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<v Speaker 1>Well, today we're going to be talking about attribution theory

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<v Speaker 1>and social cognition processes. So attribution theory explains how people

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<v Speaker 1>assigned causes to behavior, either internally with traits or externally

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<v Speaker 1>with situations. Fundamental attribution areas a tendency to overvalue personal

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<v Speaker 1>traits and undervalued contexts and explaining others behaviors. And you'll

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<v Speaker 1>see where the problem lies with these types of attribution

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<v Speaker 1>theory issues actor observer bias. This is where it flips

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<v Speaker 1>around fundamental attribution bias and others' behaviors disposition our own

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<v Speaker 1>as Situational self serving bias protects self esteem by attributing

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<v Speaker 1>successes internally and failures externally. Cognitive dissonance occurs when beliefs

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<v Speaker 1>and actions conflict. People reduce it by adjusting attitudes or

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<v Speaker 1>behavior schema. As we'll talk about those, They organize expectations

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<v Speaker 1>and shape perception. Confirmation bias reinforces them by leading us

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<v Speaker 1>to focus attent selectively the information that supports our pre

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<v Speaker 1>existing beliefs. So remember, we don't just observe or perceive

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<v Speaker 1>the world, we actually interpret it. When we walk by

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<v Speaker 1>somebody that doesn't say hi to us in the morning,

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<v Speaker 1>we may explain why someone is rude, why we failed

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<v Speaker 1>the test, or why maybe we're not rude, and we'll

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<v Speaker 1>look at some of the ways we do that. So

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<v Speaker 1>the attributionary for instance, again it looks at how people

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<v Speaker 1>assign causes to behavior, always asking the question why did

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<v Speaker 1>that happen? And they can fall into two main types

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<v Speaker 1>internal again dispositional. The cause lies within the person, so

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<v Speaker 1>if they walk by you they don't say hi, we

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<v Speaker 1>can contribute that to rudeness, or the cause lies in

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<v Speaker 1>the context. Maybe they didn't see me, maybe they don't

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<v Speaker 1>feel good, maybe something happened. We evaluate behavior across three dimensions.

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<v Speaker 1>When this is based on Kelly's covariation model, we value

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<v Speaker 1>it on consistency. Does the behavior happen regularly? Distinctiveness does

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<v Speaker 1>it happen only in this particular situation? And consensus do

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<v Speaker 1>others behave this way within way in the same situation.

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<v Speaker 1>When all three of these are high, we tend to

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<v Speaker 1>attribute the behavior to external factors. Conversely, when a consistency

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<v Speaker 1>is high but distinctiveness and consensus are low, we are

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<v Speaker 1>more likely to attribute the behavior to internal traits. One

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<v Speaker 1>of the most reliable cognitive biases in psychology is what

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<v Speaker 1>they call fundamental attribution error. It's when a person overemphasizes

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<v Speaker 1>internal traits when explaining others' behaviors and underestimates external forces.

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<v Speaker 1>For instance, when a client arrives late, you assume they're

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<v Speaker 1>careless or disorganized or don't care about the therapy. You

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<v Speaker 1>don't immediately consider traffic, child care, anxiety. Same thing, for instance,

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<v Speaker 1>if you get cut off on the freeway, to immediately

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<v Speaker 1>think that the person is a jerk, rude, whatever it

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<v Speaker 1>may be, don't consider anything else. This error is usually

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<v Speaker 1>automatic and asymmetric. We do it more with strangers than

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<v Speaker 1>with ourselves. Now. Speaking of that, we also make different

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<v Speaker 1>attributions depending on who's doing the behavior. As actor I

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<v Speaker 1>miss the meeting because the directions were unclear, an observer

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<v Speaker 1>he missed the meeting because he's unmotivated or irresponsible. This

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<v Speaker 1>is an extension of the fundamental attribution error, but with

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<v Speaker 1>an added twist. We give ourselves more situational credit, especially

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<v Speaker 1>in failure. So a therapist may label a client's sciences resistance,

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<v Speaker 1>but the client uses it as fear without checking the lens.

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<v Speaker 1>Miss aitomic can occur. This is one of the blames

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<v Speaker 1>that they put on psychodynamics or psychoanalytic therapists. Really remember,

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<v Speaker 1>dynamic therapist consists of everything from Freud, Young Adler, object

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<v Speaker 1>relations and moving forward. So that's interesting because that's one

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<v Speaker 1>of the biggest knocks against psychoanalysis is that they we

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<v Speaker 1>can be psychoanalysts, can fall prey to act or observer bias,

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<v Speaker 1>self serving bias. This one protects self esteem success, that

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<v Speaker 1>was me failure, that was the situation we know a

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<v Speaker 1>lot of times if you see it the other way around,

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<v Speaker 1>it's associated with depression. So I did great on the

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<v Speaker 1>interview because I am smart, or I didn't do well

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<v Speaker 1>on the interview because the way the teacher taught the material.

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<v Speaker 1>Of course, this seems like evolutionarily adaptive, but when it

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<v Speaker 1>exaggerated it causes denial and blocks accountability and can of

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<v Speaker 1>course fuel eventually hopelessness in the former in the diagnosis

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<v Speaker 1>of depression. Just world hypothesis is the belief that often

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<v Speaker 1>people believe the world is fair and predictable. Bad things

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<v Speaker 1>happen to bad people, good things happen to good people.

