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<v Speaker 1>Hello, and welcome a Mythic Mind, where we pursue wisdom

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<v Speaker 1>in the path between primary and secondary worlds. I'm doctor

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<v Speaker 1>Andrew Snyder, and I'm glad that you're here. Hey, there,

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<v Speaker 1>and welcome back. Now, before we get going today, I

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<v Speaker 1>want to make sure that you know about the other

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<v Speaker 1>two Mythic Mind podcasts that are already running. First, there's

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<v Speaker 1>the Mythic Mind Games podcast, which already has a couple

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<v Speaker 1>episodes on Knights to the Old Republic, and in the

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<v Speaker 1>most recent episode, I discuss Red Dead Redemption Tow's Arthur

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<v Speaker 1>Morgan in relation to Tolstoys evon Iliach from his short

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<v Speaker 1>story The Death of evon Iliach. Whether you like games, literature,

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<v Speaker 1>or both, I think that there's something for you there.

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<v Speaker 1>And in the next episode we're going to have a

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<v Speaker 1>roundtable general discussion of Red Dead Redemption two. So go

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<v Speaker 1>ahead and subscribe to make sure that you don't miss it.

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<v Speaker 1>I think that this is an important venture that we're doing.

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<v Speaker 1>It's a fun venture as we examine how ideas are

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<v Speaker 1>communicated in various ways through the art form of video games.

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<v Speaker 1>I think it's sometime that's often overlooked and it's often

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<v Speaker 1>dismissed unnecessarily that there is. Indeed, there's a lot going

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<v Speaker 1>on there, and I think that it's worth taking a

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<v Speaker 1>general Christian humanities perspective into this domain and you know,

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<v Speaker 1>hopefully having some kind of impact, but also just kind

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<v Speaker 1>of enjoying what we're doing along the way as we

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<v Speaker 1>do that. Also, you can go ahead and subscribe to

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<v Speaker 1>the Mythic Mind Movies and Shows podcast as this episode releases,

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<v Speaker 1>the one that you're listening to right now, there's already

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<v Speaker 1>a brief introduction over there on the Mythic Mind Movies

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<v Speaker 1>and Shows podcast, and on Friday, June twentieth, our discussion

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<v Speaker 1>of the Empire Strikes Back will drop over there, and

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<v Speaker 1>so from the rest of there, we'll be doing the

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<v Speaker 1>rest of the Star Wars movies over on the Mythic

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<v Speaker 1>Mind Movies and Shows podcast, and then we'll just see

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<v Speaker 1>where we go from there. Obviously, the Star Wars series

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<v Speaker 1>will will take us a good while, so make sure

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<v Speaker 1>that you are subscribed to this show, to Mythic Mind Games,

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<v Speaker 1>and to Mythic Mind Movies and Shows for all of

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<v Speaker 1>your Mythic Mind needs. Now as I work on getting

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<v Speaker 1>these new shows up and going and really focus on

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<v Speaker 1>getting my book done soon. Over here, I'm going to

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<v Speaker 1>be posting weekly content from my Fiction and Philosophy of CS.

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<v Speaker 1>Lewis course that I ran in the summer of twenty

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<v Speaker 1>twenty four. Throughout we'll have some other things as well.

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<v Speaker 1>We'll have some episodes from our book club on A.

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<v Speaker 1>Gustin's Confessions, maybe some other book clubs along the way,

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<v Speaker 1>wat some occasional interviews, and some other things. But the

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<v Speaker 1>Lewis material will be the most consistent thing happening here

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<v Speaker 1>for a while, starting with the first and introductory lesson,

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<v Speaker 1>called It's All in Plato the World of C. S. Lewis.

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<v Speaker 1>I think I may have posted this here around the

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<v Speaker 1>time that the class began back in the summer at

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<v Speaker 1>twenty twenty four, but I'm going to provide it again now,

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<v Speaker 1>just to keep things together. You can also purchase access

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<v Speaker 1>to the entire course through the Mythic Mind Patreon shop,

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<v Speaker 1>which provides the video content for all lessons, recommended secondary reader,

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<v Speaker 1>which includes many of the PDFs wherever I could get them,

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<v Speaker 1>and recordings of our weekly live meetings which are not

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<v Speaker 1>going to be publicly available now. Before we get to it,

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<v Speaker 1>I do want to remind you that I very much

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<v Speaker 1>rely on patron support to do the various things that

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<v Speaker 1>I'm doing. The various things that we are doing. We're

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<v Speaker 1>taking Mythic Mind all over the place right now, with

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<v Speaker 1>book clubs and courses and three podcasts, all of which

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<v Speaker 1>I'm hosting for the time being, and various other things

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<v Speaker 1>in the works. And without your support, there's just no

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<v Speaker 1>way that I'm going to be able to keep up

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<v Speaker 1>this energy, keep up this productivity. But we have good

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<v Speaker 1>momentum going right now, and I believe that we're going

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<v Speaker 1>to be able to keep this going. But of course

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<v Speaker 1>I need you to do that. And so if you

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<v Speaker 1>want to help support Mythic Mind and to become part

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<v Speaker 1>of this fellowship, then head over to patreon dot com

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<v Speaker 1>slash Mythic Mind, and you can also find that link

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<v Speaker 1>in the show notes and become a member today. Just

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<v Speaker 1>five dollars a month gives you full discord access and

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<v Speaker 1>an open invitation to participate in any of our shows

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<v Speaker 1>as the topic interests you. So whether you're into games, books, movies, ideas,

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<v Speaker 1>whatever the various things that we're doing here, you have

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<v Speaker 1>open invitation to any of that with just five dollars

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<v Speaker 1>a month, and if you become an annual Tier three patron,

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<v Speaker 1>then you get full access to everything, including any of

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<v Speaker 1>my courses that begin within that annual term. And if

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<v Speaker 1>you want to support me without becoming a regular patron,

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<v Speaker 1>then you can just leave a tip with the buy

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<v Speaker 1>me a Coffee link that you can find in the

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<v Speaker 1>show notes. Now, one more thing before we get started.

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<v Speaker 1>I want to thank all my patrons, and by name,

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<v Speaker 1>I want to thank all my Tier three patrons, So

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<v Speaker 1>that's Mark, Amanda, Chase, Chas, Christopher Clinton, David, don Evy, Adam, Jamie, Justin, Justin, Kyle, Paul, Roger,

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<v Speaker 1>Ross Tyler, and William We are growing the ranks here

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<v Speaker 1>and I would love for you to join us in

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<v Speaker 1>this venture the various things that we are doing as

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<v Speaker 1>the Mythic Mind Fellowship. So head over to patreon dot

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<v Speaker 1>com slash Mythic Mind to join today. But for now,

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<v Speaker 1>let's go ahead and get into our first video in

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<v Speaker 1>the C. S. Lewis series called It's All in Plato

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<v Speaker 1>The World of C. S.

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<v Speaker 2>Lewis.

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<v Speaker 1>Hello, and welcome to the philosophy and fiction of C. S. Lewis.

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<v Speaker 1>I'm doctor Andrew Snyder, and I'm delighted to be leading

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<v Speaker 1>you in this study over the next twelve weeks as

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<v Speaker 1>we dive into really the majority of Lewis's works of fiction.

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<v Speaker 1>And so whether you've been reading Lewis for a long time,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, you've been reading them on repeat for decades,

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<v Speaker 1>or you're just now picking them up for the very

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<v Speaker 1>first time. I hope that this is going to be

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<v Speaker 1>a very meaningful experience for you. And even aside from

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<v Speaker 1>a diversity in acquaintance with Lewis, I know there's a

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<v Speaker 1>pretty big diversity in interest and backgrounds represented in the

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<v Speaker 1>participants of this group. I know that some of you

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<v Speaker 1>have advanced degrees in the humanities, some of you have

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<v Speaker 1>probably done some academic work on Lewis. I know that

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<v Speaker 1>there are many of you who just love good stories

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<v Speaker 1>and you recognize that there is something more than rest

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<v Speaker 1>on the surface in Lewis's writing, and you know that range.

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<v Speaker 1>I mean, it kind of makes sense that you would

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<v Speaker 1>have that built around Lewis, that would have this kind

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<v Speaker 1>of community between those who just love stories and those

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<v Speaker 1>who are drawn more toward the academic This because Lewis

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<v Speaker 1>himself had a wonderful career both in the academy as

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<v Speaker 1>well as in more popular literature, both in his stories

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<v Speaker 1>as well as his more popular apologetics works, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>his mere Christianity and whatnot. And so he really had

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<v Speaker 1>two robust careers, to the point where you know, if

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<v Speaker 1>you had never written The Chronicles of Narnia, he still

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<v Speaker 1>be well respected in academia, in literary criticism, in medieval

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<v Speaker 1>and Renaissance literature. And then likewise, you know, obviously he

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<v Speaker 1>could have an entire career solely built off his popular works. However,

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<v Speaker 1>the same time, his more popular works are very much

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<v Speaker 1>rooted in deeper wells, and that is part of what

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<v Speaker 1>I want to be doing in this course, and helping

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<v Speaker 1>you to pass through the wardrobes that are each of

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<v Speaker 1>his works in order to find the world that exist

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<v Speaker 1>on the other side. So it doesn't matter if you

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<v Speaker 1>are already a party to academic jargon or if the

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<v Speaker 1>language of philosophy leaves you feeling a little bit confused

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<v Speaker 1>and a little bit anxious. My goal is to bring

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<v Speaker 1>everybody into the mix here so that way we all

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<v Speaker 1>benefit and we all participate in a meaningful community that

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<v Speaker 1>is doing meaningful things with these meaningful stories. In this

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<v Speaker 1>introductory video, I want to do a few things. First,

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<v Speaker 1>I want to tell you a little bit about my

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<v Speaker 1>experience with C. S. Lewis, and then I want to

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<v Speaker 1>tell you a little bit about the structure and flow

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<v Speaker 1>of the course so you know exactly what to expect.

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<v Speaker 1>And then lastly, I want to delve into some of

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<v Speaker 1>the ideas from the classical and from the medieval world

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<v Speaker 1>that are particularly important for Lewis, especially as we get

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<v Speaker 1>ready for the Ransom trilogy, but even beyond. And so

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<v Speaker 1>when we get to that part, I will let you

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<v Speaker 1>know that this is going to be probably the most

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<v Speaker 1>philosophically heavy video that we do. But again, I think

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<v Speaker 1>that this is pretty important for just setting up some

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<v Speaker 1>ideas that you're going to see again and again and

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<v Speaker 1>again throughout his writings. After all, if you're familiar with

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<v Speaker 1>the Last Battle, which we'll be getting to at the

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<v Speaker 1>end of the course, you know, Professor Kirk, who very

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<v Speaker 1>much bears kinship to Lewis himself, you know, says it's

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<v Speaker 1>all in Plato, and so if you're going to understand

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<v Speaker 1>what's going on there, as well as in many of

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<v Speaker 1>his other stories, it's gonna be helpful if you know

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<v Speaker 1>a little bit about Plato. If that's where it all is.

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<v Speaker 1>And so I didn't grow up reading an extensive amount

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<v Speaker 1>is something that I very much lamant today. I just didn't.

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<v Speaker 1>It was not common for me to voluntarily pick up

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<v Speaker 1>a book as a kid. Now that being said, I

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<v Speaker 1>do fondly remember reading the Narnia books with my parents

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<v Speaker 1>in middle school. I eventually made it through the Hobbit,

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<v Speaker 1>but even that kind of dragged on. It didn't really

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<v Speaker 1>connect with me yet. I wasn't yet prepared to really

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<v Speaker 1>engage with fiction, and so that didn't really stick to

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<v Speaker 1>any significant degree. Now, as I got a little bit

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<v Speaker 1>older my youth, later teenage years, I did start to

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<v Speaker 1>read a little bit more kind of nonfiction, theology works,

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<v Speaker 1>that sort of thing. I was sort of the mindset

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<v Speaker 1>that if I'm going to make the time and energy

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<v Speaker 1>investment in reading, well I need to learn something, And

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<v Speaker 1>so I didn't see much value in picking up a

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<v Speaker 1>novel in reading fiction. If I wanted a story, well,

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<v Speaker 1>I did watch a movie. Now I cringe terribly saying that,

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<v Speaker 1>because that idea is so anathema in my current evaluation

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<v Speaker 1>of the significance of literature. But nonetheless, that's where I

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<v Speaker 1>was so I really was not an active reader. Now.

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<v Speaker 1>I studied philosophy in my undergrad at college, and then

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<v Speaker 1>my experience or my relationship with literature really started to

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<v Speaker 1>change in grad school when I took a course on

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<v Speaker 1>Saint Augustine, and so during that course I read the

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<v Speaker 1>Confession City of God, on Christian Doctrine, on the Trinity,

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<v Speaker 1>his anti Pallasian writings, and that was really a formative

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<v Speaker 1>time for me philosophically, intellectually, but more to the task

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<v Speaker 1>at hand. The Confessions in particular awakened something within me,

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<v Speaker 1>something about the way Augustine laid out his life narrative,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, even though since it is nonfictionary, he's telling

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<v Speaker 1>his own intellectual rather his own spiritual biography, his own

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<v Speaker 1>spiritual narrative as he understands it. Well, that very much

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<v Speaker 1>mapped onto my own experience, and so that's when I

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<v Speaker 1>first started to get this idea that when you're reading

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<v Speaker 1>a narrative, whether it's biograph, whether it's fictional, or whether

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<v Speaker 1>it's nonfictional, something about narratives play a significant role that

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<v Speaker 1>more didactic texts simply are not fit to do. And

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<v Speaker 1>so that's when that started to sort of sync in

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<v Speaker 1>that there is power in narratives. And then that really

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<v Speaker 1>got deepened as I started to read and to study

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<v Speaker 1>Soaring Crecguard, who became the subject for my doctoral dissertation,

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<v Speaker 1>and all during this time my study of Augusted, my

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<v Speaker 1>study of Carecguard, I started to kind of get opened

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<v Speaker 1>up to some of these figures who are doing psychological

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<v Speaker 1>analysis of fairy tales and myths and you know, bringing

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<v Speaker 1>out the insights that are embedded in these narratives. And

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<v Speaker 1>so these ideas continue to work on it continue to

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<v Speaker 1>work on me until about twenty twenty one, when I

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<v Speaker 1>was dealing with one of the most difficult seasons of

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<v Speaker 1>my life. And those of you who've been connected with

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<v Speaker 1>me for quite a while probably already knows something about

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<v Speaker 1>what I'm talking about. But anyways, it was during this

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<v Speaker 1>time of great suffering when I started to become more real,

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<v Speaker 1>when I started to develop a greater sense of desire

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<v Speaker 1>for something that can carry me through the brokenness. And

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<v Speaker 1>this is when I really started to get this strong

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<v Speaker 1>sense of desire, it kind of broken longing for something real,

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<v Speaker 1>and I didn't even know exactly what I meant by that.

