Speaker 2>not the kind of walk away you want from Rome.

902
00:47:44.840 --> 00:47:47.960
<v Speaker 2>It's like should be a blazing, you know, postcard to

903
00:47:47.960 --> 00:47:50.320
<v Speaker 2>the world, like this is where we take care of history.

904
00:47:50.400 --> 00:47:52.159
<v Speaker 2>If you've never been to Rome, you need on some

905
00:47:52.280 --> 00:47:55.239
<v Speaker 2>level to experience the Colosseum, You need on some level

906
00:47:55.320 --> 00:47:57.719
<v Speaker 2>to experience the Vatican. Now, if you just drop in

907
00:47:57.760 --> 00:47:58.800
<v Speaker 2>and say I'm going to go to the Vatican, you

908
00:47:58.840 --> 00:48:01.480
<v Speaker 2>didn't get your ticket online ahead of time or whatever.

909
00:48:01.599 --> 00:48:04.119
<v Speaker 2>Then you're kind of you know, you're in trouble. I mean,

910
00:48:04.159 --> 00:48:06.639
<v Speaker 2>it's just going to be difficult. You might wait hours

911
00:48:06.639 --> 00:48:09.159
<v Speaker 2>I mean or whatever. But that's that's that would be

912
00:48:09.159 --> 00:48:13.840
<v Speaker 2>a shame. But then you need to experience the real Rome.

913
00:48:13.880 --> 00:48:15.960
<v Speaker 2>How do you do that? And a lot of it

914
00:48:16.000 --> 00:48:19.159
<v Speaker 2>is just you know, carving out some spaces and just

915
00:48:19.280 --> 00:48:23.400
<v Speaker 2>I think seeing the city go by, sit down on

916
00:48:23.400 --> 00:48:26.800
<v Speaker 2>the piazza and enjoy that that kind of reality. I

917
00:48:26.800 --> 00:48:29.039
<v Speaker 2>think that I want you to slow down when you

918
00:48:29.079 --> 00:48:32.239
<v Speaker 2>come to Rome. Otherwise you come away from Rome with

919
00:48:32.760 --> 00:48:34.360
<v Speaker 2>I did this and there was a huge line. I

920
00:48:34.360 --> 00:48:36.280
<v Speaker 2>did this and there was a huge crowd. I did this.

921
00:48:36.760 --> 00:48:40.639
<v Speaker 2>I mean, that's just really gonna eat into the authenticity

922
00:48:40.639 --> 00:48:41.280
<v Speaker 2>of the experience.

923
00:48:41.320 --> 00:48:43.760
<v Speaker 1>What about something archaeological while you're in Rome?

924
00:48:43.880 --> 00:48:45.119
<v Speaker 2>Oh my god. If you don't, if you don't go

925
00:48:45.159 --> 00:48:47.719
<v Speaker 2>to the Roman Forum, you're in big trouble. And that's

926
00:48:47.800 --> 00:48:49.880
<v Speaker 2>that's the most There's one of the most historic sites

927
00:48:49.920 --> 00:48:52.400
<v Speaker 2>in the world is the Roman Form. So sure there's

928
00:48:52.440 --> 00:48:54.519
<v Speaker 2>the col scene, which is iconic, but the form is

929
00:48:54.519 --> 00:48:57.079
<v Speaker 2>where it all happened. I mean, that's where the Senate was,

930
00:48:57.559 --> 00:49:00.639
<v Speaker 2>That's where the riots were, That's where the voting took place.

931
00:49:01.239 --> 00:49:03.280
<v Speaker 2>That's where you know Cicero made his career.

932
00:49:03.639 --> 00:49:06.719
<v Speaker 1>Cicero, by the bye, was one of the most famous

933
00:49:06.920 --> 00:49:09.800
<v Speaker 1>Roman prose writers, and he was also an orator. He

934
00:49:09.920 --> 00:49:13.000
<v Speaker 1>was a lawyer, and he spoke out against the dictatorship

935
00:49:13.239 --> 00:49:15.800
<v Speaker 1>of Julius Caesar. He's like, I think this guy's a knop.

936
00:49:16.039 --> 00:49:18.760
<v Speaker 1>He also later spoke out against marc Antony, but instead

937
00:49:18.760 --> 00:49:22.599
<v Speaker 1>of just exchanging Twitter clapbacks, marc Antony just had him

938
00:49:22.679 --> 00:49:26.639
<v Speaker 1>killed and then displayed his head and his hands in

939
00:49:26.719 --> 00:49:30.840
<v Speaker 1>the Roman Forum. I'm telling you they love drama. Italians

940
00:49:30.880 --> 00:49:31.480
<v Speaker 1>love drama.

941
00:49:32.079 --> 00:49:34.199
<v Speaker 2>I mean, anyone that's famous that you think of the

942
00:49:34.239 --> 00:49:37.800
<v Speaker 2>ancient Roman world, you're literally gonna walk where they walked.

943
00:49:37.920 --> 00:49:39.519
<v Speaker 2>You just have to go there. You just have to

944
00:49:39.559 --> 00:49:42.719
<v Speaker 2>go there, no excuses. And there are tons of other places,

945
00:49:42.760 --> 00:49:45.360
<v Speaker 2>you know, Trajan's markets, in the Forum of a column

946
00:49:45.400 --> 00:49:49.239
<v Speaker 2>of Trajan and Lark Argentina, where Julius Caesar was assassinated.

947
00:49:49.280 --> 00:49:51.320
<v Speaker 2>There are many other things to see. The Pantheon of course,

948
00:49:51.320 --> 00:49:53.840
<v Speaker 2>Oh my god, gotta go to the Pantheon. Those those

949
00:49:53.840 --> 00:49:56.840
<v Speaker 2>are the must sees, must you must experience, You must

950
00:49:56.880 --> 00:49:58.440
<v Speaker 2>be in that space, so you.

951
00:49:58.360 --> 00:50:00.159
<v Speaker 1>Should block out like at least a week or so.

952
00:50:01.199 --> 00:50:03.960
<v Speaker 2>Oh yeah, well, I mean I've like, I live there

953
00:50:03.960 --> 00:50:06.079
<v Speaker 2>to live there. I live there twenty years, and I

954
00:50:06.079 --> 00:50:08.599
<v Speaker 2>do not think that I've seen everything. I haven't seen

955
00:50:08.599 --> 00:50:10.800
<v Speaker 2>a fraction. But you're coming back because Rome is so

956
00:50:10.920 --> 00:50:13.880
<v Speaker 2>rich in history. How do you rival a place with

957
00:50:13.960 --> 00:50:17.000
<v Speaker 2>hundreds of churches. It's the capital of an empire that

958
00:50:17.039 --> 00:50:19.840
<v Speaker 2>basically formed Europe. I mean, all these civilizations around the

959
00:50:19.880 --> 00:50:25.159
<v Speaker 2>world and everyone. When we're making something extraordinary historically speaking, Sure,

960
00:50:25.159 --> 00:50:27.880
<v Speaker 2>I'm going to glorify myself because I'm the patron of that,

961
00:50:27.920 --> 00:50:31.960
<v Speaker 2>but I'm glorifying God and all those statues in all

962
00:50:31.960 --> 00:50:34.320
<v Speaker 2>those museums from the ancient world. I mean, in one

963
00:50:34.320 --> 00:50:39.039
<v Speaker 2>way or another. It's really it's religiously motivated. It's so weird,

964
00:50:39.039 --> 00:50:39.679
<v Speaker 2>and you know, so.

