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<v Speaker 1>You make time to move, to breathe, to check your stamina,

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<v Speaker 1>your sleep, your steps. But when did you last look

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<v Speaker 1>body under the Government of Ireland.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh hey, it's your karate teacher who smells like your

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<v Speaker 2>college sweetheart, and so you're weird around them. Ali Ward

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<v Speaker 2>back with another episode of Ologies. So this episode was

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<v Speaker 2>recorded in beautiful Hawaii. Her ever heard of it a

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<v Speaker 2>few weeks ago. You're about to just get an ear

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<v Speaker 2>full of coral. But before I recorded it, honestly, I

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<v Speaker 2>knew neither jack nor shit about coral. Now all I

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<v Speaker 2>want to do is stare at videos of coral. Honestly,

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<v Speaker 2>I used to just consider them to be like the

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<v Speaker 2>really plucky, kind of quirky setting of a snorkeling jount,

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<v Speaker 2>kind of like a like a splashy backdrop in a

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<v Speaker 2>community theater play. Like, oh, that's nice, but you know

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<v Speaker 2>what's happening in front of them? What kind of fish

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<v Speaker 2>do we have? O contrare? After this episode you'll be like,

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<v Speaker 2>move out of the way, fish, I'm staring at a

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<v Speaker 2>pollop and yeah, it's totally fun. If you don't know

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<v Speaker 2>what a pollop is, we will get to that. But first,

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<v Speaker 2>thank you to all the folks that support the show.

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<v Speaker 2>At patreon dot com slash ologies, for as little as

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<v Speaker 2>a dollar a month, you can submit questions. Also thanks

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<v Speaker 2>to everyone who buys and wears shirts and hats and

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<v Speaker 2>such from ologiesmerch dot com. We have some new denim

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<v Speaker 2>Dad hats if you need a new lid. This says

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<v Speaker 2>I like weird facts, good intentions, and bad puns. It

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<v Speaker 2>doesn't literally say that. I'm just saying that. It's like

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<v Speaker 2>people will go, oh, that must be what you're into,

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<v Speaker 2>although that's not a bad idea for a hat. Stay tuned. Also,

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<v Speaker 2>thank you to everyone who tells friends and co workers

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<v Speaker 2>about the show, and who rates and subscribes and lose reviews,

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<v Speaker 2>which you know I read because I deliver a fresh

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<v Speaker 2>one each week. This week was a fun one for

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<v Speaker 2>your old pal Alley. I brought attention to the fact

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<v Speaker 2>that a department store was carrying some pretty out of

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<v Speaker 2>touch and scientifically unsound body shaming dinnerware, and it made,

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<v Speaker 2>for some reason, international news, and it was picked up

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<v Speaker 2>by some news sites that somehow made this a political issue.

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<v Speaker 2>So I pointed people toward the Coolology episode with doctor

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<v Speaker 2>Renee Engeln to educate people on why body shame doesn't

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<v Speaker 2>actually promote healthy eating. So this led to a rare

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<v Speaker 2>one star review from a new curious listener who must

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<v Speaker 2>have heard about me on Breitbart. Golf Guy sixty nine

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<v Speaker 2>sixty nine sixty nine sixty nine sixty nine nine six

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<v Speaker 2>nine six says, yuck, this podcast claims to be science comedy.

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<v Speaker 2>I didn't hear either, just a bunch of self congratulation

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<v Speaker 2>about not trying to look good. Sad real? Is this

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<v Speaker 2>what we want to promote in our society? A bunch

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<v Speaker 2>of slobs? Thank you so much, golf Guy sixty nine

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<v Speaker 2>sixty nine sixty nine sixty nine sixty nine nine six nine.

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<v Speaker 2>I appreciate your feedback. This podcast has taught me so

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<v Speaker 2>much about different perspectives and experiences, and I appreciate every

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<v Speaker 2>single one of you. Most of you so thank you

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<v Speaker 2>for sharing your perspectives. I learned so much and it's

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<v Speaker 2>very much a pleasure to pass that information on and

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<v Speaker 2>hopefully make the world a little bit more compassionate. Anyway, Okay,

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<v Speaker 2>Nidariology totally a word. It's a well documented, legit term.

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<v Speaker 2>It's a study of animals that are over ten thousand

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<v Speaker 2>species who have nitosites, which are these specialized cells for

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<v Speaker 2>catching prey. And where does this lovely, silent, consonant, weird

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<v Speaker 2>word come from. It looks like when your mom tries

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<v Speaker 2>to weasel a fake term into a Words with Friends

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<v Speaker 2>play and you're like, no way, Nancy, that's not enough. Bowels.

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<v Speaker 2>But it comes from the old Latin need da, which

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<v Speaker 2>means a nettle, and it might also have ties to

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<v Speaker 2>old Latvian and Lithuanian words meaning to itch and to tickle.

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<v Speaker 2>Are Nigerians. They're underwater animals that poses these kind of

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<v Speaker 2>beautiful plant looking things from Mars, and they want to

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<v Speaker 2>just tickle you to death. I'm already sold. I already

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<v Speaker 2>love them, but let's hear more so. I was introduced

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<v Speaker 2>to this ologist by your favorite tuthologist, squid expert, Sarah

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<v Speaker 2>Macnaughty Sarah mcattack on Twitter follow her, love her, and

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<v Speaker 2>she invited me to tag along on a squidding trip

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<v Speaker 2>to Hawaii, a research trip she was doing. A company

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<v Speaker 2>called Atlas Obscura was facilitating it. They were awesome. They

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<v Speaker 2>do wonderful science and history trips. It was a joy

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<v Speaker 2>Rachel she led it. I love her anyway. One day

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<v Speaker 2>the group got to take a little boat to Coconut Island,

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<v Speaker 2>and the very island featured in the opening credits of

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<v Speaker 2>Gilligan's Island. And this was once a weird getaway for

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<v Speaker 2>Hollywood types, but now it's a research station where grad

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<v Speaker 2>students tend to marine life. We spent the day looking

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<v Speaker 2>at these gurgling outdoor tanks and watching a bay of

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<v Speaker 2>hammerhead sharks, strolling some beachy trails to stations with urchins

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<v Speaker 2>and c Q humbers and kayrories nails. They're all being

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<v Speaker 2>monitored by these wonderful marine biologists there. This ologist got

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<v Speaker 2>his bachelor's at UC Santa Cruz, double majoring in environmental

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<v Speaker 2>studies and feminist studies, got his Masters in biology and

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<v Speaker 2>ecology evolution and conservation biology in San Francisco, and is

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<v Speaker 2>working toward his PhD right now at this famed Gates

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<v Speaker 2>Lab at the University of Hawaii, Manoa and the Hawaiian

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<v Speaker 2>Institute of Marine Biology. The Gates Lab is a coral lab.

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<v Speaker 2>This dude has his hands full the coraal. We're in

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<v Speaker 2>the middle of a spawning event that very weak, but

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<v Speaker 2>he is amazing and took an hour out of his

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<v Speaker 2>day to come to my hotel and chat about corals.

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<v Speaker 2>I was waiting so excitedly in the lobby, and I

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<v Speaker 2>thought like he was maybe five or ten minutes late,

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<v Speaker 2>which is fine, But it turns out we were in

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<v Speaker 2>the same lobby exactly on time, but just perfectly obscured

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<v Speaker 2>by a pillar. So once we figured that out, it

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<v Speaker 2>was all smooth. Salein we talked about what coral even is,

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<v Speaker 2>why they're important, how he feels about diving, what a

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<v Speaker 2>dead reef looks like, the state of some reefs around

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<v Speaker 2>the world, if it's reef or reefs, perhaps the importance

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<v Speaker 2>of balancing work with being your true self. Some advice

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<v Speaker 2>for aspiring marine biologists. How screwed our coral what movies

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<v Speaker 2>get it right? What's up with sunscreens, what is bleaching?

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<v Speaker 2>And what else can we do to help our hard,

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<v Speaker 2>squishy pals. Beneath the sea, So anchor down. Get ready

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<v Speaker 2>for a wave of coral info with the amazing nadariologist

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<v Speaker 2>Shale Matsuda nine fifty nine shales do here at ten,

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<v Speaker 2>I'm sitting by the pool. They have so little time.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm just essentially gonna throw this microphone in his face

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<v Speaker 2>and like start rolling before we even hit the elevators.

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<v Speaker 2>The column. How long have you been here?

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<v Speaker 3>Like five ten minutes?

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<v Speaker 2>I got into.

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<v Speaker 3>But I came to the other side.

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<v Speaker 2>Was literally like take me away, reading about microplastics and

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<v Speaker 2>coral and wanting to cry.

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<v Speaker 3>But yeah, it's awful.

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<v Speaker 2>Here's my nasis. Kay, and you are a nidariologist. Did

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<v Speaker 2>you say it right?

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<v Speaker 3>Sure? I was thinking about that. Are coralologists maybe?

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<v Speaker 2>I mean? Is are corals nidaria?

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah?

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<v Speaker 3>The narians the file they're part of. And what unites

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<v Speaker 3>all of those animals is their stinging cells. They're ninocytes.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh that's the common threadated.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, so like anemonees or jellyfish and corals, I'll produce

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<v Speaker 3>these little stinging cells of the use in defense or

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<v Speaker 3>prey capture.

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<v Speaker 2>I've already learned so much about corals. I didn't know

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<v Speaker 2>that they got little stinkies. And so what exactly is a.

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<v Speaker 3>Coral That's a great question that we think about all

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<v Speaker 3>the time. Actually, So corals are animals first and foremost,

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<v Speaker 3>but the corals, when you think of a coral reef, corals,

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<v Speaker 3>they're much more than like the sum of their parts.

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<v Speaker 3>So the coral animal looks white. They have clear tissues,

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<v Speaker 3>and they secrete a white calcium carbonate skeleton. But the

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<v Speaker 3>reason that when you're snorkling around a coral reef, they

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<v Speaker 3>don't appear white to us is because they have a

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<v Speaker 3>symbiotic algae which live inside their tissues that provide up

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<v Speaker 3>to like ninety five percent of their daily nutritional needs.

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<v Speaker 3>And the algas color themselves are what we're looking at

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<v Speaker 3>when we see corals. Oh my god, And just like

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<v Speaker 3>you and me, corals also have a microbiome. They have

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<v Speaker 3>bacteria that live inside of their tissues that also play

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<v Speaker 3>a lot of really important roles.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, so to recap corals are animals, and they often

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<v Speaker 2>have a calcium carbonate white skeletal structure and a squishy

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<v Speaker 2>skin bag that can be filled with colorful algae and

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<v Speaker 2>bacteria pals that live under their skin and provide their

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<v Speaker 2>nutrition so if you pitched that creature in a sci

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<v Speaker 2>fi series, people would be like, no, that's too weird.

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<v Speaker 2>What about just like a short, skinnier human with bigger

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<v Speaker 2>eyes and everyone be like, yeah, yeah, that's more plausible. Now,

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<v Speaker 2>what is with them being a skin bag?

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<v Speaker 3>This is like the hardest question I know. It's like, oh, man, Like,

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<v Speaker 3>we have a term for this. It's called the coral hollobiont,

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<v Speaker 3>and that is like the coral animal itself. It's symbiotic algae,

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<v Speaker 3>it's bacteria, they're fungi, they're a kia. There are a

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<v Speaker 3>lot of different obligate symbionts that these corals have that

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<v Speaker 3>are critical for their life and function.

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<v Speaker 2>So it's kind of like a skeleton, a soupy mix

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<v Speaker 2>of goodness and then like a little transparent skin over it.

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<v Speaker 3>And then trans parent skin is the animal itself. So

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<v Speaker 3>if just like trees that grow in the forest, if

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<v Speaker 3>you count their rings, you get idea of how old

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<v Speaker 3>they are. Corals actually work the same way, where they

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<v Speaker 3>are constantly secreting this calcium carbonate skeleton and growing, and

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<v Speaker 3>researchers will actually take a core of that skeleton and

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<v Speaker 3>you can actually count the different layers and get an

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<v Speaker 3>idea of the age of the corals and also what

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<v Speaker 3>was going on on the planet at the time.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh my gosh, is it similar to trees in that

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<v Speaker 2>there's a ring for every year of growth because of

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<v Speaker 2>seasons or is that different?

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<v Speaker 3>It's kind of like seasons in the ocean. Different corals

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<v Speaker 3>will grow at different rates, so kind of like different

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<v Speaker 3>plants as well. In a nutshell, like as a coral

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<v Speaker 3>begins to grow and keeps putting down these layers of

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<v Speaker 3>calcium carbonate, we can use things like carbon dating to

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<v Speaker 3>get an idea of like what was happening in the

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<v Speaker 3>atmosphere and in the oceans at those times, and so

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<v Speaker 3>it kind of gives it gives us a geologic history

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<v Speaker 3>of what was happening in these environments.

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<v Speaker 2>So when you see let's say a coral out of

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<v Speaker 2>the ocean and it's like a piece on a well, yeah,

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<v Speaker 2>you know, number one, it's not a happy coral. But

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<v Speaker 2>when do you see like a decorative coral? Are you

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<v Speaker 2>seeing essentially just its skeleton?

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<v Speaker 3>But when we say coral reef corals, there are a

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<v Speaker 3>particular type a group of corals that live in the

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<v Speaker 3>shallow waters that you know have these albosymbionts that rely

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<v Speaker 3>on photosynthesis to get their food. But corals are really

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<v Speaker 3>large group of organisms, and they we have deep sea

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<v Speaker 3>corals that don't have these symbioses, that just feed heterotrophically

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<v Speaker 3>by eating you know, plank dinner things in the water.

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<v Speaker 3>And a lot of corals, like can have pigments and

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<v Speaker 3>their skeletons do have pigments of their own, and so

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<v Speaker 3>like black corals, you know, red corals, those things that

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<v Speaker 3>you see see in the stores, like that's still the skeleton,

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<v Speaker 3>but those are the organisms themselves which you shouldn't pull out.

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<v Speaker 2>Of the ocean, which we should leave in the ocean.

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<v Speaker 3>Leave in the ocean.

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<v Speaker 2>Now, are those getting harvested just for decorative purposes?

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, very often. There's a lot of protections in different

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<v Speaker 3>places abound corals, but it's you know, not not everywhere.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, So side notes, Some figures have estimated boards of

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<v Speaker 2>two hundred million dollars annually worth of coral is poached

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<v Speaker 2>from the oceans for things like jewelry and decre and

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<v Speaker 2>in some places just taking a coral skeleton bit from

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<v Speaker 2>the beach is illegal. So if you're gonna get arrested

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<v Speaker 2>on a beach. Do something else, have a better story,

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<v Speaker 2>you know, So maybe don't have coral decorations.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, okay, you know, but what you can have is

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<v Speaker 3>that where you know, with technology increases, where we're doing

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<v Speaker 3>a lot of work with like three D imaging, you

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<v Speaker 3>can like go home or you know, go to a

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<v Speaker 3>museum or you know, tech place and get a coral

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<v Speaker 3>printed and put that in your house.

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<v Speaker 2>Yes, you can admire them in a way that's a replica.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, absolutely, that makes sense.

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<v Speaker 2>This is beautiful, right, you can, I'm sure you can

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<v Speaker 2>even cast cast them. And the more little plaster of

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<v Speaker 2>Paris in there exactly we fixed it pss. I did

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<v Speaker 2>look it up, and there are hollow coral shaped molds

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<v Speaker 2>you can pour plaster a Paris in them, and it

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<v Speaker 2>just it seems more convenient than get yourself to an

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<v Speaker 2>ocean and then out of jail. And now, how long

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<v Speaker 2>have you been studying corals.

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<v Speaker 3>I've been studying corals formally for four years during this degree,

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<v Speaker 3>but I've been interested in corals for for much longer,

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<v Speaker 3>and I studied corals as a volunteer researcher at the

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<v Speaker 3>California Academy of sciences on expeditions and volunteer expeditions actually

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<v Speaker 3>kind of like subscure as a younger person.

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<v Speaker 2>And were you always maybe drawn to the sea, Were

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<v Speaker 2>you always like an aquatic person.

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<v Speaker 3>That's a good question too. So I grew up just

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<v Speaker 3>outside of Chicago, where even though I felt like I

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<v Speaker 3>was growing up on a body of water like Michigan,

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<v Speaker 3>you know, it's not a marine environment, it's freshwater environment.

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<v Speaker 3>So it looks like I wasn't growing up swimming on

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<v Speaker 3>coral reefs. But for me, you know, looking back, my

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<v Speaker 3>first taste of you know, the ocean was growing up

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<v Speaker 3>and going to the Shed Aquarium and seeing all the

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<v Speaker 3>exhibits there. And I think it's a really common thread

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<v Speaker 3>that you hear for a lot of us who you know,

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<v Speaker 3>pursued degrees in marine biology, that most of us in

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<v Speaker 3>the United States aren't lucky enough to grow up on

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<v Speaker 3>a coral reef. And so a lot of our first

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<v Speaker 3>exposures to this, you know, especially those of us before

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<v Speaker 3>like the YouTube era and whatnot, was going to our

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<v Speaker 3>local aquariums and really seeing these organisms that you know,

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<v Speaker 3>you don't even read about the ocean.