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<v Speaker 1>I mean, on one hand, you know, it was a

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<v Speaker 1>time of deepening of faith. I learned what it means

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<v Speaker 1>to press into the wounds of Christ with the hope

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<v Speaker 1>that they could hold every faithful sorrow and would redeem

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<v Speaker 1>them in the fullness of joy. And so during this

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<v Speaker 1>time my faith is deepening, I'm pressing into Christ. I'm

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<v Speaker 1>learning what it means to not just no truth, but

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<v Speaker 1>to experience truth. And something about all of this my philosophical,

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<v Speaker 1>intellectual development, my spiritual development. I was primed now to

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<v Speaker 1>appreciate stories. Now, I'm very grateful that also during this time,

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<v Speaker 1>I was connected with some solid people on Twitter who

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<v Speaker 1>were really into Tolkien, and so I kind of just

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<v Speaker 1>started to get pulled in through some of the content

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<v Speaker 1>that they were putting out. A started listening to podcasts,

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<v Speaker 1>despite the fact that up to this point my relationship

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<v Speaker 1>with Tolkien was pretty nominal. I mean, like I said,

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<v Speaker 1>I made it through The Hobbit in middle school. I

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<v Speaker 1>watched the movies as a kid and enjoyed them, but

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<v Speaker 1>that's pretty much where it ended. Well, during this time,

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<v Speaker 1>thanks again to some of these people who were producing

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<v Speaker 1>some worthwhile content that was getting my attention, I finally

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<v Speaker 1>ordered the books and I started reading. Now, this was

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<v Speaker 1>a definitive turning point in my life, not just in

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<v Speaker 1>my literary pursuits, but in my life. From the very

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<v Speaker 1>beginning of reading The Fellowship of the Ring, I knew

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<v Speaker 1>that I was reading something real, that this wasn't made up. Now,

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<v Speaker 1>obviously we don't live in a world with Hobbits and

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<v Speaker 1>elves and dwarves and all this stuff, but at the

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<v Speaker 1>same time, Tolkien is communicating something that is true. At

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<v Speaker 1>the same time it might be different kind of truth,

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<v Speaker 1>there's still nonetheless true. And you know, at the time,

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<v Speaker 1>I didn't have the categories for understanding exactly what I

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<v Speaker 1>even meant by that, but I knew is true. And

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<v Speaker 1>one thing that really pulled me in and caused me

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<v Speaker 1>to particularly attach to Tolkien was the way that he

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<v Speaker 1>brought sorrow together with beauty and love and joy. This

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<v Speaker 1>is a common theme throughout his legendary and writings, this

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<v Speaker 1>idea that faithful sorrow and joy are directly connected. He

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<v Speaker 1>has this great line in the Silmarilion that is something like,

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<v Speaker 1>if joyful is the fountain that rises in the sun,

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<v Speaker 1>it's springs are in the wells of sorrow. Unfathomed at

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<v Speaker 1>the foundations of the earth. That might not be exactly right,

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<v Speaker 1>but that's the basic idea, the idea that the Cross

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<v Speaker 1>of Christ ultimately is the world tree that brings heaven

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<v Speaker 1>to earth, but it also reaches down into Hell. And

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<v Speaker 1>so it's this idea that the worst that we can

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<v Speaker 1>experience is brought up to the best that we could

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<v Speaker 1>experience when it is following this redemptive, crystological direction. And ultimately,

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<v Speaker 1>I mean, that is the Christian message, but it's something

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<v Speaker 1>that really was It's something that I really learned how

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<v Speaker 1>to experience even better through Tolkien's writings, as well as

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<v Speaker 1>many other things that I could talk about as well,

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<v Speaker 1>but this is not a Tolkien class. And so I

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<v Speaker 1>finish out Lord of the Rings, immediately go to Silmarillion

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<v Speaker 1>and The Great Tales Baron and Luthian Falled, Gondolin, Children

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<v Speaker 1>of Huron, as well as some other Tolkien writings, and

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<v Speaker 1>then aside to switch to Lewis, and that's the natural

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<v Speaker 1>next step, and I jumped right into Till We Have Faces,

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<v Speaker 1>which once I got to the end, that absolutely just

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<v Speaker 1>blew me up. And I just knew I needed to

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<v Speaker 1>read everything that Lewis had to write, and so Rowly's

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<v Speaker 1>ran through and I have not stopped running through as

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<v Speaker 1>much Lewis as I can get my hands on. And

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<v Speaker 1>so I say all that to say that I'm a

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<v Speaker 1>pro this from kind of a unique perspective. On one hand, Yes,

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<v Speaker 1>I came to Lewis later in life, relatively recently, right

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<v Speaker 1>I started this, I mean started Lewis probably a couple

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<v Speaker 1>of years ago. But I approach him with an academic

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<v Speaker 1>background in philosophy and theology, which I think gives me

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<v Speaker 1>a unique perspective of dealing with Lewis. Also, I approach

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<v Speaker 1>him with a passion. Right, this is not a slow

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<v Speaker 1>simmering interest. This is something that I'm passionately invested in,

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<v Speaker 1>and it's something that I've been filling my mind with continually,

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<v Speaker 1>in text, in audio. Lewis very much lives in my

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<v Speaker 1>mind at this point, and I'm delighted to be sharing

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<v Speaker 1>some of that passion with you. I'm delighted to be

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<v Speaker 1>sharing some of my research, some of my thoughts, some

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<v Speaker 1>of the ways that I've appropriated Lewis. But this is

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<v Speaker 1>not fundamentally about me. This is about Lewis. And I

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<v Speaker 1>hope that in this study that you, if you don't

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<v Speaker 1>already have it, that you will develop a passion for

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<v Speaker 1>his writing. Not in the sense that you have to

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<v Speaker 1>agree with everything he has to say, but I mean

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<v Speaker 1>you should probably agree with most of what he has

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<v Speaker 1>to say. And that's because, you know, he's often understood

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<v Speaker 1>as being a stage of swords, a kind of profit

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<v Speaker 1>in that he had penetrating insights into his times in

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<v Speaker 1>ways that have really come to even greater fulfillment in

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<v Speaker 1>our time. And the reason why he had such insight

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<v Speaker 1>is not simply because he was a naturally remarkable man,

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<v Speaker 1>although I'm sure he was that. But one reason why

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<v Speaker 1>he was able to have such brilliant insights, why he

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<v Speaker 1>had such a keen grasp on kind of what is

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<v Speaker 1>going on in the world of ideas, in the world

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<v Speaker 1>of human experience, is because he was deeply rooted in

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<v Speaker 1>another time. C. S. Lowist was very much a medieval

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<v Speaker 1>man in the way that he thought. Now that doesn't

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<v Speaker 1>mean that, you know, the medieval mind is full only

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<v Speaker 1>of wisdom, but what it does mean is is full

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<v Speaker 1>of a different kind of wisdom, for certain, than the

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<v Speaker 1>kind of wisdom you would get from a modern man.

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<v Speaker 1>Ciez Lewis talks about this in his introduction to athanasiuses

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<v Speaker 1>on the incarnation. When Lewis talks about the value of

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<v Speaker 1>reading old books, it's not because books are good just

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<v Speaker 1>because they're old. Old books create the mistakes that were

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<v Speaker 1>common during the time that they were made. However, those

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<v Speaker 1>mistakes are going to be different than the mistakes that

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<v Speaker 1>we make today. Two heads are better than one, and

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<v Speaker 1>so if we can use the strengths of the past

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<v Speaker 1>to correct the weaknesses of today, well, also again not

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<v Speaker 1>missing the mistakes of the past, well would that not

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<v Speaker 1>be better? And so Lewis stands apart as somebody who's

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<v Speaker 1>able to operate under the auspices of medieval wisdom to

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<v Speaker 1>understand what's going on in the modern era, to find

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<v Speaker 1>our blind spots, and to give us warnings about some

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<v Speaker 1>of the trajectories that we are on. Okay, so now

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<v Speaker 1>let's talk a little bit about the structure and flow

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<v Speaker 1>of this study so you know exactly what to expect. Well,

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<v Speaker 1>each week is going to have typically a couple of videos.

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<v Speaker 1>The first one will be a short introductory video that

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<v Speaker 1>It's going to be short because I don't want to

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<v Speaker 1>give any spoilers for those of you who are reading

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<v Speaker 1>the stories for the first time, nor do I want

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<v Speaker 1>to put too many preconceived notions in your mind as

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<v Speaker 1>you encounter these stories, because I want for you to

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<v Speaker 1>be able to explore these strange worlds as the narrative develops.

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<v Speaker 1>I think that's important. And so the initial video is

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<v Speaker 1>really just going to get at some major themes. I'm

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<v Speaker 1>going to tell you what some companion text might be.

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<v Speaker 1>I'm going to give you some basic ideas that you

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<v Speaker 1>should look out for, but they're not going to be

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<v Speaker 1>very comprehensive, because again I don't want to ruin anything

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<v Speaker 1>for you. And then at the end of the week,

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<v Speaker 1>there will be a longer video in which we go

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<v Speaker 1>back and do a deeper analysis, pointing out some of

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<v Speaker 1>the ideas that are play, some of the implications, as

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<v Speaker 1>ideas have some connections to other literature and that sort

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<v Speaker 1>of thing. Now, I should say that in this course

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<v Speaker 1>we are doing a lot. We're covering a lot of

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<v Speaker 1>ground in twelve weeks, and so what I can't do

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<v Speaker 1>a chapter by chapter analysis. I can't look at every

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<v Speaker 1>single detail because well, if we're going to do that,

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<v Speaker 1>then any one of these books could easily take well

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<v Speaker 1>more than twelve weeks. And so as far as the

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<v Speaker 1>pre recorded videos, go, I'm really going to focus on

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<v Speaker 1>big picture and looking at some of the details as

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<v Speaker 1>they point out some of these big pictures or you know,

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<v Speaker 1>a few of these major angles that we should look

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<v Speaker 1>at that I think will play an important role in

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<v Speaker 1>helping us to get more significance, more substance out of

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<v Speaker 1>the text that will help us go further up and

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<v Speaker 1>further in, which obviously is a phrase that many of

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<v Speaker 1>you will recognize. Now in our ongoing discord chat, that's

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<v Speaker 1>when we can really get into more of the details,

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<v Speaker 1>more of the particular things that interest you, questions that

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<v Speaker 1>you have, things that you see as particularly significant on

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<v Speaker 1>the smaller scale level. And so you can find the

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<v Speaker 1>link to the discord in the first module, and so

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<v Speaker 1>follow that link over to the Mythic Mind discord server

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<v Speaker 1>that's going to land you in the general chat over there.

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<v Speaker 1>Once you get there, just post something about who you

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<v Speaker 1>are and that you're part of the course, and then

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<v Speaker 1>I'll make sure that you get permissions to join the

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<v Speaker 1>course channel. Now, in that course channel, the discord channel,

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<v Speaker 1>that's when you can said get into the various things

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<v Speaker 1>that interest you. You can ask questions, you can have

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<v Speaker 1>free flowing conversation with the other participants in the course.

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<v Speaker 1>I strongly encourage you to participate in this. I think

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<v Speaker 1>that this is going to be in a very important

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<v Speaker 1>component of this of this experience that we're doing here together.

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<v Speaker 1>It's an important way to build some community, and it's

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<v Speaker 1>an important way to get more out of it, to

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<v Speaker 1>kind of choose your own adventure and to focus on

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<v Speaker 1>the things that are most important to you. And also,

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<v Speaker 1>the discord conversation will play an important role in helping

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<v Speaker 1>me to shape the live conversations that we're going to

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<v Speaker 1>have on a weekly basis for those of you who

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<v Speaker 1>are able to join, because I don't want the live

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<v Speaker 1>conversations to just be more of me talking about the

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<v Speaker 1>things that interests me. I want those conversations to be

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<v Speaker 1>based on the things that interest you, and so kind

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<v Speaker 1>of mining that discord conversation is going to help me

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<v Speaker 1>to structure those live conversations to be most meaningful, to

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<v Speaker 1>be most valuable to you, the people who are actually

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<v Speaker 1>participating in the course, and exactly what those live conversations

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<v Speaker 1>will look like will largely depend on how many people

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<v Speaker 1>are able to join live. But I think that that's

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<v Speaker 1>going to be a good component of the study, and

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<v Speaker 1>if you're not able to make it, I'll make sure

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<v Speaker 1>that they are recorded and posted. That way you can

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<v Speaker 1>watch the recording. And so that's basically how this course

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<v Speaker 1>is going to run. Now I'm going to go take

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<v Speaker 1>a coffee break and then I'm going to come back

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<v Speaker 1>and we'll talk a little bit about some of the

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<v Speaker 1>philosophical ideas that shape Lewis's thought. All right, So, as

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<v Speaker 1>I said, this is going to be the most extensive

418
00:22:58.880 --> 00:23:02.920
<v Speaker 1>philosophical conversation that we have. And really what we need

419
00:23:02.960 --> 00:23:05.839
<v Speaker 1>to do is we need to introduce you to Plato,

420
00:23:06.079 --> 00:23:09.000
<v Speaker 1>and we need to introduce you to the medieval view

421
00:23:09.160 --> 00:23:12.759
<v Speaker 1>of the cosmos. But before we even get to Plato,

422
00:23:12.839 --> 00:23:15.240
<v Speaker 1>we need to go a little bit before Plato. And

423
00:23:15.279 --> 00:23:17.000
<v Speaker 1>so we're still in ancient Greece, but we're going to

424
00:23:17.039 --> 00:23:20.519
<v Speaker 1>go to the pre Socratic period, which simply means the

425
00:23:20.519 --> 00:23:24.759
<v Speaker 1>philosophers who came before Socrates. Now, this is when we

426
00:23:24.799 --> 00:23:28.000
<v Speaker 1>get the beginning of a very important conversation for the

427
00:23:28.000 --> 00:23:30.880
<v Speaker 1>Greek philosophers as well as for really the entire history

428
00:23:30.920 --> 00:23:35.079
<v Speaker 1>of philosophy, and that is the conversation between being and becoming,

429
00:23:35.400 --> 00:23:39.359
<v Speaker 1>between movement and stability, and really the question at play

430
00:23:39.400 --> 00:23:44.319
<v Speaker 1>here is is ultimate reality, this world that we experience

431
00:23:44.440 --> 00:23:47.880
<v Speaker 1>with our senses, the material world, which is always moving. Right,

432
00:23:48.200 --> 00:23:51.119
<v Speaker 1>We are always in a process of change. The world

433
00:23:51.119 --> 00:23:53.279
<v Speaker 1>around us is in a process of change. That's what

434
00:23:53.319 --> 00:23:56.119
<v Speaker 1>it means to be creatures of time living in a

435
00:23:56.119 --> 00:24:01.160
<v Speaker 1>world of time. Time is change or is there a

436
00:24:02.319 --> 00:24:06.319
<v Speaker 1>stable truth? Is reality something more than the material world,

437
00:24:06.559 --> 00:24:10.079
<v Speaker 1>something that we access with our minds, right, that we're

438
00:24:10.079 --> 00:24:13.000
<v Speaker 1>able to use reason to grasp, to latch onto, to

439
00:24:13.039 --> 00:24:16.519
<v Speaker 1>gain some sense of stable identity and purpose and meaning

440
00:24:16.880 --> 00:24:20.200
<v Speaker 1>that transcends this moving world around us. And so that

441
00:24:20.279 --> 00:24:22.880
<v Speaker 1>really is the question that's at play here. And so

442
00:24:23.519 --> 00:24:27.000
<v Speaker 1>firston we're going to talk about Heraclitis. Now, Heraclitis was

443
00:24:27.079 --> 00:24:30.640
<v Speaker 1>very much a philosopher of becoming, meaning he focused on

444
00:24:31.039 --> 00:24:36.640
<v Speaker 1>the change that we experienced, the fundamentally unstable reality that

445
00:24:36.680 --> 00:24:40.720
<v Speaker 1>we experience. And so he famously said that all of

446
00:24:40.799 --> 00:24:43.200
<v Speaker 1>existence is like a ripper, and you can never step

447
00:24:43.240 --> 00:24:46.480
<v Speaker 1>into the same water twice. And so we are always moving.

448
00:24:46.480 --> 00:24:49.559
<v Speaker 1>The world around us is always moving. There's no such

449
00:24:49.599 --> 00:24:53.920
<v Speaker 1>thing as repetition. We are always moving down the river.

450
00:24:54.799 --> 00:24:57.799
<v Speaker 1>Now this creates some problems. For one thing. It kind

451
00:24:57.839 --> 00:25:02.440
<v Speaker 1>of means that there's really no me across time. Right,

452
00:25:02.680 --> 00:25:06.079
<v Speaker 1>everything is moving, then whatever it is that I identify as

453
00:25:06.079 --> 00:25:09.400
<v Speaker 1>myself is also constantly changing. And so when I think

454
00:25:09.440 --> 00:25:12.559
<v Speaker 1>of myself existing across time, when I think of my

455
00:25:12.640 --> 00:25:16.920
<v Speaker 1>own past, present, and potential future, really that itself has

456
00:25:16.960 --> 00:25:19.079
<v Speaker 1>to be some kind of illusion. If everything is in

457
00:25:19.119 --> 00:25:21.519
<v Speaker 1>a process of change, that means there's no meed that

458
00:25:21.680 --> 00:25:27.359
<v Speaker 1>endures across time. Furthermore, there's a problem regarding our conceptions

459
00:25:27.359 --> 00:25:30.759
<v Speaker 1>of truth, because if I'm always changing, the world is

460
00:25:30.759 --> 00:25:33.720
<v Speaker 1>always changing, then any thought, any impression that I have

461
00:25:33.880 --> 00:25:37.359
<v Speaker 1>in my mind never truly correlates with the way things

462
00:25:37.440 --> 00:25:41.200
<v Speaker 1>actually are. If for no other reason, there's always a

463
00:25:41.240 --> 00:25:44.319
<v Speaker 1>delay in representation between the way things are and the

464
00:25:44.359 --> 00:25:47.640
<v Speaker 1>way things are image in my mind, and so I

465
00:25:47.720 --> 00:25:51.279
<v Speaker 1>lose any kind of sense of identity if everything changes.