965
00:50:40.079 --> 00:50:42.400
<v Speaker 1>I'd never thought about it this, but it's so weird

966
00:50:42.440 --> 00:50:46.800
<v Speaker 1>that ancient art is just like fan art to God. Yeah,

967
00:50:46.880 --> 00:50:49.880
<v Speaker 1>so every time you see a statue of a god

968
00:50:50.199 --> 00:50:53.320
<v Speaker 1>or a painting of an angel, it's just like a

969
00:50:53.360 --> 00:50:56.639
<v Speaker 1>binder paper pencil drawing of Taylor Swift or some Lady

970
00:50:56.639 --> 00:50:58.480
<v Speaker 1>Gaga lyrics embroidered on a pillow.

971
00:50:58.800 --> 00:51:00.559
<v Speaker 2>I mean, you know, so you walk around the streets

972
00:51:00.559 --> 00:51:04.239
<v Speaker 2>of Rome or any city in Italy, and in all

973
00:51:04.320 --> 00:51:07.960
<v Speaker 2>these street corners there's a little shrine to Madonna, you know,

974
00:51:08.079 --> 00:51:10.440
<v Speaker 2>to marry and you're just like what the hell, like,

975
00:51:10.480 --> 00:51:13.280
<v Speaker 2>why what the you know? She's everywhere right, she's like rockstar.

976
00:51:13.559 --> 00:51:18.599
<v Speaker 2>And then you realize that that tradition came from the Romans,

977
00:51:19.079 --> 00:51:22.360
<v Speaker 2>and the Romans then believed at you know, what's a crossroad.

978
00:51:22.360 --> 00:51:25.400
<v Speaker 2>I mean, that's a point of it's a meeting point.

979
00:51:25.480 --> 00:51:27.480
<v Speaker 2>You know, things can happen. You know, you go left,

980
00:51:27.519 --> 00:51:30.719
<v Speaker 2>you go right, and so forth. So you'd want these

981
00:51:30.920 --> 00:51:35.559
<v Speaker 2>local deities in your neighborhoods overlooking you, and you'd pay

982
00:51:35.559 --> 00:51:37.960
<v Speaker 2>your respects to them because they're you know, taking care

983
00:51:38.000 --> 00:51:39.800
<v Speaker 2>of you that you know, if I go here at

984
00:51:39.800 --> 00:51:43.480
<v Speaker 2>this intersection, I turn left and a roof tile slides

985
00:51:43.480 --> 00:51:45.119
<v Speaker 2>off and bashes me in the head and I'm dead.

986
00:51:46.119 --> 00:51:48.840
<v Speaker 2>But if I go right and I walk along, well,

987
00:51:48.840 --> 00:51:51.079
<v Speaker 2>then you know I just met my wife or something

988
00:51:51.119 --> 00:51:54.039
<v Speaker 2>like that, So you know, really sliding doors kind of

989
00:51:54.119 --> 00:51:54.800
<v Speaker 2>kind of concept.

990
00:51:54.840 --> 00:51:57.800
<v Speaker 1>Can I ask you patron questions? Yeah, but before that,

991
00:51:58.000 --> 00:52:00.559
<v Speaker 1>let's send off some money to a good and this

992
00:52:00.599 --> 00:52:03.199
<v Speaker 1>week we're going to toss some chunks of gold at

993
00:52:03.199 --> 00:52:06.920
<v Speaker 1>the nonprofit Ancient Romelive dot org, which is a free

994
00:52:07.119 --> 00:52:10.159
<v Speaker 1>educational learning platform for students and teachers and travelers and

995
00:52:10.239 --> 00:52:14.360
<v Speaker 1>history lovers that presents Rome, its urban development, its monuments

996
00:52:14.440 --> 00:52:16.440
<v Speaker 1>and more. It covers more than three thousand years of

997
00:52:16.480 --> 00:52:19.119
<v Speaker 1>Rome's history. There's videos and all kinds of stuff. You

998
00:52:19.159 --> 00:52:22.320
<v Speaker 1>can find out more at Ancient Romelive dot org. And

999
00:52:22.639 --> 00:52:28.960
<v Speaker 1>Darius is the director. So score boom money, Thank you sponsors. Okay,

1000
00:52:29.039 --> 00:52:32.639
<v Speaker 1>let's ask this nerd your questions. So the first Patreon

1001
00:52:32.719 --> 00:52:36.239
<v Speaker 1>question was asked by a few people, including Richard Riguero,

1002
00:52:36.440 --> 00:52:40.840
<v Speaker 1>Neil Williams, John Murray, Ellen, Alexander, and Ashley Hamer. Ashley

1003
00:52:40.840 --> 00:52:42.639
<v Speaker 1>Hamer wants to know what is the deal with all

1004
00:52:42.639 --> 00:52:44.599
<v Speaker 1>the lead in Rome. They had it in their pipes,

1005
00:52:44.679 --> 00:52:46.960
<v Speaker 1>they sprinkled it in their wine. Considering how long they

1006
00:52:47.039 --> 00:52:49.440
<v Speaker 1>used it, you think people would have noticed their effects?

1007
00:52:49.440 --> 00:52:52.039
<v Speaker 2>Did they? Absolutely? Yes. You just read Vitrivius ten Books

1008
00:52:52.039 --> 00:52:55.239
<v Speaker 2>of Architecture from the first century BC, where he says, yes,

1009
00:52:55.320 --> 00:52:58.519
<v Speaker 2>when those guys that are making the lead pipes for

1010
00:52:59.480 --> 00:53:02.159
<v Speaker 2>look at their condition, look at their help, it's terrible.

1011
00:53:02.480 --> 00:53:05.519
<v Speaker 2>So you educated Rome and keep your distance. But they

1012
00:53:05.599 --> 00:53:09.320
<v Speaker 2>wanted the lead. Why because it is a huge derivative

1013
00:53:09.360 --> 00:53:12.880
<v Speaker 2>from the refining process of silver. So when you find

1014
00:53:12.880 --> 00:53:16.639
<v Speaker 2>silver in Spain, you usually get it with a lot

1015
00:53:16.679 --> 00:53:20.760
<v Speaker 2>of lead, So you separate the lead from the silver.

1016
00:53:20.880 --> 00:53:24.360
<v Speaker 2>Now you've got literally tons and tons in tons and

1017
00:53:24.480 --> 00:53:27.119
<v Speaker 2>tons of silver of lead. What do you do with

1018
00:53:27.159 --> 00:53:30.679
<v Speaker 2>the lead. Well, that's a low melting point, it's malleable.

1019
00:53:31.000 --> 00:53:35.000
<v Speaker 2>Let's use it for piping in addition to piping in ceramics,

1020
00:53:35.079 --> 00:53:38.119
<v Speaker 2>piping in stone, even piping in wood. But it's that

1021
00:53:38.199 --> 00:53:41.679
<v Speaker 2>lead is used, and it's okay in Rome because the

1022
00:53:41.719 --> 00:53:45.639
<v Speaker 2>water always flows through it. It doesn't sit the people today.

1023
00:53:46.239 --> 00:53:48.800
<v Speaker 2>In let's say Washington, d C. They have a lot

1024
00:53:48.840 --> 00:53:50.880
<v Speaker 2>of lead pipes. They say, run your tap for fifteen

1025
00:53:50.880 --> 00:53:53.039
<v Speaker 2>minutes before you use that stuff. So the lead is

1026
00:53:53.079 --> 00:53:56.000
<v Speaker 2>also going to not affect you in Rome in the

1027
00:53:56.000 --> 00:53:58.679
<v Speaker 2>same way that you would think. Because the water is hard,

1028
00:53:59.079 --> 00:54:03.679
<v Speaker 2>the piping all gets coated with calcium very rapidly, so

1029
00:54:04.639 --> 00:54:07.880
<v Speaker 2>people don't die from lead poisoning. Let's say per se.

