WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.680 --> 00:00:03.520 Welcome. This is Marsha for Radio I. Today I will 2 00:00:03.560 --> 00:00:07.599 be reading National Geographic magazine dated September twenty twenty five, 3 00:00:07.960 --> 00:00:11.439 which is donated by the publisher as a reminder. RADIOI 4 00:00:11.679 --> 00:00:14.119 is a reading service intended for people who are blind 5 00:00:14.599 --> 00:00:17.480 or have other disabilities that make it difficult to read 6 00:00:17.640 --> 00:00:20.719 printed material. Please join me now for the first article 7 00:00:20.839 --> 00:00:31.320 titled Europe's Wily Wanderer by Kelsey Noah Kowski. Savvy an opportunistic, 8 00:00:31.399 --> 00:00:34.200 the golden jackal is one of the most successful carnivores 9 00:00:34.240 --> 00:00:38.039 of the modern era. For many species, climate change has 10 00:00:38.079 --> 00:00:42.240 been devastating, but for a select few animals, our changing 11 00:00:42.280 --> 00:00:46.640 planet is offering new opportunities. A recent study in Themalian 12 00:00:46.679 --> 00:00:50.679 Biology found that over the past two decades, European populations 13 00:00:50.679 --> 00:00:53.799 of the golden jackal have rapidly expanded their range from 14 00:00:53.880 --> 00:00:58.000 small pockets in the Balkans and Caucasus to a large 15 00:00:58.000 --> 00:01:01.399 swath of Europe that stretches from the Arctic Circle to Spain. 16 00:01:02.000 --> 00:01:05.760 Researchers traced one individual found in Finland to a genetic 17 00:01:05.799 --> 00:01:09.640 population fifteen hundred miles away in central Europe. How do 18 00:01:09.719 --> 00:01:13.719 they do it? The wolf like canids demonstrate and impressive 19 00:01:13.760 --> 00:01:18.519 ability to adapt to diverse locales mezo carnivores. They aren't 20 00:01:18.599 --> 00:01:22.239 picky eaters and will chow down on everything from birds 21 00:01:22.239 --> 00:01:25.680 and insects to plants and discarded human food. They can 22 00:01:25.760 --> 00:01:30.120 change their social structure foraging habits and activity patterns depending 23 00:01:30.200 --> 00:01:34.640 on what the terrain demands. Solitary if necessary, sure, run 24 00:01:34.760 --> 00:01:37.920 in a pack, no problem. The jackals seem as at 25 00:01:37.959 --> 00:01:42.400 home in fragmented farmland, city edges, and suburban gardens as 26 00:01:42.400 --> 00:01:46.719 they are in forests, steps, and even icy northern landscapes. 27 00:01:47.239 --> 00:01:52.760 These first generation migrants, says study author vis La Bogdanovitz 28 00:01:53.120 --> 00:01:56.519 of the Polish Academy of Sciences, don't just adapt to 29 00:01:56.599 --> 00:02:01.439 new environments, they actively seek them out and thrive. Next 30 00:02:01.519 --> 00:02:05.920 article Temple of hat Shepsut, Rock of Ages by David 31 00:02:06.079 --> 00:02:11.879 rahul riebol nesseld in an alcove of rock. Pharaoh Hatshepsut's 32 00:02:11.919 --> 00:02:15.199 temple had many functions. It has survived the ravages of 33 00:02:15.240 --> 00:02:20.840 time and Hatshepsut's successor's attempts to erase her name from history. 34 00:02:21.680 --> 00:02:24.960 Hatshepsut ruled Egypt, first as co regent and then as 35 00:02:25.000 --> 00:02:27.879 pharaoh for a total of twenty one years. She was 36 00:02:27.879 --> 00:02:30.560 one of the few women in Egyptian history to retain 37 00:02:30.680 --> 00:02:33.919 power for so long. She reigned during one of ancient 38 00:02:33.960 --> 00:02:38.280 Egypt's Golden Ages, when Egypt was awash with wealth. Hatchepsut 39 00:02:38.280 --> 00:02:41.719 built monumental works all over the nation, a myriad of 40 00:02:41.759 --> 00:02:45.360 temples and shrines, four giant obelisks at the Temple of 41 00:02:45.439 --> 00:02:50.120 Amun in Karnak, and countless artworks celebrating her accomplishments and 42 00:02:50.159 --> 00:02:53.960 immortalizing her prayers. But many of these works were defaced 43 00:02:54.000 --> 00:02:56.960 and destroyed after her death in fourteen fifty eight BC, 44 00:02:57.759 --> 00:03:02.199 Hatshepsu's successor, Tutmost, the third, one of Egypt's greatest pharaohs, 45 00:03:02.280 --> 00:03:05.199 led the charge to erase her name from history. Her 46 00:03:05.319 --> 00:03:08.319 likeness was chiseled away from monuments and her statues and 47 00:03:08.439 --> 00:03:14.199 works destroyed. Nevertheless, following a major twentieth century reconstruction, Hatshepsut's 48 00:03:14.280 --> 00:03:19.159 massive temple at Dur el Bahi Arabic for Northern Monastery 49 00:03:19.680 --> 00:03:22.759 still stands today, sheltered beneath the red rocks of a 50 00:03:22.759 --> 00:03:27.000 cliff face. This