466
00:25:51.519 --> 00:25:55.640
<v Speaker 1>Also I lose any sense of enduring truth if everything changes,

467
00:25:55.880 --> 00:25:58.480
<v Speaker 1>and so I'm kind of lost with nothing more than

468
00:25:58.559 --> 00:26:02.279
<v Speaker 1>sense experience. This was Heraclitus's focus, the idea that everything

469
00:26:02.319 --> 00:26:04.440
<v Speaker 1>is in a process of change. However, it is worth

470
00:26:04.519 --> 00:26:07.920
<v Speaker 1>noting that even Heraclitis recognized that there's one thing that

471
00:26:08.039 --> 00:26:11.559
<v Speaker 1>does not change, and that is the process of change itself,

472
00:26:12.240 --> 00:26:14.839
<v Speaker 1>and so the river might always be moving, but the

473
00:26:14.920 --> 00:26:17.480
<v Speaker 1>river always moves in a consistent manner, and you understand

474
00:26:17.519 --> 00:26:20.359
<v Speaker 1>the forces at work here, the process of change itself,

475
00:26:20.519 --> 00:26:22.960
<v Speaker 1>then you're actually able to predict where the river goes.

476
00:26:23.640 --> 00:26:26.839
<v Speaker 1>And so this source of this one source of consistency

477
00:26:26.839 --> 00:26:30.279
<v Speaker 1>for Heraclitis is the process of change itself, or that

478
00:26:30.359 --> 00:26:32.880
<v Speaker 1>which causes change. And this is the idea that he

479
00:26:32.960 --> 00:26:36.519
<v Speaker 1>identified as the lagos, which is obviously where we get

480
00:26:36.559 --> 00:26:40.920
<v Speaker 1>our word logic. But the word lagos literally means word,

481
00:26:41.119 --> 00:26:44.599
<v Speaker 1>and so the word is the one stable reality that

482
00:26:44.759 --> 00:26:49.079
<v Speaker 1>gives some sense of order, that gives that allows us

483
00:26:49.079 --> 00:26:52.519
<v Speaker 1>an ability to have something like understanding. The more we

484
00:26:52.599 --> 00:26:56.279
<v Speaker 1>understand the lagos, the more we understand the process of change,

485
00:26:56.319 --> 00:26:59.640
<v Speaker 1>and in turn, the more we even understand ourselves. And

486
00:26:59.759 --> 00:27:03.200
<v Speaker 1>so this logosper Heraclitis, is a kind of a divine

487
00:27:03.279 --> 00:27:08.519
<v Speaker 1>or at very least a semi divine reality that structures

488
00:27:08.559 --> 00:27:12.839
<v Speaker 1>and maintained order amidst this world of change. So why

489
00:27:12.880 --> 00:27:17.519
<v Speaker 1>would the word be this principle of order. Well, imagine

490
00:27:17.519 --> 00:27:19.599
<v Speaker 1>that you had a bag of scrabble tiles that you

491
00:27:19.759 --> 00:27:24.519
<v Speaker 1>poured out randomly. You have this just random arrangement of letters. Well,

492
00:27:25.200 --> 00:27:28.839
<v Speaker 1>what do those letters mean, And by themselves they mean nothing.

493
00:27:28.880 --> 00:27:31.599
<v Speaker 1>You just have a cacophony of sounds. There's no inherent

494
00:27:31.680 --> 00:27:34.640
<v Speaker 1>meaning there. However, when you take those tiles and then

495
00:27:34.680 --> 00:27:38.319
<v Speaker 1>you give them the form of a word, well, now

496
00:27:38.599 --> 00:27:43.720
<v Speaker 1>the otherwise discordant sounds are brought together into something meaningful,

497
00:27:44.119 --> 00:27:50.160
<v Speaker 1>something ordered. And so a word gives form to discordant sounds,

498
00:27:50.200 --> 00:27:54.480
<v Speaker 1>discordant letters. That then allows them to have meaning. And

499
00:27:54.519 --> 00:27:58.920
<v Speaker 1>now each particular letter now has meaning within this form

500
00:27:58.960 --> 00:28:01.559
<v Speaker 1>that it would not have by itself. And so a

501
00:28:01.599 --> 00:28:06.440
<v Speaker 1>word brings form, a word brings order, a word brings meaning,

502
00:28:07.279 --> 00:28:09.640
<v Speaker 1>and I mean of course this should sound familiar if

503
00:28:09.640 --> 00:28:14.000
<v Speaker 1>you're familiar with John's Gospel, which begins in rk henhold Lagos.

504
00:28:14.680 --> 00:28:18.000
<v Speaker 1>In the beginning was the word. John is going to

505
00:28:18.039 --> 00:28:21.119
<v Speaker 1>identify the Word with Christ. He is the one through

506
00:28:21.119 --> 00:28:23.000
<v Speaker 1>whom all things are made. He is the one in

507
00:28:23.039 --> 00:28:25.680
<v Speaker 1>whom all things hold together. And so if we're going

508
00:28:25.759 --> 00:28:29.880
<v Speaker 1>to understand proper order within the New Testament framework, we

509
00:28:29.960 --> 00:28:32.640
<v Speaker 1>have to understand the Lagos. We have to understand Christ,

510
00:28:33.160 --> 00:28:35.079
<v Speaker 1>the one in whom, to whom and through whom are

511
00:28:35.119 --> 00:28:39.880
<v Speaker 1>all things. And so anyways, herot Kleidis, he doesn't have

512
00:28:39.920 --> 00:28:43.640
<v Speaker 1>a what I would call a fully developed idea of stability,

513
00:28:43.759 --> 00:28:47.319
<v Speaker 1>but he's starting to get there. Nonetheless, he's principally identified

514
00:28:47.440 --> 00:28:50.559
<v Speaker 1>as a philosopher of becoming. He gives us the world

515
00:28:50.720 --> 00:28:53.519
<v Speaker 1>of change. Well, on the other side, we have a

516
00:28:53.519 --> 00:29:00.319
<v Speaker 1>philosopher of being named Parmenides. Parmenides believed that Reason says

517
00:29:00.319 --> 00:29:03.720
<v Speaker 1>that movement is impossible. Therefore the change that we experience

518
00:29:03.759 --> 00:29:07.440
<v Speaker 1>with our senses is ultimately an illusion. It's not the

519
00:29:07.480 --> 00:29:11.759
<v Speaker 1>real world because again Reason dictates that change must be impossible.

520
00:29:12.359 --> 00:29:14.759
<v Speaker 1>His disciples, Eno gives us a couple of parables that

521
00:29:14.799 --> 00:29:18.119
<v Speaker 1>help us to understand this. So he says that, imagine

522
00:29:18.160 --> 00:29:21.519
<v Speaker 1>there's a race between Achilles and a tortoise. Now, obviously

523
00:29:21.519 --> 00:29:23.720
<v Speaker 1>Achilles has the advantage, and so the tortoise is can

524
00:29:23.799 --> 00:29:26.200
<v Speaker 1>get a head start we'll say one hundred yards, and

525
00:29:26.279 --> 00:29:28.319
<v Speaker 1>so the tortoise is at one hundred yard mark when

526
00:29:28.319 --> 00:29:30.519
<v Speaker 1>Achilles starts at the beginning, and they're off to the

527
00:29:30.599 --> 00:29:33.960
<v Speaker 1>races well before Achilles can catch up even where the

528
00:29:33.960 --> 00:29:36.960
<v Speaker 1>tortoise began at the one hundred yard mark. First Achilles

529
00:29:36.960 --> 00:29:39.480
<v Speaker 1>has to go fifty yards well before he can hit

530
00:29:39.480 --> 00:29:41.400
<v Speaker 1>the fifty yard mark. He first has to go twenty

531
00:29:41.400 --> 00:29:45.000
<v Speaker 1>five yards, and then twelve and a half, and then

532
00:29:45.039 --> 00:29:47.160
<v Speaker 1>six and a quarter, and so forth, and so forth

533
00:29:47.200 --> 00:29:51.359
<v Speaker 1>and so forth into infinity. Now, if you can divide

534
00:29:51.799 --> 00:29:55.799
<v Speaker 1>distance into infinity, then what that means is that there

535
00:29:55.839 --> 00:29:59.160
<v Speaker 1>is an infinite amount of space between any two distances. Well,

536
00:29:59.160 --> 00:30:01.079
<v Speaker 1>how long does it take you to cross an infinite

537
00:30:01.079 --> 00:30:05.920
<v Speaker 1>amount of space an infinite amount of time, which is

538
00:30:05.960 --> 00:30:09.240
<v Speaker 1>another way of saying that it's impossible, right, you can

539
00:30:09.279 --> 00:30:12.359
<v Speaker 1>never cross an infinite space. And so what this means

540
00:30:12.480 --> 00:30:15.880
<v Speaker 1>is that there's an infinitemount of space between any two points. Therefore,

541
00:30:16.160 --> 00:30:21.160
<v Speaker 1>movement is rationally impossible. And so Parmenides emphasize the fact

542
00:30:21.200 --> 00:30:24.440
<v Speaker 1>that all reality is fundamentally stable because reason dictates that

543
00:30:24.480 --> 00:30:28.000
<v Speaker 1>it must be, and that our sense experience of the

544
00:30:28.000 --> 00:30:31.599
<v Speaker 1>world around us is simply an illusion of this reality

545
00:30:31.640 --> 00:30:34.000
<v Speaker 1>that we know by reason. And so now we have

546
00:30:34.160 --> 00:30:37.599
<v Speaker 1>our philosopher of becoming, and now we have our philosopher

547
00:30:37.680 --> 00:30:42.440
<v Speaker 1>of being, we start to get a synthesis in Plato. Now,

548
00:30:42.480 --> 00:30:46.119
<v Speaker 1>the best introduction to Plato is probably going where introductions

549
00:30:46.119 --> 00:30:48.920
<v Speaker 1>to Plato usually begin, and that is his allegory of

550
00:30:48.960 --> 00:30:52.440
<v Speaker 1>the cave, which comes from the Republic. In the Republic,

551
00:30:52.559 --> 00:30:57.240
<v Speaker 1>Plato's teacher turned character Socrates, tells a story about these

552
00:30:57.279 --> 00:30:59.720
<v Speaker 1>people who spent their entire life chained up in a cave.

553
00:31:00.279 --> 00:31:02.400
<v Speaker 1>They can't even turn their heads to look behind them

554
00:31:02.519 --> 00:31:04.480
<v Speaker 1>or to the side. All they can do is look

555
00:31:04.519 --> 00:31:06.480
<v Speaker 1>at this wall that is in front of them, which

556
00:31:06.519 --> 00:31:11.440
<v Speaker 1>is illuminated, and shadows periodically pass across this wall, across

557
00:31:11.440 --> 00:31:14.640
<v Speaker 1>this illuminated space that they can look at. Now they

558
00:31:14.640 --> 00:31:19.279
<v Speaker 1>start to develop this hierarchy system where the wisest among

559
00:31:19.319 --> 00:31:21.680
<v Speaker 1>them are able to pick up on the patterns and

560
00:31:21.680 --> 00:31:24.079
<v Speaker 1>they can detect which shadow is going to pass next.

561
00:31:24.119 --> 00:31:26.559
<v Speaker 1>And so they get this whole value system based around

562
00:31:26.920 --> 00:31:31.119
<v Speaker 1>the right detection of shadows, the figuring out of the pattern. Well,

563
00:31:31.160 --> 00:31:33.759
<v Speaker 1>eventually one of the prisoners is set free. We're not

564
00:31:33.799 --> 00:31:35.839
<v Speaker 1>really told how, but that doesn't really matter. So he

565
00:31:35.880 --> 00:31:38.079
<v Speaker 1>gets out of his chains. He looks behind him and

566
00:31:38.119 --> 00:31:41.519
<v Speaker 1>he sees this roaring fire. Now, at first, he's blinded

567
00:31:41.519 --> 00:31:44.240
<v Speaker 1>by the light because he's never seen light that directly before.

568
00:31:44.359 --> 00:31:46.440
<v Speaker 1>But eventually his eyes adjust and you see what's really

569
00:31:46.480 --> 00:31:51.039
<v Speaker 1>going on here, that this fire is burning in the cave,

570
00:31:51.119 --> 00:31:53.720
<v Speaker 1>and in front of the fire are passing these two

571
00:31:53.799 --> 00:31:57.440
<v Speaker 1>dimensional cutouts of these animals that are then casting shadows

572
00:31:57.440 --> 00:32:01.039
<v Speaker 1>on the wall. And so now he sees a glimpse

573
00:32:01.079 --> 00:32:04.000
<v Speaker 1>of what is really going on here, that the entire

574
00:32:04.079 --> 00:32:07.000
<v Speaker 1>world that he's known before was nothing but a shadow.

575
00:32:07.079 --> 00:32:11.920
<v Speaker 1>It was a pale imitation of this more real reality. Well,

576
00:32:12.359 --> 00:32:14.759
<v Speaker 1>he continues to explore the cave, he eventually finds his

577
00:32:14.799 --> 00:32:17.880
<v Speaker 1>way out into the open world, and at first he's

578
00:32:17.880 --> 00:32:20.799
<v Speaker 1>blinded again now by the light of the sun, but

579
00:32:20.839 --> 00:32:24.160
<v Speaker 1>eventually his eyes adjusts and he starts to look around

580
00:32:24.240 --> 00:32:28.079
<v Speaker 1>and he sees all of these realities that he had

581
00:32:28.079 --> 00:32:31.880
<v Speaker 1>never known before. He actually even sees the animals that

582
00:32:31.920 --> 00:32:35.359
<v Speaker 1>were imaged in the cutouts, which then created images on

583
00:32:35.400 --> 00:32:38.799
<v Speaker 1>the wall. And so now he's able to see the

584
00:32:38.839 --> 00:32:41.240
<v Speaker 1>real world for the very first time. And so he

585
00:32:41.279 --> 00:32:44.240
<v Speaker 1>gets this paradigm shift in his mind and he recognizes

586
00:32:44.240 --> 00:32:46.759
<v Speaker 1>that everything that he experienced before was but a pale

587
00:32:46.799 --> 00:32:52.240
<v Speaker 1>imitation of this grander, more real reality. Well, remembering his

588
00:32:52.279 --> 00:32:54.759
<v Speaker 1>fellow prisoners back in the cave, he wants to go

589
00:32:54.839 --> 00:32:56.960
<v Speaker 1>back and share the good news of what he's experienced,

590
00:32:57.000 --> 00:32:59.359
<v Speaker 1>this new revelation, and so he goes to them and

591
00:32:59.440 --> 00:33:01.680
<v Speaker 1>he starts to explain to them all the things that

592
00:33:01.720 --> 00:33:04.200
<v Speaker 1>he's seen, and that this world that they know is

593
00:33:04.240 --> 00:33:08.359
<v Speaker 1>built fundamentally on a lie, it's not real. Well, they

594
00:33:08.400 --> 00:33:10.920
<v Speaker 1>don't take kindly to that at first, they think he's mad,

595
00:33:10.960 --> 00:33:13.160
<v Speaker 1>and eventually they just get so angry because he's disrupting

596
00:33:13.200 --> 00:33:15.920
<v Speaker 1>their value system that they actually end up killing him.

597
00:33:16.319 --> 00:33:19.440
<v Speaker 1>And that's how the parable ends. And obviously when player's

598
00:33:19.480 --> 00:33:21.359
<v Speaker 1>telling the story, he very much has his own teacher,

599
00:33:21.400 --> 00:33:23.839
<v Speaker 1>Socrates in mind, who is executed by the court of

600
00:33:23.839 --> 00:33:28.559
<v Speaker 1>Athens for corrupting the youth. Now in this parable we

601
00:33:28.640 --> 00:33:33.400
<v Speaker 1>get being and becoming brought into relation, and so the

602
00:33:33.440 --> 00:33:36.599
<v Speaker 1>world of shadows is the world of becoming. It's this

603
00:33:36.680 --> 00:33:40.759
<v Speaker 1>world that's constantly moving. It's not stable, right, This is

604
00:33:40.799 --> 00:33:43.559
<v Speaker 1>the river of Heraclitis is constantly moving, and so to

605
00:33:43.599 --> 00:33:46.319
<v Speaker 1>that degree, in many ways, it's not real because to

606
00:33:46.440 --> 00:33:51.119
<v Speaker 1>be real, to have actuality, well there has to be

607
00:33:51.240 --> 00:33:56.440
<v Speaker 1>something that you're being actualized into, otherwise you are constantly moving.

608
00:33:56.920 --> 00:34:00.519
<v Speaker 1>And so these shadows are the world of move In

609
00:34:00.519 --> 00:34:04.359
<v Speaker 1>many ways, they're not real, they're simply reflections of reality.