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<v Speaker 2>If you're wondering where are corals. I asked corals dot

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<v Speaker 2>org and it said essentially around the equator plus where

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<v Speaker 2>currents flow out of the tropics, like in Florida and

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<v Speaker 2>southern Japan, it's a little bit warmer. They make up

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<v Speaker 2>zero point two percent of the ocean floor, but they're

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<v Speaker 2>home to this blow my mind, twenty five percent of

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<v Speaker 2>marine life. What So, if sea animals were like the

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<v Speaker 2>cool kids, the coral reefs would be like the mall

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<v Speaker 2>if this were a movie from the eighties and so

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<v Speaker 2>was there was there a moment like at the aquarium,

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<v Speaker 2>where you thought I would love to do that in life.

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<v Speaker 3>It's an interesting I'm gonna give you my journey story

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<v Speaker 3>and you can like hack this up.

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<v Speaker 2>I love a journey store.

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<v Speaker 3>It's a journey story.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, let's get to no shales science background sateline.

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<v Speaker 3>So I had one of those moments where, like I

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<v Speaker 3>I was always drawn to nature, being outside and playing outside.

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<v Speaker 3>I was a very like I was not a video

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<v Speaker 3>game kid. I was a wanted to get muddy kid.

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<v Speaker 3>But when I got to college, I kind of went

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<v Speaker 3>a different science route. I studied, you know, water policy

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<v Speaker 3>and sustainable organic farming, and that was something that I

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<v Speaker 3>was like really into and really excited about. And I

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<v Speaker 3>never I just like marine biology wasn't like something that

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<v Speaker 3>I thought I could really do, and I ended up

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<v Speaker 3>actually pursuing a different path. I had a dual degree

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<v Speaker 3>in environmental science and women's studies, and I kind of

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<v Speaker 3>went the second route and just kind of worked with

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<v Speaker 3>youth in nature and underserved communities, and I kind of

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<v Speaker 3>got to this point, you know, my little bit later twenties,

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<v Speaker 3>I decided to, you know, quit my job and move

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<v Speaker 3>out of my house. I was selling all my stuff

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<v Speaker 3>and travel and figure that out. And something that happened

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<v Speaker 3>for me on that trip as I finally decided to

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<v Speaker 3>learn to scuba dive. I'm a really claustrophobic person, so

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<v Speaker 3>I kind of put that off for a while. And

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<v Speaker 3>I really explicitly remember, you know, that first time I

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<v Speaker 3>descended into the water, and this was in Thailand, and

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<v Speaker 3>I remember like being so overwhelmed with how beautiful all

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<v Speaker 3>the corals were and how this environment like different than

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00:16:28.399 --> 00:16:31.039
<v Speaker 3>just snorkeling, just like opened up in a really three dimensional,

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<v Speaker 3>dynamic way. And then I also remember seeing a lot

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<v Speaker 3>of garbage on the reef too, and so I was

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<v Speaker 3>having a lot of I was having these like you know,

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<v Speaker 3>push pull moments of being like so overwhelmed with the

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<v Speaker 3>beauty around me and so curious about, you know what

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<v Speaker 3>these animals were. What, you know, what is this environment

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<v Speaker 3>that I'm in? And I want to like looking at everything,

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<v Speaker 3>but also being really struck by how how polluted it

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<v Speaker 3>was as well. Yeah, from there basically went I want

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<v Speaker 3>to make sure that was right choice, and so I

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<v Speaker 3>applied to sitting these little internet cafes, like applying to

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<v Speaker 3>these like coral ref monitoring like volunteer ships, just to

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<v Speaker 3>like learn a little bit more, make sure this is

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<v Speaker 3>the like big life switch I was ready to make.

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<v Speaker 3>And I joined one that was in the Yuka ten

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<v Speaker 3>in Mexico, where I went out and lived for three

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<v Speaker 3>months and learned to identify all the species of coral

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<v Speaker 3>out there, and we participated in monitoring transects that were

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<v Speaker 3>then used by local NGOs to compare the protected sites

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<v Speaker 3>that they had gotten protection for versus the sites that weren't.

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<v Speaker 3>And so in that experience really kind of solidified that,

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<v Speaker 3>you know, I moved back to San Francisco. I went

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<v Speaker 3>to City College to make up on some coursework that

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<v Speaker 3>I hadn't done the first time. I was volunteering as

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<v Speaker 3>a divert aquarium to get more hands on experience, started

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<v Speaker 3>volunteering in a research lab at the California Academy of Sciences,

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<v Speaker 3>and then I was bartending to you know, pay the bills.

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<v Speaker 3>And then from there I realized that, you know, being

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<v Speaker 3>being at a museum was such an exciting place because

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<v Speaker 3>you've got researcher studying everything, right, You've got that, You've

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00:17:58.680 --> 00:18:02.400
<v Speaker 3>got tourists and like community folks from the neighborho are

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00:18:02.440 --> 00:18:05.000
<v Speaker 3>like right upstairs that you can just go upstairs and

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00:18:05.799 --> 00:18:07.680
<v Speaker 3>talk to you about like all the really cool things

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00:18:07.720 --> 00:18:10.119
<v Speaker 3>that we're working on. And then moving on, you know,

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<v Speaker 3>from there to to my PhD where I am now

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<v Speaker 3>was you know I was at that point I was

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<v Speaker 3>like pretty much sold.

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<v Speaker 2>So I have never been yet snorkeling in and alive.

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<v Speaker 3>Reef, Oh you got to do that out you're here?

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<v Speaker 2>What is that like? I mean, you do that for

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<v Speaker 2>your job and also as a passion, Like what is

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<v Speaker 2>it like to be underwater like that?

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<v Speaker 3>It's so beautiful? Yeah, it's so beautiful. Corals come in

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<v Speaker 3>like all shapes and sizes and just like you know,

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<v Speaker 3>you have your favorite city or your favorite you know

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<v Speaker 3>nature trail you like to walk on. Every reef is

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<v Speaker 3>going to be a little bit different. They have huge structures,

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<v Speaker 3>and these corals will have these you know, these big

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<v Speaker 3>branching corals. You look a little closer and you see

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<v Speaker 3>their their homes to all these different kinds of animals.

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<v Speaker 3>Like the more you know, the more structure you have

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<v Speaker 3>in your in the ecosystem, the more different types of

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<v Speaker 3>organisms that you're gonna see when you're down there, and

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00:19:05.839 --> 00:19:09.920
<v Speaker 3>it's it's just it's it's so exciting, like there's so

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<v Speaker 3>much to see, and you like, you know, you'll see

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<v Speaker 3>your turtle and your shark every once in a while,

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<v Speaker 3>which is really exciting. But for me, it's like kind

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<v Speaker 3>of just like swimming up to one kind of coral

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<v Speaker 3>and just like staring at it for a while and

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<v Speaker 3>then things will start to come out. You'll see like

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<v Speaker 3>crabs that live inside the coral. You'll see you know,

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<v Speaker 3>snapping shrimp someone you'll see eels or octopus and just

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<v Speaker 3>like you just it is like it's like a you

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<v Speaker 3>can think of it almost like a you know, a

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<v Speaker 3>metropolis in the ocean and full of a diverse cast

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<v Speaker 3>of players.

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<v Speaker 2>When you're doing research, is it ever difficult for you

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<v Speaker 2>to say, Okay, all right, chill, we're done, We're get

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<v Speaker 2>out of the water. Are you like one word?

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<v Speaker 3>Oh? Yeah, absolutely, you know, and sometimes you forget, like

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<v Speaker 3>there have been times when I, you know, since I

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<v Speaker 3>work on corals and I'm working on an experiment right

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<v Speaker 3>now where I'm focusing on individual coral colonies, i can

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<v Speaker 3>be like upside down in the reef for like an

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<v Speaker 3>hour at a time, just staring at this one coral.

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<v Speaker 3>And then we'll come to the surfa and people be like, oh,

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<v Speaker 3>did you see that shark that went by before? And

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<v Speaker 3>I'll what are you talking about? You know, So it's

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<v Speaker 3>always still really nice to go out when you're not

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<v Speaker 3>working and just really appreciate, you know, how lucky we

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<v Speaker 3>are to be able to see these environments. You know,

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<v Speaker 3>I've worked with researchers who you know, I'll go to

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<v Speaker 3>a coral reef and I'll say, this is beautiful, look

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<v Speaker 3>at all the diversity here, and they'll be like, you

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<v Speaker 3>should have seen it twenty years ago, because they're seeing

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<v Speaker 3>these changes at such a rapid pace that we're witnessing

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00:20:23.319 --> 00:20:25.000
<v Speaker 3>them in our lifetimes and that's that's new.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, so what does shale working on in terms of

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<v Speaker 2>protecting these bony, soupy, squishy, mysterious, gorgeous critters.

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00:20:33.720 --> 00:20:36.160
<v Speaker 3>What we're working on, like our lab group is working on,

397
00:20:36.440 --> 00:20:39.599
<v Speaker 3>is you know, really a whole wide range of questions.

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<v Speaker 3>But we're really curious about, you know, what's going to

399
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<v Speaker 3>happen to corals under these future climate conditions and what

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<v Speaker 3>can we do to intervene to give them a better

401
00:20:46.839 --> 00:20:48.839
<v Speaker 3>chance of surviving. I'm trying to say, if I wanted

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00:20:48.839 --> 00:20:52.160
<v Speaker 3>to go like broad or like my stuff, Okay.

403
00:20:51.839 --> 00:20:54.039
<v Speaker 2>Let's go broad a little bit, just because people don't

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00:20:54.039 --> 00:20:55.319
<v Speaker 2>know shit about corals.

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00:20:55.200 --> 00:21:03.200
<v Speaker 3>That's true, but they're the coolest animal. Yeah, So corals

406
00:21:03.640 --> 00:21:06.799
<v Speaker 3>are all coral species are all really really different. That's

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00:21:06.839 --> 00:21:09.079
<v Speaker 3>something that makes them super exciting and interesting. But it

408
00:21:09.240 --> 00:21:11.400
<v Speaker 3>makes it also a lot harder to come up with

409
00:21:11.480 --> 00:21:14.880
<v Speaker 3>like strategies to help them survive because they reproduce differently.

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<v Speaker 3>You know, some will brood like releasing coral larvae into

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00:21:18.279 --> 00:21:21.519
<v Speaker 3>the water. Some will spawn, releasing coral gammeyts, eggs and

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00:21:21.559 --> 00:21:26.200
<v Speaker 3>sperm into the water. Some are large and they grow

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<v Speaker 3>in these really big shapes. Some are very small, even

414
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<v Speaker 3>single polyped corals, and so they and they have very

415
00:21:32.240 --> 00:21:35.920
<v Speaker 3>different life strategies. They're just they're so different they associate

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<v Speaker 3>with different types of these symbionts. And so what we're

417
00:21:39.359 --> 00:21:41.480
<v Speaker 3>really interested in is doing is seeing if you know,

418
00:21:42.839 --> 00:21:46.519
<v Speaker 3>are there types of interventions that we can kind of

419
00:21:46.640 --> 00:21:50.720
<v Speaker 3>scale up that managers and conservationists all around the world

420
00:21:51.079 --> 00:21:53.119
<v Speaker 3>who work with these different corals and these different coral

421
00:21:53.160 --> 00:21:56.279
<v Speaker 3>reef environments and all widely different can can use or

422
00:21:56.359 --> 00:21:58.359
<v Speaker 3>like can use as signals for what might happen in

423
00:21:58.400 --> 00:22:00.599
<v Speaker 3>the future, or to use to kind of help glose

424
00:22:00.680 --> 00:22:03.400
<v Speaker 3>corals that are that are out there survive. Some of

425
00:22:03.400 --> 00:22:04.920
<v Speaker 3>the stuff that we're working on in the lab is

426
00:22:05.640 --> 00:22:09.240
<v Speaker 3>looking at like can we expose corals to non lethal

427
00:22:09.519 --> 00:22:13.440
<v Speaker 3>stressors to condition them to them be put out in

428
00:22:13.480 --> 00:22:16.920
<v Speaker 3>the reef, and if they experience these higher temperatures downstream,

429
00:22:17.799 --> 00:22:20.640
<v Speaker 3>will that initial exposure help them survive?

430
00:22:21.119 --> 00:22:24.279
<v Speaker 2>What is coral bleaching? You're asking, I get it. We're

431
00:22:24.319 --> 00:22:26.200
<v Speaker 2>going to explain that in a second. Don't worry, got you.

432
00:22:26.519 --> 00:22:28.839
<v Speaker 3>And with coral bleaching, what's really hard about that is

433
00:22:28.880 --> 00:22:32.799
<v Speaker 3>it's this whole balance of how hot and for how long.

434
00:22:33.480 --> 00:22:37.839
<v Speaker 3>So if there's like a really short high temperature spike,

435
00:22:38.160 --> 00:22:41.319
<v Speaker 3>how does that affect these organisms versus if this is

436
00:22:41.720 --> 00:22:46.279
<v Speaker 3>more of a prolonged only a degree or two above

437
00:22:46.359 --> 00:22:49.039
<v Speaker 3>that thermal maximum that they have, How does that affect

438
00:22:49.119 --> 00:22:51.240
<v Speaker 3>if they're going to bleach, the severity of that bleaching,

439
00:22:51.519 --> 00:22:54.480
<v Speaker 3>and then also their ability to recover afterwards. So we

440
00:22:54.559 --> 00:22:56.559
<v Speaker 3>haven't really talked about like what coral bleaching is. Yeah,

441
00:22:56.559 --> 00:22:58.640
<v Speaker 3>I know expression So I was like, okay, Like that

442
00:22:58.839 --> 00:23:03.759
<v Speaker 3>doesn't make any sense yet. So corals, you know, how

443
00:23:03.799 --> 00:23:07.480
<v Speaker 3>these these symbiotic algae that are obligate, that means they're

444
00:23:07.519 --> 00:23:10.000
<v Speaker 3>required for the corals to live. They provide up to

445
00:23:10.079 --> 00:23:15.240
<v Speaker 3>ninety five percent of their daily nutritional needs and everything.

446
00:23:15.519 --> 00:23:18.119
<v Speaker 3>When the temperatures are good, everything is happy, you know.

447
00:23:18.240 --> 00:23:20.440
<v Speaker 3>The corals get what they need, the symbionts get what

448
00:23:20.519 --> 00:23:24.119
<v Speaker 3>they need. But when the water temperature rises, like I said,

449
00:23:24.240 --> 00:23:27.319
<v Speaker 3>just even slightly above that thermal maximum that the corals

450
00:23:27.359 --> 00:23:32.559
<v Speaker 3>can handle, the corals are starting to stress out, and

451
00:23:33.480 --> 00:23:37.200
<v Speaker 3>one of their stress responses is to expel. These algae

452
00:23:37.799 --> 00:23:40.480
<v Speaker 3>are so kind of how when we get sick, we'll

453
00:23:40.480 --> 00:23:43.079
<v Speaker 3>get a fever, and that's good, it's helping. It's our

454
00:23:43.119 --> 00:23:45.519
<v Speaker 3>body's way of helping protect us. But if that fever

455
00:23:45.599 --> 00:23:47.920
<v Speaker 3>gets too high or goes not for too long, that

456
00:23:47.960 --> 00:23:49.880
<v Speaker 3>can actually be detrimental to us. And the same thing's

457
00:23:49.920 --> 00:23:53.240
<v Speaker 3>true with coral bleaching. So as the corals are purging

458
00:23:53.319 --> 00:23:56.119
<v Speaker 3>out these algal symbionts, it's not just all the time.

459
00:23:56.640 --> 00:23:59.079
<v Speaker 3>You can watch a coral start to pale, losing its color,

460
00:23:59.240 --> 00:24:01.960
<v Speaker 3>right because as by on sleeve, that white skeleton showing through.

461
00:24:02.920 --> 00:24:05.680
<v Speaker 3>And then as that's happening, the longer goes on, the

462
00:24:05.759 --> 00:24:08.400
<v Speaker 3>corals aren't getting the energy and they can begin to starve.

463
00:24:08.759 --> 00:24:13.279
<v Speaker 2>Okay, so under temperature stressors, corals toss their internal friends

464
00:24:13.599 --> 00:24:16.720
<v Speaker 2>and they bleach because they lose that color. So they're

465
00:24:16.759 --> 00:24:19.920
<v Speaker 2>not dead, but they're certainly weaker and they're in danger.

466
00:24:20.440 --> 00:24:21.160
<v Speaker 2>It is not cute.

467
00:24:21.559 --> 00:24:23.200
<v Speaker 3>And what you'll see is if you should go out

468
00:24:23.240 --> 00:24:26.079
<v Speaker 3>into a coral reef when this is happening, if you

469
00:24:26.160 --> 00:24:28.359
<v Speaker 3>see these corals that are white, you're seeing that skeleton

470
00:24:28.400 --> 00:24:29.960
<v Speaker 3>through the tissue. But the tissue is still there. The

471
00:24:30.039 --> 00:24:33.119
<v Speaker 3>corals are still alive. And if that stressor leaves, the

472
00:24:33.200 --> 00:24:36.200
<v Speaker 3>corals have a chance to recover. Those symbio communities can

473
00:24:36.400 --> 00:24:39.400
<v Speaker 3>proliferate again, and the corals they'll repigment and be okay,

474
00:24:39.880 --> 00:24:43.160
<v Speaker 3>but if that stressor goes on too long, the corals

475
00:24:43.200 --> 00:24:46.480
<v Speaker 3>can die. And we've seen this happen on massive scales

476
00:24:46.519 --> 00:24:48.680
<v Speaker 3>on a reef, and once the corals die, you'll start

477
00:24:48.680 --> 00:24:51.440
<v Speaker 3>to see macroalgae growing on top of them, and that's

478
00:24:51.519 --> 00:24:54.640
<v Speaker 3>when the structure of the reef environment will then start

479
00:24:54.960 --> 00:24:59.119
<v Speaker 3>to really break down. And also some corals aren't bleaching

480
00:24:59.200 --> 00:25:01.720
<v Speaker 3>some individuals, like in kanye A Bay during the twenty

481
00:25:01.799 --> 00:25:05.200
<v Speaker 3>fourteen to twenty fifteen bleaching events that we had, there'd

482
00:25:05.240 --> 00:25:08.079
<v Speaker 3>be two corals the exact same species, right next to

483
00:25:08.119 --> 00:25:10.400
<v Speaker 3>each other, like touching on the reef, and one of

484
00:25:10.440 --> 00:25:12.039
<v Speaker 3>them would be bleached and one of them would be

485
00:25:12.240 --> 00:25:16.440
<v Speaker 3>visibly totally normal. And so we're really trying to understand, like,

486
00:25:16.519 --> 00:25:19.359
<v Speaker 3>you know, what is it about that corals, like genetic

487
00:25:19.519 --> 00:25:24.000
<v Speaker 3>makeup or simbilian communities that is allowing these corals to

488
00:25:24.079 --> 00:25:25.359
<v Speaker 3>perform a lot better.