1030
00:54:07.960 --> 00:54:10.320
<v Speaker 2>It's like an old kind of wives tale. But yes,

1031
00:54:10.519 --> 00:54:13.199
<v Speaker 2>they did use lead and other things. And we talked

1032
00:54:13.199 --> 00:54:15.480
<v Speaker 2>about in rouge or we even talk about it. Putting

1033
00:54:15.480 --> 00:54:20.079
<v Speaker 2>in food sometimes so bad idea, bad idea, don't do it,

1034
00:54:20.119 --> 00:54:22.239
<v Speaker 2>don't do it so obviously, I mean some things you

1035
00:54:22.239 --> 00:54:23.880
<v Speaker 2>read about you're just like, I don't understand why they

1036
00:54:23.880 --> 00:54:26.760
<v Speaker 2>would do that. But the lead pipes, I understand now

1037
00:54:26.960 --> 00:54:29.519
<v Speaker 2>why they did it, why they used the lead a

1038
00:54:29.559 --> 00:54:31.239
<v Speaker 2>little smarter about it than let's say we are.

1039
00:54:31.360 --> 00:54:33.599
<v Speaker 1>Is there any true to the fact that that's why,

1040
00:54:33.840 --> 00:54:35.880
<v Speaker 1>like Caligula was kind of crazy, that's why people were

1041
00:54:35.880 --> 00:54:36.639
<v Speaker 1>so banana.

1042
00:54:36.679 --> 00:54:38.199
<v Speaker 2>So I don't know. I mean now, I mean the guy,

1043
00:54:38.320 --> 00:54:40.880
<v Speaker 2>that guy, that guy was messed up. I mean, watch

1044
00:54:40.920 --> 00:54:43.199
<v Speaker 2>my show. But basically fourteen hundred days of terror, I

1045
00:54:43.199 --> 00:54:48.199
<v Speaker 2>mean with the guy with Caligula, the insanity part. We

1046
00:54:48.239 --> 00:54:50.400
<v Speaker 2>can't ever quite figure out what the deal is. But

1047
00:54:51.079 --> 00:54:53.679
<v Speaker 2>here's a guy who his relatives are being killed left

1048
00:54:53.679 --> 00:54:56.880
<v Speaker 2>and right. He's held hostage by the previous emperor Tiberius

1049
00:54:56.920 --> 00:54:58.679
<v Speaker 2>on the island of Capri, is doing god knows what

1050
00:54:58.760 --> 00:55:01.880
<v Speaker 2>for like ten fifteen years. Then when Tiberius is finally dead,

1051
00:55:01.920 --> 00:55:04.400
<v Speaker 2>now he's the last relative still standing. So he's the Now.

1052
00:55:04.440 --> 00:55:07.599
<v Speaker 2>The emperor has no experience, never really dealt with society.

1053
00:55:07.679 --> 00:55:10.159
<v Speaker 2>He's just been living on a private island, living in

1054
00:55:10.199 --> 00:55:12.320
<v Speaker 2>fear of being killed because one by one his other

1055
00:55:12.360 --> 00:55:17.119
<v Speaker 2>relatives are being put to death. So and that's gonna

1056
00:55:17.159 --> 00:55:19.400
<v Speaker 2>mess you up, and it's going to also make you

1057
00:55:20.360 --> 00:55:22.559
<v Speaker 2>not trust anybody. And when we do look at legitimate

1058
00:55:22.639 --> 00:55:24.920
<v Speaker 2>sources that talk about him and show him interacting with

1059
00:55:24.960 --> 00:55:29.960
<v Speaker 2>this one particular delegation that comes from I think Jerusalem,

1060
00:55:30.760 --> 00:55:32.639
<v Speaker 2>he doesn't. He seems to be very sharp and witty,

1061
00:55:33.079 --> 00:55:35.960
<v Speaker 2>maybe cruel, maybe ironic, but doesn't seem crazy. So I

1062
00:55:35.960 --> 00:55:37.960
<v Speaker 2>don't know. But the thing is, you know, he has

1063
00:55:38.039 --> 00:55:41.320
<v Speaker 2>absolute power and he does end up doing some pretty

1064
00:55:41.320 --> 00:55:43.760
<v Speaker 2>strange things. Then the rest of the stories are apocryphal.

1065
00:55:43.840 --> 00:55:46.039
<v Speaker 2>So like they said that he did this, they said

1066
00:55:46.079 --> 00:55:47.639
<v Speaker 2>that he did this, how can we prove that stuff?

1067
00:55:47.840 --> 00:55:49.280
<v Speaker 2>But the bottom line is he was killed by his

1068
00:55:49.320 --> 00:55:52.280
<v Speaker 2>own bodyguards. So he rubbed people the wrong way. It's

1069
00:55:52.280 --> 00:55:54.159
<v Speaker 2>like your secret service just turning around and shooting you.

1070
00:55:54.199 --> 00:55:57.039
<v Speaker 2>Oh God, and that means you're probably you know, you

1071
00:55:57.159 --> 00:55:59.039
<v Speaker 2>got some major issues there, because he was.

1072
00:55:59.079 --> 00:56:03.360
<v Speaker 1>Really known for being, like I feel like, very incestuous

1073
00:56:03.400 --> 00:56:06.039
<v Speaker 1>and very quite kinky. He was a bit kinky.

1074
00:56:06.719 --> 00:56:08.599
<v Speaker 2>Well, I mean again, that's just you know, how the

1075
00:56:08.639 --> 00:56:10.679
<v Speaker 2>stories come out I mean, you know, once you're dead,

1076
00:56:10.679 --> 00:56:12.440
<v Speaker 2>people can say whatever they want in you. There's no

1077
00:56:12.480 --> 00:56:14.800
<v Speaker 2>there's no tape, there's no recording, there's no so it's

1078
00:56:14.800 --> 00:56:17.000
<v Speaker 2>a little difficult to sift through it. But he definitely

1079
00:56:17.000 --> 00:56:20.480
<v Speaker 2>did some over the top things. Whether or not he

1080
00:56:20.599 --> 00:56:22.840
<v Speaker 2>was having sex with his sister, we don't know.

1081
00:56:23.480 --> 00:56:25.480
<v Speaker 1>Well, back then, I feel like that wasn't that weird.

1082
00:56:25.519 --> 00:56:28.920
<v Speaker 1>I mean, FDR married his cousin. So whatever they're like,

1083
00:56:28.960 --> 00:56:32.119
<v Speaker 1>you're alive, I'm alive. Why not? Jay wants to know.

1084
00:56:32.400 --> 00:56:36.320
<v Speaker 1>Is Rome a big archaeological minefield with ancient stuff below

1085
00:56:36.360 --> 00:56:39.159
<v Speaker 1>the ground everywhere? And how does anyone build anything without

1086
00:56:39.480 --> 00:56:42.000
<v Speaker 1>ruining some of the sweet mosaic under the ground.

1087
00:56:42.239 --> 00:56:45.239
<v Speaker 2>You're absolutely correct. Rome was the mega city, the greatest

1088
00:56:45.239 --> 00:56:47.599
<v Speaker 2>city of the ancient world, a million people living there.

1089
00:56:47.679 --> 00:56:51.320
<v Speaker 2>So everywhere you dig you find something ancient. That's exactly correct. Now,

1090
00:56:51.800 --> 00:56:54.039
<v Speaker 2>in different time periods, people cared less. So when you

1091
00:56:54.079 --> 00:56:58.519
<v Speaker 2>unify Italy, the Savoya family wants boulevards and new buildings,

1092
00:56:58.559 --> 00:57:01.119
<v Speaker 2>and they uncovered tons of stuff and then oh, look

1093
00:57:01.159 --> 00:57:03.440
<v Speaker 2>we'll keep the statues or whatnot. We'll document this, but

1094
00:57:03.480 --> 00:57:05.960
<v Speaker 2>we'll knock everything down. So there are those issues where

1095
00:57:05.960 --> 00:57:07.639
<v Speaker 2>you lost a lot of material but also made a

1096
00:57:07.679 --> 00:57:12.280
<v Speaker 2>lot of discoveries. Today, of course is very very the

1097
00:57:12.400 --> 00:57:15.280
<v Speaker 2>process is very meticulous, very refined, and very time consuming.