architectural wonder captivated the ancient world with 51 00:03:27.039 --> 00:03:30.479 its beauty and his attestament to Hotchepsut's glory and her 52 00:03:30.479 --> 00:03:34.919 devotion to the gods. Woman who would be king. Hatchepsitt 53 00:03:35.039 --> 00:03:38.360 was born around fifteen o seven b C. To Tutmos 54 00:03:38.360 --> 00:03:43.120 the first and his great royal wife, Queen Ahmos. Hatchepsut 55 00:03:43.120 --> 00:03:45.840 would marry her half brother and heir to the throne, 56 00:03:46.199 --> 00:03:50.680 Tutmos the second, becoming his great royal wife. Tutmos the 57 00:03:50.719 --> 00:03:53.400 second died young, leaving behind a two year old son 58 00:03:53.759 --> 00:03:56.960 born to a secondary wife as his heir. The child 59 00:03:57.080 --> 00:04:00.000 was too young to rule, so Hatchepsut, the boy's anis 60 00:04:00.199 --> 00:04:04.159 and stepmother ruled for him. Hot Chepsut gradually transformed her 61 00:04:04.240 --> 00:04:07.840 role from queen regent to outright pharaoh. When Tutmost the 62 00:04:07.879 --> 00:04:11.039 third was older, he became her second in command, but 63 00:04:11.199 --> 00:04:14.400 he would not rule outright as pharaoh until after her 64 00:04:14.439 --> 00:04:17.839 death around fourteen fifty eight p c. His reign would 65 00:04:17.839 --> 00:04:20.759 be glorious, filled with triumphs all his own, but while 66 00:04:20.800 --> 00:04:25.240 he ruled, a systematic campaign attempted to erase Pharaoh Hutchepsut. 67 00:04:25.800 --> 00:04:29.079 Millennia later archaeologists would put the pieces back together to 68 00:04:29.160 --> 00:04:34.920 restore Hutchepsot's place in history. Million year temples in the 69 00:04:34.959 --> 00:04:37.959 new Kingdom period, Hutchepsut was one of the first pharaohs 70 00:04:38.160 --> 00:04:40.800 who built the so called Temples of Millions of Years 71 00:04:41.240 --> 00:04:43.839 on the western bank of the Nile, opposite the city 72 00:04:43.839 --> 00:04:48.160 of Thebes modern day Luxor. Five centuries earlier in Middle 73 00:04:48.240 --> 00:04:52.319 Kingdom times, Pharaoh meant to Hochep the Second had erected 74 00:04:52.360 --> 00:04:56.839 the first mortuary temple here. Perhaps inspired by men to Hochep, 75 00:04:57.120 --> 00:05:01.240 Hotchepsuk installed her massive complex at the foot of a cliff, 76 00:05:01.279 --> 00:05:05.000 a site now known as Deir al Bahri. This sacred 77 00:05:05.040 --> 00:05:08.800 location has been consecrated to the goddess hathor protector of 78 00:05:08.839 --> 00:05:12.600 the dead, and an important funerary deity in thieves. In 79 00:05:12.639 --> 00:05:16.160 these temples, pharaohs would be worshiped after their deaths. Their 80 00:05:16.240 --> 00:05:21.040 mummies meanwhile rested elsewhere, entombed in private underground chambers in 81 00:05:21.079 --> 00:05:23.839 the Valley of the Kings. As well as being used 82 00:05:23.839 --> 00:05:27.399 for royal funerals, the Temples of Millions of Years were 83 00:05:27.439 --> 00:05:31.240 the focus for other rituals, some related to royalty, others 84 00:05:31.279 --> 00:05:34.800 to deities, including the Theban god ah Mun and the 85 00:05:34.839 --> 00:05:38.560 sun god Ray. Of all the mortuary temples, hot Chepsuits 86 00:05:38.759 --> 00:05:42.560 would become the main cult structure of the Theban complex. 87 00:05:43.079 --> 00:05:46.519 Construction lasted some fifteen years and was carried out under 88 00:05:46.519 --> 00:05:50.279 the supervision of Senenmut, a high official and favorite of 89 00:05:50.319 --> 00:05:54.879 the pharaoh. The imposing building incorporated ramps and courtyards like 90 00:05:54.920 --> 00:06:00.360 the nearby Mentuhotep Temple, but Sinnunmut introduced a rubber of 91 00:06:00.439 --> 00:06:05.600 innovations to create a building of unequaled magnificence. It came 92 00:06:05.639 --> 00:06:09.680 to be known as Desir de Ziro Holly of Holies. 93 00:06:10.240 --> 00:06:15.040 Most New Kingdom commemorative temples featured chambers separated by monumental 94 00:06:15.079 --> 00:06:18.160 gateways pylons, like those that can still be seen at 95 00:06:18.199 --> 00:06:22.160 Luxor and Karnak. Hotchepsut's temple, on the other hand, was 96 00:06:22.279 --> 00:06:26.319 arranged around a central ramp or causeway. Spread along this 97 00:06:26.439 --> 00:06:30.240 causeway at different heights, were three large courtyards. Today, the 98 00:06:30.279 --> 00:06:34.639 walls and courtyards of hat Shepsut's temple might look somewhat plain. 