489
00:25:26.039 --> 00:25:29.839
<v Speaker 2>And so when you're looking at say two different examples

490
00:25:29.839 --> 00:25:33.160
<v Speaker 2>of coral next to each other, are those different individuals

491
00:25:33.240 --> 00:25:36.480
<v Speaker 2>genetically or are those different groups of a bunch of individuals.

492
00:25:37.160 --> 00:25:39.640
<v Speaker 2>When you're looking at a fan of coral, how many

493
00:25:39.720 --> 00:25:41.599
<v Speaker 2>people are you looking at that are coral.

494
00:25:41.839 --> 00:25:45.119
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, that's a good question. So a coral colony is

495
00:25:45.720 --> 00:25:47.119
<v Speaker 3>a coral. You can think of a coral of itself

496
00:25:47.200 --> 00:25:47.880
<v Speaker 3>is a coral pollup?

497
00:25:47.960 --> 00:25:50.599
<v Speaker 2>What is a pollup? Well, it's a squishy little bugger

498
00:25:51.000 --> 00:25:54.319
<v Speaker 2>with a feathery head and it secretes calcium carbonate and

499
00:25:54.400 --> 00:25:56.920
<v Speaker 2>it's base to anchor it on a surface kind of

500
00:25:57.119 --> 00:26:00.000
<v Speaker 2>like a cup holder filled with one of those gas stations.

501
00:26:00.039 --> 00:26:04.079
<v Speaker 2>Should wind sock dancers only made out of jello salad? Also,

502
00:26:04.200 --> 00:26:07.759
<v Speaker 2>as long as this train has made a stop into Pollopville.

503
00:26:08.079 --> 00:26:11.680
<v Speaker 2>It comes from the words poly many and pe mean foot,

504
00:26:11.880 --> 00:26:15.920
<v Speaker 2>so polyp and in Old Latin it meant cuttlefish. I

505
00:26:16.319 --> 00:26:20.279
<v Speaker 2>personally tend to associate polyps with bad news about colon's

506
00:26:20.519 --> 00:26:23.559
<v Speaker 2>and that's because a polyp is a little intestinal dingle

507
00:26:23.640 --> 00:26:26.119
<v Speaker 2>dangle that can grow and if not checked, it can

508
00:26:26.160 --> 00:26:28.759
<v Speaker 2>turn into a tumor. So get checked. Okay, let's get

509
00:26:28.759 --> 00:26:30.440
<v Speaker 2>out of our butts and back into the ocean. Though.

510
00:26:30.680 --> 00:26:31.720
<v Speaker 2>What is a polyp?

511
00:26:32.480 --> 00:26:34.279
<v Speaker 3>Ars? So you look a little mouth, kind of like

512
00:26:34.440 --> 00:26:36.359
<v Speaker 3>if you took it in eminy, that kind of structure

513
00:26:36.480 --> 00:26:39.039
<v Speaker 3>mouth the middle, tentacles on the outside. And as a

514
00:26:39.079 --> 00:26:43.799
<v Speaker 3>coral grows it buds off and creates a genetically identical polyp,

515
00:26:44.119 --> 00:26:47.519
<v Speaker 3>and as those polyps continue to multiply and spread and grow,

516
00:26:47.960 --> 00:26:50.599
<v Speaker 3>you've had a coral colony that is made up of

517
00:26:51.039 --> 00:26:53.359
<v Speaker 3>polyps that are all one genetic individual.

518
00:26:54.319 --> 00:26:56.359
<v Speaker 2>Do you think that that's all the same person or

519
00:26:56.400 --> 00:26:58.799
<v Speaker 2>do you think it's a person and a bunch of clones. Yes,

520
00:26:59.359 --> 00:27:01.680
<v Speaker 2>it's a hard quest. I understand that our coral is

521
00:27:01.720 --> 00:27:03.519
<v Speaker 2>not a person too, but maybe.

522
00:27:03.400 --> 00:27:07.359
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, definitely, And that's that's a hard question.

523
00:27:07.480 --> 00:27:09.319
<v Speaker 3>And actually people in the labar are looking at that too,

524
00:27:09.519 --> 00:27:11.440
<v Speaker 3>like at what life stage are coral is able to

525
00:27:11.480 --> 00:27:14.839
<v Speaker 3>fuse together and share resources or not? Do some species

526
00:27:14.920 --> 00:27:17.119
<v Speaker 3>do this more than others? So there's that's definitely a

527
00:27:17.200 --> 00:27:20.480
<v Speaker 3>really good question. Okay, good but we don't totally know

528
00:27:20.519 --> 00:27:22.759
<v Speaker 3>the answer to that. All. You can't just look at

529
00:27:22.799 --> 00:27:25.759
<v Speaker 3>one and be like that's three or four genetic like

530
00:27:25.880 --> 00:27:30.000
<v Speaker 3>genetically distinct individuals, like we're literally the same person. Sometimes

531
00:27:30.039 --> 00:27:32.480
<v Speaker 3>when they do grow up next to each other, you

532
00:27:32.559 --> 00:27:35.319
<v Speaker 3>can see kind of like a scar between colonies where

533
00:27:35.400 --> 00:27:38.240
<v Speaker 3>one individual ends and the next one begins. But we're

534
00:27:38.240 --> 00:27:42.079
<v Speaker 3>also like we're also seeing evidence of fusion.

535
00:27:42.680 --> 00:27:44.640
<v Speaker 2>And how much do you think research has changed in

536
00:27:44.680 --> 00:27:48.319
<v Speaker 2>the last five or ten years with DNA sequencing and

537
00:27:48.960 --> 00:27:52.359
<v Speaker 2>how much cheaper and faster that's gotten so much. Yeah,

538
00:27:52.759 --> 00:27:53.119
<v Speaker 2>that's cool.

539
00:27:53.200 --> 00:27:55.119
<v Speaker 3>I mean it's a really exciting time to be a

540
00:27:55.240 --> 00:27:58.440
<v Speaker 3>biologist right now and asking questions that we were you know,

541
00:27:58.519 --> 00:28:00.680
<v Speaker 3>couldn't afford to ask before another time anology to ask

542
00:28:00.759 --> 00:28:03.039
<v Speaker 3>before on these really large scales.

543
00:28:02.799 --> 00:28:06.519
<v Speaker 2>And now what about their their stinkiness, their little stinger stingers,

544
00:28:07.920 --> 00:28:12.880
<v Speaker 2>how is that helping them survive or thwart predators? Or

545
00:28:12.960 --> 00:28:17.039
<v Speaker 2>are their predators to coral other than just human.

546
00:28:17.160 --> 00:28:23.759
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, our antlesh? Yeah, but yeah, so corals don't have

547
00:28:24.720 --> 00:28:27.680
<v Speaker 3>a lot of predators. There's a lot of fish that will,

548
00:28:28.039 --> 00:28:30.319
<v Speaker 3>like you've probably heard of parrot fish that we'll try

549
00:28:30.359 --> 00:28:32.920
<v Speaker 3>to like eat the macro algae around coral. Sometimes they

550
00:28:32.920 --> 00:28:35.160
<v Speaker 3>will nibble the coral too, but you know, for the

551
00:28:35.240 --> 00:28:38.079
<v Speaker 3>most part, there's not a lot of animals coming towards

552
00:28:38.119 --> 00:28:42.880
<v Speaker 3>them to eat them in that sense. They they use

553
00:28:42.880 --> 00:28:45.839
<v Speaker 3>their stinking cells a lot to in prey capture. So

554
00:28:45.920 --> 00:28:47.319
<v Speaker 3>if you see, if you like, stare at a coral

555
00:28:47.400 --> 00:28:50.039
<v Speaker 3>long enough under the scope, and you know, if your

556
00:28:50.720 --> 00:28:54.480
<v Speaker 3>piece of plankton, you know, swims up you'll you'll see

557
00:28:54.480 --> 00:28:55.839
<v Speaker 3>it almost like kind of like a you know, venus

558
00:28:55.839 --> 00:28:58.359
<v Speaker 3>slide trap. You'll see the plankton get stuck to the

559
00:28:58.440 --> 00:29:00.599
<v Speaker 3>coral tentacoles and then the coral tentacles will pull it

560
00:29:00.680 --> 00:29:02.759
<v Speaker 3>into its mouth and suck it in and digest it.

561
00:29:03.359 --> 00:29:05.720
<v Speaker 3>It's really neat to watch. So but those you know,

562
00:29:05.839 --> 00:29:07.319
<v Speaker 3>the stinging cells, like if you touch a coral, what

563
00:29:07.400 --> 00:29:10.079
<v Speaker 3>you shouldn't do. It will try to sting YouTube but

564
00:29:10.119 --> 00:29:12.920
<v Speaker 3>our skin is too thick. But you know, other animals

565
00:29:12.960 --> 00:29:14.920
<v Speaker 3>like you know Portuguese Man of war for example, Like,

566
00:29:15.039 --> 00:29:18.960
<v Speaker 3>there are stinging cells that can affect us too, but

567
00:29:19.799 --> 00:29:22.039
<v Speaker 3>corals are pretty safe. Don't touch them.

568
00:29:22.240 --> 00:29:25.359
<v Speaker 2>But Chaille says that one thing that changed in his

569
00:29:25.640 --> 00:29:30.119
<v Speaker 2>academic lifetime is that gene sequencing technology has improved vastly,

570
00:29:30.440 --> 00:29:34.599
<v Speaker 2>so they're able to get hundreds thousands of millions of reeds,

571
00:29:34.680 --> 00:29:38.759
<v Speaker 2>getting a much better idea of what bacterial communities associate

572
00:29:38.839 --> 00:29:42.799
<v Speaker 2>with corals. Just imagine your haircut six or seven years ago,

573
00:29:43.000 --> 00:29:46.720
<v Speaker 2>like yikes, right, just imagine what gene sequencing thinks of

574
00:29:46.799 --> 00:29:48.599
<v Speaker 2>its tbt's so embarrassing.

575
00:29:48.920 --> 00:29:51.039
<v Speaker 3>And what this will do is I can go out

576
00:29:51.079 --> 00:29:54.200
<v Speaker 3>there and take a really small tissue sample, extract the

577
00:29:54.279 --> 00:29:58.039
<v Speaker 3>DNA sequence the DNA get back like you know, ten

578
00:29:58.200 --> 00:30:02.559
<v Speaker 3>twenty thousand reeds of all these different organisms that we

579
00:30:02.640 --> 00:30:04.680
<v Speaker 3>were able to amplify, and from that I can see,

580
00:30:04.680 --> 00:30:05.880
<v Speaker 3>you know, who is there?

581
00:30:06.079 --> 00:30:08.039
<v Speaker 4>What is it?

582
00:30:08.599 --> 00:30:10.160
<v Speaker 3>Get an idea of like what the what fudg are

583
00:30:10.200 --> 00:30:12.680
<v Speaker 3>the functions of these organisms and how important might that

584
00:30:12.759 --> 00:30:14.960
<v Speaker 3>be to the health and survival of the coral. A

585
00:30:14.960 --> 00:30:17.920
<v Speaker 3>lot of the bacteria, like you know, baccher of different

586
00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:20.240
<v Speaker 3>different roles like in us, like your skin bacteria is

587
00:30:20.279 --> 00:30:22.160
<v Speaker 3>gonna be different than your gut bacteria and you don't

588
00:30:22.160 --> 00:30:24.240
<v Speaker 3>want those to mix. And like corals have bacteria that

589
00:30:24.440 --> 00:30:27.920
<v Speaker 3>you know help in defense and nutrient cycling and things

590
00:30:27.960 --> 00:30:30.599
<v Speaker 3>like that. So we're interested in like what those are

591
00:30:30.680 --> 00:30:32.279
<v Speaker 3>doing there. We can get a way better idea of

592
00:30:32.319 --> 00:30:34.640
<v Speaker 3>what's going on now than we could, you know, ten

593
00:30:34.759 --> 00:30:35.480
<v Speaker 3>fifteen years ago.

594
00:30:35.799 --> 00:30:40.400
<v Speaker 2>Morning bummer question, bummer question, And what do you think

595
00:30:40.559 --> 00:30:45.119
<v Speaker 2>is the biggest coral bummer for the coral? Would it

596
00:30:45.200 --> 00:30:49.039
<v Speaker 2>be a rise in temperature or ocean is sientification? Pollution?

597
00:30:49.319 --> 00:30:54.000
<v Speaker 2>Like is there what's their big? What's their big? Said trombone.

598
00:30:56.039 --> 00:31:00.720
<v Speaker 3>So corals are dealing with a lot of threat right now,

599
00:31:01.759 --> 00:31:05.920
<v Speaker 3>the biggest one being the impacts of climate change, and

600
00:31:06.440 --> 00:31:09.039
<v Speaker 3>we're seeing this on reefs today in the form of

601
00:31:09.359 --> 00:31:12.559
<v Speaker 3>sea surface temperature warming and ocean certification as you mentioned.

602
00:31:13.160 --> 00:31:16.519
<v Speaker 3>And why this is so bad is that we're seeing

603
00:31:16.599 --> 00:31:19.400
<v Speaker 3>an increase, like even in our lifetimes of these massive

604
00:31:19.519 --> 00:31:23.480
<v Speaker 3>coral bleaching events worldwide. And a coral bleaching event can

605
00:31:23.559 --> 00:31:26.440
<v Speaker 3>can wipe out entire reef ecosystems in like one season,

606
00:31:26.759 --> 00:31:30.240
<v Speaker 3>and we're seeing them not only you know, it's not

607
00:31:30.359 --> 00:31:32.680
<v Speaker 3>just like a one off anymore. And here in Hawaii

608
00:31:32.839 --> 00:31:35.200
<v Speaker 3>we've had we had the event in twenty fourteen again

609
00:31:35.279 --> 00:31:38.960
<v Speaker 3>in twenty fifteen. The Great Barrier reef has also experienced

610
00:31:38.960 --> 00:31:41.680
<v Speaker 3>these successive events. And so while you know, we're seeing

611
00:31:41.759 --> 00:31:44.480
<v Speaker 3>corals that are able to survive one round of this

612
00:31:44.599 --> 00:31:47.200
<v Speaker 3>warming and recover, it's like you keep on hitting them.

613
00:31:47.720 --> 00:31:50.359
<v Speaker 3>What is that affecting? Like We've got research groups at

614
00:31:50.359 --> 00:31:52.359
<v Speaker 3>the Hawai Institute of Marine Biology who are looking at

615
00:31:52.440 --> 00:31:57.440
<v Speaker 3>like how does the reproduction affected by these events? Like

616
00:31:57.480 --> 00:31:59.680
<v Speaker 3>are we going to see a lot more downstream things

617
00:31:59.720 --> 00:32:02.079
<v Speaker 3>that are happening? And you add things like the local

618
00:32:02.119 --> 00:32:06.440
<v Speaker 3>stressors like you know, overfishing or sedimentation and pollution runoff

619
00:32:06.559 --> 00:32:09.240
<v Speaker 3>from a lot of the local environments that are there.

620
00:32:09.519 --> 00:32:12.359
<v Speaker 3>Those are the kind of the the added pressures that

621
00:32:12.559 --> 00:32:17.880
<v Speaker 3>that corals are facing. And it's if it is so good,

622
00:32:17.960 --> 00:32:20.400
<v Speaker 3>like it is so good and so important to mitigate

623
00:32:20.559 --> 00:32:23.839
<v Speaker 3>some of these local stressors, right, like you know, diverting

624
00:32:23.920 --> 00:32:26.759
<v Speaker 3>pollution and sedimentation really important. Like a coral can't live

625
00:32:26.799 --> 00:32:27.839
<v Speaker 3>if it's covered in sediment.

626
00:32:28.440 --> 00:32:31.279
<v Speaker 2>Quick aside, what is up with sediments? Well, apparently it's

627
00:32:31.359 --> 00:32:36.279
<v Speaker 2>been long known that sediments and coral, they are not happy. Roommates.