1098
00:57:15.480 --> 00:57:18.840
<v Speaker 2>So I d put an elevator in this building, or

1099
00:57:18.880 --> 00:57:21.840
<v Speaker 2>I want to gut this building and put in a

1100
00:57:22.320 --> 00:57:25.440
<v Speaker 2>department store, which happened with Rina Chante. Then they literally

1101
00:57:25.480 --> 00:57:28.400
<v Speaker 2>found a whole slice of a neighborhood. It's all been

1102
00:57:28.440 --> 00:57:32.760
<v Speaker 2>fully documented, and they left one wall exposed. But for me,

1103
00:57:32.840 --> 00:57:35.960
<v Speaker 2>the tragedy there is that they should have made them

1104
00:57:35.960 --> 00:57:39.280
<v Speaker 2>spend an extra million or two to make that whole

1105
00:57:39.840 --> 00:57:43.960
<v Speaker 2>slice of neighborhood of Rome, with homes and fountains and

1106
00:57:44.079 --> 00:57:47.159
<v Speaker 2>streets accessible. I think it should have been mandated. That's

1107
00:57:47.639 --> 00:57:50.440
<v Speaker 2>borderline crime. I think it's a tragedy. It's a tragedy.

1108
00:57:51.440 --> 00:57:53.840
<v Speaker 2>So sometimes I think, you know, they do it well

1109
00:57:53.840 --> 00:57:56.039
<v Speaker 2>in Rome, and sometimes they could do it better. I

1110
00:57:56.079 --> 00:57:57.920
<v Speaker 2>mean it's packed in dirt, so I mean you can

1111
00:57:57.960 --> 00:58:00.239
<v Speaker 2>get back to it, but it's like in this sub

1112
00:58:00.239 --> 00:58:02.519
<v Speaker 2>basement of the store all you got, but you know,

1113
00:58:02.559 --> 00:58:04.920
<v Speaker 2>twenty five feet below you, it's just packed dirt. For

1114
00:58:05.079 --> 00:58:09.519
<v Speaker 2>you know, walls and homes and mosaics and everything just

1115
00:58:09.559 --> 00:58:12.719
<v Speaker 2>packed in you know, it's there in C two on site.

1116
00:58:12.880 --> 00:58:15.280
<v Speaker 1>Wow, Lloyd Parley has a bathroom question.

1117
00:58:15.440 --> 00:58:18.679
<v Speaker 2>All right, sponge on a stick yep, sponge on the.

1118
00:58:18.639 --> 00:58:21.880
<v Speaker 1>Still whole wiping their butts with the public shared sponge

1119
00:58:21.920 --> 00:58:22.000
<v Speaker 1>on it.

1120
00:58:22.079 --> 00:58:24.199
<v Speaker 2>Sick. Yes, Actually, there's a nice mosaic that was found.

1121
00:58:24.239 --> 00:58:27.559
<v Speaker 2>I can't remember where I want to say, so.

1122
00:58:27.480 --> 00:58:30.239
<v Speaker 1>A recent mosaic of this item, which is known as

1123
00:58:30.280 --> 00:58:35.320
<v Speaker 1>a xylo spongium, was recently uncovered in modern Turkey. And

1124
00:58:35.719 --> 00:58:38.239
<v Speaker 1>let's just say it was humorous in nature, and it

1125
00:58:38.360 --> 00:58:42.760
<v Speaker 1>confirmed that for millennia people have enjoyed toilet humor and

1126
00:58:42.880 --> 00:58:44.960
<v Speaker 1>comic strips. While in the John.

1127
00:58:45.000 --> 00:58:47.559
<v Speaker 2>They find a mosaic with a guy with a little

1128
00:58:47.559 --> 00:58:49.480
<v Speaker 2>stick and a sponge on it. So what's with that?

1129
00:58:50.159 --> 00:58:53.079
<v Speaker 2>So the idea is, do you have any idea how

1130
00:58:53.159 --> 00:58:55.719
<v Speaker 2>much paper costs? Back then, Oh my god, it has

1131
00:58:55.760 --> 00:58:58.000
<v Speaker 2>made my hand. It's made from a pyrus. Oh god,

1132
00:58:58.039 --> 00:59:00.320
<v Speaker 2>I mean, you can't waste that on your ass. It's

1133
00:59:00.440 --> 00:59:03.800
<v Speaker 2>not going to happen. So you you do, you know what,

1134
00:59:04.119 --> 00:59:07.480
<v Speaker 2>Let's talk about kids, let's talk about let's talk about diapers,

1135
00:59:07.639 --> 00:59:14.239
<v Speaker 2>let's talk about menstruation. I mean, seriously, all the modern

1136
00:59:14.280 --> 00:59:16.920
<v Speaker 2>things we have today, then we're a throwaway society and

1137
00:59:16.960 --> 00:59:20.199
<v Speaker 2>it's convenient. I mean, go back. I mean my parents,

1138
00:59:20.199 --> 00:59:23.360
<v Speaker 2>you know, they washed our diapers, and if you were rich,

1139
00:59:23.440 --> 00:59:26.639
<v Speaker 2>they said you could have a diaper laundry service even

1140
00:59:26.679 --> 00:59:29.239
<v Speaker 2>back then. But I mean who could afford that? So

1141
00:59:29.719 --> 00:59:32.159
<v Speaker 2>you know, and then when you know, then the disposables

1142
00:59:32.199 --> 00:59:33.760
<v Speaker 2>came out and you're like, well, I'll splurge in those

1143
00:59:33.800 --> 00:59:35.480
<v Speaker 2>every once in a while. You know, my parents would

1144
00:59:35.559 --> 00:59:37.639
<v Speaker 2>just to have it if you traveled or whatever. But

1145
00:59:37.719 --> 00:59:39.440
<v Speaker 2>I mean the things that we take for granted today,

1146
00:59:40.679 --> 00:59:44.280
<v Speaker 2>so you know, it's the same thing with a with

1147
00:59:44.280 --> 00:59:46.079
<v Speaker 2>with sponge on a stick. I mean, what do you

1148
00:59:46.159 --> 00:59:48.920
<v Speaker 2>expect them to do? But the fact that you can

1149
00:59:49.000 --> 00:59:53.960
<v Speaker 2>go to these spas and these you know, incredible sophisticated

1150
00:59:54.119 --> 00:59:56.440
<v Speaker 2>experiences of the ancient world, and you're going to the theater,

1151
00:59:56.920 --> 00:59:59.119
<v Speaker 2>and you're going to gladiator games and you're going to

1152
00:59:59.159 --> 01:00:01.280
<v Speaker 2>you know, concession stand and so forth. But then like

1153
01:00:01.320 --> 01:00:03.880
<v Speaker 2>it's a circus Maximus. You saw the chariot racing. Now

1154
01:00:03.960 --> 01:00:06.519
<v Speaker 2>two hundred thousand people got to take a leak. Where

1155
01:00:06.559 --> 01:00:09.119
<v Speaker 2>are they gonna go? Where are they gonna go? And

1156
01:00:09.199 --> 01:00:11.480
<v Speaker 2>we we struggle to figure out where all these people

1157
01:00:11.480 --> 01:00:13.960
<v Speaker 2>are going to go to the bathroom. But you know,

1158
01:00:14.280 --> 01:00:16.800
<v Speaker 2>these are big issues. So sponge on a stick, thank

1159
01:00:16.840 --> 01:00:17.440
<v Speaker 2>you very much.