610
00:34:05.119 --> 00:34:08.880
<v Speaker 1>As the prisoner progressed, you know, with each stage, first

611
00:34:08.880 --> 00:34:10.880
<v Speaker 1>seeing the fire and then eventually seeing the light of

612
00:34:10.880 --> 00:34:14.599
<v Speaker 1>the sun. You know, he's temporarily blinded. That's because you know,

613
00:34:14.639 --> 00:34:18.000
<v Speaker 1>whenever you're getting to a new paradigm, you have to

614
00:34:18.039 --> 00:34:20.079
<v Speaker 1>develop the tools for understanding what it is that you're

615
00:34:20.079 --> 00:34:21.880
<v Speaker 1>looking at. In fact, there's a great line out of

616
00:34:21.920 --> 00:34:23.400
<v Speaker 1>the side of the planet where it rans them. The

617
00:34:23.400 --> 00:34:27.039
<v Speaker 1>main character is, you know, in this strange new reality.

618
00:34:27.079 --> 00:34:29.519
<v Speaker 1>And he makes the point that you really can't see

619
00:34:29.519 --> 00:34:32.400
<v Speaker 1>something until you know what it is. And so the

620
00:34:32.440 --> 00:34:36.400
<v Speaker 1>prisoner is going on this blinding journey toward greater vision

621
00:34:36.679 --> 00:34:39.480
<v Speaker 1>and eventually finds his way outside where he's able to

622
00:34:39.519 --> 00:34:42.000
<v Speaker 1>see things by the light of the true light. He's

623
00:34:42.000 --> 00:34:44.880
<v Speaker 1>able to see things by the light of the sun. Now,

624
00:34:45.159 --> 00:34:48.760
<v Speaker 1>the sun, in this allegory represents the highest reality for Plato.

625
00:34:49.239 --> 00:34:54.280
<v Speaker 1>This is the good. Perhaps it wouldn't even be wrong

626
00:34:54.400 --> 00:34:57.719
<v Speaker 1>to say that this is God for Plato. Now, as

627
00:34:57.760 --> 00:35:00.639
<v Speaker 1>with the sun, right, the best way study the good

628
00:35:00.679 --> 00:35:02.880
<v Speaker 1>is not staring at it directly. You don't study the

629
00:35:02.920 --> 00:35:05.719
<v Speaker 1>sun by looking at it directly. You study the sun

630
00:35:05.760 --> 00:35:08.559
<v Speaker 1>by looking at its effects. You look at its heat,

631
00:35:08.639 --> 00:35:12.559
<v Speaker 1>and most importantly, though, you look at that which it illuminates.

632
00:35:13.039 --> 00:35:16.440
<v Speaker 1>So too, the good for Plato is really not something

633
00:35:16.519 --> 00:35:19.239
<v Speaker 1>that we can clearly define. It's not something that we

634
00:35:19.280 --> 00:35:25.280
<v Speaker 1>fundamentally look at. It's that by which we see everything else.

635
00:35:26.239 --> 00:35:30.559
<v Speaker 1>In Plato's Dialogue Uthifhro, Socrates encounters this guy named Euthifro

636
00:35:30.679 --> 00:35:34.199
<v Speaker 1>outside the courthouse and Socrates ask Euthifro what he's doing,

637
00:35:34.239 --> 00:35:37.159
<v Speaker 1>and Euthuphro says that he's bringing charges of murdered against

638
00:35:37.159 --> 00:35:40.280
<v Speaker 1>his father for killing one of their servants. And Socrates says,

639
00:35:40.599 --> 00:35:43.159
<v Speaker 1>all right, Eutheriro, you're bringing charges of murder against your

640
00:35:43.159 --> 00:35:46.840
<v Speaker 1>own father. Clearly you are somebody who understands piety. You

641
00:35:46.960 --> 00:35:50.320
<v Speaker 1>have some ethical expertise, and so tell me, Eutherifhro, what

642
00:35:50.519 --> 00:35:53.920
<v Speaker 1>is good? And Euthipro says, what I'm doing right now

643
00:35:54.000 --> 00:35:56.360
<v Speaker 1>is good. Obviously that didn't really answer his question, and

644
00:35:56.440 --> 00:35:59.079
<v Speaker 1>so they go back and forth a little bit, but

645
00:35:59.119 --> 00:36:01.920
<v Speaker 1>it becomes evident the question that Socrates is asking is

646
00:36:02.719 --> 00:36:08.480
<v Speaker 1>what is it that makes good things good? And Eutheriphro

647
00:36:08.559 --> 00:36:11.559
<v Speaker 1>tries a couple of times to answer this question. He says, well,

648
00:36:11.599 --> 00:36:15.119
<v Speaker 1>it's what the gods love, and Socrates says, okay, what

649
00:36:15.599 --> 00:36:18.000
<v Speaker 1>Obviously the gods in the Greek system they don't all

650
00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:19.840
<v Speaker 1>agree with each other, and so is it what some

651
00:36:19.880 --> 00:36:23.079
<v Speaker 1>of the gods love, and Etherophroo says, okay, it's whatever,

652
00:36:23.159 --> 00:36:26.679
<v Speaker 1>all the gods love, that twas good, and then Socrates says, okay,

653
00:36:26.679 --> 00:36:28.519
<v Speaker 1>we're seeing to be getting somewhere, But it doesn't really

654
00:36:28.559 --> 00:36:32.119
<v Speaker 1>answer the question because is goodness what the gods happen

655
00:36:32.199 --> 00:36:35.199
<v Speaker 1>to love? Or do the gods loving something make it good?

656
00:36:35.800 --> 00:36:37.800
<v Speaker 1>And Eutherophra at that point pretty much says I've got

657
00:36:37.840 --> 00:36:40.199
<v Speaker 1>to wash my hair and then runs off scene and

658
00:36:40.199 --> 00:36:43.480
<v Speaker 1>that's the end of the dialogue. But really that question

659
00:36:43.519 --> 00:36:46.760
<v Speaker 1>of what makes good things good is very important for Plato,

660
00:36:47.079 --> 00:36:51.360
<v Speaker 1>and ultimately what makes good things good is the good. However,

661
00:36:51.519 --> 00:36:53.719
<v Speaker 1>we can only say but so much about what the

662
00:36:53.760 --> 00:36:56.239
<v Speaker 1>good is. And that's because if we're gonna say that

663
00:36:56.440 --> 00:37:00.320
<v Speaker 1>reason itself is good, then what that means is whatever

664
00:37:00.360 --> 00:37:04.280
<v Speaker 1>this goodness is that is implicit in reason, stands above

665
00:37:04.320 --> 00:37:09.880
<v Speaker 1>and beyond reason. Right reason participates in the good. The

666
00:37:09.920 --> 00:37:13.960
<v Speaker 1>good doesn't participate in reason. And so because reason as

667
00:37:14.000 --> 00:37:17.760
<v Speaker 1>a good thing is nested within this grander reality, we're

668
00:37:17.800 --> 00:37:20.559
<v Speaker 1>talking about something that stands above reason is something that

669
00:37:20.639 --> 00:37:23.679
<v Speaker 1>reason itself cannot see. It's interesting to note that in

670
00:37:23.719 --> 00:37:28.840
<v Speaker 1>the Psalms sometimes God is portrayed as residing in unapproachable light.

671
00:37:29.320 --> 00:37:33.840
<v Speaker 1>Other times you portrayed as residing in impenetrable darkness. And

672
00:37:33.840 --> 00:37:37.880
<v Speaker 1>that's because once you get above the level of finite reason,

673
00:37:38.199 --> 00:37:40.960
<v Speaker 1>your categories of understanding entirely fall apart. It's so whether

674
00:37:41.079 --> 00:37:43.840
<v Speaker 1>talking about blinding light or absolute darkness, it's more or

675
00:37:43.920 --> 00:37:46.800
<v Speaker 1>less the same thing. We can't find our ways around anymore.

676
00:37:47.000 --> 00:37:50.679
<v Speaker 1>Our categories of understanding have fallen apart. This is why

677
00:37:50.920 --> 00:37:54.440
<v Speaker 1>when you read the medievals right, even the very reasoned

678
00:37:54.559 --> 00:37:57.480
<v Speaker 1>based medieval thinkers, you eventually reach a point where they

679
00:37:57.480 --> 00:38:00.559
<v Speaker 1>start to fall into a kind of mysticism idea that

680
00:38:00.840 --> 00:38:05.079
<v Speaker 1>as you approach that by which you reason, your reason

681
00:38:05.119 --> 00:38:08.039
<v Speaker 1>can no longer carry you. So any distance that you're

682
00:38:08.039 --> 00:38:10.719
<v Speaker 1>going to progress beyond reason has to be something that's

683
00:38:10.760 --> 00:38:16.000
<v Speaker 1>not necessarily irrational but superrational. That something that's able to

684
00:38:16.119 --> 00:38:20.079
<v Speaker 1>carry you the rest of the gap from the from

685
00:38:20.119 --> 00:38:23.039
<v Speaker 1>the bounds of reason up to the ultimate, namely to

686
00:38:23.079 --> 00:38:25.400
<v Speaker 1>the dwelling place of God. And so there is a

687
00:38:26.400 --> 00:38:29.239
<v Speaker 1>kind of mysticism that is implicit in this idea that

688
00:38:29.280 --> 00:38:33.440
<v Speaker 1>we see very clearly in Plato. And so we never

689
00:38:33.599 --> 00:38:36.559
<v Speaker 1>can clearly see the good, but we see things by

690
00:38:36.639 --> 00:38:40.559
<v Speaker 1>the good, and in getting a better understanding in might

691
00:38:40.760 --> 00:38:45.360
<v Speaker 1>and soul, in affections and appetites. By cultivating our soul

692
00:38:45.519 --> 00:38:49.679
<v Speaker 1>to move closer and closer to the good, we are

693
00:38:49.760 --> 00:38:52.480
<v Speaker 1>moving on the path of wisdom, even though ultimately we're

694
00:38:52.519 --> 00:38:55.840
<v Speaker 1>moving towards something more real than we can actually know

695
00:38:56.320 --> 00:38:59.440
<v Speaker 1>through our use of reason. Now, even though we can

696
00:38:59.440 --> 00:39:01.800
<v Speaker 1>never understand the good fully through our reason, what we

697
00:39:01.880 --> 00:39:05.079
<v Speaker 1>can know through reason is what he calls the world

698
00:39:05.119 --> 00:39:07.920
<v Speaker 1>of the forms. This is the ideals, right, This is

699
00:39:07.920 --> 00:39:11.079
<v Speaker 1>the world of being. This is the world that doesn't change.

700
00:39:11.559 --> 00:39:14.039
<v Speaker 1>And so just as we have down here in the

701
00:39:14.119 --> 00:39:17.519
<v Speaker 1>changing world, we have appearances. We have what it looks

702
00:39:17.639 --> 00:39:19.840
<v Speaker 1>like to be human. We have what it looks like

703
00:39:20.039 --> 00:39:23.039
<v Speaker 1>to execute justice. We have what it looks like to

704
00:39:23.199 --> 00:39:25.519
<v Speaker 1>be a horse, we have what it looks like to love.

705
00:39:26.639 --> 00:39:31.079
<v Speaker 1>But all of these appearances are imitations of the reality,

706
00:39:31.360 --> 00:39:34.159
<v Speaker 1>the things that they could be if they were fully themselves.

707
00:39:34.480 --> 00:39:37.639
<v Speaker 1>And so, according to Plato, we have never experienced the

708
00:39:37.760 --> 00:39:41.039
<v Speaker 1>ideal of love in this world. We've always experienced some

709
00:39:41.119 --> 00:39:46.280
<v Speaker 1>corrupted form, some kind of shadow. So two, none of

710
00:39:46.360 --> 00:39:51.159
<v Speaker 1>us have ever fully actualized our ideals as humans. The

711
00:39:51.199 --> 00:39:54.119
<v Speaker 1>ideal of human nature resides in this world of being.

712
00:39:54.159 --> 00:39:56.599
<v Speaker 1>But as soon as the world of being enters into

713
00:39:56.840 --> 00:40:00.519
<v Speaker 1>material reality, it enters necessarily into a world of change.

714
00:40:00.920 --> 00:40:03.639
<v Speaker 1>And if you're changing from better to worse, what that

715
00:40:03.679 --> 00:40:06.400
<v Speaker 1>means is that the material world is not just a

716
00:40:06.559 --> 00:40:09.880
<v Speaker 1>place of change, it's ultimately a place of corruption within

717
00:40:09.920 --> 00:40:13.760
<v Speaker 1>the platonic mindset. And so there's something inherently inferior. It's

718
00:40:13.800 --> 00:40:18.559
<v Speaker 1>something inherently corruptible about material reality. And so nothing that

719
00:40:18.599 --> 00:40:21.599
<v Speaker 1>we experience with our senses is the ideal is what

720
00:40:21.679 --> 00:40:24.679
<v Speaker 1>it could be, what it perhaps should be if it

721
00:40:24.719 --> 00:40:28.559
<v Speaker 1>were being ethically responsible. And so the idea of love,

722
00:40:28.920 --> 00:40:32.039
<v Speaker 1>the ideal of justice, the ideal of what it means

723
00:40:32.039 --> 00:40:33.719
<v Speaker 1>to be human, even the ideal of what it means

724
00:40:33.719 --> 00:40:37.239
<v Speaker 1>to be a horse or whatever. Everything that we see

725
00:40:37.280 --> 00:40:43.280
<v Speaker 1>with our eyes is an imperfect copy of the ideal

726
00:40:43.639 --> 00:40:46.400
<v Speaker 1>unmoving reality of what it could be and what it

727
00:40:46.519 --> 00:40:49.719
<v Speaker 1>should be. And so what we need to do is

728
00:40:49.719 --> 00:40:53.480
<v Speaker 1>to figure out what true justice actually is, what true

729
00:40:53.599 --> 00:40:56.719
<v Speaker 1>love actually is, what it truly means to be human.

730
00:40:57.039 --> 00:41:00.159
<v Speaker 1>And then we continually cultivate not only our understanding that

731
00:41:00.280 --> 00:41:02.960
<v Speaker 1>our appetites are affections, and so that all of what

732
00:41:03.000 --> 00:41:07.159
<v Speaker 1>we are is increasingly being conformed to this world being,

733
00:41:07.239 --> 00:41:09.679
<v Speaker 1>to the ideal, to the form, the way that things

734
00:41:09.719 --> 00:41:12.760
<v Speaker 1>should be, the way that things could be. And as

735
00:41:12.800 --> 00:41:17.800
<v Speaker 1>we move increasingly toward this reality, the more real we

736
00:41:17.880 --> 00:41:21.960
<v Speaker 1>in turn become. And so wisdom in the platonic mindset

737
00:41:22.199 --> 00:41:25.199
<v Speaker 1>is very much based off the orientation of your soul.

738
00:41:25.559 --> 00:41:28.639
<v Speaker 1>Which way are you facing? You know, are you facing

739
00:41:28.679 --> 00:41:31.079
<v Speaker 1>yourself toward the shadows? And if so, then you are

740
00:41:31.079 --> 00:41:35.000
<v Speaker 1>increasingly moving toward the shadows, and you are really approaching nothingness.

741
00:41:35.280 --> 00:41:39.239
<v Speaker 1>And that's what evil is, right, It is a lack

742
00:41:39.480 --> 00:41:42.960
<v Speaker 1>of goodness, and so evil and nothingness are really more

743
00:41:43.039 --> 00:41:45.159
<v Speaker 1>or less the same thing. That's not a way of

744
00:41:45.199 --> 00:41:47.719
<v Speaker 1>saying that, well, I guess it is a way of

745
00:41:47.719 --> 00:41:50.519
<v Speaker 1>saying that evil isn't real. Evil doesn't exist, and that's

746
00:41:50.519 --> 00:41:53.760
<v Speaker 1>because it is a movement away from reality, away from

747
00:41:53.800 --> 00:41:57.280
<v Speaker 1>the actuality of things. You're moving toward becoming, away from being.

748
00:41:57.719 --> 00:42:02.400
<v Speaker 1>Whereas an orientation toward wisdom, toward the ideal, toward the

749
00:42:02.440 --> 00:42:05.480
<v Speaker 1>way that things should be, means that you are facing

750
00:42:05.599 --> 00:42:08.840
<v Speaker 1>reality and you are increasingly moving toward it, seeking to

751
00:42:09.199 --> 00:42:13.559
<v Speaker 1>participate in reality as it exists in this stable world

752
00:42:13.639 --> 00:42:16.920
<v Speaker 1>of the forms, and you're trying to nursure the world

753
00:42:17.000 --> 00:42:20.440
<v Speaker 1>around you, so that it is kind of cultivated into

754
00:42:20.440 --> 00:42:25.840
<v Speaker 1>something real, something stable, something true. And I think that

755
00:42:25.840 --> 00:42:28.320
<v Speaker 1>there's a lot of wisdom in this right, whether or

756
00:42:28.360 --> 00:42:31.400
<v Speaker 1>not you do it or don't take Plato as a whole,

757
00:42:31.440 --> 00:42:33.119
<v Speaker 1>I mean, I certainly don't take Plato as a whole.