628
00:32:36.680 --> 00:32:39.559
<v Speaker 2>Sailors would know that they could enter a freshwater river

629
00:32:39.680 --> 00:32:42.599
<v Speaker 2>because that's when the reeves would stop because the sediment

630
00:32:43.119 --> 00:32:45.799
<v Speaker 2>in their outflows would kill the coral. So why can't

631
00:32:45.920 --> 00:32:49.599
<v Speaker 2>coral deal with a little river dust or erosion or

632
00:32:49.759 --> 00:32:54.160
<v Speaker 2>storms caused by weather events or say tsunamis So in

633
00:32:54.359 --> 00:32:58.839
<v Speaker 2>a paper titled Mechanisms of Damage to Corals exposed to sedimentation,

634
00:32:59.240 --> 00:33:03.319
<v Speaker 2>researchers say that sediment blocks sunlight, which means that their

635
00:33:03.319 --> 00:33:08.039
<v Speaker 2>photosynthetic inner alergae buddies get blocked, So there goes their

636
00:33:08.119 --> 00:33:12.000
<v Speaker 2>nutrient and energy source. Now, if there's also organic material

637
00:33:12.079 --> 00:33:14.400
<v Speaker 2>in the sediment, it tends to hog all the nearby

638
00:33:14.440 --> 00:33:17.839
<v Speaker 2>oxygen in the water, and then those byproducts lower the

639
00:33:17.920 --> 00:33:21.880
<v Speaker 2>pH and then other organic compounds in the sediment get digested,

640
00:33:22.119 --> 00:33:26.920
<v Speaker 2>they release toxic hydrogen sulfide. So the sediment covered coral

641
00:33:27.079 --> 00:33:31.119
<v Speaker 2>can die in twenty four hours. It can happen really quickly. Okay,

642
00:33:31.160 --> 00:33:33.480
<v Speaker 2>So even though coral is an animal, just like imagine

643
00:33:33.480 --> 00:33:37.559
<v Speaker 2>a favorite houseplant and then imagine coating it in a

644
00:33:37.640 --> 00:33:40.720
<v Speaker 2>heavy spray paint and dipping it in an acid bath

645
00:33:41.039 --> 00:33:43.720
<v Speaker 2>and then pumping poison in the room. Your plant would

646
00:33:43.720 --> 00:33:45.440
<v Speaker 2>be like, wow, can you not The.

647
00:33:45.480 --> 00:33:47.960
<v Speaker 3>Most important thing that we need to address if we

648
00:33:48.000 --> 00:33:50.400
<v Speaker 3>want corals in the future is climate change?

649
00:33:50.920 --> 00:33:55.279
<v Speaker 2>And why are coral reefs important? Also? Is it reefs

650
00:33:55.480 --> 00:33:59.000
<v Speaker 2>or is it reefs? Is it reefs? I want to

651
00:33:59.079 --> 00:34:02.480
<v Speaker 2>say like thaves, like rooves or like cloves.

652
00:34:03.559 --> 00:34:03.920
<v Speaker 1>I like that.

653
00:34:03.960 --> 00:34:04.440
<v Speaker 3>I haven't heard that.

654
00:34:04.559 --> 00:34:07.519
<v Speaker 2>Actually, I just want to say reeves. And I know

655
00:34:07.640 --> 00:34:11.719
<v Speaker 2>that's not reefs, okay, Like you know, like like multiples, Okay,

656
00:34:12.639 --> 00:34:18.039
<v Speaker 2>you know foots or feet, but reeves. Okay, I've asked

657
00:34:18.039 --> 00:34:21.840
<v Speaker 2>an expert, and it's not reeves. Listen, if elves had

658
00:34:21.920 --> 00:34:24.079
<v Speaker 2>hooves the second halves of their lives, would they be

659
00:34:24.119 --> 00:34:26.119
<v Speaker 2>tall enough to reach the shelves where they kept their

660
00:34:26.159 --> 00:34:28.000
<v Speaker 2>knives to cut up lobes of bread, or would their

661
00:34:28.039 --> 00:34:29.800
<v Speaker 2>wives have to put down the scarves they're knitting to

662
00:34:29.880 --> 00:34:35.039
<v Speaker 2>get them themselves. I believe it's so why are reefs important?

663
00:34:35.559 --> 00:34:37.079
<v Speaker 2>Why do we why do we want to save the

664
00:34:37.159 --> 00:34:41.880
<v Speaker 2>reefs other than their fucking gorgeous and awesome and fish

665
00:34:42.000 --> 00:34:44.360
<v Speaker 2>live there. But clearly they are important.

666
00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:51.800
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, they're yes, Yeah, they're really important, and they're really

667
00:34:51.840 --> 00:34:55.920
<v Speaker 3>important for a lot of different reasons. They're really personal

668
00:34:56.519 --> 00:34:59.400
<v Speaker 3>to too many people, but also then on a community

669
00:34:59.760 --> 00:35:03.320
<v Speaker 3>and you know national, international scale as well, So you know,

670
00:35:03.400 --> 00:35:06.559
<v Speaker 3>having a coral reef environment is they're one of the

671
00:35:06.599 --> 00:35:10.760
<v Speaker 3>most biodiverse ecosystems in the world. They're a bank for biodiversity.

672
00:35:11.360 --> 00:35:15.119
<v Speaker 3>And within that, you know, the coral reefs themselves are

673
00:35:15.679 --> 00:35:20.280
<v Speaker 3>the breeding grounds and homes for tons of marine life.

674
00:35:20.320 --> 00:35:22.159
<v Speaker 3>You've got animals that will come in from like the

675
00:35:22.280 --> 00:35:28.679
<v Speaker 3>deeper oceans to breed. Fish is a really important, you know,

676
00:35:28.800 --> 00:35:31.679
<v Speaker 3>food resource for a lot of coastal communities. It's their

677
00:35:31.760 --> 00:35:33.679
<v Speaker 3>main source of protein, main source of burden for many

678
00:35:33.719 --> 00:35:36.760
<v Speaker 3>people in the world. And the reef environment is where

679
00:35:36.760 --> 00:35:40.320
<v Speaker 3>a lot of those larger game fish reproduce and come

680
00:35:40.360 --> 00:35:42.440
<v Speaker 3>back to coral reefs, and a lot of our coastal

681
00:35:42.480 --> 00:35:47.280
<v Speaker 3>ecosystems are really important for meditating, mitigating coastal damage. So

682
00:35:47.320 --> 00:35:49.400
<v Speaker 3>you've got they absorb a lot of that you know,

683
00:35:49.519 --> 00:35:52.039
<v Speaker 3>wave action, that wave power that's coming in. We've all

684
00:35:52.119 --> 00:35:56.719
<v Speaker 3>seen really awful things that have been happening a lot

685
00:35:56.719 --> 00:35:58.920
<v Speaker 3>of our coastal communities around the world because of you know,

686
00:35:59.320 --> 00:36:03.320
<v Speaker 3>flooding and coastline erosion and things like that.

687
00:36:04.039 --> 00:36:06.360
<v Speaker 2>Shale stresses that he doesn't like to focus too much

688
00:36:06.440 --> 00:36:10.320
<v Speaker 2>on the potential pharmaceutical benefits of nature because there are

689
00:36:10.440 --> 00:36:12.400
<v Speaker 2>other intrinsic reasons for conservation.

690
00:36:13.000 --> 00:36:16.079
<v Speaker 3>But you know, a big something that we were learning

691
00:36:16.239 --> 00:36:20.000
<v Speaker 3>more and more about the ocean in general is that

692
00:36:20.519 --> 00:36:23.360
<v Speaker 3>there's a lot of these chemicals out there that can

693
00:36:23.480 --> 00:36:26.519
<v Speaker 3>be used to help humans. And so for me, like

694
00:36:26.599 --> 00:36:28.559
<v Speaker 3>one of the most exciting moments that I had actually

695
00:36:28.599 --> 00:36:30.679
<v Speaker 3>during my master's degree, I studied sea slugs and need

696
00:36:30.800 --> 00:36:33.280
<v Speaker 3>ranks during that time was I was like in my

697
00:36:33.719 --> 00:36:37.440
<v Speaker 3>advisor's office looking through some old papers, and I found

698
00:36:37.480 --> 00:36:42.039
<v Speaker 3>this paper where one of the so the slugs that

699
00:36:42.079 --> 00:36:44.719
<v Speaker 3>I study really cool animals. They will eat things like

700
00:36:44.760 --> 00:36:48.400
<v Speaker 3>sponges or different organisms that produce these toxic chemical compounds,

701
00:36:48.760 --> 00:36:50.719
<v Speaker 3>and they will slightly alter them when they eat them,

702
00:36:50.719 --> 00:36:52.239
<v Speaker 3>and they'll put them in their own tissues and use

703
00:36:52.239 --> 00:36:54.400
<v Speaker 3>them to fend off their own predators. Really cool.

704
00:36:54.719 --> 00:36:57.199
<v Speaker 2>I did a little digging and for more information on this,

705
00:36:57.320 --> 00:36:59.920
<v Speaker 2>you might want to dip into just a light beach.

706
00:37:00.159 --> 00:37:04.159
<v Speaker 2>Read entitled quote selective toxicity of a Persian Gulf sea

707
00:37:04.199 --> 00:37:09.119
<v Speaker 2>cucumber Holorithia parva on human chronic lymphocytic leukemia by B

708
00:37:09.239 --> 00:37:13.480
<v Speaker 2>lymphocites by direct mitochondrial targeting. Okay, spoiler alert, I'm gonna

709
00:37:13.559 --> 00:37:15.320
<v Speaker 2>let shay I'll tell you the plot of the paper.

710
00:37:15.679 --> 00:37:20.559
<v Speaker 3>But these toxins that are like antimicrobial antiviral also can

711
00:37:21.320 --> 00:37:25.159
<v Speaker 3>be used in medical biomedical research that it benefits humans.

712
00:37:25.280 --> 00:37:27.119
<v Speaker 3>Oh So, I'm like looking through this box of papers

713
00:37:27.199 --> 00:37:30.400
<v Speaker 3>and found this paper and I'm like, oh my gosh,

714
00:37:30.519 --> 00:37:32.960
<v Speaker 3>I like call my mom right and I'm like on

715
00:37:33.000 --> 00:37:34.480
<v Speaker 3>the phone with my mom and I'm like, mom, like

716
00:37:34.599 --> 00:37:38.360
<v Speaker 3>guess what. Like there's this mutobrank that they're studying that

717
00:37:39.199 --> 00:37:41.360
<v Speaker 3>they're using to see if they can treat the adult

718
00:37:41.440 --> 00:37:43.880
<v Speaker 3>form of cancer that I had as a kid, which

719
00:37:44.000 --> 00:37:46.360
<v Speaker 3>is like mind blowing to me. Wait, what like this

720
00:37:46.800 --> 00:37:49.239
<v Speaker 3>organism that I didn't think I was gonna study And

721
00:37:49.280 --> 00:37:51.480
<v Speaker 3>I don't study pharmaceutical things or anything like that, but

722
00:37:51.639 --> 00:37:53.440
<v Speaker 3>just that like this kind of a group of animals

723
00:37:53.480 --> 00:37:55.599
<v Speaker 3>that I didn't know much about before could actually have

724
00:37:56.159 --> 00:37:59.159
<v Speaker 3>such like a personal impact on me. And there's like

725
00:37:59.440 --> 00:38:01.400
<v Speaker 3>tons of things out there that we haven't discovered yet.

726
00:38:01.519 --> 00:38:03.079
<v Speaker 2>Oh my god. What kind of cancer was that?

727
00:38:03.239 --> 00:38:06.599
<v Speaker 3>Uh? Childhood leukemia? Oh my gosh, it's wild. Right, So

728
00:38:06.679 --> 00:38:08.159
<v Speaker 3>it's like I was like, it's all came full circle.

729
00:38:09.280 --> 00:38:13.000
<v Speaker 3>But it's those kind of moments where they're you know,

730
00:38:13.039 --> 00:38:15.960
<v Speaker 3>the reasons to protect coral reefs. We might not even

731
00:38:16.000 --> 00:38:18.039
<v Speaker 3>know all the reasons yet. Yeah, right, And are we

732
00:38:18.079 --> 00:38:22.119
<v Speaker 3>going to lose these opportunities because of like you know,

733
00:38:23.000 --> 00:38:24.840
<v Speaker 3>it's not because we don't know better, but it's because

734
00:38:24.840 --> 00:38:30.800
<v Speaker 3>it's like we're not ready, politicians aren't ready. It's not

735
00:38:30.920 --> 00:38:33.840
<v Speaker 3>for a lack of science. I should say that that

736
00:38:33.960 --> 00:38:37.280
<v Speaker 3>we're not making these big changes, but I'm hopeful that

737
00:38:38.159 --> 00:38:39.719
<v Speaker 3>we're getting there. We're getting in the right direction.

738
00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:41.960
<v Speaker 2>Do you think having had that experience with cancer as

739
00:38:41.960 --> 00:38:45.639
<v Speaker 2>a kid changed the way you approached what you wanted

740
00:38:45.679 --> 00:38:48.320
<v Speaker 2>to do in life and at all are.

741
00:38:49.519 --> 00:38:51.599
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, not in the way you'd expect, Like everyone thought

742
00:38:51.599 --> 00:38:53.039
<v Speaker 3>I was gonna grow up and want to be a doctor, Right,

743
00:38:53.119 --> 00:38:56.000
<v Speaker 3>that's like a really typical narrative that people abscribe to

744
00:38:56.519 --> 00:39:00.800
<v Speaker 3>childhood cancer survivors. For me, what heart or I think

745
00:39:00.840 --> 00:39:02.599
<v Speaker 3>the main the way that it affected me the most,

746
00:39:02.679 --> 00:39:04.960
<v Speaker 3>like in my personality is that I from a very

747
00:39:05.000 --> 00:39:07.440
<v Speaker 3>early age didn't have this idea of like all the

748
00:39:07.480 --> 00:39:09.199
<v Speaker 3>time in the world. I was like, if I want

749
00:39:09.239 --> 00:39:11.280
<v Speaker 3>to do something, I have to do it now. And

750
00:39:11.400 --> 00:39:13.280
<v Speaker 3>so I was from a very early age I was

751
00:39:13.480 --> 00:39:17.199
<v Speaker 3>very you know, for better or for worse, like everything

752
00:39:17.239 --> 00:39:19.559
<v Speaker 3>that I want to happen has to have now. So

753
00:39:19.960 --> 00:39:22.559
<v Speaker 3>it resulted in me being a very driven human being.

754
00:39:22.679 --> 00:39:25.199
<v Speaker 3>But then at the same time, it also you know,

755
00:39:25.519 --> 00:39:29.159
<v Speaker 3>causes a lot of anxiety and pressure. And I think

756
00:39:29.239 --> 00:39:33.320
<v Speaker 3>that it got me really curious about science, about answering questions,

757
00:39:33.400 --> 00:39:36.480
<v Speaker 3>and about the fact that you know, like, oh man,

758
00:39:36.599 --> 00:39:42.840
<v Speaker 3>this story too. So leukemia is a really interesting thing

759
00:39:43.400 --> 00:39:48.079
<v Speaker 3>because for like you know, centuries or whatnot of studying

760
00:39:48.119 --> 00:39:49.559
<v Speaker 3>this thing, we didn't know what caused it. And there's

761
00:39:49.599 --> 00:39:52.440
<v Speaker 3>been a lot of hypotheses out there that have talked

762
00:39:52.480 --> 00:39:55.239
<v Speaker 3>about you know, it's could be like an environmental thing whatnot.

763
00:39:55.480 --> 00:39:57.880
<v Speaker 3>And it was only it was very recently that a

764
00:39:57.920 --> 00:40:01.960
<v Speaker 3>paper came out with like this new hypothesis that it

765
00:40:02.079 --> 00:40:03.599
<v Speaker 3>was it's kind of like a combination of things. It's

766
00:40:03.599 --> 00:40:06.519
<v Speaker 3>like a genetic thing, like a genetic predisposition. And then

767
00:40:06.800 --> 00:40:12.000
<v Speaker 3>also the hypothesis is that babies who were not exposed

768
00:40:12.039 --> 00:40:14.880
<v Speaker 3>to like the right bacteria in their like first year

769
00:40:14.920 --> 00:40:19.719
<v Speaker 3>of life were more prone to this. And you know,

770
00:40:19.960 --> 00:40:22.000
<v Speaker 3>so that that was like super interesting because like a

771
00:40:22.039 --> 00:40:24.000
<v Speaker 3>lot of you know, bacteria is like another really big

772
00:40:24.119 --> 00:40:25.960
<v Speaker 3>thing in my research today, Like there's a lot of

773
00:40:26.079 --> 00:40:28.480
<v Speaker 3>working with like choral probiotics, Like can we you know,

774
00:40:28.519 --> 00:40:30.559
<v Speaker 3>I'm studying like what bacteria is there other groups are

775
00:40:30.599 --> 00:40:32.880
<v Speaker 3>working on like can we take the bacteria that we

776
00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:36.000
<v Speaker 3>know is helping chral survive and like inoculate them with

777
00:40:36.039 --> 00:40:37.760
<v Speaker 3>that at an early age and then will that help

778
00:40:37.800 --> 00:40:39.760
<v Speaker 3>them downline? So like this whole idea that you know,

779
00:40:40.360 --> 00:40:44.639
<v Speaker 3>maybe we could prevent childhood leukeinia by creating a probatic

780
00:40:44.719 --> 00:40:46.239
<v Speaker 3>cocktail for babies, and then all of a sudden, like

781
00:40:46.280 --> 00:40:49.119
<v Speaker 3>can we solve you know, or help mitigate you know,

782
00:40:49.880 --> 00:40:53.679
<v Speaker 3>choral diseases by also creating like a probiotic Like there's

783
00:40:54.119 --> 00:40:57.480
<v Speaker 3>the amount of knowledge regaining about bacteria just in general

784
00:40:57.559 --> 00:40:59.880
<v Speaker 3>right now. It's just been like a huge, uh, a

785
00:41:00.079 --> 00:41:00.920
<v Speaker 3>huge driver.