1160
01:00:19.400 --> 01:00:21.920
<v Speaker 1>Didn't know about that until this moment.

1161
01:00:22.000 --> 01:00:26.800
<v Speaker 2>Oh yes, oh god, God forbid, you had like diarrheas.

1162
01:00:26.199 --> 01:00:30.199
<v Speaker 1>Oh God, like can I just take this stick right exactly?

1163
01:00:30.280 --> 01:00:31.920
<v Speaker 2>I'm gonna need you someone to rinse that out, please,

1164
01:00:31.960 --> 01:00:32.239
<v Speaker 2>thank you.

1165
01:00:32.320 --> 01:00:36.679
<v Speaker 1>Oy, we got an aquaduct, all right? Okay, let's see.

1166
01:00:37.360 --> 01:00:40.440
<v Speaker 1>Christopher Barley and Lord Parley both wanted to know if

1167
01:00:40.559 --> 01:00:44.199
<v Speaker 1>Roman concrete was indeed stronger than ours. Now it is,

1168
01:00:44.599 --> 01:00:47.840
<v Speaker 1>it is, ok it is. Why is the Dome of

1169
01:00:47.920 --> 01:00:52.920
<v Speaker 1>the Pantheon still standing after let's say, you know, eighteen

1170
01:00:53.000 --> 01:00:53.639
<v Speaker 1>hundred years?

1171
01:00:53.639 --> 01:00:55.360
<v Speaker 2>I mean, how is this possible? We can't build anything

1172
01:00:55.360 --> 01:00:57.480
<v Speaker 2>that last eighteen hundred years? But I mean, how do

1173
01:00:57.519 --> 01:00:59.519
<v Speaker 2>you have anything last that long? How come we're excavating

1174
01:00:59.519 --> 01:01:03.000
<v Speaker 2>stuff finding these really well preserved, you know, structures. Is

1175
01:01:03.039 --> 01:01:06.199
<v Speaker 2>because they built them in a different way, and for

1176
01:01:06.280 --> 01:01:07.960
<v Speaker 2>us to do it today it's just not time. It's

1177
01:01:07.960 --> 01:01:09.960
<v Speaker 2>just not what do you call that? It's not efficient,

1178
01:01:09.960 --> 01:01:13.440
<v Speaker 2>it's not cost effect efficient. So are we cook the lime?

1179
01:01:13.599 --> 01:01:16.039
<v Speaker 2>We the processing is different, so the material is weaker.

1180
01:01:16.320 --> 01:01:19.559
<v Speaker 2>Oh I didn't know that, so that doesn't last as long, okay.

1181
01:01:19.800 --> 01:01:23.599
<v Speaker 1>So much like a coveted recipe for barbecue sauce, Roman

1182
01:01:23.639 --> 01:01:27.679
<v Speaker 1>concrete recipes are exciting to people, including myself. Okay. So

1183
01:01:27.800 --> 01:01:32.960
<v Speaker 1>the secret ingredients volcanic ash and seawater. So the seawater

1184
01:01:33.159 --> 01:01:36.639
<v Speaker 1>broke down the ash, and then this other mineral philipsite

1185
01:01:36.880 --> 01:01:40.719
<v Speaker 1>crystallized in its place, and that hardened the concrete over time,

1186
01:01:40.960 --> 01:01:42.920
<v Speaker 1>so instead of breaking down, it just kind of got

1187
01:01:42.920 --> 01:01:45.639
<v Speaker 1>better and better. But still, you know what, I would

1188
01:01:45.639 --> 01:01:49.639
<v Speaker 1>take our shitty concrete over their xylospongia really any day.

1189
01:01:50.000 --> 01:01:52.159
<v Speaker 1>Kimberly wants to know what's the origin or history of

1190
01:01:52.159 --> 01:01:54.360
<v Speaker 1>the saying Rome wasn't built in a day.

1191
01:01:54.639 --> 01:01:57.559
<v Speaker 2>Oh well, gosh darn it. You know, I guess we

1192
01:01:57.559 --> 01:01:59.679
<v Speaker 2>could google that, Okay.

1193
01:01:59.400 --> 01:02:01.719
<v Speaker 1>So I looked in this in case you ever get

1194
01:02:01.760 --> 01:02:04.880
<v Speaker 1>on Jeopardy or if you just truly run out of

1195
01:02:04.880 --> 01:02:07.199
<v Speaker 1>things to talk to your relatives about over the holidays,

1196
01:02:07.239 --> 01:02:11.800
<v Speaker 1>and the saying comes from some medieval French poems from

1197
01:02:11.840 --> 01:02:15.400
<v Speaker 1>the year eleven ninety. Okay, so pass the potatoes. Please

1198
01:02:15.440 --> 01:02:17.719
<v Speaker 1>don't ask about my ex boyfriend getting married, But.

1199
01:02:18.079 --> 01:02:20.480
<v Speaker 2>You know, how about all roads lead to Rome or

1200
01:02:20.480 --> 01:02:23.599
<v Speaker 2>how about okay, here Augustus said the MP for Augustus,

1201
01:02:23.639 --> 01:02:25.119
<v Speaker 2>this is one of my favorite sayings, I think because

1202
01:02:25.159 --> 01:02:26.840
<v Speaker 2>I say it all the time. He used to say,

1203
01:02:27.079 --> 01:02:28.400
<v Speaker 2>make haste slowly.

1204
01:02:29.119 --> 01:02:29.880
<v Speaker 1>What does that mean?

1205
01:02:30.159 --> 01:02:33.159
<v Speaker 2>Exactly? It's great, it's perfect.

1206
01:02:33.119 --> 01:02:35.800
<v Speaker 1>Make haste slowly. Yes, I'm going to need a minute

1207
01:02:35.800 --> 01:02:36.360
<v Speaker 1>to digest.

1208
01:02:36.480 --> 01:02:38.039
<v Speaker 2>So Rome was built in a day? Is that kind

1209
01:02:38.079 --> 01:02:41.800
<v Speaker 2>of idea? Is that? You just it? This is not

1210
01:02:41.840 --> 01:02:44.800
<v Speaker 2>a prefab society. This is not something that happened overnight.

1211
01:02:44.840 --> 01:02:48.159
<v Speaker 2>There were ups, they were downs. But we're measuring that.

1212
01:02:48.239 --> 01:02:50.880
<v Speaker 2>How do we measure time today? I mean that tweet

1213
01:02:50.880 --> 01:02:53.719
<v Speaker 2>that came out an hour ago is no longer relevant,

1214
01:02:53.920 --> 01:02:56.679
<v Speaker 2>you know, like that, but back then, think about it.

1215
01:02:56.679 --> 01:02:59.280
<v Speaker 2>I mean we're talking about civilizations that had had a

1216
01:02:59.280 --> 01:03:02.000
<v Speaker 2>good year. No, they had a good century. I mean

1217
01:03:02.039 --> 01:03:04.199
<v Speaker 2>it's like that kind of idea. So it's like that,

1218
01:03:04.239 --> 01:03:08.199
<v Speaker 2>It's like the measure of time is totally different. And

1219
01:03:08.239 --> 01:03:10.199
<v Speaker 2>that's another way. I guess you could say, why Rome

1220
01:03:11.280 --> 01:03:14.480
<v Speaker 2>as an empire lasted so long? I mean, how long

1221
01:03:14.480 --> 01:03:17.519
<v Speaker 2>do empires last today? How long did the British empire last?

1222
01:03:17.519 --> 01:03:18.960
<v Speaker 2>How long is America doing? I mean, we don't have

1223
01:03:18.960 --> 01:03:21.360
<v Speaker 2>an empire per se but we're like a global or

1224
01:03:21.440 --> 01:03:24.280
<v Speaker 2>dominant global force. You're not going to be the big

1225
01:03:24.320 --> 01:03:26.079
<v Speaker 2>dog on the blog forever. You know, you're not going

1226
01:03:26.119 --> 01:03:29.639
<v Speaker 2>to be dominant forever. I personally tell my kids, don't worry.