99 00:06:35.079 --> 00:06:37.879 In her time, they would have been filled with vibrant color, 100 00:06:38.160 --> 00:06:41.360 surrounded by lush gardens and pools, and richly decorated with 101 00:06:41.439 --> 00:06:45.879 sculpture and reliefs. Each decorative element conveyed a religious or 102 00:06:45.920 --> 00:06:49.399 political message in keeping with the ceremonial use of the 103 00:06:49.439 --> 00:06:53.879 temple sacred alignments. The layout of hot Shepsut's temple was 104 00:06:53.959 --> 00:06:58.560 carefully designed. Most obviously, it was positioned to align perfectly 105 00:06:58.639 --> 00:07:01.639 with the Temple of Omlin at Karnak on the opposite 106 00:07:01.680 --> 00:07:05.120 bank of the Nile. In addition, the precise east west 107 00:07:05.160 --> 00:07:08.720 alignment of its central causeway mirrored the daily payoth of 108 00:07:08.759 --> 00:07:11.240 the Sun, or, according to the beliefs of the day, 109 00:07:11.680 --> 00:07:14.800 the payoth of the god Ray. The temple was also 110 00:07:14.879 --> 00:07:17.439 aligned with the Valley of the Kings, which lies to 111 00:07:17.480 --> 00:07:21.680 the west. This royal necropolis had been inaugurated by hots 112 00:07:21.680 --> 00:07:26.120 Sheepsut's father, Tutmost the First. In fact, tomb CAVY twenty, 113 00:07:26.480 --> 00:07:29.959 the burial place of Hutshepsut and Tutmost the First, lies 114 00:07:30.040 --> 00:07:33.160 in a straight line from the Sanctuary of Omlan, the 115 00:07:33.199 --> 00:07:38.399 innermost chamber of Hutchepsut's temple. Some experts have suggested that 116 00:07:38.439 --> 00:07:41.680 the original plan was to connect kV twenty with the 117 00:07:41.720 --> 00:07:45.959 Sanctuary of Amlun via a temple through the interposing cliff, 118 00:07:46.399 --> 00:07:49.399 but the poor quality of the rock prevented it. Stone 119 00:07:49.439 --> 00:07:53.959 balustrades flanked the central ramp, guarded by imposing stone lions. 120 00:07:54.439 --> 00:07:57.680 A colonnade that separates the first and second courtyards to 121 00:07:57.759 --> 00:08:03.000 highlight Hotchepsut's piety and devotion, reliefs depict two massive obelisks 122 00:08:03.160 --> 00:08:05.959 on their way to the temple of Amon at Karnak. 123 00:08:07.519 --> 00:08:10.839 Around the second courtyard are famous reliefs showing a trading 124 00:08:10.879 --> 00:08:14.439 expedition that Hotchepsut sent to the land of Punt, believed 125 00:08:14.480 --> 00:08:17.720 to be located on the Horn of Africa. Mirrh trees 126 00:08:17.800 --> 00:08:20.759 were brought back from this expedition and planted in the 127 00:08:20.759 --> 00:08:24.680 temple complex. Their resin would later be used in temple rituals. 128 00:08:25.079 --> 00:08:29.519 Other reliefs represent the divine birth of Hatshepsut, who, according 129 00:08:29.600 --> 00:08:33.360 to tradition, had been begotten by the god Aman Rey 130 00:08:33.519 --> 00:08:36.879 during a visit he made to Ahmos, the wife of Tutmos, 131 00:08:36.960 --> 00:08:40.519 the first Her divine origin was an important tool in 132 00:08:40.600 --> 00:08:45.639 legitimizing Hotchepsod's rule over Egypt. In the second courtyard, there 133 00:08:45.720 --> 00:08:49.240 are also two sanctuaries, one dedicated to Hathor and the 134 00:08:49.320 --> 00:08:55.840 other to Anubis, a funeral god. Twenty four colossal osidi 135 00:08:56.320 --> 00:09:01.799 Osyrides statues of Farohatshepsud as Cyrus, god of the afterlife, 136 00:09:02.120 --> 00:09:05.200 flanked the entrance to the third courtyard. She wears the 137 00:09:05.240 --> 00:09:08.360 false beard Postiche and the double crown of Upper and 138 00:09:08.399 --> 00:09:12.279 Lower Egypt Pushent, and she holds the symbols of royalty. 139 00:09:12.759 --> 00:09:16.320 This uppermost courtyard had sanctuaries dedicated to the royal cult, 140 00:09:16.679 --> 00:09:21.399 to the solar god rey Harakhti, and to Anubis. In 141 00:09:21.440 --> 00:09:24.159 the central part of this last courtyard stood the temple's 142 00:09:24.159 --> 00:09:29.200 innermost chambers, a sanctuary dedicated to ahmen Ree. Inside were 143 00:09:29.240 --> 00:09:33.600 three adjoining chambers decorated with scenes of Hotshepsut and the 144 00:09:33.639 --> 00:09:37.600 god Amlan. The sanctuary of ahmen Rah was the main 145 00:09:37.679 --> 00:09:40.679 setting for a ceremony that was celebrated every year in Thieves, 146 00:09:41.039 --> 00:09:44.600 the Beautiful Festival of the Valley. The celebration dates back 147 00:09:44.639 --> 00:09:47.519 to the Middle Kingdom and reached new heights in hot 148 00:09:47.559 --> 00:09:51.879 Shepsut's time. Badly deteriorated. Reliefs that run along the upper 149 00:09:51.960 --> 00:09:56.840 courtyard of Hodchepsut's temple depict the festivities during the second 150 00:09:56.879 --> 00:10:00.320 month of the harvest seasoned Shi Mu. In early rummer, 151 00:10:00.639 --> 00:10:04.000 the pharaoh would lead a procession bearing the image of Amund, 152 00:10:04.080 --> 00:10:07.559 followed by a retinue of nobles, priests, dancers, and soldiers. 