786
00:41:01.079 --> 00:41:04.159
<v Speaker 2>Right for knowledge, right and the notion that it's not

787
00:41:04.360 --> 00:41:07.519
<v Speaker 2>just one necessarily species you're studying, but it's interaction with

788
00:41:07.679 --> 00:41:11.639
<v Speaker 2>several species that almost makes it able to survive and adapt.

789
00:41:12.360 --> 00:41:15.760
<v Speaker 2>Shale says that some corals even need both bacteria and

790
00:41:16.079 --> 00:41:20.119
<v Speaker 2>certain viruses present to survive these thermal events, so the

791
00:41:20.159 --> 00:41:23.840
<v Speaker 2>symbiotic connections go deep, they get complicated, kind of like

792
00:41:23.880 --> 00:41:26.719
<v Speaker 2>a group of adults who've been friends since college, just

793
00:41:26.880 --> 00:41:29.920
<v Speaker 2>like a girl's weekend without stuff thinks that a coral

794
00:41:29.960 --> 00:41:34.119
<v Speaker 2>party just aren't the same without both bacteria and viruses.

795
00:41:34.360 --> 00:41:36.440
<v Speaker 3>The ocean is full of different things, and you know,

796
00:41:36.480 --> 00:41:38.519
<v Speaker 3>we're looking at like a lot of these interactions, like

797
00:41:38.559 --> 00:41:40.599
<v Speaker 3>how many partners need to be in play to get

798
00:41:40.639 --> 00:41:42.760
<v Speaker 3>this result or to prevent something from happening. It's just

799
00:41:42.840 --> 00:41:46.079
<v Speaker 3>a really exciting time to be studying, like all of

800
00:41:46.119 --> 00:41:46.519
<v Speaker 3>this stuff.

801
00:41:46.920 --> 00:41:50.840
<v Speaker 2>So home to twenty five percent of the world's marine species,

802
00:41:51.119 --> 00:41:56.480
<v Speaker 2>potentially home to a cure for cancer. Weird interesting alien

803
00:41:56.760 --> 00:42:00.960
<v Speaker 2>like live sculptures full of other beings and also also

804
00:42:01.639 --> 00:42:05.199
<v Speaker 2>our new friend coral is just playing really pretty and

805
00:42:05.320 --> 00:42:08.519
<v Speaker 2>nice to look at. So there's that factor Shale explains.

806
00:42:08.639 --> 00:42:12.599
<v Speaker 3>And they're also you know, really important for tourism in

807
00:42:12.639 --> 00:42:16.679
<v Speaker 3>the economy, and that's also a really great way to

808
00:42:18.920 --> 00:42:22.480
<v Speaker 3>kind of switch our way that we think about like

809
00:42:22.599 --> 00:42:25.320
<v Speaker 3>our economy is, you know, instead of you know, extracting

810
00:42:25.400 --> 00:42:27.480
<v Speaker 3>from the reef and damaging the reef, we can actually

811
00:42:27.519 --> 00:42:32.000
<v Speaker 3>like do you know, eco friendly tourism bring people, educate people,

812
00:42:32.199 --> 00:42:34.000
<v Speaker 3>see to see the reef, and you know, it's hard

813
00:42:34.079 --> 00:42:38.239
<v Speaker 3>to find an appreciation for something that you have never

814
00:42:38.280 --> 00:42:40.400
<v Speaker 3>seen before. You know, we can all kind of relate

815
00:42:40.440 --> 00:42:42.199
<v Speaker 3>to that, and we all of those moments where like,

816
00:42:42.280 --> 00:42:45.920
<v Speaker 3>you know, you saw something for the first time, even

817
00:42:46.719 --> 00:42:49.960
<v Speaker 3>you know, any any place in nature, Like we can

818
00:42:50.039 --> 00:42:52.559
<v Speaker 3>have those kind of moments. But I think that's really

819
00:42:52.559 --> 00:42:56.320
<v Speaker 3>important also, and especially like here in Hawaii, the coral

820
00:42:56.360 --> 00:43:00.960
<v Speaker 3>reef ecosystems are incredibly important culturally and there's a lot

821
00:43:01.159 --> 00:43:05.039
<v Speaker 3>of history. There's a lot of stories, a lot of

822
00:43:05.159 --> 00:43:09.280
<v Speaker 3>history wrapped up in these ecosystems, and it's you know,

823
00:43:09.440 --> 00:43:12.000
<v Speaker 3>there's a lot of reasons to protect them.

824
00:43:12.760 --> 00:43:15.480
<v Speaker 2>And with eighty five percent of the US coral reefs

825
00:43:15.639 --> 00:43:18.920
<v Speaker 2>surrounding Hawaii. There's also a really big cultural necessity of

826
00:43:19.039 --> 00:43:22.639
<v Speaker 2>protecting and preserving those ecosystems. And there's a piece called

827
00:43:22.920 --> 00:43:27.000
<v Speaker 2>Puka Mai Heykoa the significance of corals in Hawaiian culture,

828
00:43:27.119 --> 00:43:30.159
<v Speaker 2>and it's featured in the book Ethnobiology of Corals and

829
00:43:30.239 --> 00:43:33.760
<v Speaker 2>Coral Reefs with an f reefs Fine, and the lead

830
00:43:33.840 --> 00:43:37.440
<v Speaker 2>author of it, Tony mcconnie Gregg, writes, quote, Hawaiian people

831
00:43:37.559 --> 00:43:41.000
<v Speaker 2>consider coral to be an akua, something that provides birth

832
00:43:41.159 --> 00:43:44.320
<v Speaker 2>and death to both the people and the islands, and

833
00:43:44.599 --> 00:43:49.039
<v Speaker 2>possesses much manna, which is the essence of spirituality. Corals

834
00:43:49.079 --> 00:43:51.639
<v Speaker 2>are considered the beginning of life and are thus the

835
00:43:51.840 --> 00:43:56.320
<v Speaker 2>most ancient ancestors of all living things in Hawaii. And

836
00:43:56.440 --> 00:43:58.960
<v Speaker 2>that's something that Shale seems to approach with a lot

837
00:43:59.039 --> 00:44:01.119
<v Speaker 2>of reverence. He seems to have a lot of empathy,

838
00:44:01.400 --> 00:44:04.639
<v Speaker 2>which may be from feeling conscious of pingponging between a

839
00:44:04.679 --> 00:44:08.280
<v Speaker 2>few science subjects before he landed on reefs. But also

840
00:44:08.639 --> 00:44:11.039
<v Speaker 2>he plays through grad school with challenges that most of

841
00:44:11.119 --> 00:44:11.719
<v Speaker 2>us don't face.

842
00:44:12.199 --> 00:44:15.000
<v Speaker 3>Not only did I not have a you know, a

843
00:44:15.119 --> 00:44:18.239
<v Speaker 3>direct like go to undergrad, go to your master's or

844
00:44:18.239 --> 00:44:22.320
<v Speaker 3>groserrate to your PhD kind of experience. But I'd experienced

845
00:44:22.360 --> 00:44:29.039
<v Speaker 3>also a lot of the obstacles and challenges that you know,

846
00:44:29.119 --> 00:44:34.119
<v Speaker 3>folks who don't typically see themselves in science face as well.

847
00:44:34.159 --> 00:44:37.199
<v Speaker 3>And that's not something that you would necessarily get from

848
00:44:37.480 --> 00:44:42.679
<v Speaker 3>looking at me today. And for me, I experienced a

849
00:44:42.719 --> 00:44:47.519
<v Speaker 3>lot of sexism when I was younger, So I didn't

850
00:44:47.559 --> 00:44:52.159
<v Speaker 3>transition until I was just until as in my master's program,

851
00:44:52.440 --> 00:44:54.960
<v Speaker 3>and so I had the experience of being a woman

852
00:44:55.039 --> 00:45:00.760
<v Speaker 3>in science for my entire coming into science. And you know,

853
00:45:00.840 --> 00:45:03.519
<v Speaker 3>in high school, I was put on like the not

854
00:45:03.719 --> 00:45:05.760
<v Speaker 3>the honor science track, and took me a while to

855
00:45:05.800 --> 00:45:08.800
<v Speaker 3>realize that this is something that happened. Those experiences in particular,

856
00:45:08.920 --> 00:45:14.000
<v Speaker 3>like really came to head for me when I showed

857
00:45:14.079 --> 00:45:17.119
<v Speaker 3>up at my PhD program, like well into my medical

858
00:45:17.199 --> 00:45:20.719
<v Speaker 3>transition and all of a sudden had access to like

859
00:45:20.960 --> 00:45:24.199
<v Speaker 3>conversations in space where people really kind of let you

860
00:45:24.280 --> 00:45:27.280
<v Speaker 3>know what they really think in ways that I didn't

861
00:45:27.280 --> 00:45:32.039
<v Speaker 3>before really and those you know, it's it has been

862
00:45:32.599 --> 00:45:37.760
<v Speaker 3>a very interesting experience to see on the other side,

863
00:45:37.920 --> 00:45:39.960
<v Speaker 3>you know, really a lot of the things that I

864
00:45:40.000 --> 00:45:42.960
<v Speaker 3>thought were happening, you know, the old ways of thinking

865
00:45:43.719 --> 00:45:46.320
<v Speaker 3>and kind of the gatekeepers for a lot of opportunities

866
00:45:46.400 --> 00:45:50.239
<v Speaker 3>in stem from from this point of view. And so

867
00:45:51.239 --> 00:45:54.800
<v Speaker 3>I think that, like the taking a longer time in

868
00:45:54.880 --> 00:45:57.280
<v Speaker 3>your journey is something that's very typical for folks, you know,

869
00:45:57.400 --> 00:46:01.639
<v Speaker 3>from many underrepresented backgrounds in the sciences, especially after decades

870
00:46:02.039 --> 00:46:06.239
<v Speaker 3>centuries of you know, being excluded not only from science careers,

871
00:46:06.239 --> 00:46:09.079
<v Speaker 3>but also like you know, science research in the medical industry.

872
00:46:09.079 --> 00:46:09.960
<v Speaker 3>It's a great example of that.

873
00:46:10.880 --> 00:46:14.000
<v Speaker 2>PS side note. I had heard that women weren't included

874
00:46:14.079 --> 00:46:17.000
<v Speaker 2>in some medical research trials, but I didn't know how

875
00:46:17.159 --> 00:46:20.360
<v Speaker 2>big a deal or how recent this was, Like cell

876
00:46:20.440 --> 00:46:23.840
<v Speaker 2>phones existed by the time. A law called the National

877
00:46:23.960 --> 00:46:28.280
<v Speaker 2>Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of nineteen ninety three past

878
00:46:28.480 --> 00:46:32.400
<v Speaker 2>stating that the Director of NIH shall ensure that a

879
00:46:32.840 --> 00:46:36.880
<v Speaker 2>Women are included as subjects in each project of such research,

880
00:46:37.000 --> 00:46:40.000
<v Speaker 2>and that b members of minority groups are included in

881
00:46:40.119 --> 00:46:43.679
<v Speaker 2>such research. A twenty sixteen article in Pharmacy Practice said

882
00:46:43.719 --> 00:46:48.199
<v Speaker 2>that when studying diseases prevalent in both sexes, males frequently

883
00:46:48.320 --> 00:46:51.440
<v Speaker 2>of the Caucasian race were considered to be the norm

884
00:46:51.840 --> 00:46:55.239
<v Speaker 2>study population, and that was a direct quote from a

885
00:46:55.360 --> 00:46:58.360
<v Speaker 2>Journal article there, but ps haas Up I didn't know

886
00:46:58.440 --> 00:47:01.000
<v Speaker 2>this until this past year. But the word Caucasian has

887
00:47:01.199 --> 00:47:06.159
<v Speaker 2>super racist origins. It's no longer widely used, so scrap

888
00:47:06.239 --> 00:47:09.880
<v Speaker 2>that white works. And nearly twenty years ago, the Institute

889
00:47:09.880 --> 00:47:13.039
<v Speaker 2>of Medicine clarified and made a really important distinction between

890
00:47:13.199 --> 00:47:17.239
<v Speaker 2>sex and gender. Gender being the self representation, social and

891
00:47:17.400 --> 00:47:20.719
<v Speaker 2>cultural views of sex. So if anyone ever tells you

892
00:47:21.239 --> 00:47:24.119
<v Speaker 2>that they know your gender based on your body, tell

893
00:47:24.159 --> 00:47:28.239
<v Speaker 2>them that science says that is hogwash. Thank you very much. Also,

894
00:47:28.559 --> 00:47:31.960
<v Speaker 2>Schale says that having a mentor you trust and respect

895
00:47:32.079 --> 00:47:35.679
<v Speaker 2>is so important. He had situations that called for allies,

896
00:47:35.800 --> 00:47:40.119
<v Speaker 2>like preparing for fieldwork in countries where certain identities could

897
00:47:40.199 --> 00:47:43.800
<v Speaker 2>put you at risk, or navigating passport issues. Just sings

898
00:47:43.840 --> 00:47:45.880
<v Speaker 2>that some of us might really take for granted.

899
00:47:46.039 --> 00:47:50.119
<v Speaker 3>Because it's really hard to be alone and struggling, you know,

900
00:47:50.159 --> 00:47:52.119
<v Speaker 3>I'd say, like, for me, like the hardest things have

901
00:47:52.239 --> 00:47:57.800
<v Speaker 3>been you know, personal in this journey as opposed to

902
00:47:58.039 --> 00:48:00.719
<v Speaker 3>like science is hard, but I have lots of people

903
00:48:00.719 --> 00:48:02.880
<v Speaker 3>to talk to you about my experiments, and so like

904
00:48:03.400 --> 00:48:05.679
<v Speaker 3>I think that like, you know, besides all the like

905
00:48:05.800 --> 00:48:08.840
<v Speaker 3>systemic things that we need to do to help make

906
00:48:09.239 --> 00:48:16.760
<v Speaker 3>stem actually more inclusive. We need to find our communities

907
00:48:16.840 --> 00:48:19.360
<v Speaker 3>and like lift each other up in that sense.

908
00:48:19.760 --> 00:48:24.719
<v Speaker 2>Do you find that maybe underrepresented folks tend to have

909
00:48:24.920 --> 00:48:26.800
<v Speaker 2>a little bit more imposter syndrome?

910
00:48:27.159 --> 00:48:32.719
<v Speaker 3>Oh yeah, yeah, oh imposter syndrome. Yeah, yes, definitely, And

911
00:48:32.960 --> 00:48:37.000
<v Speaker 3>sometimes you you see it like it's very obvious. You're like, oh,

912
00:48:37.079 --> 00:48:38.800
<v Speaker 3>I know, like you walk into a room and like

913
00:48:38.880 --> 00:48:41.800
<v Speaker 3>I feel like every person of color, probably every woman,

914
00:48:41.960 --> 00:48:45.199
<v Speaker 3>probably you know, every LGBTQ person When you walk into

915
00:48:45.199 --> 00:48:46.880
<v Speaker 3>a room, whether it's like a new class or conference,

916
00:48:46.920 --> 00:48:47.920
<v Speaker 3>like you kind of look around the room and you

917
00:48:47.920 --> 00:48:50.719
<v Speaker 3>look for your allies, got my back here, and I

918
00:48:50.800 --> 00:48:55.400
<v Speaker 3>think that you know, so like there's these imposter syndrome

919
00:48:55.480 --> 00:48:57.920
<v Speaker 3>is never like it's a standalone feeling, you know, It's

920
00:48:58.199 --> 00:49:03.039
<v Speaker 3>it's built up over you know, over so much that's

921
00:49:03.079 --> 00:49:05.920
<v Speaker 3>going on in the world. Like do you are there

922
00:49:05.920 --> 00:49:08.199
<v Speaker 3>people like you that you have as role models? Do

923
00:49:08.360 --> 00:49:10.960
<v Speaker 3>you see people are your are the interests of your

924
00:49:11.000 --> 00:49:15.760
<v Speaker 3>communities being addressed in like societal science?

925
00:49:15.920 --> 00:49:18.800
<v Speaker 2>Did you end up at a lab that you felt

926
00:49:20.039 --> 00:49:23.000
<v Speaker 2>you had a little bit more community? And also you

927
00:49:23.159 --> 00:49:27.679
<v Speaker 2>work on Coconut Island, which is a beautiful place in Hawaii.

928
00:49:28.280 --> 00:49:32.800
<v Speaker 2>I mean it's also this little isolated pocket of marine science.

929
00:49:33.239 --> 00:49:35.159
<v Speaker 2>How did you how did you end up there and

930
00:49:35.239 --> 00:49:38.199
<v Speaker 2>what was your feeling when you when you found out

931
00:49:38.239 --> 00:49:39.239
<v Speaker 2>you'd be researching there.

932
00:49:40.000 --> 00:49:41.719
<v Speaker 3>It's a good question. So I only actually applied to

933
00:49:41.800 --> 00:49:46.599
<v Speaker 3>one program. You did my PhD. It's great, And I

934
00:49:46.599 --> 00:49:49.199
<v Speaker 3>applied because I wanted to work with doctor Ruth Gates,

935
00:49:49.960 --> 00:49:54.920
<v Speaker 3>who's an excellent core biologist and also someone who really

936
00:49:55.079 --> 00:50:00.800
<v Speaker 3>valued science communication and connecting to communities public and inspiring

937
00:50:01.039 --> 00:50:04.400
<v Speaker 3>like people to care so deeply about reefs, and those

938
00:50:04.400 --> 00:50:06.199
<v Speaker 3>are two things that were very very important to me.