1227
01:03:29.719 --> 01:03:32.679
<v Speaker 2>America will still be America as long as you're alive

1228
01:03:32.679 --> 01:03:34.800
<v Speaker 2>as well. Don't worry about it. But things are changing, definitely,

1229
01:03:35.159 --> 01:03:38.639
<v Speaker 2>this change in America, as Rome will change and adopt

1230
01:03:38.719 --> 01:03:39.119
<v Speaker 2>as well.

1231
01:03:39.320 --> 01:03:42.039
<v Speaker 1>It's interesting to look at the rise of a kind

1232
01:03:42.039 --> 01:03:44.480
<v Speaker 1>of autocrats as leading to a downfall.

1233
01:03:44.760 --> 01:03:46.960
<v Speaker 2>Well, yeah, well we have but we have a very

1234
01:03:46.960 --> 01:03:49.800
<v Speaker 2>strong constitution. And I love Rome. I love the Roman

1235
01:03:49.880 --> 01:03:54.360
<v Speaker 2>Republic and it lasted five hundred years. But they don't

1236
01:03:54.400 --> 01:03:57.440
<v Speaker 2>have the checks and balances and so forth that we do.

1237
01:03:58.039 --> 01:04:01.400
<v Speaker 2>So have faith in the Constitution. It's a good Uh,

1238
01:04:01.599 --> 01:04:04.880
<v Speaker 2>it's a good basic document and uh, and I think

1239
01:04:04.920 --> 01:04:05.519
<v Speaker 2>we'll be fine.

1240
01:04:08.760 --> 01:04:12.320
<v Speaker 1>Okay, So this next question floored me. Jamie Peterson wants

1241
01:04:12.320 --> 01:04:14.199
<v Speaker 1>to know is it true that marble statues were originally

1242
01:04:14.199 --> 01:04:16.679
<v Speaker 1>painted brilliant colors and the paint disappeared over the time

1243
01:04:17.000 --> 01:04:19.320
<v Speaker 1>to reveal the natural stone color that we see today.

1244
01:04:19.440 --> 01:04:27.199
<v Speaker 2>Yes, absolutely, because the materials were biodegradable. If you bury

1245
01:04:27.280 --> 01:04:30.000
<v Speaker 2>something it's just gonna it's gonna come off. But we

1246
01:04:30.119 --> 01:04:33.320
<v Speaker 2>in the field, we know this, but most people, they're

1247
01:04:33.320 --> 01:04:35.559
<v Speaker 2>not involved directly in the field of you know, classical

1248
01:04:35.599 --> 01:04:39.239
<v Speaker 2>studies or ancient archaeology and so on, So they use tempera,

1249
01:04:39.239 --> 01:04:41.440
<v Speaker 2>they're using caustics, so they actually like put a hot

1250
01:04:41.440 --> 01:04:44.360
<v Speaker 2>wax kind of paint that was translucent. Translucent, so the

1251
01:04:44.400 --> 01:04:48.039
<v Speaker 2>whole dynamic what actually really look like We're not exactly sure.

1252
01:04:48.199 --> 01:04:50.719
<v Speaker 2>So when you see a reconstruction, always take those reconstructions

1253
01:04:50.760 --> 01:04:53.079
<v Speaker 2>to day with the grain of salt, because they're usually

1254
01:04:53.559 --> 01:04:57.400
<v Speaker 2>not very good. Okay, okay, so to recreate what must

1255
01:04:57.440 --> 01:05:00.000
<v Speaker 2>have been there has not really been done.

1256
01:05:00.280 --> 01:05:01.920
<v Speaker 1>When did they stop painting them? Do you think?

1257
01:05:02.079 --> 01:05:03.719
<v Speaker 2>Ah, that's a good question. Now, I mean, all throughout

1258
01:05:03.760 --> 01:05:06.880
<v Speaker 2>antiquity they were. They were painting them. That's necessary to

1259
01:05:07.079 --> 01:05:09.360
<v Speaker 2>the full body. It could be like it could be

1260
01:05:09.360 --> 01:05:12.000
<v Speaker 2>the clothing, the drapery, the hair, the paint, the pupils,

1261
01:05:12.559 --> 01:05:15.599
<v Speaker 2>maybe the ring on your finger, et cetera. Even inserting

1262
01:05:15.719 --> 01:05:19.360
<v Speaker 2>like a metal necklace or a crown or earrings. So

1263
01:05:19.400 --> 01:05:21.320
<v Speaker 2>it got to be they got to be quite quite

1264
01:05:21.880 --> 01:05:23.000
<v Speaker 2>dynamic and lavish.

1265
01:05:23.039 --> 01:05:23.760
<v Speaker 1>Gosh, that's nut.

1266
01:05:23.880 --> 01:05:25.000
<v Speaker 2>So but then of course, that's thattue I was telling

1267
01:05:25.039 --> 01:05:26.679
<v Speaker 2>I found the Marsius. I mean he was already made

1268
01:05:26.679 --> 01:05:28.559
<v Speaker 2>of a colored stone. So then you don't even need

1269
01:05:28.599 --> 01:05:30.679
<v Speaker 2>to paint him because you're using the beautiful and veining

1270
01:05:30.719 --> 01:05:33.119
<v Speaker 2>and the color of the marble itself. And that becomes

1271
01:05:33.159 --> 01:05:35.880
<v Speaker 2>really prevalent from the second century a d and onward

1272
01:05:36.360 --> 01:05:38.679
<v Speaker 2>to use that kind of colored stone. I had no idea,

1273
01:05:38.800 --> 01:05:39.719
<v Speaker 2>quite sopistigating stuff.

1274
01:05:39.800 --> 01:05:44.440
<v Speaker 1>Rachel Marshall wants to know. Were people openly LGBTQ. Yes,

1275
01:05:44.639 --> 01:05:45.679
<v Speaker 1>in Roman culture.

1276
01:05:45.800 --> 01:05:47.880
<v Speaker 2>Yes, that's very interesting. So they don't have they don't

1277
01:05:47.920 --> 01:05:51.079
<v Speaker 2>have a term like homosexual. They don't have this term. Uh,

1278
01:05:51.280 --> 01:05:55.440
<v Speaker 2>but they have, you know, obviously homosexual practice, and so

1279
01:05:55.639 --> 01:05:58.800
<v Speaker 2>jeneral Okay, generally speaking in the Greek world, it's pretty

1280
01:05:59.480 --> 01:06:01.960
<v Speaker 2>normal andardize no big deal. In fact, it becomes for

1281
01:06:02.000 --> 01:06:04.920
<v Speaker 2>the Spartans like this is spata, you know three hundred. Well,

1282
01:06:04.960 --> 01:06:09.400
<v Speaker 2>the typical thing was you pair an older soldier with

1283
01:06:09.440 --> 01:06:12.400
<v Speaker 2>a young soldier and when they initiate you and kind

1284
01:06:12.400 --> 01:06:14.599
<v Speaker 2>of get you into the whole military experience, part of

1285
01:06:14.599 --> 01:06:16.960
<v Speaker 2>it is also a sexual bond. And this is kind

1286
01:06:17.000 --> 01:06:19.400
<v Speaker 2>of normal. And the philosophers would be debating about this

1287
01:06:19.480 --> 01:06:21.480
<v Speaker 2>in Athens and talk about it like the highest form

1288
01:06:21.519 --> 01:06:23.800
<v Speaker 2>of love. And of course the higher form of love

1289
01:06:23.840 --> 01:06:26.360
<v Speaker 2>is between a man and a man than a man

1290
01:06:26.400 --> 01:06:28.920
<v Speaker 2>and a woman, because the man and the woman where

1291
01:06:28.920 --> 01:06:30.840
<v Speaker 2>you're gonna have a child. But man and a man,

1292
01:06:31.119 --> 01:06:34.360
<v Speaker 2>it's not about that, it's about real love, right, So anyways,

1293
01:06:34.679 --> 01:06:36.320
<v Speaker 2>lots of interesting conversation.