153 00:10:07.919 --> 00:10:10.799 They would begin at Karnak Temple across the Nile and 154 00:10:10.919 --> 00:10:14.679 visit the mortuary temples. After her death, hught Chepsut was 155 00:10:14.759 --> 00:10:18.720 intentionally consigned to oblivion by Tutmos the third. He ordered 156 00:10:18.720 --> 00:10:22.799 the demolition of all statues, monuments, and representations of her, 157 00:10:23.159 --> 00:10:26.679 including depictions on her temple. Yet the building remained on 158 00:10:26.720 --> 00:10:29.240 the western bank of the Nile. Each year it still 159 00:10:29.320 --> 00:10:33.919 hosted the most dazzling festival of the Theban Necropolis, standing 160 00:10:33.919 --> 00:10:37.480 strong through the millennia, a lasting testament to the pharaoh 161 00:10:37.559 --> 00:10:43.000 who built it. Next article from the National Geographic History Magazine. 162 00:10:43.279 --> 00:10:49.000 The Temple of Jerusalem by Javierra dal Barco from King 163 00:10:49.159 --> 00:10:52.480 Solomon to the Roman Empire. According to the Bible, King 164 00:10:52.519 --> 00:10:54.840 Solomon built the first temple to house the Ark of 165 00:10:54.840 --> 00:10:58.200 the Covenant. Over time, the structure became the spiritual heart 166 00:10:58.240 --> 00:11:01.440 of the Jewish faith. Invaders raised it, but the temple 167 00:11:01.519 --> 00:11:06.200 endured a symbol of survival, resilience, and sanctity. In the 168 00:11:06.200 --> 00:11:09.960 First Book of Kings Saint, King Solomon stands before the 169 00:11:09.960 --> 00:11:12.440 people of Israel to dedicate a temple in honor of 170 00:11:12.480 --> 00:11:15.720 their god Yahweh. The king reminds them that he has 171 00:11:15.720 --> 00:11:19.600 fulfilled the promise Yahweh has made to Solomon's father, King David. 172 00:11:20.039 --> 00:11:22.519 But the Lord said to my father David, you did 173 00:11:22.559 --> 00:11:25.759 well to consider building a house for my name. Nevertheless, 174 00:11:25.759 --> 00:11:28.240 you shall not build the house. But your son, who 175 00:11:28.279 --> 00:11:30.559 shall be born to you, shall build the house for 176 00:11:30.799 --> 00:11:35.000 my name. First Kings eight the Bible describes how Solomon's 177 00:11:35.000 --> 00:11:38.080 temple is meant to replace the Tabernacle, a tent like 178 00:11:38.120 --> 00:11:41.279 structure that housed the Ark of the Covenant and other vessels. 179 00:11:41.759 --> 00:11:44.440 The Book of Kings details the construction down to the 180 00:11:44.480 --> 00:11:49.000 dimensions of different chambers and structures. Measuring about one hundred 181 00:11:49.000 --> 00:11:51.799 twenty feet long and fifty five feet wide, The Temple 182 00:11:51.840 --> 00:11:55.919 of Jerusalem took seven years to complete. Scholars have established 183 00:11:56.120 --> 00:11:59.440 that a temple to Yahweh did exist in Jerusalem during 184 00:11:59.519 --> 00:12:04.200 the Iron Age, approximately twelfth to six centuries BC. According 185 00:12:04.200 --> 00:12:06.799 to the Bible, Solomon ruled in the tenth century BC, 186 00:12:07.440 --> 00:12:11.399 but there is no archaeological evidence corroborating that the temple's 187 00:12:11.440 --> 00:12:14.720 construction took place during that period. It would have been 188 00:12:14.759 --> 00:12:18.120 in the interests of the Hebrew Scripture's authors to attribute 189 00:12:18.159 --> 00:12:21.840 the building of this first Temple to King Solomon, as 190 00:12:21.879 --> 00:12:25.200 The reigns of Solomon and his father David are depicted 191 00:12:25.279 --> 00:12:28.120 in the Bible as a golden era. The idea that 192 00:12:28.200 --> 00:12:32.159 King Solomon sponsored the first Temple bolsters this narrative and 193 00:12:32.200 --> 00:12:37.200 connects its construction to the concept of a unified Israel centralization. 194 00:12:37.480 --> 00:12:41.000 The archaeological and historic picture becomes clear in the time 195 00:12:41.039 --> 00:12:44.720 of Josiah, King of Judah sirca. Six four eight to 196 00:12:44.799 --> 00:12:47.720 six O nine b c. At this time, according to 197 00:12:47.759 --> 00:12:51.240 the Bible, the realm of Solomon had split into two kingdoms, 198 00:12:51.519 --> 00:12:54.840 the Northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah. 199 00:12:55.279 --> 00:13:01.320 Jerusalem belonged to Judah. King Josiah commissioned major reforms to 200 00:13:01.399 --> 00:13:04.360 the existing Temple, which had become far more significant in 201 00:13:04.440 --> 00:13:08.320 religious life. In Two Kings twenty two, Josiah sends the 202 00:13:08.399 --> 00:13:11.840 high priest Hilkayah to the temple to count the entire 203 00:13:11.960 --> 00:13:14.120 sum of the money that has been brought into the 204 00:13:14.120 --> 00:13:16.679 house of the Lord. The priest discovers a book of 205 00:13:16.720 --> 00:13:18.919 the Law inside the temple and shows it to the king. 206 00:13:19.440 --> 00:13:22.639 After he reads it, Josiah decrees that the temple would 207 00:13:22.679 --> 00:13:25.759 be the one and only place of worship to Yahweh. 