939
00:50:06.480 --> 00:50:09.119
<v Speaker 3>I also really wanted it was very important to me

940
00:50:09.239 --> 00:50:12.519
<v Speaker 3>to work in a large collaborative lab where there's a

941
00:50:12.559 --> 00:50:14.920
<v Speaker 3>lot of yeah, collaborative work and a lot of sharing

942
00:50:14.960 --> 00:50:17.199
<v Speaker 3>of ideas and support, and also in a place where

943
00:50:17.199 --> 00:50:22.000
<v Speaker 3>I would feel safe. And safe means you know, access

944
00:50:22.039 --> 00:50:28.440
<v Speaker 3>to safe healthcare, finding, you know, community on the islands, university,

945
00:50:29.159 --> 00:50:32.320
<v Speaker 3>or a place that actually has you know, anti discrimination

946
00:50:32.519 --> 00:50:35.079
<v Speaker 3>policies in place. There's a lot of places that don't

947
00:50:35.119 --> 00:50:37.000
<v Speaker 3>have a lot of friends who are part of universities

948
00:50:37.079 --> 00:50:42.239
<v Speaker 3>that you know are in places that you can be

949
00:50:42.599 --> 00:50:45.840
<v Speaker 3>you know, thrown in jail for using the wrong restroom,

950
00:50:46.000 --> 00:50:49.119
<v Speaker 3>wrong right quotes. And then we've seen a lot of

951
00:50:49.159 --> 00:50:50.760
<v Speaker 3>actually some really great response around that from like the

952
00:50:50.760 --> 00:50:54.440
<v Speaker 3>scientific community, canceling conferences and areas that are putting up

953
00:50:54.440 --> 00:50:57.000
<v Speaker 3>these really discriminatory policies and things like that, and that's wonderful.

954
00:50:57.079 --> 00:51:00.320
<v Speaker 3>Like the UC system has done a lot of actually

955
00:51:00.519 --> 00:51:02.719
<v Speaker 3>great work in that sense by saying you're funding travel

956
00:51:02.840 --> 00:51:03.920
<v Speaker 3>to these places.

957
00:51:04.360 --> 00:51:07.400
<v Speaker 2>One professional mentor who meant so much to Shale was

958
00:51:07.559 --> 00:51:10.840
<v Speaker 2>doctor Ruth Gates of the Gates Coral Lab he's at now,

959
00:51:11.239 --> 00:51:14.320
<v Speaker 2>and she was a veteran coral biologist. She apparently had

960
00:51:14.360 --> 00:51:17.079
<v Speaker 2>such a zeal for her work. She passed away just

961
00:51:17.280 --> 00:51:20.400
<v Speaker 2>this past October at age fifty six of cancer. And

962
00:51:20.519 --> 00:51:23.400
<v Speaker 2>when we went in toured the labs in Hawaii, Ruth's

963
00:51:23.440 --> 00:51:25.000
<v Speaker 2>name was brought up a lot, and you can tell

964
00:51:25.039 --> 00:51:27.679
<v Speaker 2>that she's dearly dearly missed. But it seems like he

965
00:51:27.840 --> 00:51:30.719
<v Speaker 2>ended up in the right place. Oh and also before

966
00:51:30.760 --> 00:51:35.119
<v Speaker 2>patron questions, it's a big day for you because they

967
00:51:35.159 --> 00:51:36.559
<v Speaker 2>started spawning last night.

968
00:51:37.079 --> 00:51:40.599
<v Speaker 3>What kind I was like, because it's pride, Yeah, happy pride.

969
00:51:42.400 --> 00:51:45.920
<v Speaker 2>Yeah they did they but spawn it spawned apalooza right

970
00:51:46.039 --> 00:51:46.840
<v Speaker 2>now it is.

971
00:51:47.239 --> 00:51:49.840
<v Speaker 3>It is so something really amazing about corals that there's

972
00:51:49.840 --> 00:51:53.039
<v Speaker 3>not enough amazing stuff is is coral spawning events, and

973
00:51:53.119 --> 00:51:56.119
<v Speaker 3>so corals, Right, you're a sedentary animal. You're not moving

974
00:51:56.119 --> 00:51:58.920
<v Speaker 3>around to find your mates. How you're in the ocean,

975
00:51:59.119 --> 00:52:00.880
<v Speaker 3>how are you going to reap produced, you know, besides

976
00:52:00.920 --> 00:52:03.719
<v Speaker 3>fragmenting off. And so the way it works is it's

977
00:52:03.719 --> 00:52:08.760
<v Speaker 3>a combination of cues. It's the moon cycle looking moon

978
00:52:09.119 --> 00:52:12.280
<v Speaker 3>from the planet, the moon star. It's the temperature. It's

979
00:52:12.440 --> 00:52:16.119
<v Speaker 3>like the pressure in the environment that will all come

980
00:52:16.159 --> 00:52:19.840
<v Speaker 3>together and cue the corals to release their gammetes into

981
00:52:19.840 --> 00:52:23.039
<v Speaker 3>the water column. And for the coral species that we study,

982
00:52:23.079 --> 00:52:25.800
<v Speaker 3>the rice coral on tipper capitata out here in the lab,

983
00:52:26.360 --> 00:52:29.559
<v Speaker 3>they spawn two to three months during the summer, on

984
00:52:29.679 --> 00:52:31.719
<v Speaker 3>the night of the new moon and a few nights after.

985
00:52:32.480 --> 00:52:34.679
<v Speaker 3>And if you're lucky enough to be out in the bay,

986
00:52:35.119 --> 00:52:37.719
<v Speaker 3>you kind of peer over at around eight forty five

987
00:52:37.760 --> 00:52:42.440
<v Speaker 3>pm and you'll start to see these little cream colored

988
00:52:42.480 --> 00:52:45.400
<v Speaker 3>bundles slowly floating to the surface of the water with

989
00:52:45.480 --> 00:52:48.280
<v Speaker 3>the size of a pinhead. And on a really big night,

990
00:52:48.400 --> 00:52:50.840
<v Speaker 3>like the entire surface will be just like covered in

991
00:52:50.840 --> 00:52:53.480
<v Speaker 3>these little white dots. After about like half an hour,

992
00:52:53.880 --> 00:52:57.559
<v Speaker 3>the wave action will cause them to burst. Their little

993
00:52:57.599 --> 00:52:59.840
<v Speaker 3>tiny eggs inside will float in, the sperm will start

994
00:52:59.840 --> 00:53:02.440
<v Speaker 3>to sink, and you know, in the next day or so,

995
00:53:02.800 --> 00:53:06.159
<v Speaker 3>there will be swimming coral larvy, these little DBD jellybeans,

996
00:53:06.400 --> 00:53:08.960
<v Speaker 3>and then those larvy will then you know, swim around

997
00:53:09.000 --> 00:53:12.440
<v Speaker 3>and look for some suitable substrate to metamorphose into the

998
00:53:12.679 --> 00:53:15.599
<v Speaker 3>first polyp, which will hopefully grow into too many to

999
00:53:15.679 --> 00:53:18.199
<v Speaker 3>form the next colony. We didn't get a lot of

1000
00:53:18.239 --> 00:53:20.920
<v Speaker 3>spawning in June. Usually we see it like June, July, August,

1001
00:53:21.079 --> 00:53:23.440
<v Speaker 3>and since we didn't see a lot in June, we thought,

1002
00:53:23.480 --> 00:53:25.159
<v Speaker 3>you know, maybe this will be our big month. And

1003
00:53:25.840 --> 00:53:28.360
<v Speaker 3>so going out of last night, we decided to take

1004
00:53:28.360 --> 00:53:29.960
<v Speaker 3>a quick look on the bay see what we saw.

1005
00:53:30.039 --> 00:53:32.840
<v Speaker 3>And there was a pretty big event. So that kind of,

1006
00:53:32.920 --> 00:53:35.599
<v Speaker 3>you know, you being a coral biologist, you have to

1007
00:53:35.639 --> 00:53:37.679
<v Speaker 3>be kind of ready to respond to whatever is going

1008
00:53:37.719 --> 00:53:39.480
<v Speaker 3>to happen. So we've kind of changed our plans and

1009
00:53:39.559 --> 00:53:41.840
<v Speaker 3>we'll go out and you know, see what.

1010
00:53:41.880 --> 00:53:42.159
<v Speaker 2>We can do.

1011
00:53:42.199 --> 00:53:44.280
<v Speaker 3>And this is a great time for us because a

1012
00:53:44.360 --> 00:53:45.800
<v Speaker 3>lot of the questions we have of our early life

1013
00:53:45.800 --> 00:53:48.880
<v Speaker 3>stages we can only ask during the summer months, and

1014
00:53:48.960 --> 00:53:50.679
<v Speaker 3>so right now this is a really exciting way for

1015
00:53:50.760 --> 00:53:52.760
<v Speaker 3>us to get a lot of genet diversity and to

1016
00:53:52.880 --> 00:53:55.719
<v Speaker 3>run some of these preconditioning tests to see, you know,

1017
00:53:56.119 --> 00:53:58.800
<v Speaker 3>if you cool them down, if you heat them up,

1018
00:53:59.159 --> 00:54:01.360
<v Speaker 3>what's that going to do to the settlement or survivorship.

1019
00:54:01.920 --> 00:54:04.280
<v Speaker 2>So you can kind of scoop up and run them

1020
00:54:04.360 --> 00:54:07.360
<v Speaker 2>in tubs and in the lab and see how they

1021
00:54:07.440 --> 00:54:08.079
<v Speaker 2>respond best.

1022
00:54:08.599 --> 00:54:11.639
<v Speaker 3>Yeah. Yeah. The technology that we use, you know, for

1023
00:54:11.760 --> 00:54:13.920
<v Speaker 3>like DNA sequencing is like one end of the spectrum

1024
00:54:14.239 --> 00:54:18.360
<v Speaker 3>and then on the ground in the lab is very

1025
00:54:18.480 --> 00:54:23.760
<v Speaker 3>like DIY you know, grab some buckets. We make these

1026
00:54:23.880 --> 00:54:27.000
<v Speaker 3>big scoops out of like these like plastic shoe boxes

1027
00:54:27.079 --> 00:54:29.280
<v Speaker 3>where we cut like windows and hot glue on mesh,

1028
00:54:29.719 --> 00:54:34.039
<v Speaker 3>kind of use those to scoop out the bundles, carefully

1029
00:54:34.440 --> 00:54:36.719
<v Speaker 3>put them into like little containers where they do their fertilization,

1030
00:54:36.920 --> 00:54:39.199
<v Speaker 3>and then oftentimes we'll even just leave them to sit

1031
00:54:39.280 --> 00:54:42.599
<v Speaker 3>overnight and buckets see, you know, then then carefully clean

1032
00:54:42.639 --> 00:54:44.000
<v Speaker 3>them out the next morning. But a lot of our

1033
00:54:44.039 --> 00:54:46.119
<v Speaker 3>tools are stuff that we have to kind of just

1034
00:54:46.519 --> 00:54:49.039
<v Speaker 3>come up with on the fly to use. They don't

1035
00:54:49.280 --> 00:54:50.960
<v Speaker 3>sell Coral spotting supply kids.

1036
00:54:52.360 --> 00:54:54.400
<v Speaker 2>There's a lot of home depot five gallon buckets.

1037
00:54:54.480 --> 00:54:57.280
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, lots of buckets everywhere in any lab. Yeah. Absolutely,

1038
00:54:57.480 --> 00:54:58.079
<v Speaker 3>Oh my god.

1039
00:54:58.440 --> 00:55:00.960
<v Speaker 2>Show rode up blog post last year about correlspawning, and

1040
00:55:01.159 --> 00:55:03.599
<v Speaker 2>in it he describes setting out on the night of

1041
00:55:03.679 --> 00:55:06.159
<v Speaker 2>the New Moon with life jackets and a first aid

1042
00:55:06.239 --> 00:55:09.039
<v Speaker 2>kit and headlamps. They use red lights so they don't

1043
00:55:09.079 --> 00:55:12.360
<v Speaker 2>interfere with any lunar cues for the coral, and they

1044
00:55:12.440 --> 00:55:15.000
<v Speaker 2>have as many two and a half gallon buckets as

1045
00:55:15.079 --> 00:55:17.760
<v Speaker 2>we'll fit on the floor of a small whaler boat.

1046
00:55:18.199 --> 00:55:20.280
<v Speaker 2>And he says in it, our tools are not glamorous,

1047
00:55:20.519 --> 00:55:22.760
<v Speaker 2>but they get the job done. And there are photos

1048
00:55:22.760 --> 00:55:26.480
<v Speaker 2>of these milky trails of coral bundles popping to release

1049
00:55:26.559 --> 00:55:29.400
<v Speaker 2>eggs into the water, and a glimpse of what field

1050
00:55:29.480 --> 00:55:31.599
<v Speaker 2>research looks like. So for more of that, I'm going

1051
00:55:31.679 --> 00:55:33.519
<v Speaker 2>to link the post in the show notes and on

1052
00:55:33.639 --> 00:55:36.840
<v Speaker 2>my website. Now we're about to ask your Patreon questions,

1053
00:55:36.880 --> 00:55:39.519
<v Speaker 2>but before we do, a few words from sponsors of

1054
00:55:39.599 --> 00:55:42.360
<v Speaker 2>the show. These sponsors make it possible for ologies to

1055
00:55:42.519 --> 00:55:45.719
<v Speaker 2>donate to a charity of each ologists choosing, and this

1056
00:55:45.840 --> 00:55:48.360
<v Speaker 2>week shale pick two. The first one is Pepe oh.

1057
00:55:48.840 --> 00:55:53.159
<v Speaker 2>It's a private nonprofit organization caring for an ancient Hawaiian

1058
00:55:53.360 --> 00:55:56.280
<v Speaker 2>fish pond located on a Wahu and its vision is

1059
00:55:56.400 --> 00:56:01.400
<v Speaker 2>to perpetuate a foundation of cultural sustainability to provide intellectual

1060
00:56:01.440 --> 00:56:05.719
<v Speaker 2>and physical and spiritual sustenance for their community. This fishpond

1061
00:56:05.840 --> 00:56:09.639
<v Speaker 2>serves as a place of learning to weave ancestral knowledge

1062
00:56:09.719 --> 00:56:12.920
<v Speaker 2>together with Western ways of knowing to achieve their goals

1063
00:56:13.280 --> 00:56:16.000
<v Speaker 2>and a second donation went to Point Foundation and Point

1064
00:56:16.039 --> 00:56:19.760
<v Speaker 2>Foundation dot Org is the nation's largest scholarship granting organization

1065
00:56:19.880 --> 00:56:24.519
<v Speaker 2>for LGBTQ plus students of merit and Point promotes changed

1066
00:56:24.639 --> 00:56:30.559
<v Speaker 2>through scholarship funding, mentorship, leadership development, and community service training

1067
00:56:30.880 --> 00:56:33.239
<v Speaker 2>and links to both those charities and to our sponsors

1068
00:56:33.280 --> 00:56:35.559
<v Speaker 2>who make that possible. Will be in the show notes. Okay,

1069
00:56:35.679 --> 00:56:36.519
<v Speaker 2>some things I'm liking this.

1070
00:56:36.599 --> 00:56:41.760
<v Speaker 1>Week Bionlanton, Margot boga On the Hardnir, the Hola, the Hymena,

1071
00:56:41.920 --> 00:56:50.119
<v Speaker 1>hecl ah ersuen Orslance, LADENI Detained, Nudovshukatarhu La Hula, schromperodes

1072
00:56:50.199 --> 00:56:55.880
<v Speaker 1>On udherosh as lanse Is Phaser, Latgan's Throw, Tasha Tapa Siranashka,

1073
00:56:56.000 --> 00:57:01.599
<v Speaker 1>August nav Is FuGO More Hey, h I A punk

1074
00:57:01.679 --> 00:57:05.719
<v Speaker 1>ie is called on tudoros or raslanza. If we realed

1075
00:57:05.719 --> 00:57:06.280
<v Speaker 1>this in the heron.

1076
00:57:09.119 --> 00:57:12.599
<v Speaker 2>Okay, your questions now. First question we got from Laura

1077
00:57:12.679 --> 00:57:16.679
<v Speaker 2>Crippen's and a bunch of other folks including Jessica f Fritz,

1078
00:57:16.920 --> 00:57:21.559
<v Speaker 2>Jennifer Alvarez, Caitlin Fitzgerald, Jenna Martin, Ira Gray, Jessica Zarninsky

1079
00:57:21.760 --> 00:57:25.400
<v Speaker 2>to go to Harriman, Crystal Mendoza, tofer Hennes, Kasey Kaiser,

1080
00:57:25.719 --> 00:57:29.840
<v Speaker 2>Lauren Krupens, and jesse E Scott asked how harmful is

1081
00:57:29.960 --> 00:57:33.719
<v Speaker 2>sunscreen to coral? This is a big question, how harmful

1082
00:57:33.840 --> 00:57:37.199
<v Speaker 2>or what does it do? It's it's oxy benzonate's certain

1083
00:57:37.400 --> 00:57:43.199
<v Speaker 2>non chemical some non mineral sunscreens. It's a tough question.