758
00:42:34.199 --> 00:42:36.400
<v Speaker 1>I think that there is wisdom in the fact that

759
00:42:37.199 --> 00:42:39.719
<v Speaker 1>wisdom itself is not only a matter of the mind,

760
00:42:39.719 --> 00:42:42.719
<v Speaker 1>although it absolutely involves the mind, it is also a

761
00:42:42.760 --> 00:42:47.039
<v Speaker 1>matter of the affections. It's a matter of moving towards

762
00:42:47.039 --> 00:42:51.679
<v Speaker 1>something that we principally cannot grasp with our minds because ultimately,

763
00:42:51.800 --> 00:42:54.800
<v Speaker 1>I mean, as we're pursuing the ideal, pursuing the world

764
00:42:54.840 --> 00:42:57.280
<v Speaker 1>that we can do through the reason. Ultimately, we're doing

765
00:42:57.320 --> 00:43:00.599
<v Speaker 1>that because we're pursuing something we can't know by reason, right,

766
00:43:00.639 --> 00:43:05.880
<v Speaker 1>we're pursuing the good ultimately. And so for Plato philosophy,

767
00:43:05.960 --> 00:43:09.559
<v Speaker 1>the path of wisdom very much is an act of love.

768
00:43:09.719 --> 00:43:13.119
<v Speaker 1>It is not simply a cerebral matter. And that's what

769
00:43:13.159 --> 00:43:16.920
<v Speaker 1>the word philosophy means, philosophia. It's the love of wisdom.

770
00:43:17.599 --> 00:43:20.519
<v Speaker 1>And this really plays an important role in his dialogue

771
00:43:20.679 --> 00:43:25.719
<v Speaker 1>the Fato. Now the Pato takes place after Socrates is

772
00:43:25.760 --> 00:43:30.039
<v Speaker 1>sentenced to be executed for corrupting the youth and he

773
00:43:30.079 --> 00:43:32.559
<v Speaker 1>asked too many questions. So now the city of Athens

774
00:43:32.639 --> 00:43:35.599
<v Speaker 1>is going to silence him. And so while he's awaiting

775
00:43:35.639 --> 00:43:39.119
<v Speaker 1>his execution, some of his friends come to him, and

776
00:43:39.159 --> 00:43:41.239
<v Speaker 1>I mean, for one thing, they've already said that, you know,

777
00:43:41.280 --> 00:43:42.400
<v Speaker 1>we can get you out of this. You know the

778
00:43:42.440 --> 00:43:44.320
<v Speaker 1>right persons willing to take a bribe. You can just

779
00:43:44.320 --> 00:43:47.280
<v Speaker 1>go off into exile. It'll be fine. Socrate says, no,

780
00:43:47.719 --> 00:43:50.079
<v Speaker 1>I'm going to go through with this. I would not

781
00:43:50.119 --> 00:43:52.079
<v Speaker 1>be who I am without the city of Athens. The

782
00:43:52.159 --> 00:43:54.599
<v Speaker 1>least I can do is subject myself to her laws.

783
00:43:56.079 --> 00:43:59.519
<v Speaker 1>And so part of what this Fato is is Socrates

784
00:43:59.599 --> 00:44:04.599
<v Speaker 1>giving an apology or a defense for his willingness to

785
00:44:04.679 --> 00:44:07.840
<v Speaker 1>go through with his execution. And so its focuses around

786
00:44:07.840 --> 00:44:11.039
<v Speaker 1>this idea of the immortality of the soul that perhaps,

787
00:44:11.079 --> 00:44:14.920
<v Speaker 1>at least for the wise, for the philosopher, death might

788
00:44:15.000 --> 00:44:18.159
<v Speaker 1>not be a terrible fate. And so I'm not going

789
00:44:18.199 --> 00:44:20.679
<v Speaker 1>to get into all these arguments he provides about the

790
00:44:20.679 --> 00:44:23.760
<v Speaker 1>immortality of the soul. That's just kind of outside of

791
00:44:23.760 --> 00:44:25.880
<v Speaker 1>the purview of where I'm trying to go. But in

792
00:44:25.920 --> 00:44:27.920
<v Speaker 1>the midst of this he does bring up some important

793
00:44:27.960 --> 00:44:31.039
<v Speaker 1>ideas that can be very important for Lewis, and that

794
00:44:31.159 --> 00:44:35.760
<v Speaker 1>is this idea that all true knowledge is ultimately recollection,

795
00:44:36.360 --> 00:44:39.840
<v Speaker 1>meaning it's kind of the coming to mind of things

796
00:44:39.840 --> 00:44:43.719
<v Speaker 1>that we principally know already. For example, I told you that,

797
00:44:43.960 --> 00:44:47.559
<v Speaker 1>according to Plato, we have this idea of the good,

798
00:44:47.679 --> 00:44:52.079
<v Speaker 1>even though we can never truly understand what this idea is.

799
00:44:52.639 --> 00:44:54.119
<v Speaker 1>And so the question is, how do we get this

800
00:44:54.199 --> 00:44:56.679
<v Speaker 1>idea of the good if it's something we've never experienced,

801
00:44:56.679 --> 00:44:59.079
<v Speaker 1>nor is it even something that we understand At the

802
00:44:59.159 --> 00:45:01.960
<v Speaker 1>same time, if we are properly attuned to wisdom, it's

803
00:45:02.000 --> 00:45:04.760
<v Speaker 1>something that all of us can recognize as the principal

804
00:45:04.800 --> 00:45:07.400
<v Speaker 1>object of desire, And so how do we have this

805
00:45:07.480 --> 00:45:10.880
<v Speaker 1>understanding of the good? Or another thing he brings up

806
00:45:11.199 --> 00:45:14.440
<v Speaker 1>is we have all these ideas of fixed realities right

807
00:45:14.559 --> 00:45:17.280
<v Speaker 1>the forms that we've never experienced with our senses, and

808
00:45:17.519 --> 00:45:19.559
<v Speaker 1>the question is how do we actually know about them?

809
00:45:20.159 --> 00:45:22.880
<v Speaker 1>For example, he brings out the idea of equality or

810
00:45:22.920 --> 00:45:25.159
<v Speaker 1>like sameness. So, for example, the room I'm in right

811
00:45:25.159 --> 00:45:27.280
<v Speaker 1>now is kind of junkie. You can see these two

812
00:45:27.320 --> 00:45:30.559
<v Speaker 1>chairs behind me, and you could say that they are

813
00:45:31.039 --> 00:45:34.280
<v Speaker 1>the same or the very least, that they have very

814
00:45:34.320 --> 00:45:37.880
<v Speaker 1>similar attributes to them, very similar properties, and so they

815
00:45:37.880 --> 00:45:41.239
<v Speaker 1>are both chairs. They both fit within this form of chair. However,

816
00:45:41.280 --> 00:45:43.679
<v Speaker 1>as soon as we say that things kind of belong

817
00:45:43.840 --> 00:45:48.559
<v Speaker 1>within a common category, we're saying is that one chair

818
00:45:48.760 --> 00:45:51.280
<v Speaker 1>is similar to the other chair, and they participate in

819
00:45:51.320 --> 00:45:55.760
<v Speaker 1>some of the same realities, some of the same properties. However,

820
00:45:56.239 --> 00:45:59.639
<v Speaker 1>where did I get my idea of similarity idea of equality.

821
00:46:00.079 --> 00:46:01.519
<v Speaker 1>One hand, you might say, well, I can look at

822
00:46:01.519 --> 00:46:05.840
<v Speaker 1>those two chairs, and because they have so many things

823
00:46:05.840 --> 00:46:08.960
<v Speaker 1>in common, we can perhaps then pull through reason the

824
00:46:08.960 --> 00:46:12.159
<v Speaker 1>fact that they are similar. But the problem is, how

825
00:46:12.159 --> 00:46:14.440
<v Speaker 1>would I recognize them as being similar if I didn't

826
00:46:14.440 --> 00:46:17.239
<v Speaker 1>first have an idea of similarity in my mind? And

827
00:46:17.280 --> 00:46:20.320
<v Speaker 1>so it brings up this idea that the idea of

828
00:46:20.360 --> 00:46:23.159
<v Speaker 1>equality or idea of similarity is actually not something we

829
00:46:23.239 --> 00:46:25.800
<v Speaker 1>got from our sense experience of the world around us.

830
00:46:26.039 --> 00:46:29.159
<v Speaker 1>It's actually an idea that was already in our minds

831
00:46:29.400 --> 00:46:32.639
<v Speaker 1>that then is brought to our attention when we recognize

832
00:46:32.719 --> 00:46:36.239
<v Speaker 1>things that are similar, things that bear you know, however

833
00:46:36.239 --> 00:46:39.719
<v Speaker 1>imperfectly equality. And so the idea of equality is not

834
00:46:39.760 --> 00:46:41.639
<v Speaker 1>something I got from the world around me, but it

835
00:46:41.679 --> 00:46:44.440
<v Speaker 1>is something that is almost innate within my mind that

836
00:46:44.480 --> 00:46:46.679
<v Speaker 1>then I used to properly understand the world around me.

837
00:46:47.280 --> 00:46:49.440
<v Speaker 1>He talks about some elements of geometry.

838
00:46:49.519 --> 00:46:49.800
<v Speaker 2>And so.

839
00:46:51.320 --> 00:46:53.960
<v Speaker 1>If I asked you to draw a line, all of

840
00:46:53.960 --> 00:46:55.960
<v Speaker 1>you would know exactly what to do. But at the

841
00:46:56.039 --> 00:46:59.199
<v Speaker 1>same time, you wouldn't actually be drawing a line, nor

842
00:46:59.360 --> 00:47:02.480
<v Speaker 1>likely would you be thinking of a line, because a

843
00:47:02.639 --> 00:47:06.760
<v Speaker 1>true line is one dimensional and extends into infinity in

844
00:47:06.760 --> 00:47:10.840
<v Speaker 1>both directions. Well, you've never seen anything that's one dimensional

845
00:47:10.880 --> 00:47:14.719
<v Speaker 1>and extends infinitely into two directions. At the same time,

846
00:47:15.800 --> 00:47:18.159
<v Speaker 1>we know the lines are real, right. If the line

847
00:47:18.239 --> 00:47:21.480
<v Speaker 1>was unreal, then we couldn't do architecture, or navigate, or

848
00:47:21.480 --> 00:47:24.960
<v Speaker 1>really any number of things. Right, And so there's reality

849
00:47:25.000 --> 00:47:26.960
<v Speaker 1>to the idea of a line, despite the fact that

850
00:47:27.000 --> 00:47:30.199
<v Speaker 1>we've never experienced a line in this world with our senses.

851
00:47:31.440 --> 00:47:33.400
<v Speaker 1>And even if I ask you to draw a line,

852
00:47:33.480 --> 00:47:35.960
<v Speaker 1>all you would actually be doing is drawing the representation

853
00:47:36.039 --> 00:47:38.119
<v Speaker 1>of a line, but you would not actually be drawing

854
00:47:38.159 --> 00:47:41.000
<v Speaker 1>a line. However, through that representation, you would know what

855
00:47:41.039 --> 00:47:42.960
<v Speaker 1>you mean by line, and I would know what you

856
00:47:43.039 --> 00:47:45.760
<v Speaker 1>mean by line. Despite the fact that neither of us

857
00:47:45.760 --> 00:47:49.320
<v Speaker 1>would actually be looking at a line, and so we

858
00:47:49.480 --> 00:47:53.480
<v Speaker 1>have these ideas in our mind that are real that

859
00:47:53.559 --> 00:47:56.000
<v Speaker 1>makes sense of the world around us, but that we've

860
00:47:56.000 --> 00:47:58.960
<v Speaker 1>never actually experienced in the world around us. And so

861
00:48:00.159 --> 00:48:03.079
<v Speaker 1>takes the same argument to apply to things like, you know, justice,

862
00:48:03.159 --> 00:48:09.079
<v Speaker 1>that rightly thinking, we don't get justice from seeing justice

863
00:48:09.079 --> 00:48:11.880
<v Speaker 1>in the world. We're able to recognize justice because we

864
00:48:11.920 --> 00:48:14.880
<v Speaker 1>already have this idea of justice in our minds that

865
00:48:14.920 --> 00:48:18.559
<v Speaker 1>we can recall when we are thinking clearly. And so

866
00:48:18.679 --> 00:48:21.599
<v Speaker 1>all of our true knowledge, for Plato, there are knowledge

867
00:48:21.639 --> 00:48:24.559
<v Speaker 1>of stable reality, of the world of being, the world

868
00:48:24.599 --> 00:48:27.519
<v Speaker 1>of the forms, that all of this reality, or all

869
00:48:27.519 --> 00:48:31.159
<v Speaker 1>this knowledge rather is imprinted in our minds. And so

870
00:48:31.199 --> 00:48:34.400
<v Speaker 1>then the question that Socrates raises is why is this?

871
00:48:34.679 --> 00:48:38.280
<v Speaker 1>Why do our minds seem to be naturally related to

872
00:48:38.480 --> 00:48:42.320
<v Speaker 1>reality as it actually is? You know, I find it

873
00:48:42.400 --> 00:48:45.119
<v Speaker 1>very interesting that you know, we were able I say

874
00:48:45.159 --> 00:48:46.800
<v Speaker 1>we like I did it. But you know, we were

875
00:48:46.840 --> 00:48:50.880
<v Speaker 1>able to predict the existence of Neptune based off gravitational

876
00:48:50.920 --> 00:48:55.159
<v Speaker 1>calculations before we were able to observe it with our senses,

877
00:48:55.199 --> 00:48:58.360
<v Speaker 1>with the you know, with the instruments, and so our

878
00:48:58.599 --> 00:49:02.719
<v Speaker 1>minds properly thinking, are able to use these kind of

879
00:49:02.960 --> 00:49:08.079
<v Speaker 1>immaterial codes, these immaterial realities, to predict things that we

880
00:49:08.119 --> 00:49:11.679
<v Speaker 1>would eventually observe with our senses. Well, that's not insignificant.

881
00:49:11.960 --> 00:49:16.320
<v Speaker 1>Something about the human mind is naturally related towards the

882
00:49:16.360 --> 00:49:21.079
<v Speaker 1>way that things are. And so Socrates ask why is this? Well,

883
00:49:21.119 --> 00:49:23.800
<v Speaker 1>one idea he throws out is this idea of reincarnation

884
00:49:24.280 --> 00:49:27.639
<v Speaker 1>that perhaps you know, we go through these cycles of

885
00:49:28.039 --> 00:49:30.119
<v Speaker 1>life and death, that life gives way to death and

886
00:49:30.159 --> 00:49:32.800
<v Speaker 1>death gives way to life, but that between these cycles

887
00:49:32.800 --> 00:49:37.000
<v Speaker 1>we had unmediated access to the forms to real reality,

888
00:49:37.679 --> 00:49:40.840
<v Speaker 1>which then we kind of forget as we are brought

889
00:49:40.920 --> 00:49:45.239
<v Speaker 1>back into the corrupting material reality. But we don't forget

890
00:49:45.280 --> 00:49:47.920
<v Speaker 1>it entirely, right, We have these dim recollections, and so

891
00:49:47.960 --> 00:49:52.119
<v Speaker 1>it's kind of like if you've ever been dreaming, but

892
00:49:52.320 --> 00:49:55.239
<v Speaker 1>in your dream you start to get this inkling that

893
00:49:55.280 --> 00:49:58.199
<v Speaker 1>you are dreaming and that there is a greater reality

894
00:49:58.199 --> 00:50:01.320
<v Speaker 1>that you'll experience upon waking. Well, this is very much

895
00:50:01.320 --> 00:50:04.159
<v Speaker 1>the platonic mindset that we get here in the phato

896
00:50:04.559 --> 00:50:08.920
<v Speaker 1>The idea is that we knew true reality, but then

897
00:50:08.960 --> 00:50:13.239
<v Speaker 1>we forgot it through incarnation. But in the path of wisdom,

898
00:50:13.280 --> 00:50:15.920
<v Speaker 1>we can start to recollect that which we once knew.

899
00:50:16.719 --> 00:50:22.599
<v Speaker 1>Now Platonic Scholarsh will debate exactly what Plato was really

900
00:50:22.639 --> 00:50:25.760
<v Speaker 1>getting at here. Did he literally believe in reincarnation or

901
00:50:25.800 --> 00:50:28.519
<v Speaker 1>is he just kind of putting it forward as a

902
00:50:28.559 --> 00:50:31.599
<v Speaker 1>myth of source to get this idea that ultimate reality

903
00:50:32.159 --> 00:50:35.000
<v Speaker 1>is something that we're acquainted with even when we don't

904
00:50:35.039 --> 00:50:37.840
<v Speaker 1>recognize it. And so did he literally believe for incarnation

905
00:50:37.960 --> 00:50:39.599
<v Speaker 1>or is it just sort of a myth he's proposing.