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<v Speaker 1>This creates a moral buffer. Some may even argue the

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<v Speaker 1>old saying of being too polyannish. If I act right

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<v Speaker 1>I'll be safe. But it also leads to victim blaming

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<v Speaker 1>if someone suffers and must be their fault. Clients who

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<v Speaker 1>blame themselves for trauma often carry a distorted just world belief,

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<v Speaker 1>belief that life events always reflect moral deservingness. After an outcome,

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<v Speaker 1>we believe we knew it all along. This is called

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<v Speaker 1>hindsight bias. I should have seen that breakup coming. Of

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<v Speaker 1>course the relapse happened. He missed last week. Hindsight bias

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<v Speaker 1>is a big problem. Think about it with somebody as

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<v Speaker 1>certain behaviors. Oh, I knew they were had substance use.

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<v Speaker 1>After you find out, this bias distorts learning, It creates

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<v Speaker 1>a false confidence and reduces empathy. Cognitive dissonance theory is

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<v Speaker 1>another one. When beliefs and behavior clash, we experience what

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<v Speaker 1>they call cycle logical tension or discomfort. We are motivated

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<v Speaker 1>to resolve that tension, and three main strategies has changed

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<v Speaker 1>the behavior. So let's look at smoking. To quit smoking.

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<v Speaker 1>Change the belief smoking is not that dangerous. Add a

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<v Speaker 1>new belief I exercise, so I cancel out the harm.

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<v Speaker 1>I've seen this a lot, especially with people who use alcohol.

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<v Speaker 1>Dissonance increases when the belief is central to identity, the

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<v Speaker 1>behavior was freely chosen and the consequences are significant. Motivational

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<v Speaker 1>interviewing works by surfacing the dissonance, helping clients confront the

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<v Speaker 1>gap between values and behavior without shame. The next is

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<v Speaker 1>schema therapy theory. Schema are mental frameworks that organize how

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<v Speaker 1>we perceive the world to help us make sense of people, events,

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<v Speaker 1>and patterns. The schema for a therapist might include expectations

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<v Speaker 1>of warmth, insight, and learning and listening. A client with

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<v Speaker 1>the negative schema about authority may expect udgement or punishment

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<v Speaker 1>from a therapist. Schemas affect the tension. What we notice, memory,

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<v Speaker 1>what we recall, an interpretation, how we explain it. When

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<v Speaker 1>schemas are rigid or distorted, they feed cognitive distortions and

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<v Speaker 1>emotional distress. Another one is called the availability heuristic. We

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<v Speaker 1>judge likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind.

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<v Speaker 1>You hear about three plane crashes and assume flying is unsafe.

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<v Speaker 1>If therapists recalls several clients with trauma and overdiagnosis PTSD,

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<v Speaker 1>this is something they call diagnostic creep or diagnostic overreach.

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<v Speaker 1>So if you have a special niche you tend to

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<v Speaker 1>see that particular diagnosis in a lot of different areas.

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<v Speaker 1>So yes, you're an expert in a particular diagnosis, but

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<v Speaker 1>then you could start seeing it everywhere. And this is

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<v Speaker 1>what you tend to see with a lot of authors

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<v Speaker 1>that write special books on particular diagnosis, they see a

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<v Speaker 1>little bit more than it is out there. Lastly, as

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<v Speaker 1>confirmation bias, we seek interpret and recall information in ways

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<v Speaker 1>that confirm what we already believe. If therapist who assumes

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<v Speaker 1>that client is resistant might notice every mishomwork assignment but

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<v Speaker 1>overlooks genuine engagement in session. Clinical applications depression and anxiety

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<v Speaker 1>depressed clients often show a negative attributional style, internal stable

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<v Speaker 1>global attributions for bad events. Anxious of clients focus on

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<v Speaker 1>threat due to attentional biases and interpret ambiguous cues negatively.

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<v Speaker 1>Therapy will focus on using cognitive restruction through CBT, thought records,

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<v Speaker 1>socratic questioning. All these are CBT techniques. Relationship conflict. Couples

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<v Speaker 1>in distress often use bias attributions. He forgot dinner because

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<v Speaker 1>he doesn't care. This is a dispositional attribution. There, I

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<v Speaker 1>snapped or got angry because I was tired, so it's situational.

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<v Speaker 1>Double's therapy helps reframe these patterns that rebuild mutual relationships

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<v Speaker 1>and understanding and empathy. Therapists prices. By the way, we're

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<v Speaker 1>not immune either. As therapists. Attribution areas can shape diagnostic impressions,

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<v Speaker 1>count of chance for inst and treatment planning. This is

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<v Speaker 1>why I believe understanding your counter transference is so important. Oh,

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<v Speaker 1>you need to be having bad bias awareness exercises, case

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<v Speaker 1>consultations is the biggest thing. I think that's one of

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<v Speaker 1>the more important factors to be able to help you

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<v Speaker 1>in your practice. Next time when we come back, we'll

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<v Speaker 1>be looking at group dynamics and social influence processes. So

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<v Speaker 1>we're heading over to the world of social psych a

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<v Speaker 1>little bit. That's it for now