1084
00:57:43.880 --> 00:57:45.840
<v Speaker 3>It's a tough question. So, like people have definitely, you know,

1085
00:57:46.440 --> 00:57:52.079
<v Speaker 3>seen movements in different coastal communities to ban on safe sunscreen,

1086
00:57:52.159 --> 00:57:54.039
<v Speaker 3>and like this is a field of research that is

1087
00:57:54.559 --> 00:57:56.440
<v Speaker 3>beginning to grow. It's a new thing that we're seeing

1088
00:57:56.519 --> 00:58:00.559
<v Speaker 3>and it's like really important to consider these kind of

1089
00:58:00.639 --> 00:58:02.880
<v Speaker 3>like stressors. Are these daily things that we're doing that

1090
00:58:03.119 --> 00:58:05.559
<v Speaker 3>may or not be harmful to reefs? Right, considering what

1091
00:58:05.679 --> 00:58:08.239
<v Speaker 3>sunscreen you use, just like considering any type of chemicals

1092
00:58:08.239 --> 00:58:11.079
<v Speaker 3>that you're introducing to a natural environment is a really

1093
00:58:11.159 --> 00:58:17.000
<v Speaker 3>important thing. However, where you know, a lot of what

1094
00:58:18.199 --> 00:58:20.400
<v Speaker 3>we are concerned about is that you know, in the

1095
00:58:20.480 --> 00:58:23.400
<v Speaker 3>grand scheme of the impacts facing corals, it is a

1096
00:58:23.559 --> 00:58:26.480
<v Speaker 3>very small drop in the bucket compared to climate change,

1097
00:58:26.960 --> 00:58:29.840
<v Speaker 3>and that you know, it can be a really that's

1098
00:58:29.840 --> 00:58:31.880
<v Speaker 3>always a really hard thing. Like we're still like, you know,

1099
00:58:32.039 --> 00:58:35.000
<v Speaker 3>the research is ongoing with how bad these chemicals are

1100
00:58:35.079 --> 00:58:38.239
<v Speaker 3>and the effects that they have. But what we the

1101
00:58:38.559 --> 00:58:43.119
<v Speaker 3>danger is when that's where we stop right, Like you know,

1102
00:58:43.239 --> 00:58:46.599
<v Speaker 3>considering your sunscreen choice is a really great point of departure.

1103
00:58:46.920 --> 00:58:48.559
<v Speaker 3>You know, same thing with like plastic straw bands and

1104
00:58:48.599 --> 00:58:50.760
<v Speaker 3>things like that for people you know who might not

1105
00:58:50.880 --> 00:58:53.519
<v Speaker 3>consider how their daily actions affect coral reefs. To begin

1106
00:58:53.599 --> 00:58:55.760
<v Speaker 3>to learn more and to like understand, like, you know,

1107
00:58:56.039 --> 00:58:58.159
<v Speaker 3>how are my actions affecting the reefs? What else can

1108
00:58:58.199 --> 00:58:59.639
<v Speaker 3>I do? And to kind of like figure out what

1109
00:58:59.719 --> 00:59:01.360
<v Speaker 3>it is that each of us are doing every day

1110
00:59:01.440 --> 00:59:04.800
<v Speaker 3>right that affects the planet. But if that's the stopping point,

1111
00:59:04.880 --> 00:59:07.480
<v Speaker 3>that's a really dangerous thing, because you know, just changing

1112
00:59:07.480 --> 00:59:11.079
<v Speaker 3>your sunscreen is not going to slow down our loss

1113
00:59:11.119 --> 00:59:11.519
<v Speaker 3>of reefs.

1114
00:59:11.880 --> 00:59:14.079
<v Speaker 2>Afterwards, Shale sent me a link to a piece written

1115
00:59:14.159 --> 00:59:16.599
<v Speaker 2>just a few weeks ago by two coral scientists in

1116
00:59:16.719 --> 00:59:19.519
<v Speaker 2>Florida who said that people are being led to believe

1117
00:59:19.599 --> 00:59:24.800
<v Speaker 2>that there's extensive scientific evidence about the impact of oxybenzone

1118
00:59:24.880 --> 00:59:27.519
<v Speaker 2>on corals, and it's simply not true. So it went

1119
00:59:27.599 --> 00:59:30.400
<v Speaker 2>on to site three main factors that are actually killing

1120
00:59:30.480 --> 00:59:34.559
<v Speaker 2>coral climate change. There are biological changes like diseases and

1121
00:59:34.679 --> 00:59:39.519
<v Speaker 2>invasive species. There's overfishing, and the overfishing depletes the fish

1122
00:59:39.719 --> 00:59:42.880
<v Speaker 2>that eat the algae that overgrow on corals. There's also

1123
00:59:43.039 --> 00:59:46.039
<v Speaker 2>water quality issues like wastewater and land runoff that dump

1124
00:59:46.360 --> 00:59:52.480
<v Speaker 2>those pollutants and sediments into the reefs. So sorry, right,

1125
00:59:52.599 --> 00:59:54.800
<v Speaker 2>so don't just change for a mineral sunscreen and be like,

1126
00:59:54.880 --> 00:59:55.199
<v Speaker 2>nailed it.

1127
00:59:55.480 --> 00:59:58.519
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, let me so, Actually, okay, I got a permission

1128
00:59:58.559 --> 00:59:59.440
<v Speaker 3>to tell this part of that story.

1129
00:59:59.480 --> 00:59:59.880
<v Speaker 2>Oh okay.

1130
01:00:00.320 --> 01:00:02.920
<v Speaker 3>And like an example of that is a colleague of

1131
01:00:02.960 --> 01:00:05.800
<v Speaker 3>mine recently went into a local classroom to talk about

1132
01:00:05.880 --> 01:00:10.360
<v Speaker 3>corals and the research we do, and she asked the students, like,

1133
01:00:10.480 --> 01:00:14.239
<v Speaker 3>what was the biggest threat facing corals and everybody said sunscreen. Oh,

1134
01:00:14.719 --> 01:00:16.920
<v Speaker 3>and you know, that's a really that is like the

1135
01:00:17.039 --> 01:00:18.760
<v Speaker 3>kind of oh no moment. And she actually spoke with

1136
01:00:18.800 --> 01:00:20.360
<v Speaker 3>some of the teachers and they're like, we had no idea,

1137
01:00:20.679 --> 01:00:22.039
<v Speaker 3>Like this is what people have been telling us, this

1138
01:00:22.079 --> 01:00:24.760
<v Speaker 3>is what we've been telling our students, and that's and

1139
01:00:24.880 --> 01:00:28.360
<v Speaker 3>that's where you know, that's not that's not good, you know,

1140
01:00:28.480 --> 01:00:30.639
<v Speaker 3>it's it's it can be. It's a great way to

1141
01:00:30.639 --> 01:00:33.159
<v Speaker 3>get people to understand that, you know, small actions that

1142
01:00:33.199 --> 01:00:35.800
<v Speaker 3>we take every day can have really big impacts. However,

1143
01:00:36.679 --> 01:00:39.039
<v Speaker 3>you know, in no way is like we have to

1144
01:00:39.039 --> 01:00:40.079
<v Speaker 3>focus on climate change.

1145
01:00:40.440 --> 01:00:42.840
<v Speaker 2>This next question was asked by a listener who started

1146
01:00:42.920 --> 01:00:46.400
<v Speaker 2>making these beautiful paintings inspired by episodes, So to see them,

1147
01:00:46.400 --> 01:00:48.360
<v Speaker 2>you can check out the ologies Instagram and then follow

1148
01:00:48.440 --> 01:00:51.440
<v Speaker 2>her too, because she is wonderful. Maria Hancocks wants to

1149
01:00:51.519 --> 01:00:53.679
<v Speaker 2>know how excited are you that Pantone's color of the

1150
01:00:53.800 --> 01:00:54.760
<v Speaker 2>year is coral?

1151
01:00:55.400 --> 01:01:01.519
<v Speaker 3>Super excited anytime that corals can go, you know, make

1152
01:01:01.559 --> 01:01:04.000
<v Speaker 3>it into social media, get across people's radar, Like why

1153
01:01:04.159 --> 01:01:05.920
<v Speaker 3>is that? You know? Do I want to learn more?

1154
01:01:06.679 --> 01:01:08.960
<v Speaker 3>It's really great because there's a lot of animals in

1155
01:01:09.039 --> 01:01:13.079
<v Speaker 3>the world that are endangered, right, like corals are you

1156
01:01:13.159 --> 01:01:16.400
<v Speaker 3>know part of why corals are such a great you know,

1157
01:01:16.840 --> 01:01:18.800
<v Speaker 3>organism to talk about these kind of things is that

1158
01:01:19.480 --> 01:01:23.880
<v Speaker 3>they're gorgeous, you know, and so like like having having

1159
01:01:24.559 --> 01:01:29.760
<v Speaker 3>you know, companies celebrate coral bring attention to coral is

1160
01:01:30.159 --> 01:01:32.760
<v Speaker 3>always greatly appreciated and really exciting.

1161
01:01:33.079 --> 01:01:35.079
<v Speaker 2>I didn't know that there was Pantone's.

1162
01:01:34.599 --> 01:01:37.920
<v Speaker 3>Color of the Year, but yeah, we're always excited, you know.

1163
01:01:38.599 --> 01:01:41.559
<v Speaker 2>Also side note, huge ups to Pantone for naming the

1164
01:01:41.639 --> 01:01:46.320
<v Speaker 2>color not just coral, but living coral, a live, non dead,

1165
01:01:46.440 --> 01:01:50.159
<v Speaker 2>non bleach thriving. Magical coral was too long, but living

1166
01:01:50.199 --> 01:01:53.800
<v Speaker 2>coral works. Seratary asked what makes them so colorful? Is

1167
01:01:53.840 --> 01:01:55.480
<v Speaker 2>it that symbiosis? Yeah?

1168
01:01:55.559 --> 01:01:58.920
<v Speaker 3>So very often, like most there's I feel like everything

1169
01:01:58.960 --> 01:02:01.159
<v Speaker 3>I'm saying and every coral thing or like, except then

1170
01:02:01.199 --> 01:02:03.199
<v Speaker 3>this other thing does of something totally different that we

1171
01:02:03.239 --> 01:02:08.639
<v Speaker 3>didn't expect. So yes, in general, like the a lot

1172
01:02:08.679 --> 01:02:11.159
<v Speaker 3>of the color we're seeing are these symbiants. However, corals

1173
01:02:11.239 --> 01:02:14.320
<v Speaker 3>also do produce their own colorful pigments. You can take

1174
01:02:14.320 --> 01:02:16.159
<v Speaker 3>a black light and shine a black light on corals

1175
01:02:16.239 --> 01:02:19.400
<v Speaker 3>and they'll oftentimes you see like fluorescence. If you've seen

1176
01:02:19.559 --> 01:02:24.159
<v Speaker 3>Chasing Coral the movie, you'll see actually during some of

1177
01:02:24.199 --> 01:02:26.320
<v Speaker 3>the bleaching events. As the corals are bleaching, they actually

1178
01:02:26.320 --> 01:02:29.199
<v Speaker 3>will start to like glow in like these loose and

1179
01:02:29.239 --> 01:02:32.199
<v Speaker 3>purple colors. And there's been a lot of hypothesis and

1180
01:02:32.239 --> 01:02:34.920
<v Speaker 3>why they're doing that. It could potentially attract new symbiants.

1181
01:02:35.119 --> 01:02:36.920
<v Speaker 3>It could be sort of like their own kind of

1182
01:02:37.000 --> 01:02:39.760
<v Speaker 3>like sunscreening method to protect their own tissues. So we're

1183
01:02:39.800 --> 01:02:42.679
<v Speaker 3>still learning more about that. But the corals, you know,

1184
01:02:42.800 --> 01:02:45.559
<v Speaker 3>are able, some species are able to also produce their

1185
01:02:45.599 --> 01:02:46.840
<v Speaker 3>own their own pigments themselves.

1186
01:02:47.559 --> 01:02:50.360
<v Speaker 2>So that was a doc called Chasing Coral. And if

1187
01:02:50.360 --> 01:02:53.480
<v Speaker 2>you want to see what coral bleaching looks like and

1188
01:02:53.679 --> 01:02:56.880
<v Speaker 2>just get hyped to mobilize other folks to care, this

1189
01:02:57.159 --> 01:02:59.760
<v Speaker 2>is a great doc to watch. Are there any movies,

1190
01:03:00.639 --> 01:03:05.679
<v Speaker 2>any fictitious movies that honor or or really a fuck

1191
01:03:05.719 --> 01:03:08.159
<v Speaker 2>with coral that you're like, come on, any movies that.

1192
01:03:08.159 --> 01:03:10.880
<v Speaker 3>You're like, I was actually really impressed with the coral

1193
01:03:11.000 --> 01:03:14.440
<v Speaker 3>and finding Nemo. Really yeah, there, they did a really

1194
01:03:14.519 --> 01:03:18.039
<v Speaker 3>good job. Like there's some other like inaccuracies in their biology,

1195
01:03:18.199 --> 01:03:20.719
<v Speaker 3>but there. But I remember, like when I first saw

1196
01:03:20.760 --> 01:03:22.760
<v Speaker 3>it that came out like right when I was graduating college,

1197
01:03:23.400 --> 01:03:26.280
<v Speaker 3>I was really like, this is like the They did

1198
01:03:26.320 --> 01:03:28.519
<v Speaker 3>a really nice job with some of the with the forums,

1199
01:03:28.519 --> 01:03:30.840
<v Speaker 3>so I was like, that's that's pretty awesome. Corals don't

1200
01:03:30.840 --> 01:03:32.519
<v Speaker 3>tend to get a lot of spotlight, yeah, and a

1201
01:03:32.559 --> 01:03:34.280
<v Speaker 3>lot of mainstream, you know, films.

1202
01:03:35.400 --> 01:03:37.159
<v Speaker 2>I'm gonna go on IMDb and find out who the

1203
01:03:37.199 --> 01:03:39.639
<v Speaker 2>coral consultant was, and chances are you probably know the

1204
01:03:39.920 --> 01:03:42.599
<v Speaker 2>quick aside. So I tracked this down and I think

1205
01:03:43.039 --> 01:03:46.519
<v Speaker 2>I think it was a very passionate ichthyologist who's done

1206
01:03:46.719 --> 01:03:50.360
<v Speaker 2>research on the Great Barrier reef now at the University

1207
01:03:50.360 --> 01:03:54.840
<v Speaker 2>of Washington, and he's credited as Adam Summer's Fabulous Fish

1208
01:03:54.880 --> 01:03:57.880
<v Speaker 2>Guy in the special Thanks of the two thousand and

1209
01:03:57.960 --> 01:04:01.239
<v Speaker 2>three film Finding Nemo. And Yes, I found him. I

1210
01:04:01.360 --> 01:04:03.800
<v Speaker 2>called his office to ask him. He was out of

1211
01:04:03.840 --> 01:04:05.559
<v Speaker 2>the office, so I sent him an email. I didn't

1212
01:04:05.559 --> 01:04:08.000
<v Speaker 2>hear back from him yet, but yes, I do want

1213
01:04:08.079 --> 01:04:10.480
<v Speaker 2>to be his friend. Brooke Ruddinger wants to know does

1214
01:04:10.559 --> 01:04:11.599
<v Speaker 2>coral have a smell?

1215
01:04:13.079 --> 01:04:14.440
<v Speaker 3>You can so right now if you go on to

1216
01:04:14.519 --> 01:04:18.719
<v Speaker 3>County ay Bay, you can smell their gam meats. Yeah,

1217
01:04:18.760 --> 01:04:23.280
<v Speaker 3>after a big spawning event, you can definitely smell them. Noice, coral,

1218
01:04:23.599 --> 01:04:26.480
<v Speaker 3>mucus deaf. I mean, like I feel like the longer

1219
01:04:26.519 --> 01:04:28.719
<v Speaker 3>you work with anything, the more you gain a nose

1220
01:04:28.800 --> 01:04:32.000
<v Speaker 3>for it. Yeah, underwater, you know, we're not really smelling anything,

1221
01:04:32.960 --> 01:04:36.639
<v Speaker 3>but like, uh, once you're covered in it, you definitely

1222
01:04:36.800 --> 01:04:41.000
<v Speaker 3>its earthy stink, you know. Lusky, that's actually a great

1223
01:04:41.039 --> 01:04:43.960
<v Speaker 3>question because you know, a lot of while we might

1224
01:04:44.000 --> 01:04:48.280
<v Speaker 3>not smell the corals, like a lot of marine organisms

1225
01:04:48.360 --> 01:04:53.760
<v Speaker 3>use chemical senses to you know, interact with their surrounding

1226
01:04:53.840 --> 01:04:55.679
<v Speaker 3>environments and things like that. So there's a lot of

1227
01:04:55.800 --> 01:04:57.280
<v Speaker 3>smells in that sense.

1228
01:04:57.159 --> 01:05:01.599
<v Speaker 2>Going on in the water in the ocean. So this

1229
01:05:01.719 --> 01:05:05.840
<v Speaker 2>next question was also asked by listener Grace and Allegro. Violetta.

1230
01:05:05.920 --> 01:05:08.960
<v Speaker 2>Benismon wants to know what role does concrete truly play

1231
01:05:09.079 --> 01:05:10.440
<v Speaker 2>in the health of our coral And.