906
00:50:40.320 --> 00:50:42.039
<v Speaker 1>That's not really something I feel like we need to

907
00:50:42.039 --> 00:50:44.440
<v Speaker 1>get into the important part for what we're doing right

908
00:50:44.480 --> 00:50:48.280
<v Speaker 1>now is that ultimate reality is something that we know,

909
00:50:48.960 --> 00:50:53.280
<v Speaker 1>that we've received directly from ultimate reality, but that for

910
00:50:53.320 --> 00:50:58.280
<v Speaker 1>whatever reason we've largely suppressed, we've largely forgotten. And so

911
00:50:58.679 --> 00:51:01.559
<v Speaker 1>real knowledge is a matter of remembering that which we

912
00:51:01.679 --> 00:51:04.760
<v Speaker 1>already know, and that I can tell you right now.

913
00:51:04.800 --> 00:51:06.519
<v Speaker 1>It's going to be particularly important when we get to

914
00:51:06.679 --> 00:51:11.519
<v Speaker 1>the silver chair, but also elsewhere. Now, continuing with the

915
00:51:11.519 --> 00:51:16.880
<v Speaker 1>Fatom toward the end, Socrates gives us what he even

916
00:51:16.920 --> 00:51:20.519
<v Speaker 1>calls a myth or a tale, meaning he's not suggesting

917
00:51:20.599 --> 00:51:23.760
<v Speaker 1>this is literally true, but it is communicating something that

918
00:51:23.880 --> 00:51:26.920
<v Speaker 1>is he believes is real, something that is true. And

919
00:51:26.960 --> 00:51:29.920
<v Speaker 1>this is his tale about what happens after people die.

920
00:51:30.440 --> 00:51:33.719
<v Speaker 1>So he says that when you die, your damon, which

921
00:51:33.760 --> 00:51:37.039
<v Speaker 1>is kind of perhaps a loaded term, but it's something

922
00:51:37.199 --> 00:51:41.519
<v Speaker 1>like a spirit at least semi divine reality that lives

923
00:51:41.559 --> 00:51:44.760
<v Speaker 1>in the air. And notice I said daemon, which is

924
00:51:44.800 --> 00:51:47.840
<v Speaker 1>not the same thing as demon, although you can probably

925
00:51:47.880 --> 00:51:51.000
<v Speaker 1>figure out how this idea developed into Christian thought. And

926
00:51:51.039 --> 00:51:54.880
<v Speaker 1>so you're daemon. The spirit is going to ultimately bring

927
00:51:54.920 --> 00:51:59.280
<v Speaker 1>you through judgment and land you at your destination. And

928
00:51:59.360 --> 00:52:02.519
<v Speaker 1>so those who are truly wicked get tossed into Tartarus

929
00:52:02.519 --> 00:52:05.519
<v Speaker 1>at the center of the earth, which is essentially Greek hell.

930
00:52:06.960 --> 00:52:09.079
<v Speaker 1>A lot of people will end up in this lake

931
00:52:09.119 --> 00:52:11.800
<v Speaker 1>where they kind of swirl around and purgatory sorts for

932
00:52:11.880 --> 00:52:16.679
<v Speaker 1>a while, getting their wickedness out, and then they're going

933
00:52:16.719 --> 00:52:20.079
<v Speaker 1>to enter back into the life cycle, get reincarnated into

934
00:52:20.119 --> 00:52:23.719
<v Speaker 1>an animal or a human. Some people are going to

935
00:52:23.800 --> 00:52:27.039
<v Speaker 1>be raised up to the top where they dwell on

936
00:52:27.440 --> 00:52:31.440
<v Speaker 1>the true surface of the earth. Because Socrates suppose that

937
00:52:31.519 --> 00:52:34.400
<v Speaker 1>perhaps what we think of as the surface of the

938
00:52:34.440 --> 00:52:37.039
<v Speaker 1>earth is not actually the true surface. It's not the

939
00:52:37.079 --> 00:52:40.960
<v Speaker 1>real reality, it's not the real earth. He says that, Okay,

940
00:52:41.039 --> 00:52:43.960
<v Speaker 1>imagine if you spent your entire life living in the ocean,

941
00:52:44.519 --> 00:52:48.199
<v Speaker 1>and so the water's murky, most of it's very dark,

942
00:52:48.800 --> 00:52:52.639
<v Speaker 1>it's very dim, but for your entire life, that's the

943
00:52:52.679 --> 00:52:54.880
<v Speaker 1>only reality that you knew, and so you didn't know

944
00:52:54.960 --> 00:52:57.599
<v Speaker 1>that your vision was dim. Well, eventually you're able to

945
00:52:57.679 --> 00:53:00.079
<v Speaker 1>rise to the top and explore the surface world, the

946
00:53:00.079 --> 00:53:02.360
<v Speaker 1>surface world as we know it. And at this point,

947
00:53:02.519 --> 00:53:05.960
<v Speaker 1>your entire vision is radically altered, because now you're able

948
00:53:06.000 --> 00:53:11.000
<v Speaker 1>to see things clearly. You see new shapes, you experience

949
00:53:11.039 --> 00:53:15.280
<v Speaker 1>a new kind of solidity, you see a more vibrant

950
00:53:15.480 --> 00:53:19.079
<v Speaker 1>array of colors, maybe even see new colors altogether. So

951
00:53:19.159 --> 00:53:22.800
<v Speaker 1>everything that you once thought to be normal life, everything

952
00:53:22.840 --> 00:53:25.119
<v Speaker 1>that you thought to be vision, you now recognize as

953
00:53:25.159 --> 00:53:28.519
<v Speaker 1>a pale imitation, perhaps even a mockery, of this new

954
00:53:28.559 --> 00:53:32.599
<v Speaker 1>reality you're able to perceive. Well, he says, what if

955
00:53:33.039 --> 00:53:35.719
<v Speaker 1>when you look up at the big blue sky above you,

956
00:53:36.239 --> 00:53:39.679
<v Speaker 1>that that is simply another ocean of sorts, and that

957
00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:42.679
<v Speaker 1>if we could get to the top, we would discover

958
00:53:43.119 --> 00:53:49.239
<v Speaker 1>the true surface world, a world that has again more

959
00:53:49.360 --> 00:53:52.039
<v Speaker 1>vibrant colors, that has a higher resolution than we could

960
00:53:52.039 --> 00:53:55.760
<v Speaker 1>ever know we're able to see things absolutely clearly, and

961
00:53:55.800 --> 00:53:59.039
<v Speaker 1>we're able to recognize the fog that we once thought

962
00:53:59.119 --> 00:54:03.199
<v Speaker 1>to be. And so this is the real world where

963
00:54:03.199 --> 00:54:07.039
<v Speaker 1>we live amongst the gods directly, no longer speaking through oracles,

964
00:54:07.320 --> 00:54:10.079
<v Speaker 1>but now we have direct fellowship with the gods, because we,

965
00:54:10.360 --> 00:54:13.519
<v Speaker 1>like them, have direct access to reality as it is.

966
00:54:13.800 --> 00:54:18.199
<v Speaker 1>And perhaps every single good, every beautiful thing that we've

967
00:54:18.280 --> 00:54:21.960
<v Speaker 1>experienced down here in the valley is simply the runoff

968
00:54:22.159 --> 00:54:25.280
<v Speaker 1>of this higher reality with you know, mountains made of

969
00:54:25.320 --> 00:54:28.800
<v Speaker 1>precious stones, and you know, again, all these just kind

970
00:54:28.800 --> 00:54:31.400
<v Speaker 1>of glorious realities which in many ways kind of read

971
00:54:31.559 --> 00:54:34.079
<v Speaker 1>like some of the images we get of heaven in revelation.

972
00:54:34.239 --> 00:54:37.480
<v Speaker 1>And so it's idea of the more real reality that

973
00:54:37.639 --> 00:54:42.599
<v Speaker 1>to which our hearts are naturally drawn when we are

974
00:54:42.679 --> 00:54:45.360
<v Speaker 1>rightly directed, when we are operating in the cord with

975
00:54:45.400 --> 00:54:47.960
<v Speaker 1>our nature. And so he says that when you die,

976
00:54:48.320 --> 00:54:52.159
<v Speaker 1>you know, perhaps you go into hell, perhaps you get reincarnated,

977
00:54:52.400 --> 00:54:55.559
<v Speaker 1>perhaps you rise up to the surface or in the

978
00:54:55.960 --> 00:54:58.840
<v Speaker 1>ultimate reality, the ultimate reward for the wise, for the

979
00:54:58.880 --> 00:55:04.360
<v Speaker 1>true philosophers, you live as an immaterial reality. With immaterial reality,

980
00:55:04.679 --> 00:55:08.159
<v Speaker 1>you live in the world of being, and you know,

981
00:55:08.320 --> 00:55:11.199
<v Speaker 1>living up here in this surface world, and living in

982
00:55:11.280 --> 00:55:16.840
<v Speaker 1>this the true surface. Well, now, your sky is actually

983
00:55:16.880 --> 00:55:18.599
<v Speaker 1>what we downe here tend to call the ether, or

984
00:55:19.000 --> 00:55:21.639
<v Speaker 1>what we call space, which is a word that we'll

985
00:55:21.639 --> 00:55:24.760
<v Speaker 1>be talking about a good bit. But up on the

986
00:55:24.800 --> 00:55:29.400
<v Speaker 1>surface world, your sky is the clear realm of the stars,

987
00:55:29.519 --> 00:55:33.719
<v Speaker 1>of the moon, of the planets. And so in the

988
00:55:33.840 --> 00:55:36.800
<v Speaker 1>cosmology here that Plato gives us, you have Tartarus is

989
00:55:36.840 --> 00:55:39.400
<v Speaker 1>at the center of the earth. As you move up,

990
00:55:39.440 --> 00:55:43.000
<v Speaker 1>you eventually get to the surface world as we know it,

991
00:55:43.280 --> 00:55:46.760
<v Speaker 1>which itself is really a valley looking up to the

992
00:55:46.760 --> 00:55:50.880
<v Speaker 1>true surface, above the sky as we know it. And

993
00:55:50.920 --> 00:55:55.400
<v Speaker 1>so the progression from the worst to the best, the most,

994
00:55:55.639 --> 00:55:59.440
<v Speaker 1>the least real, to the most real, really goes from Tartarus,

995
00:55:59.519 --> 00:56:02.159
<v Speaker 1>and then really, I suppose the ocean to the surfaces

996
00:56:02.159 --> 00:56:04.599
<v Speaker 1>we know it, to the true surface, which then looks

997
00:56:04.639 --> 00:56:08.000
<v Speaker 1>out on the heavens. Well, now let's jump a generation

998
00:56:08.119 --> 00:56:11.599
<v Speaker 1>to Plato student Aristotle, who's going to continue this conversation

999
00:56:11.760 --> 00:56:15.559
<v Speaker 1>regarding being and becoming. And Aristyle is going to look

1000
00:56:15.559 --> 00:56:17.480
<v Speaker 1>around and he's going to see with Heraclitis that this

1001
00:56:17.559 --> 00:56:20.320
<v Speaker 1>world as we experience it is indeed moving. It's in

1002
00:56:20.400 --> 00:56:23.880
<v Speaker 1>the state of flux. It is becoming. However, you look

1003
00:56:23.960 --> 00:56:26.480
<v Speaker 1>up on a clear night and you see things that

1004
00:56:26.519 --> 00:56:30.239
<v Speaker 1>don't move. You see the stars that are fixed, as

1005
00:56:30.280 --> 00:56:35.639
<v Speaker 1>well as the wanderers, namely the planets. However, even the planets,

1006
00:56:35.679 --> 00:56:40.239
<v Speaker 1>although they're moving, they moved in a fixed and predictable pattern. Well,

1007
00:56:40.239 --> 00:56:44.360
<v Speaker 1>in Aristotle's book The Metaphysics, he notices that as I

1008
00:56:44.360 --> 00:56:46.199
<v Speaker 1>said that the world around us is in a state

1009
00:56:46.239 --> 00:56:49.719
<v Speaker 1>of flux, it's always changing. However, even that change happened

1010
00:56:49.719 --> 00:56:52.760
<v Speaker 1>in a logical and orderly way. And so you know,

1011
00:56:53.119 --> 00:56:57.000
<v Speaker 1>effects have consequences. That when a domino falls, it falls

1012
00:56:57.039 --> 00:56:59.599
<v Speaker 1>because the domino before it knocked it over. Well, if

1013
00:56:59.639 --> 00:57:02.519
<v Speaker 1>you follow that chain of dominoes back far enough, then

1014
00:57:02.639 --> 00:57:05.960
<v Speaker 1>eventually you have to get to the beginning domino, that

1015
00:57:06.000 --> 00:57:09.760
<v Speaker 1>first domino that's able to kick over the entire sequence. Well,

1016
00:57:09.760 --> 00:57:13.320
<v Speaker 1>this is a very simplified argument for the idea that

1017
00:57:13.360 --> 00:57:15.480
<v Speaker 1>at the beginning of the sequence of change, there has

1018
00:57:15.519 --> 00:57:17.960
<v Speaker 1>to be one thing that causes change but is not

1019
00:57:18.079 --> 00:57:23.639
<v Speaker 1>itself changed. This is Aristotle's prime mover. Now, for this argument,

1020
00:57:23.679 --> 00:57:26.920
<v Speaker 1>it's very important that the prime mover itself does not change,

1021
00:57:26.960 --> 00:57:30.679
<v Speaker 1>meaning it doesn't actually take action, because it is fully actualized.

1022
00:57:30.920 --> 00:57:33.039
<v Speaker 1>There's nowhere for it to go, nothing for it to do.

1023
00:57:33.400 --> 00:57:36.400
<v Speaker 1>It's always doing everything that it can do. That's what

1024
00:57:36.440 --> 00:57:39.880
<v Speaker 1>it means to be fully actualized. It has no potential,

1025
00:57:40.159 --> 00:57:43.960
<v Speaker 1>and so what it means is this God doesn't act okay.

1026
00:57:44.000 --> 00:57:47.880
<v Speaker 1>And so when we talk about Aristotle's Prime Mover causing motion,

1027
00:57:48.400 --> 00:57:52.239
<v Speaker 1>it's not in even necessarily an intentional way. The way

1028
00:57:52.239 --> 00:57:54.440
<v Speaker 1>that it causes motion and this is in the same

1029
00:57:54.440 --> 00:57:57.960
<v Speaker 1>way that a beloved attracts a lover. And so, as

1030
00:57:58.000 --> 00:58:03.880
<v Speaker 1>the only fully actualized being, the only truly eternal, unmoving reality,

1031
00:58:04.960 --> 00:58:10.880
<v Speaker 1>the only true good, the Prime Mover is supremely lovable,

1032
00:58:11.400 --> 00:58:13.719
<v Speaker 1>and this is how it causes the cosmos to move

1033
00:58:14.519 --> 00:58:19.719
<v Speaker 1>in continual imitation of the changeless reality of the Prime Mover.

1034
00:58:20.280 --> 00:58:23.599
<v Speaker 1>And so on the outer level of reality, here we

1035
00:58:23.719 --> 00:58:28.239
<v Speaker 1>have the heavenly spheres which are moving, right, the planets move.

1036
00:58:28.840 --> 00:58:33.719
<v Speaker 1>And the way this attraction works is the cosmos itself

1037
00:58:34.320 --> 00:58:38.000
<v Speaker 1>moves through the cycle of spheres that are moving in

1038
00:58:38.159 --> 00:58:42.199
<v Speaker 1>imitation of the unchanging reality of the Prime Mover. How

1039
00:58:42.199 --> 00:58:45.440
<v Speaker 1>did Aristotle get here? Well, he believed that love tends

1040
00:58:45.480 --> 00:58:49.880
<v Speaker 1>to imitate, and the best way for moving realities namely

1041
00:58:49.960 --> 00:58:54.639
<v Speaker 1>the moving cosmos. To imitate the unchanging reality of the

1042
00:58:54.679 --> 00:58:59.440
<v Speaker 1>prime mover is to move in a spherical shape, right.