208 00:13:26.159 --> 00:13:28.720 Authorized copies of the book the Law would be kept 209 00:13:28.759 --> 00:13:33.679 inside the temple. Through his reforms, King Josiah effectively centralized 210 00:13:33.720 --> 00:13:37.320 power in Jerusalem with the temple at its heart. That 211 00:13:37.480 --> 00:13:40.720 first temple was destroyed by the Babylonians when they conquered 212 00:13:40.759 --> 00:13:43.799 Jerusalem in the sixth century b C. During the period 213 00:13:43.879 --> 00:13:47.559 of Persian rule, and after Alexander the Great's conquest, the 214 00:13:47.600 --> 00:13:51.279 temple complex was slowly rebuilt. Around five fifteen b C. 215 00:13:51.480 --> 00:13:55.559 The second Temple was dedicated in Jerusalem. Several centuries later. 216 00:13:55.720 --> 00:13:59.360 Herod the Great seventy two to four b C, King 217 00:13:59.399 --> 00:14:03.679 of Judea, made important renovations and expansions to the structure. 218 00:14:04.200 --> 00:14:07.600 Judea was a vassal province of Rome. Under Herod, the 219 00:14:07.639 --> 00:14:12.519 temple became a building of impressive dimensions. The famous western walls, 220 00:14:12.559 --> 00:14:15.399 still visible to day, gives an idea of the scale 221 00:14:15.480 --> 00:14:18.679 of the temple precinct. The temple sat at the very 222 00:14:18.720 --> 00:14:21.799 heart of Yahwe worship. The main element of worship was 223 00:14:21.919 --> 00:14:26.320 ritual animal sacrifice. These ceremonies took place there twice a day, 224 00:14:26.639 --> 00:14:30.320 and all Jews symbolically participated by paying half a shekel 225 00:14:30.440 --> 00:14:34.159 to the temple annually. Other acts of worship took place 226 00:14:34.159 --> 00:14:36.679 in the temple too, such as the reading of hymns 227 00:14:36.720 --> 00:14:40.600 and psalms, and the congregation receiving blessings from the priests. 228 00:14:41.120 --> 00:14:43.759 The tablets bearing the law that Yahwe had delivered to 229 00:14:43.799 --> 00:14:46.919 Moses were kept in the temple inside a cabinet known 230 00:14:46.919 --> 00:14:50.279 as the Ark of the Covenant. This cabinet was stored 231 00:14:50.720 --> 00:14:53.639 inside the Holy of Holies, the most sacred place in 232 00:14:53.679 --> 00:14:56.519 the Temple. The High Priest was the only person allowed 233 00:14:56.519 --> 00:14:59.240 to enter the Holy of Holies, and then only once 234 00:14:59.279 --> 00:15:02.159 a year, on the Tis day of Atonement Yam Kippur. 235 00:15:02.960 --> 00:15:07.200 After the fall, a series of Jewish revolts against Rome 236 00:15:07.279 --> 00:15:10.799 began eighty sixty six. In the course of putting them down, 237 00:15:10.879 --> 00:15:14.639 the Romans raised Jerusalem and destroyed the Second Temple. The 238 00:15:14.679 --> 00:15:17.960 temple's treasures were looted and taken to Rome. The loss 239 00:15:18.159 --> 00:15:22.080 marked a radical change in the evolution of Judaism. When 240 00:15:22.200 --> 00:15:26.320 the Romans destroyed the Temple and dispersed the Saducees, the 241 00:15:26.320 --> 00:15:29.960 priestly class that had governed it, the Jews lost the 242 00:15:30.000 --> 00:15:32.799 main element that had united them. It was then that 243 00:15:32.840 --> 00:15:36.360 the Pharisees took charge of the faith. The Pharisees were 244 00:15:36.360 --> 00:15:39.080 a Jewish group who focused on the study of the 245 00:15:39.159 --> 00:15:45.039 law as found in the Torah, the biblical books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, 246 00:15:45.039 --> 00:15:49.879 and Deuterontomy, and applied its teachings to daily life. Faced 247 00:15:49.879 --> 00:15:52.480 with the challenge of the disappearance of the Temple and 248 00:15:52.559 --> 00:15:57.080 the competition posed by nascent Christianity, the Pharisees convened the 249 00:15:57.120 --> 00:16:01.080 Synid of Jamnia, a liturgical meeting held in what today 250 00:16:01.639 --> 00:16:06.240 is Yavna, Israel. Here they established a liturgy of prayers 251 00:16:06.519 --> 00:16:09.200 to take the place of sacrifice and worship with the Temple, 252 00:16:09.559 --> 00:16:13.360 which were now impossible. The council also determined the canon 253 00:16:13.480 --> 00:16:16.799 of writings that would be added to the original five 254 00:16:16.799 --> 00:16:20.360 books of the Torah to become the Hebrew Bible. Emphasis 255 00:16:20.360 --> 00:16:23.120 of worship shifted from the location of the temple to 256 00:16:23.159 --> 00:16:25.559 the reading of the text. From this point on, the 257 00:16:25.600 --> 00:16:29.480 Torah would be the focus. The new liturgy of prayers 258 00:16:29.559 --> 00:16:33.440 established by the Synod would be celebrated in community synagogues. 