1294
01:06:36.719 --> 01:06:40.039
<v Speaker 1>So Darius also explained that the way Romans regarded sexual

1295
01:06:40.079 --> 01:06:45.519
<v Speaker 1>preference was really more about dominant versus submissive. So who's giving,

1296
01:06:45.880 --> 01:06:49.199
<v Speaker 1>who's receiving. It was acceptable to be a giver, but

1297
01:06:49.280 --> 01:06:52.480
<v Speaker 1>it was frowned on to be a receiver no matter

1298
01:06:52.519 --> 01:06:56.840
<v Speaker 1>what sex or gender someone was. So not frowned upon. However,

1299
01:06:57.239 --> 01:07:01.840
<v Speaker 1>it's having sex with slaves or children. So yeah, they

1300
01:07:01.880 --> 01:07:04.800
<v Speaker 1>were progressive in some ways and very whack in others.

1301
01:07:05.400 --> 01:07:07.440
<v Speaker 1>They also didn't seem to give tons of consideration to

1302
01:07:07.760 --> 01:07:11.960
<v Speaker 1>female enjoyment or sexuality. But yes, it was expected and

1303
01:07:12.079 --> 01:07:15.119
<v Speaker 1>acceptable for a Roman guide to just swing a bunch

1304
01:07:15.119 --> 01:07:15.760
<v Speaker 1>of ways.

1305
01:07:15.639 --> 01:07:17.400
<v Speaker 2>For the Romans, though, yeah, it's not a big deal.

1306
01:07:17.480 --> 01:07:19.920
<v Speaker 2>The bigger deal would be say, in the Imperial period,

1307
01:07:20.079 --> 01:07:23.000
<v Speaker 2>you're a Christian. Oh you're a Christian. You're denying the

1308
01:07:23.000 --> 01:07:25.199
<v Speaker 2>existence of the gods that hold together the fabric of

1309
01:07:25.679 --> 01:07:28.159
<v Speaker 2>the empire. That's bad. You don't want to be a

1310
01:07:28.199 --> 01:07:30.960
<v Speaker 2>Christian in certain periods, and there are waves of persecutions.

1311
01:07:31.000 --> 01:07:33.079
<v Speaker 2>So that's the worst thing, right.

1312
01:07:33.159 --> 01:07:35.719
<v Speaker 1>Last two questions I always ask, Okay, worst thing about

1313
01:07:35.719 --> 01:07:39.880
<v Speaker 1>your job, thing that sucks, The most shittiest thing about

1314
01:07:39.920 --> 01:07:40.880
<v Speaker 1>being an archaeologist.

1315
01:07:41.480 --> 01:07:43.639
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, it probably no money in archaeology. So you do

1316
01:07:43.679 --> 01:07:45.920
<v Speaker 2>it because you love it. You do it because you

1317
01:07:45.960 --> 01:07:47.719
<v Speaker 2>love it. You know, it's not like you're it's not

1318
01:07:47.840 --> 01:07:49.239
<v Speaker 2>like I have a hedge fund or something like that.

1319
01:07:50.320 --> 01:07:52.559
<v Speaker 2>I guess I'm just griping here of it. I got

1320
01:07:52.559 --> 01:07:55.960
<v Speaker 2>no complaints. I think there's everything that's great. You meet people,

1321
01:07:56.440 --> 01:07:59.119
<v Speaker 2>diverse cultures, get to travel, got to always have a

1322
01:07:59.119 --> 01:07:59.920
<v Speaker 2>little bit of a tan. You know.

1323
01:08:00.639 --> 01:08:02.880
<v Speaker 1>Well that was my next question. The best thing about

1324
01:08:02.920 --> 01:08:04.599
<v Speaker 1>being an archaeologist.

1325
01:08:04.280 --> 01:08:08.719
<v Speaker 2>My work is outdoors. My work is outside. Then my

1326
01:08:08.760 --> 01:08:10.760
<v Speaker 2>younger daughter used to say when she was really little,

1327
01:08:10.880 --> 01:08:13.480
<v Speaker 2>she said, daddy's office is the coliseum, which is a

1328
01:08:13.559 --> 01:08:17.520
<v Speaker 2>nice thing to say, and it's kind of like, yeah, yeah, yeah, sure.

1329
01:08:17.720 --> 01:08:20.520
<v Speaker 2>I mean it's just I want to be in contact

1330
01:08:20.520 --> 01:08:22.279
<v Speaker 2>with this as much as possible. And the other beautiful

1331
01:08:22.279 --> 01:08:24.720
<v Speaker 2>thing again to underline is there are collections around the

1332
01:08:24.760 --> 01:08:28.840
<v Speaker 2>world in museums which do a phenomenal job to promote

1333
01:08:29.119 --> 01:08:30.920
<v Speaker 2>all this history and stuff like that. But remember they're

1334
01:08:30.960 --> 01:08:35.760
<v Speaker 2>all pretty much all collections. You've acquired, you've bought, you've purchased,

1335
01:08:35.760 --> 01:08:37.800
<v Speaker 2>and right nowadays are really scrutinizing where this stuff is

1336
01:08:37.840 --> 01:08:39.319
<v Speaker 2>coming from because a lot of stuff is looted.

1337
01:08:39.960 --> 01:08:43.279
<v Speaker 1>Daria says that preservation is really important, as is knowing

1338
01:08:43.319 --> 01:08:45.159
<v Speaker 1>where the objects came from.

1339
01:08:45.159 --> 01:08:46.800
<v Speaker 2>Seeing right now I'm at the Getty and the Getty

1340
01:08:46.840 --> 01:08:51.039
<v Speaker 2>has a beautiful, fantastic relationship. Was not always the case,

1341
01:08:51.039 --> 01:08:53.640
<v Speaker 2>but right now with the Italian government, and they're sharing,

1342
01:08:53.840 --> 01:08:57.479
<v Speaker 2>and they're working, and they're preserving monuments and so forth.

1343
01:08:57.520 --> 01:08:59.159
<v Speaker 2>So it's great to see when those things can really

1344
01:08:59.199 --> 01:09:02.600
<v Speaker 2>work and just benefit the monument themselves, it benefits the

1345
01:09:02.640 --> 01:09:04.960
<v Speaker 2>local community, the local governments and so forth. That's the

1346
01:09:05.079 --> 01:09:07.600
<v Speaker 2>kind of things I'm involved in. I want to be

1347
01:09:07.640 --> 01:09:08.279
<v Speaker 2>more involved in.

1348
01:09:09.199 --> 01:09:11.479
<v Speaker 1>So a little bit of karma with your history.

1349
01:09:11.720 --> 01:09:12.039
<v Speaker 2>Yeah.

1350
01:09:12.079 --> 01:09:17.079
<v Speaker 1>Also, and now we could find you across many social

1351
01:09:17.119 --> 01:09:17.800
<v Speaker 1>media platforms.

1352
01:09:17.840 --> 01:09:21.720
<v Speaker 2>It's the same handle, same handle, Darius Aria digs. You

1353
01:09:21.760 --> 01:09:23.119
<v Speaker 2>just got to figure ou how to spell my name.

1354
01:09:23.720 --> 01:09:30.720
<v Speaker 2>But yeah, Darius Aria Digs pretty much Twitter, Facebook, Instagram,

1355
01:09:30.880 --> 01:09:33.600
<v Speaker 2>my website. I don't know, it's all. It's all pretty

1356
01:09:33.640 --> 01:09:34.039
<v Speaker 2>much there.