1043
00:58:59.440 --> 00:59:04.280
<v Speaker 1>I mean, imagine you had a perfect sphere that was rotating. Well,

1044
00:59:04.480 --> 00:59:07.360
<v Speaker 1>if you have a perfect sphere rotating that in many ways,

1045
00:59:07.360 --> 00:59:09.280
<v Speaker 1>you wouldn't even be able to tell that it's spinning,

1046
00:59:09.679 --> 00:59:12.760
<v Speaker 1>because movement in the sphere is a way of imitating stability,

1047
00:59:12.800 --> 00:59:17.280
<v Speaker 1>it's a way of imitating unchanging reality. The first kind

1048
00:59:17.320 --> 00:59:19.639
<v Speaker 1>of movement that you have here is not even really

1049
00:59:19.679 --> 00:59:23.280
<v Speaker 1>a physical movement. This outer sphere is called the primamobile.

1050
00:59:23.480 --> 00:59:27.039
<v Speaker 1>It's the idea of the first thing that's moved, but

1051
00:59:27.159 --> 00:59:30.480
<v Speaker 1>in it itself isn't really moved physically. It's more of a

1052
00:59:30.519 --> 00:59:34.639
<v Speaker 1>spiritual movement. It's the movement of love, which then starts

1053
00:59:34.639 --> 00:59:37.039
<v Speaker 1>to turn the next sphere, which at this point start

1054
00:59:37.079 --> 00:59:40.760
<v Speaker 1>to get associated with the planets. And so the planets

1055
00:59:40.760 --> 00:59:47.199
<v Speaker 1>in the Oristilian mindset are either moved by divine realities,

1056
00:59:47.559 --> 00:59:50.400
<v Speaker 1>or perhaps they themselves are divine realities. This is not

1057
00:59:50.559 --> 00:59:53.280
<v Speaker 1>entirely clear, kind of gets debated, but nonetheless there's some

1058
00:59:53.400 --> 00:59:56.800
<v Speaker 1>kind of divine reality associated with the spheares that's causing

1059
00:59:56.840 --> 01:00:00.480
<v Speaker 1>them to move in imitation of the sphere before it,

1060
01:00:00.519 --> 01:00:03.519
<v Speaker 1>which itself is moving in imitation of the sphere before it,

1061
01:00:03.719 --> 01:00:06.639
<v Speaker 1>which is eventually going down the line, we get to

1062
01:00:06.840 --> 01:00:09.760
<v Speaker 1>the outer sphere that is moving in imitation of the

1063
01:00:09.800 --> 01:00:12.920
<v Speaker 1>prime mover of God himself. Well, as we follow these

1064
01:00:12.960 --> 01:00:15.840
<v Speaker 1>spheres down further and further and further to the Earth,

1065
01:00:16.039 --> 01:00:19.360
<v Speaker 1>eventually we get to the Moon, which also moves in

1066
01:00:19.440 --> 01:00:22.679
<v Speaker 1>a regular and predictable pattern. It has order. However, this

1067
01:00:22.760 --> 01:00:26.280
<v Speaker 1>is also where order starts to break down. You can

1068
01:00:26.320 --> 01:00:28.840
<v Speaker 1>look at the moon with your naked eye and see

1069
01:00:29.039 --> 01:00:32.320
<v Speaker 1>what we recognize as craters. It has imperfections, and also

1070
01:00:32.480 --> 01:00:35.119
<v Speaker 1>it changes, it goes through these cycles. It has a

1071
01:00:35.159 --> 01:00:37.480
<v Speaker 1>light side, it has a dark side, And so basically

1072
01:00:37.519 --> 01:00:39.960
<v Speaker 1>the moon is still orderly, but it is the place

1073
01:00:40.000 --> 01:00:45.599
<v Speaker 1>where order starts to break down, where being really starts

1074
01:00:45.599 --> 01:00:50.519
<v Speaker 1>to turn into becoming, where corruption starts to play out.

1075
01:00:50.559 --> 01:00:52.920
<v Speaker 1>And now at this point I'm actually starting to already

1076
01:00:52.960 --> 01:00:57.480
<v Speaker 1>combine kind of Aerostyle's thought with Ptolemy and moving into

1077
01:00:57.480 --> 01:00:59.199
<v Speaker 1>the medieval world and kind of bringing all this together

1078
01:00:59.320 --> 01:01:02.360
<v Speaker 1>this point, so, the planets as we know them, they're

1079
01:01:02.440 --> 01:01:05.639
<v Speaker 1>named after the Roman gods, and that's because the planets themselves,

1080
01:01:05.679 --> 01:01:09.840
<v Speaker 1>which Aristotle recognize as divine realities, are at least associated

1081
01:01:09.840 --> 01:01:13.440
<v Speaker 1>with divine realities, became identified with the Greco Roman pantheon.

1082
01:01:13.679 --> 01:01:16.599
<v Speaker 1>It's worth noting at this point that how the gods

1083
01:01:16.639 --> 01:01:22.039
<v Speaker 1>of the philosophers, namely those who are wise in power

1084
01:01:22.360 --> 01:01:26.880
<v Speaker 1>and wise in true understanding, are a more sanitized form

1085
01:01:27.039 --> 01:01:30.559
<v Speaker 1>of the Olympian soap opera, where now the gods are

1086
01:01:30.639 --> 01:01:33.760
<v Speaker 1>reaching their ideal state and literally reside in the heavens,

1087
01:01:33.920 --> 01:01:35.639
<v Speaker 1>and it is from the heavens that they exert their

1088
01:01:35.639 --> 01:01:38.719
<v Speaker 1>influence down here on Earth. Now, these planets are going

1089
01:01:38.800 --> 01:01:41.800
<v Speaker 1>to be played a very important role in the medieval

1090
01:01:41.880 --> 01:01:45.760
<v Speaker 1>understanding of the cosmos, and especially in the Ransom series

1091
01:01:45.760 --> 01:01:47.760
<v Speaker 1>that we'll be beginning with. And so, like I said,

1092
01:01:47.760 --> 01:01:50.760
<v Speaker 1>each of these planets actually at this point are probably

1093
01:01:50.840 --> 01:01:52.920
<v Speaker 1>best to give you a diagram of the cosmos, and

1094
01:01:52.960 --> 01:01:55.199
<v Speaker 1>then we'll go back and carry some of these thoughts

1095
01:01:55.199 --> 01:01:57.559
<v Speaker 1>that I've started here. And so at the very center

1096
01:01:57.599 --> 01:01:59.599
<v Speaker 1>of the cosmos, at the center of the Earth, even

1097
01:02:00.079 --> 01:02:03.800
<v Speaker 1>you have Hell, then you have Earth, Then you have

1098
01:02:04.000 --> 01:02:08.679
<v Speaker 1>the air above the Earth. Then you have the moon Mercury, Venus,

1099
01:02:08.920 --> 01:02:14.480
<v Speaker 1>the sun, Saturn, Jupiter, Primum Obila, imperiod of God. Right,

1100
01:02:14.519 --> 01:02:18.239
<v Speaker 1>this is where God dwells. This is the highest reality,

1101
01:02:18.480 --> 01:02:21.760
<v Speaker 1>that which is most real, that which is most fixed,

1102
01:02:21.800 --> 01:02:25.320
<v Speaker 1>that which is most unmoving. And then we progress further further.

1103
01:02:25.400 --> 01:02:28.159
<v Speaker 1>The heavens themselves are perfect, but they are moving, but

1104
01:02:28.159 --> 01:02:32.800
<v Speaker 1>they're moving in order, moving in harmony, in direction of God. Well,

1105
01:02:32.880 --> 01:02:34.760
<v Speaker 1>once you get to the moon, this is where things

1106
01:02:34.920 --> 01:02:37.400
<v Speaker 1>start to break down. And so the moon is this

1107
01:02:37.519 --> 01:02:41.320
<v Speaker 1>transitory element. It's looking toward the earth which has fallen,

1108
01:02:41.400 --> 01:02:43.840
<v Speaker 1>but it also has a face out toward the heavens.

1109
01:02:44.199 --> 01:02:46.079
<v Speaker 1>It has a light side, it has a dark side.

1110
01:02:46.159 --> 01:02:49.599
<v Speaker 1>It is orderly, yet it also goes through these monthly transitions.

1111
01:02:50.039 --> 01:02:53.079
<v Speaker 1>And so the moon as Luna has its correlation with

1112
01:02:53.239 --> 01:02:56.679
<v Speaker 1>the water, which also emphasizes its kind of liquid nature.

1113
01:02:56.719 --> 01:03:01.119
<v Speaker 1>It's given over to change to inconsistence. And so the

1114
01:03:01.159 --> 01:03:04.440
<v Speaker 1>moon itself is good and in fact it produces silver

1115
01:03:04.599 --> 01:03:08.239
<v Speaker 1>in the earth, which is good. However, it also is

1116
01:03:08.280 --> 01:03:12.079
<v Speaker 1>an influence that can easily go wrong, and so lunacy

1117
01:03:12.480 --> 01:03:15.519
<v Speaker 1>gets its name from the moon. From Luna. It's the

1118
01:03:15.559 --> 01:03:19.480
<v Speaker 1>idea that you're given over to change to chaos because

1119
01:03:19.519 --> 01:03:22.480
<v Speaker 1>you have a misrelation with the influence of Luna, which

1120
01:03:22.480 --> 01:03:25.639
<v Speaker 1>is inherently good, but also perhaps the easiest to go wrong.

1121
01:03:26.840 --> 01:03:30.159
<v Speaker 1>And you know, it's for this reason that we get,

1122
01:03:30.840 --> 01:03:34.800
<v Speaker 1>you know, your werewolf stories, in which a particular misrelation

1123
01:03:34.960 --> 01:03:38.719
<v Speaker 1>to Luna leads to such a degradation of order, such

1124
01:03:38.760 --> 01:03:43.039
<v Speaker 1>a reversal of the movement that our soul should take,

1125
01:03:43.119 --> 01:03:48.119
<v Speaker 1>that instead of our souls rising upward toward the more rational,

1126
01:03:48.559 --> 01:03:52.519
<v Speaker 1>the more virtuous, they actually go downward, and our beastly

1127
01:03:52.599 --> 01:03:56.519
<v Speaker 1>in state instincts take over as well. And of course

1128
01:03:56.559 --> 01:03:59.400
<v Speaker 1>the only way that werewolf can be killed is with silver,

1129
01:03:59.559 --> 01:04:02.159
<v Speaker 1>and so so very poetically we get this image that

1130
01:04:02.800 --> 01:04:05.639
<v Speaker 1>the only way that Luna can repent of her sins

1131
01:04:05.840 --> 01:04:10.519
<v Speaker 1>is through her tears. And so a lunatic is somebody

1132
01:04:10.519 --> 01:04:13.880
<v Speaker 1>who has a misrelation to the influence of the moon. However,

1133
01:04:14.239 --> 01:04:17.920
<v Speaker 1>a positive relation to the lunar influence takes the form

1134
01:04:18.079 --> 01:04:22.239
<v Speaker 1>of a traveler, a wanderer, perhaps ironically, like the way

1135
01:04:22.239 --> 01:04:25.320
<v Speaker 1>I just said, even a hunter, right, And so it's

1136
01:04:25.639 --> 01:04:30.760
<v Speaker 1>somebody who has an appropriate relationship with the influence of change. Well,

1137
01:04:30.800 --> 01:04:36.400
<v Speaker 1>all the seven planets, so Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Jupiter, Saturn,

1138
01:04:36.719 --> 01:04:41.320
<v Speaker 1>exert some kind of influence that radiates out through the spheres. Now,

1139
01:04:41.360 --> 01:04:45.639
<v Speaker 1>these influences themselves are good, right, they operate in an

1140
01:04:45.880 --> 01:04:50.639
<v Speaker 1>unfallen reality, they operate in the heavens, they are perfectly ordered. However,

1141
01:04:50.920 --> 01:04:54.800
<v Speaker 1>it's when these influences enter into our atmosphere that is

1142
01:04:55.000 --> 01:04:58.920
<v Speaker 1>not only given over to corruption in light of our

1143
01:04:59.039 --> 01:05:03.760
<v Speaker 1>material nature, but also in a more theological sense, right

1144
01:05:04.119 --> 01:05:09.119
<v Speaker 1>in our fallen earth, these influences tend to get twisted

1145
01:05:09.280 --> 01:05:12.679
<v Speaker 1>into corrupted versions of what they are meant to be.

1146
01:05:13.719 --> 01:05:16.559
<v Speaker 1>And so I think it's probably worth talking just very

1147
01:05:16.599 --> 01:05:20.599
<v Speaker 1>briefly about what each of these planetary influences tend to do.

1148
01:05:20.960 --> 01:05:25.039
<v Speaker 1>So Mercury is the fastest planet. Mercury is associated with speed,

1149
01:05:25.159 --> 01:05:28.800
<v Speaker 1>with speed of wit, with speed of feet. It's especially

1150
01:05:28.840 --> 01:05:32.320
<v Speaker 1>with movement, and so a positive relation with Mercury can

1151
01:05:32.440 --> 01:05:36.639
<v Speaker 1>lead to you being quick witted. But also it can

1152
01:05:36.719 --> 01:05:39.679
<v Speaker 1>lead to you being perhaps a thief of a pickpocket,

1153
01:05:39.719 --> 01:05:43.199
<v Speaker 1>you're quick with your fingers, or maybe even you're a sophist. Right,

1154
01:05:43.239 --> 01:05:45.800
<v Speaker 1>you have a quick tongue, but not always for a

1155
01:05:45.920 --> 01:05:49.199
<v Speaker 1>wise and good and noble purpose. And so Mercury tends

1156
01:05:49.239 --> 01:05:53.360
<v Speaker 1>to be associated with the idea of speed of quickness,

1157
01:05:54.559 --> 01:05:57.960
<v Speaker 1>a kind of fluidity. Lewis talks about this in the

1158
01:05:58.000 --> 01:06:01.239
<v Speaker 1>Discarded image that the way to get understanding of what

1159
01:06:01.400 --> 01:06:03.880
<v Speaker 1>mercury is is to look at someone a dish and

1160
01:06:03.920 --> 01:06:07.159
<v Speaker 1>the way that it kind of moves and swirls around. Next,

1161
01:06:07.239 --> 01:06:11.880
<v Speaker 1>you have Venus, obviously a feminine ideal, very associated with love,

1162
01:06:12.119 --> 01:06:16.559
<v Speaker 1>with that which is nurturing, that which is motherly, and

1163
01:06:16.639 --> 01:06:20.519
<v Speaker 1>so you have a a kind of a sweet influence.

1164
01:06:20.559 --> 01:06:24.920
<v Speaker 1>Here's something that brings images of gardens and life. But

1165
01:06:25.000 --> 01:06:30.280
<v Speaker 1>obviously a misrelation can look like somebody who gives themselves

1166
01:06:30.280 --> 01:06:34.480
<v Speaker 1>over to their passion, someone who's overly amorous and doesn't

1167
01:06:34.840 --> 01:06:40.039
<v Speaker 1>maintain wisdom in their amorous pursuits, or or perhaps even

1168
01:06:40.280 --> 01:06:42.800
<v Speaker 1>the mother that will counter in the Great divorce, who

1169
01:06:43.280 --> 01:06:47.559
<v Speaker 1>has a possessive relationship with her child. That would also

1170
01:06:47.599 --> 01:06:52.559
<v Speaker 1>be a negative association with Venus's influence. Okay, Now, the

1171
01:06:52.639 --> 01:06:56.679
<v Speaker 1>sun or a soul is the source of wisdom, is

1172
01:06:56.719 --> 01:07:00.599
<v Speaker 1>seen as the eye of the cosmos. And notice the

1173
01:07:00.679 --> 01:07:04.760
<v Speaker 1>sun is the central of the seven planetary spheres, and

1174
01:07:04.840 --> 01:07:07.199
<v Speaker 1>so in one way you can say the Earth is

1175
01:07:07.239 --> 01:07:09.000
<v Speaker 1>at the center, but another way you can say that

1176
01:07:09.039 --> 01:07:11.280
<v Speaker 1>the Sun is at the center of the medieval cosmos.

1177
01:07:11.320 --> 01:07:13.960
<v Speaker 1>They just mean that a little bit differently. And so,

1178
01:07:14.000 --> 01:07:16.159
<v Speaker 1>like I said, the sun is the eye of the cosmos,

1179
01:07:16.199 --> 01:07:19.280
<v Speaker 1>it is the light of divine reason, particularly associated with

1180
01:07:19.360 --> 01:07:24.719
<v Speaker 1>philosophers and theologians. Also, the sun produces gold in the earth.