259 00:16:33.759 --> 00:16:36.960 Before the destruction of the Temple, synagogues had existed as 260 00:16:37.000 --> 00:16:40.960 study centers, but now their role began to expand Jews 261 00:16:41.000 --> 00:16:44.720 from any community wherever it was located in the diaspora 262 00:16:45.120 --> 00:16:48.799 could celebrate the new liturgy simply by designating a place 263 00:16:49.120 --> 00:16:52.360 to serve as a synagogue. Some elements of the ancient 264 00:16:52.399 --> 00:16:56.120 cult in the Temple were transposed symbolically in the organization 265 00:16:56.240 --> 00:17:00.159 of the liturgy. For example, the main obligatory prayer, the 266 00:17:00.200 --> 00:17:07.119 Amidah or schemona Asrah eighteen blessings, included the blessing given 267 00:17:07.240 --> 00:17:10.279 by the priests in the Temple. The liturgical services that 268 00:17:10.319 --> 00:17:13.759 are still celebrated in the synagogue in the morning shaharich 269 00:17:14.119 --> 00:17:19.720 in the afternoon Minhach symbolized the two daily sacrifices that 270 00:17:19.839 --> 00:17:22.640 used to be celebrated in the Temple. The memory of 271 00:17:22.680 --> 00:17:26.599 the temple also led many congregations to build synagogues so 272 00:17:26.640 --> 00:17:29.119 that the wall bearing the cabinet where the Torah was 273 00:17:29.200 --> 00:17:34.400 kept was oriented toward Jerusalem. Likewise, during Young Kippur day 274 00:17:34.400 --> 00:17:38.079 of Atonement, there are two liturgical elements that directly relate 275 00:17:38.160 --> 00:17:40.640 to the Temple. The first is the blowing of the 276 00:17:40.720 --> 00:17:44.839 choffar or ramshorn. The chofar is also blown for Rashishana, 277 00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:48.319 the New Year, a few days before. The second is 278 00:17:48.319 --> 00:17:50.559 a service at the end of the ceremony which is 279 00:17:50.640 --> 00:17:55.599 called nilat chain closing of doors. The act echoes the 280 00:17:55.640 --> 00:17:58.640 solemn moment, moment when the doors of the Temple were 281 00:17:58.680 --> 00:18:02.799 closed at the end of Young Kippur, a faith transformed. 282 00:18:03.119 --> 00:18:05.279 It was in the Torah that the symbolic force and 283 00:18:05.319 --> 00:18:09.759 sanctity of the Temple were most vividly maintained. Those responsible 284 00:18:09.799 --> 00:18:12.920 for this were the rabbis, who elevated the Torah and 285 00:18:13.039 --> 00:18:16.400 its study above all else. After the Temple's destruction, the 286 00:18:16.440 --> 00:18:19.519 Torah took its place as the focus of Jewish life. 287 00:18:20.359 --> 00:18:23.240 In doing so, Judaism was liberated from depending on a 288 00:18:23.279 --> 00:18:28.279 single geographical location, instead focusing on a tangible object that 289 00:18:28.359 --> 00:18:31.880 could be present in every Jewish community all over the world. 290 00:18:32.559 --> 00:18:37.680 Throughout through the Torah, it was possible to galvanize the 291 00:18:37.720 --> 00:18:41.640 feeling of belonging among scattered communities, especially between the third 292 00:18:41.720 --> 00:18:45.720 and fifth centuries BC, when new Jewish communities arose in 293 00:18:45.759 --> 00:18:49.720 places as far apart as Yemen and the Iberian Peninsula. 294 00:18:50.240 --> 00:18:53.799 These communities needed common ties that would unite them with 295 00:18:53.880 --> 00:18:56.680 their breath bren In the most important Jewish centers of 296 00:18:56.799 --> 00:18:59.799 Palestine and Babylon, the reading of the Torah is still 297 00:18:59.799 --> 00:19:03.799 at the heart of the Jewish liturgy celebrated every Saturday Shabbat. 