1357
01:09:34.199 --> 01:09:35.239
<v Speaker 1>Smart branding.

1358
01:09:35.640 --> 01:09:39.439
<v Speaker 2>Yes, thank you so much, Thank you very much. This

1359
01:09:39.520 --> 01:09:42.760
<v Speaker 2>is great, amazing. Yeah, I gotta go to Rome. Just

1360
01:09:42.800 --> 01:09:44.039
<v Speaker 2>let me know when you're coming to Rome.

1361
01:09:44.239 --> 01:09:52.880
<v Speaker 1>Good, we'll get an apple. All go check out some

1362
01:09:53.000 --> 01:09:56.199
<v Speaker 1>Roman ruins, eat some pizza while you're there. You can

1363
01:09:56.239 --> 01:09:59.640
<v Speaker 1>find Darius Aria all over. He has tons of beautiful

1364
01:09:59.680 --> 01:10:04.960
<v Speaker 1>photo and links up at his website that's Dariusariadiggs dot com,

1365
01:10:05.239 --> 01:10:10.239
<v Speaker 1>and his Twitter and Instagram are also at Dariusariadiggs Special.

1366
01:10:10.319 --> 01:10:13.359
<v Speaker 1>Thanks to his amazing wife, Erica, a writer, for encouraging

1367
01:10:13.439 --> 01:10:16.119
<v Speaker 1>him to have one handle everywhere. That is a great strategy.

1368
01:10:16.399 --> 01:10:19.239
<v Speaker 1>So Dariusara Diggs you can find him everywhere. You can

1369
01:10:19.319 --> 01:10:22.840
<v Speaker 1>check out his show Ancient Invisible Cities on PBS and

1370
01:10:23.039 --> 01:10:25.840
<v Speaker 1>the premiere of this week of season two of his

1371
01:10:25.960 --> 01:10:30.520
<v Speaker 1>Italian show Under Italy, and that's at riplay dot it

1372
01:10:31.319 --> 01:10:34.159
<v Speaker 1>r I A p l a y dot it, and

1373
01:10:34.319 --> 01:10:38.079
<v Speaker 1>his American Institute for Roman Culture is at romanculture dot

1374
01:10:38.159 --> 01:10:42.159
<v Speaker 1>org and he's working on a new podcast. Follow him

1375
01:10:42.239 --> 01:10:44.039
<v Speaker 1>on social media to get all the news on that

1376
01:10:44.079 --> 01:10:46.119
<v Speaker 1>because that's going to be cool as hell. So you

1377
01:10:46.159 --> 01:10:49.960
<v Speaker 1>can find me at Ologies on Twitter and Instagram at

1378
01:10:50.079 --> 01:10:53.439
<v Speaker 1>Ali Ward with one L on both and aliward dot

1379
01:10:53.439 --> 01:10:56.720
<v Speaker 1>com has more links. Ologiesmerch dot com has all kinds

1380
01:10:56.720 --> 01:10:59.920
<v Speaker 1>of shopping fund from pins to winter hats, to ologiesbittsh

1381
01:11:00.079 --> 01:11:02.279
<v Speaker 1>or to keep you warm. Thank you Shannon Felts and

1382
01:11:02.319 --> 01:11:05.319
<v Speaker 1>Bonnie Dutch for all the amazing help with that. All

1383
01:11:05.359 --> 01:11:07.319
<v Speaker 1>of those links are all in the show notes. The

1384
01:11:07.359 --> 01:11:10.680
<v Speaker 1>Ologies podcast Facebook group is a great place full of

1385
01:11:11.000 --> 01:11:13.600
<v Speaker 1>wonderful people, and that's all thanks to Aaron Talbert, and

1386
01:11:13.600 --> 01:11:15.680
<v Speaker 1>thank you Nick Thorburn of the band Islands who wrote

1387
01:11:15.720 --> 01:11:18.319
<v Speaker 1>and performed the theme music, and also, of course thank

1388
01:11:18.319 --> 01:11:20.239
<v Speaker 1>you to Steven Ray Morris. Now at the end of

1389
01:11:20.239 --> 01:11:22.960
<v Speaker 1>each episode, I tell you a little secret, and this

1390
01:11:23.079 --> 01:11:26.079
<v Speaker 1>week's is just a little self help nugget for anyone

1391
01:11:26.079 --> 01:11:28.680
<v Speaker 1>who ever gets down on themselves. Okay, so you know

1392
01:11:28.680 --> 01:11:30.920
<v Speaker 1>how sometimes you walk around you think, wow, I'm such

1393
01:11:30.960 --> 01:11:32.920
<v Speaker 1>a turd. I bet no one will invite me to

1394
01:11:32.960 --> 01:11:35.920
<v Speaker 1>their holiday parties and everyone secretly thinks I'm smelly, And

1395
01:11:35.960 --> 01:11:39.439
<v Speaker 1>then you look for evidence to support that hypothesis, like

1396
01:11:39.640 --> 01:11:41.760
<v Speaker 1>a friend maybe didn't text you back, right away, or

1397
01:11:41.800 --> 01:11:45.239
<v Speaker 1>maybe you got a bad gift in the office present

1398
01:11:45.319 --> 01:11:47.560
<v Speaker 1>exchange and you're like, see you look okay. So the

1399
01:11:47.600 --> 01:11:50.319
<v Speaker 1>problem here is that you're perhaps trying to prove the

1400
01:11:50.359 --> 01:11:54.279
<v Speaker 1>wrong hypothesis, and then you're just collecting data to support

1401
01:11:54.319 --> 01:11:57.319
<v Speaker 1>something that isn't really factual. So you may need to

1402
01:11:57.399 --> 01:12:00.720
<v Speaker 1>change your hypothesis too. I'm pretty fucking cool, and then

1403
01:12:00.760 --> 01:12:03.119
<v Speaker 1>you'll start to realize, hey, there's a lot of evidence

1404
01:12:03.159 --> 01:12:06.399
<v Speaker 1>to support that this feeling lately has been working really

1405
01:12:06.399 --> 01:12:08.880
<v Speaker 1>well for me having a bad day. Maybe just switch

1406
01:12:08.880 --> 01:12:11.479
<v Speaker 1>around my hypothesis. So if you need some evidence right now,

1407
01:12:11.520 --> 01:12:12.960
<v Speaker 1>I'm going to tell you right now, if you're still

1408
01:12:13.000 --> 01:12:15.800
<v Speaker 1>listening to this, not only are you curious about the world,

1409
01:12:15.800 --> 01:12:18.920
<v Speaker 1>but you're also very patient and kind to listen to

1410
01:12:18.960 --> 01:12:22.520
<v Speaker 1>the last dregs of this podcast episode. So you're pretty

1411
01:12:22.560 --> 01:12:23.000
<v Speaker 1>fun cool.

1412
01:12:23.560 --> 01:12:25.039
<v Speaker 2>So say I ole.

1413
01:12:25.239 --> 01:12:28.880
<v Speaker 1>Dad word fun podcast. Okay boyebye. Also me again from

1414
01:12:28.960 --> 01:12:32.600
<v Speaker 1>twenty twenty two, thank you for rolling with a few reruns.

1415
01:12:32.960 --> 01:12:36.840
<v Speaker 1>Well we take care of family stuff. I really appreciate it. Okay,

1416
01:12:36.920 --> 01:12:41.279
<v Speaker 1>love you, Burbye. Pack of German College Homeiology. You do zoology,

1417
01:12:41.960 --> 01:13:01.720
<v Speaker 1>lithology and technology, meteorology, pathology, ethology, Zeriology ethnology roam around

1418
01:13:01.920 --> 01:13:02.399
<v Speaker 1>the world.