1181
01:07:24.960 --> 01:07:28.239
<v Speaker 1>But the same time, the sun is associated with liberality,

1182
01:07:28.599 --> 01:07:32.519
<v Speaker 1>with generosity, and so an appropriate relationship with the sun

1183
01:07:33.039 --> 01:07:37.800
<v Speaker 1>would look like wisdom, it would look like a right

1184
01:07:38.079 --> 01:07:41.760
<v Speaker 1>use of wealth, whereas a negative relationship with the solar

1185
01:07:41.800 --> 01:07:46.000
<v Speaker 1>influence would actually lead to greed, to not giving away wealth,

1186
01:07:46.039 --> 01:07:49.519
<v Speaker 1>but actually giving yourself away to wealth and being consumed

1187
01:07:49.559 --> 01:07:52.679
<v Speaker 1>by it. If you've read Voyage of the Dawn Treedder already,

1188
01:07:53.199 --> 01:07:56.320
<v Speaker 1>perhaps you can see some ways that that can play

1189
01:07:56.400 --> 01:08:01.199
<v Speaker 1>a part. Next, you have Mars, obviously, the Roman god

1190
01:08:01.199 --> 01:08:04.119
<v Speaker 1>of war, and so the Mars is associated with the

1191
01:08:04.199 --> 01:08:08.599
<v Speaker 1>martial influence, and so in a positive sense this can

1192
01:08:08.679 --> 01:08:11.199
<v Speaker 1>look like the noble knight who is fighting injustice. It

1193
01:08:11.199 --> 01:08:14.920
<v Speaker 1>can also look like the noble martyr who is maintaining

1194
01:08:15.119 --> 01:08:18.800
<v Speaker 1>a steadfast spirit will injustice is done to him. And

1195
01:08:18.880 --> 01:08:23.079
<v Speaker 1>so Mars associated with martyrs, associated with the noble knights,

1196
01:08:23.119 --> 01:08:26.880
<v Speaker 1>with the good warriors. Now, a negative relation to the

1197
01:08:26.920 --> 01:08:31.359
<v Speaker 1>martian influence obviously looks like a tyrant, someone who's bloodthirsty,

1198
01:08:32.000 --> 01:08:35.119
<v Speaker 1>somebody who engages in combat for the sake of combat

1199
01:08:35.199 --> 01:08:38.199
<v Speaker 1>rather than for the sake of a higher ideal. Now

1200
01:08:38.840 --> 01:08:41.600
<v Speaker 1>side note, and this is going to be important, there

1201
01:08:41.600 --> 01:08:46.840
<v Speaker 1>are also some older connections between Mars and vegetation. This

1202
01:08:46.880 --> 01:08:49.920
<v Speaker 1>the idea of Marsilvanis. And so it's the idea that

1203
01:08:50.800 --> 01:08:54.079
<v Speaker 1>Mars is not only associated with war and with destruction,

1204
01:08:54.239 --> 01:08:58.960
<v Speaker 1>but that Mars also has some less known associations with life,

1205
01:08:59.039 --> 01:09:04.199
<v Speaker 1>with vegetation and with nature. Hence March at the beginning

1206
01:09:04.199 --> 01:09:07.239
<v Speaker 1>of springtime. Now, next you have Jupiter, which is of

1207
01:09:07.319 --> 01:09:09.279
<v Speaker 1>course the king of the gods, or in this case,

1208
01:09:09.359 --> 01:09:11.880
<v Speaker 1>the king of the planets. And so this is the

1209
01:09:11.920 --> 01:09:16.560
<v Speaker 1>idea of the true king who is enthroned in justice

1210
01:09:16.760 --> 01:09:20.600
<v Speaker 1>and serenity. He not only properly orders the world the

1211
01:09:21.680 --> 01:09:25.239
<v Speaker 1>spheres around him, but he also orders his own passions.

1212
01:09:25.279 --> 01:09:29.359
<v Speaker 1>And so this is the magnanimous king, enthroned in peace,

1213
01:09:29.640 --> 01:09:34.840
<v Speaker 1>in serenity, and enjoy. In fact, another name for Jupiter

1214
01:09:35.000 --> 01:09:40.560
<v Speaker 1>is Jove, hence joviality, or even the English expression by jove.

1215
01:09:41.319 --> 01:09:45.000
<v Speaker 1>Pay attention to that, And so Jove is the enthroned

1216
01:09:45.079 --> 01:09:49.279
<v Speaker 1>king sitting on high. Next you have Saturn Now, Saturn

1217
01:09:49.479 --> 01:09:53.800
<v Speaker 1>is the most sluggish of the planets. Its influence tends

1218
01:09:53.840 --> 01:09:59.439
<v Speaker 1>to lead to things falling apart, toward corruption, disease, aging.

1219
01:10:00.359 --> 01:10:04.319
<v Speaker 1>Saturn is also associated with the Titan Chronos time. It's

1220
01:10:04.319 --> 01:10:07.479
<v Speaker 1>this idea, it's associated with things kind of wearing down.

1221
01:10:08.039 --> 01:10:11.239
<v Speaker 1>Know that this is the first planet that moves, and

1222
01:10:11.279 --> 01:10:13.880
<v Speaker 1>so there is this connection with movement, and the way

1223
01:10:13.920 --> 01:10:17.920
<v Speaker 1>that this gets received in Earth's atmosphere tends to be

1224
01:10:18.079 --> 01:10:21.920
<v Speaker 1>movement for the worst things running down, things losing both

1225
01:10:21.920 --> 01:10:25.439
<v Speaker 1>their potentiality and their actuality. However, despite the fact that

1226
01:10:25.479 --> 01:10:29.520
<v Speaker 1>Saturn is generally seen as the least desirable influence, a

1227
01:10:29.640 --> 01:10:33.239
<v Speaker 1>right relationship with Saturn is a kind of penitential wisdom.

1228
01:10:33.520 --> 01:10:35.680
<v Speaker 1>It's the kind of wisdom you can only find by

1229
01:10:35.680 --> 01:10:39.399
<v Speaker 1>going through sorrow. This is the wisdom of mementomori. Remember

1230
01:10:39.439 --> 01:10:41.760
<v Speaker 1>that you will die, and there is real wisdom and

1231
01:10:41.800 --> 01:10:43.600
<v Speaker 1>real good to be found in that, even if it's

1232
01:10:43.640 --> 01:10:48.159
<v Speaker 1>not that which we might most desire. And so all

1233
01:10:48.239 --> 01:10:51.760
<v Speaker 1>of these planetary influences are inherently good. I don't they

1234
01:10:51.760 --> 01:10:54.960
<v Speaker 1>exist in the heavens, but tend to fall into corruption

1235
01:10:55.159 --> 01:10:56.560
<v Speaker 1>in the way that we relate to them as they

1236
01:10:56.720 --> 01:11:01.119
<v Speaker 1>enter into our fallen material atmosphere. Now you may be

1237
01:11:01.199 --> 01:11:04.279
<v Speaker 1>asking the question, Okay, what are these Roman gods doing

1238
01:11:04.319 --> 01:11:08.159
<v Speaker 1>in a medieval Christian context? And that doesn't seem to

1239
01:11:08.399 --> 01:11:12.800
<v Speaker 1>be something that particularly troubled theologians at the time. However,

1240
01:11:12.840 --> 01:11:15.880
<v Speaker 1>I mean, obviously they're not serving Roman deities, but the

1241
01:11:15.960 --> 01:11:19.800
<v Speaker 1>names themselves I mean tended to stick. However, they got

1242
01:11:19.840 --> 01:11:23.000
<v Speaker 1>repurposed and instead of recognizing them as Roman gods, I mean,

1243
01:11:23.000 --> 01:11:26.880
<v Speaker 1>they were seen at divine realities something like angels, which

1244
01:11:27.000 --> 01:11:31.600
<v Speaker 1>the Medievals believed, I mean, actually filled the atmosphere. But

1245
01:11:31.680 --> 01:11:34.119
<v Speaker 1>you know, I think that I'm going to pause right there.

1246
01:11:34.159 --> 01:11:36.960
<v Speaker 1>We've already covered a lot of ground. I'm going to

1247
01:11:37.000 --> 01:11:40.279
<v Speaker 1>return to some of this. I'm going to emphasize certain

1248
01:11:40.319 --> 01:11:43.079
<v Speaker 1>elements and even talk a bit more about angels as

1249
01:11:43.119 --> 01:11:46.199
<v Speaker 1>well as other things that might exist within the medieval world.

1250
01:11:47.159 --> 01:11:50.359
<v Speaker 1>But I'll get to that in the next video. I

1251
01:11:50.399 --> 01:11:52.520
<v Speaker 1>think that if I went any further now, I would

1252
01:11:52.920 --> 01:11:56.039
<v Speaker 1>end up ruining some of the mystery of out of

1253
01:11:56.039 --> 01:11:58.920
<v Speaker 1>the Silent Planet, which I will briefly introduce in the

1254
01:11:58.960 --> 01:12:01.960
<v Speaker 1>next video. And so we did a lot in this video.

1255
01:12:02.039 --> 01:12:04.640
<v Speaker 1>Like I said, moving forward, we're not going to spend

1256
01:12:04.800 --> 01:12:09.560
<v Speaker 1>so much time doing these big philosophical overviews, but I

1257
01:12:09.600 --> 01:12:13.199
<v Speaker 1>wanted to lay out some important ideas that you should

1258
01:12:13.239 --> 01:12:15.279
<v Speaker 1>keep in mind. Perhaps we'll turn back to as you

1259
01:12:15.319 --> 01:12:18.119
<v Speaker 1>do your reading. We'll get more into some of this,

1260
01:12:18.279 --> 01:12:21.279
<v Speaker 1>but like I said, moving forward will be more focused

1261
01:12:21.319 --> 01:12:24.840
<v Speaker 1>on the actual text. But I hope that this was enjoyable.

1262
01:12:24.880 --> 01:12:26.800
<v Speaker 1>I hope that you've got something valuable out of this.

1263
01:12:27.199 --> 01:12:29.800
<v Speaker 1>If you have any questions, then please hop on over

1264
01:12:29.920 --> 01:12:32.800
<v Speaker 1>to the discord chat and let me know, and otherwise

1265
01:12:32.880 --> 01:12:56.840
<v Speaker 1>I will talk to you next time. Plato Stoicism until

1266
01:12:56.880 --> 01:12:59.920
<v Speaker 1>we have faces a brand new eight week course by

1267
01:13:00.119 --> 01:13:03.720
<v Speaker 1>doctor Andrew Snyder coming in July twenty twenty five. I

1268
01:13:03.760 --> 01:13:06.960
<v Speaker 1>have always, at least ever since I can remember, had

1269
01:13:06.960 --> 01:13:09.479
<v Speaker 1>a kind of longing for death. It was when I

1270
01:13:09.520 --> 01:13:12.159
<v Speaker 1>was happiest that I longed most. It was on happy

1271
01:13:12.239 --> 01:13:14.159
<v Speaker 1>days when we were up in the hills, the three

1272
01:13:14.199 --> 01:13:17.000
<v Speaker 1>of us, with the wind and the sunshine, where you

1273
01:13:17.039 --> 01:13:20.319
<v Speaker 1>couldn't see Gloam or the palace. Do you remember the

1274
01:13:20.359 --> 01:13:23.000
<v Speaker 1>color and the smell, and looking across at the gray

1275
01:13:23.000 --> 01:13:26.520
<v Speaker 1>mountain in the distance, and because it was so beautiful,

1276
01:13:26.880 --> 01:13:30.439
<v Speaker 1>it set me longing, always longing somewhere else, there must

1277
01:13:30.439 --> 01:13:34.000
<v Speaker 1>be more of it. Everything seemed to be saying, Psyche, come,

1278
01:13:34.840 --> 01:13:37.279
<v Speaker 1>but I couldn't come, and I didn't know where I

1279
01:13:37.399 --> 01:13:40.520
<v Speaker 1>was to come to. It almost hurt me. I felt

1280
01:13:40.560 --> 01:13:42.920
<v Speaker 1>like a bird in a cage when the other birds

1281
01:13:42.920 --> 01:13:46.800
<v Speaker 1>of its kind are flying home. And now I will

1282
01:13:46.800 --> 01:13:49.560
<v Speaker 1>make answer to you, oh my judges, and show that

1283
01:13:49.600 --> 01:13:52.239
<v Speaker 1>he who has lived as a true philosopher has reason

1284
01:13:52.319 --> 01:13:54.159
<v Speaker 1>to be of good cheer when he was about to die,

1285
01:13:54.359 --> 01:13:56.840
<v Speaker 1>and that after death he may hope to receive the

1286
01:13:56.880 --> 01:13:59.600
<v Speaker 1>greatest good in the other world. For I deem that

1287
01:13:59.640 --> 01:14:02.000
<v Speaker 1>the true, rue disciple of philosophy is likely to be

1288
01:14:02.000 --> 01:14:04.720
<v Speaker 1>misunderstood by other men. They do not perceive that he

1289
01:14:04.760 --> 01:14:08.119
<v Speaker 1>is ever pursuing death and dying. And if this is true, why,

1290
01:14:08.520 --> 01:14:11.199
<v Speaker 1>having had the desire of death all his life long,

1291
01:14:11.439 --> 01:14:13.479
<v Speaker 1>should he regret the arrival of that which he has

1292
01:14:13.520 --> 01:14:18.239
<v Speaker 1>always been pursuing and desiring. The longing of Plato and

1293
01:14:18.359 --> 01:14:22.119
<v Speaker 1>the control of the Stoics pervades Lewis's retelling of the

1294
01:14:22.159 --> 01:14:25.039
<v Speaker 1>Cupid and Psyche Myth until we have faces with this

1295
01:14:25.159 --> 01:14:28.439
<v Speaker 1>incredible novel, which he believed to be his best. Lewis

1296
01:14:28.439 --> 01:14:32.399
<v Speaker 1>demonstrates the tensions in ancient thought, and even more significantly,

1297
01:14:32.680 --> 01:14:35.720
<v Speaker 1>the limits of rational philosophy, which can only go as

1298
01:14:35.760 --> 01:14:39.199
<v Speaker 1>deep as the foxes can dig. Beyond that, under that

1299
01:14:39.399 --> 01:14:42.760
<v Speaker 1>and providing the life of that thought, we find the

1300
01:14:42.880 --> 01:14:47.680
<v Speaker 1>dark and holy places that blind our faculties of reason. What, then,

1301
01:14:47.800 --> 01:14:50.319
<v Speaker 1>shall we do? This is a topic that we will

1302
01:14:50.359 --> 01:14:54.000
<v Speaker 1>explore after first surveying some important philosophical contributions in the

1303
01:14:54.039 --> 01:14:57.279
<v Speaker 1>ancient world that have had some significant bearing on Lewis's

1304
01:14:57.279 --> 01:15:00.760
<v Speaker 1>great novel. To this end, we will begin with Plato's Phato,

1305
01:15:01.000 --> 01:15:03.920
<v Speaker 1>which discusses the immortality of the soul and what those

1306
01:15:04.000 --> 01:15:06.680
<v Speaker 1>who love wisdom might expect in the life to come.

1307
01:15:07.079 --> 01:15:08.960
<v Speaker 1>And then we'll spend four weeks with some of the

1308
01:15:09.000 --> 01:15:14.199
<v Speaker 1>great stoics, including Epictetus, Emperor, Marcus, Aurelius, and Seneca. Finally,

1309
01:15:14.279 --> 01:15:16.399
<v Speaker 1>we will turn our attention to till we have faces

1310
01:15:16.439 --> 01:15:19.319
<v Speaker 1>for the final two weeks with original content, and so

1311
01:15:19.399 --> 01:15:21.079
<v Speaker 1>this will not be the same as what you may

1312
01:15:21.119 --> 01:15:23.760
<v Speaker 1>have seen in the fiction and philosophy of CS. Lewis course.

1313
01:15:24.239 --> 01:15:26.880
<v Speaker 1>Each week of this eight week study will include readings

1314
01:15:26.880 --> 01:15:30.079
<v Speaker 1>from primary sources that will be provided as PDFs. Although

1315
01:15:30.119 --> 01:15:32.800
<v Speaker 1>these are all texts that belong in your personal library.

1316
01:15:33.000 --> 01:15:36.399
<v Speaker 1>You'll be provided with recommendations for secondary readings. You'll have

1317
01:15:36.439 --> 01:15:39.319
<v Speaker 1>recorded presentations for you to watch at your leisure, ongoing

1318
01:15:39.359 --> 01:15:42.520
<v Speaker 1>discord chats, and weekly life meetings to discuss the readings

1319
01:15:42.720 --> 01:15:45.279
<v Speaker 1>enrolled today by going to patreon dot com slash Mythic

1320
01:15:45.319 --> 01:15:47.159
<v Speaker 1>Mind and checking out the job or, you can gain

1321
01:15:47.199 --> 01:15:50.640
<v Speaker 1>access to all courses, past, present and future this year

1322
01:15:50.720 --> 01:15:53.800
<v Speaker 1>by purchasing a Tier three annual subscription. I hope to

1323
01:15:53.800 --> 01:15:54.319
<v Speaker 1>see you there.