298 00:19:04.440 --> 00:19:07.119 Reading aloud from the Torah is the most important moment 299 00:19:07.200 --> 00:19:10.680 of the liturgical service. The Torres scroll was removed from 300 00:19:10.720 --> 00:19:14.920 the Torah arc and carried in procession to the days Bima, 301 00:19:15.319 --> 00:19:21.279 where the corresponding Torah portion Parashah is read aloud. The 302 00:19:21.319 --> 00:19:23.599 Torah is divided up in such a way that it 303 00:19:23.680 --> 00:19:27.359 is read in its entirety every year. To emphasize the 304 00:19:27.400 --> 00:19:30.119 sanctity of the Torah, the scroll from which it is 305 00:19:30.200 --> 00:19:33.160 read should never be touched directly. This is why it 306 00:19:33.240 --> 00:19:35.559 has a handle at each end of the scroll. The 307 00:19:35.599 --> 00:19:40.119 reader uses a pointer called a yad instead of their 308 00:19:40.160 --> 00:19:43.079 own finger to guide them as they read. In the Synagogue, 309 00:19:43.119 --> 00:19:45.200 the Torah is still read from a scroll rather than 310 00:19:45.240 --> 00:19:48.039 a book, to recall how it appeared in ancient times. 311 00:19:48.039 --> 00:19:50.960 In the Temple after the tenth century, the Torah and 312 00:19:51.000 --> 00:19:54.880 the other sacred texts were also copied in codex format. 313 00:19:55.359 --> 00:19:58.559 As these codices were used for study rather than in 314 00:19:58.640 --> 00:20:02.359 the liturgy, they could incorporate elements that were prohibited in 315 00:20:02.400 --> 00:20:06.839 the Trust rolls, such as illuminations three faiths. In Jerusalem 316 00:20:07.079 --> 00:20:11.359 after the Romans destroyed at Second Temple complex. The site 317 00:20:11.440 --> 00:20:15.799 plan ruins for centuries. The area contained to hold continued 318 00:20:15.799 --> 00:20:18.759 to hold great meaning in Judaism, but the temple also 319 00:20:18.799 --> 00:20:23.319 occupies a significant place in both Christianity and Islam. Passages 320 00:20:23.359 --> 00:20:28.000 in the canonical Gospels and the Apocryphal Gospels described episodes 321 00:20:28.000 --> 00:20:30.400 from the life of Jesus that took place at the 322 00:20:30.400 --> 00:20:34.079 Temple in Jerusalem. Shortly after his birth, Jesus is presented 323 00:20:34.119 --> 00:20:37.319 at the Temple, and later, while still a child, Jesus 324 00:20:37.359 --> 00:20:40.640 spends time in the temple debating with teachers of Jewish law. 325 00:20:41.200 --> 00:20:44.960 As an adult, Jesus cleansed the temple, driving out merchants 326 00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:48.880 and money changers from the sacred precinct. In the Koran, 327 00:20:49.039 --> 00:20:51.960 as in the Bible, Solomon is portrayed as the builder 328 00:20:52.039 --> 00:20:55.480 of the Temple and a figure of immense wisdom. The 329 00:20:55.559 --> 00:20:59.559 Koran includes the story of Mohammed's miraculous night journey from 330 00:20:59.599 --> 00:21:04.559 Mecca to the farther place of worship Musjid el Aksa, 331 00:21:05.200 --> 00:21:09.480 which Muslim tradition identified as the Haram al Sharif, the 332 00:21:09.519 --> 00:21:13.839 noble sanctuary identified as the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. In 333 00:21:13.920 --> 00:21:16.279 this account, Mohammad is said to have traveled there in 334 00:21:16.359 --> 00:21:19.680 one night prayed with prophets and briefly ascended to heaven 335 00:21:20.039 --> 00:21:26.079 and prayed with Ibraham, Abraham, Musa, Moses, and Isa Jesus. 336 00:21:26.640 --> 00:21:29.880 When Muslim forces took control of Jerusalem in the seventh century, 337 00:21:29.920 --> 00:21:33.599 a d only ruins remained where the Second Temple once stood. 338 00:21:34.039 --> 00:21:37.000 The city's new rulers established their own place of worship 339 00:21:37.319 --> 00:21:40.039 where the Second Temple had been. They built the Dome 340 00:21:40.079 --> 00:21:43.319 of Iraq, the third most sacred site in Islam, next 341 00:21:43.319 --> 00:21:47.160 to Mecca and Medina on Temple Mount. Later, the El 342 00:21:47.240 --> 00:21:51.759 Akxa Mosque was built near by. Jerusalem is a city 343 00:21:51.799 --> 00:21:57.160 of great importance to all three faiths. According to tradition, Abraham, David, Salomon, Jesus, 344 00:21:57.160 --> 00:22:00.920 and Mohammed all walked here, building of their followings in 345 00:22:00.960 --> 00:22:05.240 strengthening their faiths. Controlling Jerusalem in the Temple Mount has 346 00:22:05.319 --> 00:22:08.839 been at the center of violent conflicts stirring and since 347 00:22:08.880 --> 00:22:13.079 the Middle Ages because of the site's shared significance. Today, 348 00:22:13.119 --> 00:22:17.160 a respectful, yet sometimes uneasy truce remains in place among 349 00:22:17.240 --> 00:22:20.519 the three. There are those who pray to rebuild the 350 00:22:20.559 --> 00:22:23.680 Temple of Jerusalem one day. They believe that the construction 351 00:22:23.839 --> 00:22:27.640 of a third temple will coincide with or bring about 352 00:22:27.680 --> 00:22:30.480 the arrival of the Messiah. But there are others who 353 00:22:30.559 --> 00:22:34.200 have embraced the Temple's role as a symbol of sanctity, wisdom, 354 00:22:34.319 --> 00:22:38.880 and faith vessels of the book. The Harley Catalan Bible 355 00:22:38.960 --> 00:22:42.799 is one of more than twenty lavishly illustrated Sephardi Bibles 356 00:22:42.839 --> 00:22:46.000 produced by the Jews of the Iberian Peninsula between the 357 00:22:46.039 --> 00:22:49.240 thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. Many of them feature so called 358 00:22:49.319 --> 00:22:52.920 carpet pages, which are entirely filled with an intricate background 359 00:22:52.960 --> 00:22:57.759 pattern and colorful illustrations on top. The Harley Catalan Bible 360 00:22:58.079 --> 00:23:01.160 contains pages featuring the sacred implements of the Temple of 361 00:23:01.240 --> 00:23:05.279 Jerusalem embossed in gold. Many of these, the Minora, the 362 00:23:05.400 --> 00:23:08.079 Arc of the Covenant, the table of Showbread, and the 363 00:23:08.160 --> 00:23:11.400 incense altar are found in the verses of Exodus and 364 00:23:11.519 --> 00:23:16.160 numbers other Safardi Bibles contain similar layouts of the Temple's 365 00:23:16.160 --> 00:23:21.039 most sacred implements and vessels. Religious scholars interpret their inclusion 366 00:23:21.480 --> 00:23:24.920 as a statement of the central importance of the Hebrew 367 00:23:24.960 --> 00:23:28.920 Scriptures for Jews of the diaspora. After the Roman destruction 368 00:23:29.000 --> 00:23:32.079 of the Temple in eighty seventy Jews in the diaspora 369 00:23:32.440 --> 00:23:35.519 could turn to scripture. Their centers of worship could be 370 00:23:35.599 --> 00:23:41.480 housed in a magnificent illuminated text. More dispersal, destruction and loss, however, 371 00:23:41.799 --> 00:23:44.960 were soon to follow. In fourteen ninety two, a century 372 00:23:45.039 --> 00:23:49.920 after the Harley Catalan Bible was produced, the Alhambra Decree 373 00:23:50.200 --> 00:23:54.079 called for the conversion or expulsion of Iberius Jews, prompting 374 00:23:54.160 --> 00:23:58.319 a mass exodus of Safardi Jews across Europe and North Africa. 375 00:23:58.799 --> 00:24:02.599 Reliance on scripture grew as communities spread throughout the world. 376 00:24:03.200 --> 00:24:06.759 The Temple's predecessor during their time in the Sinai Desert, 377 00:24:07.039 --> 00:24:10.039 the Israelites kept the Arc of the Covenant in the Tabernacle, 378 00:24:10.359 --> 00:24:12.680 a tent like structure that went with them as they 379 00:24:12.720 --> 00:24:16.720 traveled before reaching the Promised Land in Canaan. As described 380 00:24:16.759 --> 00:24:20.559 in the Book of Exodus, Yahwe gave Moses very detailed 381 00:24:20.559 --> 00:24:24.559 instructions on building the Tabernacle, from the exact measurements for 382 00:24:24.720 --> 00:24:28.119 the frame to the colors of the curtains. Yahwe began 383 00:24:28.680 --> 00:24:31.880 with the need for an innermost shrine, the holiest chamber 384 00:24:32.200 --> 00:24:35.599 that housed the ark. A curtain separated it from the 385 00:24:35.680 --> 00:24:38.640 next chamber, where a minora, a table for the showbread, 386 00:24:38.920 --> 00:24:42.240 and an incense altar were kept. In the outermost room 387 00:24:42.319 --> 00:24:45.920 stood a sacrificial altar of akasha wood and a bronze 388 00:24:45.920 --> 00:24:49.400 basin for the priest to wash. The tabernacle's divine design 389 00:24:49.759 --> 00:24:53.279 would be replicated later in the construction of Solomon's Temple 390 00:24:54.799 --> 00:24:58.880 the Western Wall. The Roman Empire controlled Jerusalem when Hara 391 00:24:58.960 --> 00:25:02.839 the Great was its king. Known for his ambitious construction projects, 392 00:25:03.319 --> 00:25:06.480 Herod turned his attention to the Second Temple around twenty 393 00:25:06.480 --> 00:25:09.640 b C. He expanded the century's old structure into a 394 00:25:09.680 --> 00:25:13.960 magnificent complex, but his grand construction only lasted a few decades. 395 00:25:14.359 --> 00:25:17.759 Following a series of revolts in Judea, Rome raised the 396 00:25:17.759 --> 00:25:20.880 city and destroyed the temple in eighty seventy. Today, the 397 00:25:20.920 --> 00:25:24.200 only remnant is a section of the temple's western perimeter wall, 398 00:25:24.839 --> 00:25:27.480 known as the Western Wall. This place is one of 399 00:25:27.480 --> 00:25:30.279 the holiest sites in Judaism, not only because of its 400 00:25:30.319 --> 00:25:33.519 association with the Second Temple, but also because the Holy 401 00:25:33.559 --> 00:25:36.880