1232
01:05:10.480 --> 01:05:13.239
<v Speaker 3>I know nothing about this concrete's composition, and we'll look

1233
01:05:13.280 --> 01:05:16.559
<v Speaker 3>this up. Is it has a lot of same attributes

1234
01:05:16.559 --> 01:05:20.239
<v Speaker 3>as like chasm, carbonate, coral skeletons. It's a really great

1235
01:05:20.280 --> 01:05:22.119
<v Speaker 3>substrate cause it's also kind of porous, So a lot

1236
01:05:22.119 --> 01:05:23.519
<v Speaker 3>of times you'll see, like I think it is in

1237
01:05:23.599 --> 01:05:26.159
<v Speaker 3>Mexico where they have that underwater sculpture installation, made a

1238
01:05:26.239 --> 01:05:30.039
<v Speaker 3>concrete that different corals and sponges and whatnot are all

1239
01:05:30.119 --> 01:05:32.039
<v Speaker 3>recruiting to so it can actually act as a pretty

1240
01:05:32.039 --> 01:05:36.280
<v Speaker 3>good substrate. It's a really great substrate for artificial reefs.

1241
01:05:36.800 --> 01:05:40.320
<v Speaker 2>So he's talking about an underwater museum in Cancun, Mexico.

1242
01:05:40.440 --> 01:05:44.320
<v Speaker 2>It consists of nearly five hundred sunken sculptures and they

1243
01:05:44.440 --> 01:05:47.719
<v Speaker 2>serve as a base for new coral. Why did they

1244
01:05:47.800 --> 01:05:51.079
<v Speaker 2>make this, you ask, because too many tourists were snorkeling

1245
01:05:51.199 --> 01:05:54.239
<v Speaker 2>in the natural local reefs and destroying them. So they

1246
01:05:54.280 --> 01:05:57.119
<v Speaker 2>were like, hey, hey, look over here, look over here,

1247
01:05:57.119 --> 01:05:59.760
<v Speaker 2>look at these look at these sculptures. And it worked.

1248
01:06:00.000 --> 01:06:02.519
<v Speaker 2>So people go there now and coral can grow on

1249
01:06:02.639 --> 01:06:06.880
<v Speaker 2>it being perfect. Also, some of the sculptures serve as

1250
01:06:07.280 --> 01:06:11.920
<v Speaker 2>scathing environmental critiques, like the ones of men in tuxedos

1251
01:06:12.039 --> 01:06:15.599
<v Speaker 2>burying their heads in the sand. Ooh a burn, so

1252
01:06:15.760 --> 01:06:20.880
<v Speaker 2>sick it's scorched underwater. Zaane Librum wants to know, hello, Ahi,

1253
01:06:21.239 --> 01:06:23.760
<v Speaker 2>is the news about the Great Barrier reef being declared

1254
01:06:23.880 --> 01:06:27.920
<v Speaker 2>dead true? And if so, is there anything that we

1255
01:06:28.039 --> 01:06:28.840
<v Speaker 2>can do about it?

1256
01:06:29.400 --> 01:06:32.119
<v Speaker 3>That's a great question. So there was that article that

1257
01:06:32.199 --> 01:06:33.760
<v Speaker 3>came out I think a couple of years ago now

1258
01:06:33.880 --> 01:06:38.039
<v Speaker 3>that declared the Great Barrier Reef dead. It's not dead, OK,

1259
01:06:38.239 --> 01:06:41.880
<v Speaker 3>that's the answer. However it's not doing so great, right.

1260
01:06:42.199 --> 01:06:46.400
<v Speaker 3>And that's why articles like that can be challenging to

1261
01:06:46.400 --> 01:06:49.280
<v Speaker 3>the overall conversation because we don't want everyone to say, oh, good,

1262
01:06:49.280 --> 01:06:52.159
<v Speaker 3>it's not dead and move on. Right. But the Great

1263
01:06:52.199 --> 01:06:56.599
<v Speaker 3>Bearrier Reef, it just experienced two horrific leaching events back

1264
01:06:56.639 --> 01:06:59.239
<v Speaker 3>to back. And you know, a new paper by Terry

1265
01:06:59.280 --> 01:07:03.840
<v Speaker 3>Hughes' group out in Australia showed that the recruitment of

1266
01:07:03.960 --> 01:07:07.840
<v Speaker 3>like baby corals to the reef post those events has

1267
01:07:07.920 --> 01:07:11.360
<v Speaker 3>significantly declined. And so that's one of those like, you know,

1268
01:07:11.440 --> 01:07:14.599
<v Speaker 3>not only are we dealing with the impacts of dying

1269
01:07:14.639 --> 01:07:17.079
<v Speaker 3>coral on the reef, who's going to replace them?

1270
01:07:17.199 --> 01:07:17.320
<v Speaker 2>Right?

1271
01:07:17.360 --> 01:07:19.199
<v Speaker 3>And so these like that, these are these kind of

1272
01:07:19.199 --> 01:07:20.960
<v Speaker 3>the smaller impacts that we're looking at. So the Great

1273
01:07:21.000 --> 01:07:24.159
<v Speaker 3>Barrier Reef, you know, it did experience this massive bleaching event,

1274
01:07:24.360 --> 01:07:27.400
<v Speaker 3>lost like you know, in some regions, lost like you know,

1275
01:07:27.519 --> 01:07:30.039
<v Speaker 3>fifty percent or more of the coral on the ground,

1276
01:07:30.559 --> 01:07:32.760
<v Speaker 3>and they're you know, they're trying to come back. Different

1277
01:07:32.760 --> 01:07:34.599
<v Speaker 3>sections of the reef are still healthy. You can still

1278
01:07:34.679 --> 01:07:37.320
<v Speaker 3>go out and see corals in the Great Barrier reef.

1279
01:07:37.559 --> 01:07:41.519
<v Speaker 3>But if it keeps getting hit by these events, like

1280
01:07:42.079 --> 01:07:43.679
<v Speaker 3>there's not going to be enough time for things to recover.

1281
01:07:44.199 --> 01:07:47.199
<v Speaker 3>Just to go back to what they were, Educating yourself

1282
01:07:47.440 --> 01:07:51.320
<v Speaker 3>on the politicians and on the laws and bills that

1283
01:07:51.360 --> 01:07:54.119
<v Speaker 3>are coming up that would directly impact and the reefs

1284
01:07:54.159 --> 01:07:56.280
<v Speaker 3>here and where we are, like that's where we have

1285
01:07:56.320 --> 01:08:00.119
<v Speaker 3>the most sway is a really important thing. Like going

1286
01:08:00.159 --> 01:08:02.559
<v Speaker 3>to town halls also not just voting, but like actually

1287
01:08:02.559 --> 01:08:05.880
<v Speaker 3>showing up and becoming parts of the conversations that are

1288
01:08:06.000 --> 01:08:10.760
<v Speaker 3>directly influencing the legislators in your own area can be

1289
01:08:10.840 --> 01:08:14.320
<v Speaker 3>a really good way to start. And then also if

1290
01:08:14.360 --> 01:08:16.039
<v Speaker 3>you're going to a place like the Great Barrier, if

1291
01:08:16.039 --> 01:08:19.159
<v Speaker 3>you know, you know, essentially voting with your dollar, doing

1292
01:08:19.319 --> 01:08:22.680
<v Speaker 3>your due diligence to look up operators that are eco

1293
01:08:22.760 --> 01:08:24.960
<v Speaker 3>friendly that with some of the funding from that might

1294
01:08:25.000 --> 01:08:28.239
<v Speaker 3>actually go to research refrustoration, but look looking for you know,

1295
01:08:28.319 --> 01:08:31.920
<v Speaker 3>making sure that your footprint in those spaces are supporting

1296
01:08:32.079 --> 01:08:33.439
<v Speaker 3>organizations that are doing it right.

1297
01:08:34.560 --> 01:08:38.000
<v Speaker 2>And our tour operator for outlets was saying that they

1298
01:08:38.159 --> 01:08:41.800
<v Speaker 2>don't provide fins because so many times tourists will just

1299
01:08:42.039 --> 01:08:46.199
<v Speaker 2>absolutely slap a coral reef with the fin and so yeah,

1300
01:08:46.399 --> 01:08:47.840
<v Speaker 2>I thought that was great. I didn't know that.

1301
01:08:48.239 --> 01:08:51.800
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, definitely. And that's the thing like some corals, their

1302
01:08:51.840 --> 01:08:54.640
<v Speaker 3>structures are big, asking any surfer like they hurt when

1303
01:08:54.840 --> 01:08:56.840
<v Speaker 3>you you should get hit violin.

1304
01:08:57.279 --> 01:08:59.319
<v Speaker 2>Okay, side note, I just watched a bunch of videos

1305
01:08:59.479 --> 01:09:03.159
<v Speaker 2>of surfer bailing on coral. Not only are the coral sherf,

1306
01:09:03.239 --> 01:09:06.720
<v Speaker 2>but oh man, oh the blood, oh the scars. So

1307
01:09:06.960 --> 01:09:09.720
<v Speaker 2>there was one video of a Tahitian pro surfer who

1308
01:09:10.039 --> 01:09:12.359
<v Speaker 2>got a pretty bad scrape up and they show her

1309
01:09:12.439 --> 01:09:15.479
<v Speaker 2>on the boat afterward and they have to brush the

1310
01:09:15.640 --> 01:09:18.680
<v Speaker 2>coral bits out of your skin and then for some

1311
01:09:18.840 --> 01:09:22.279
<v Speaker 2>reason they have to rub citrus in it and she's

1312
01:09:22.399 --> 01:09:26.199
<v Speaker 2>like biting a towel. I cannot imagine the pain. Now,

1313
01:09:26.439 --> 01:09:30.199
<v Speaker 2>other remedies for this reef rash, according to some surfer

1314
01:09:30.279 --> 01:09:34.560
<v Speaker 2>message boards that I just totally lurked on, are hydrogen peroxide, alcohol,

1315
01:09:34.840 --> 01:09:38.640
<v Speaker 2>people use iodine. Others say just baby shampoo and scrubbing

1316
01:09:38.680 --> 01:09:42.560
<v Speaker 2>it with a toothbrush and antibacterial ointments work. But you

1317
01:09:42.720 --> 01:09:44.520
<v Speaker 2>have to treat it right away because you can be

1318
01:09:44.640 --> 01:09:48.119
<v Speaker 2>left with a staph infection, which would be Helen Arnar

1319
01:09:48.600 --> 01:09:50.680
<v Speaker 2>not in a good way. Please note I am neither

1320
01:09:50.760 --> 01:09:53.560
<v Speaker 2>a surfer nor a doctor, so consult one of the

1321
01:09:53.640 --> 01:09:56.239
<v Speaker 2>two or both. Also, as for the coral, I don't

1322
01:09:56.279 --> 01:09:58.439
<v Speaker 2>think they have a strategy for first aid.

1323
01:09:58.680 --> 01:10:00.520
<v Speaker 3>But they're also super fragile. Some of them that I

1324
01:10:00.760 --> 01:10:04.000
<v Speaker 3>was really nice, like branching shapes, you know, just a

1325
01:10:04.399 --> 01:10:06.640
<v Speaker 3>tiny kick that you can kick over a coli that's

1326
01:10:06.640 --> 01:10:08.760
<v Speaker 3>been growing for over one hundred years and like one kick,

1327
01:10:09.720 --> 01:10:13.199
<v Speaker 3>and so that's you know, that's great. Yeah, that's great.

1328
01:10:13.199 --> 01:10:15.520
<v Speaker 3>It's a great way to educate people on that. A

1329
01:10:15.520 --> 01:10:17.560
<v Speaker 3>lot of people think they're rocks. Yeah, so they're like

1330
01:10:17.680 --> 01:10:19.279
<v Speaker 3>feeling You're like, oh, I'm gonna go stand them that

1331
01:10:19.600 --> 01:10:21.880
<v Speaker 3>and the poly ups like they're just thin layers of tissue,

1332
01:10:22.000 --> 01:10:22.680
<v Speaker 3>so and.

1333
01:10:22.720 --> 01:10:26.760
<v Speaker 2>You can to crush them like facebone. Other patrons like Erica,

1334
01:10:27.039 --> 01:10:31.079
<v Speaker 2>Sarah Peck, and Izim had questions about Shale's favorites. Hufflepuff

1335
01:10:31.199 --> 01:10:33.359
<v Speaker 2>Hillary wants to know which reef has been your favorite

1336
01:10:33.359 --> 01:10:36.159
<v Speaker 2>to dive in. Do you have a favorite? Can you

1337
01:10:36.199 --> 01:10:36.840
<v Speaker 2>pick a favorite?

1338
01:10:37.600 --> 01:10:37.800
<v Speaker 4>Man?

1339
01:10:39.159 --> 01:10:40.680
<v Speaker 2>All the other reefs are going to be like, really,

1340
01:10:41.159 --> 01:10:42.960
<v Speaker 2>I know, what's a favorite?

1341
01:10:46.159 --> 01:10:54.720
<v Speaker 3>Ooh, this is really hard. So I was lucky enough

1342
01:10:54.800 --> 01:10:59.039
<v Speaker 3>to dive the blue Hole in Belize, which is like

1343
01:10:59.079 --> 01:11:01.239
<v Speaker 3>a big etel you can just like sink down to,

1344
01:11:01.319 --> 01:11:03.880
<v Speaker 3>Like there's all these sharks everywhere, and that dive and

1345
01:11:03.920 --> 01:11:09.800
<v Speaker 3>the surrounding reef there I saw way more if you

1346
01:11:10.399 --> 01:11:12.399
<v Speaker 3>for someone like me, like in this environment, if you

1347
01:11:12.439 --> 01:11:16.039
<v Speaker 3>see like a shark, that's really cool, like one, And

1348
01:11:16.119 --> 01:11:18.399
<v Speaker 3>that's because we don't have as many anymore, right, And

1349
01:11:18.600 --> 01:11:20.880
<v Speaker 3>like sharks are actually a really good sign of like

1350
01:11:20.920 --> 01:11:22.760
<v Speaker 3>a healthy reef environment. You want to have all the

1351
01:11:22.880 --> 01:11:27.000
<v Speaker 3>levels of the food chain. And I had never been

1352
01:11:27.039 --> 01:11:29.880
<v Speaker 3>in a reef before that environment where there were so

1353
01:11:29.920 --> 01:11:33.039
<v Speaker 3>many apex predders just living there. So like the coral

1354
01:11:33.119 --> 01:11:37.119
<v Speaker 3>was beautiful, there was diversity of fish, and but then

1355
01:11:37.159 --> 01:11:39.199
<v Speaker 3>also like there I got to see it all together.

1356
01:11:39.279 --> 01:11:41.319
<v Speaker 3>And so for me that was just a really exciting moment.

1357
01:11:41.439 --> 01:11:43.680
<v Speaker 2>Oh my gosh, have you ever been scared of a

1358
01:11:43.720 --> 01:11:44.399
<v Speaker 2>shark bite? Are you?

1359
01:11:44.479 --> 01:11:45.079
<v Speaker 4>Like no?

1360
01:11:45.640 --> 01:11:48.640
<v Speaker 3>Not? Really? Like sharks have a really sharks are doing

1361
01:11:48.680 --> 01:11:54.159
<v Speaker 3>awful were shark fitting is decimating world shark populations and

1362
01:11:54.439 --> 01:11:57.159
<v Speaker 3>so much of you know, like we're talking about how

1363
01:11:57.199 --> 01:11:58.920
<v Speaker 3>do we change these laws, how do we ban shark fitting,

1364
01:11:58.960 --> 01:12:00.600
<v Speaker 3>how do we like not allow shark and be sold

1365
01:12:00.640 --> 01:12:03.720
<v Speaker 3>in commercial senses in our country. It relates to our

1366
01:12:03.760 --> 01:12:06.119
<v Speaker 3>own like emotional reaction to sharks. Are we scared of sharks?

1367
01:12:06.239 --> 01:12:09.199
<v Speaker 3>The majority, the vast majority of all shark species want

1368
01:12:09.359 --> 01:12:12.880
<v Speaker 3>nothing to do with us. They've got very tiny mouths,

1369
01:12:13.039 --> 01:12:15.239
<v Speaker 3>or can be bottom feeders, or they're just not you know,

1370
01:12:15.279 --> 01:12:16.760
<v Speaker 3>they're just as scared of us as we are of them.

1371
01:12:16.960 --> 01:12:19.560
<v Speaker 3>Anytime you go into the ocean or nature in general,

1372
01:12:19.600 --> 01:12:22.359
<v Speaker 3>you have to respect the environment where you are and

1373
01:12:22.399 --> 01:12:25.199
<v Speaker 3>respect the organisms there, and so you know, it's always

1374
01:12:25.199 --> 01:12:28.560
<v Speaker 3>important to know what the like what the threats are

1375
01:12:29.319 --> 01:12:31.520
<v Speaker 3>or they could be, or what dangers there could be

1376
01:12:31.560 --> 01:12:33.319
<v Speaker 3>anytime you go. So whenever I go diving in a

1377
01:12:33.359 --> 01:12:35.720
<v Speaker 3>new place, I look up, like what organisms could I

1378
01:12:35.760 --> 01:12:39.000
<v Speaker 3>possibly encounter? And if you work with a good operator,

1379
01:12:39.119 --> 01:12:40.800
<v Speaker 3>you go to areas that are safer.

1380
01:12:41.079 --> 01:12:41.199
<v Speaker 4>Right.

1381
01:12:42.800 --> 01:12:47.319
<v Speaker 3>But I always feel incredibly lucky every time I have

1382
01:12:47.439 --> 01:12:51.760
<v Speaker 3>the opportunity to see sharks anywhere. They're beautiful. They never

1383
01:12:52.359 --> 01:12:54.760
<v Speaker 3>you know that they're doing their own thing. They're swoon

1384
01:12:54.880 --> 01:12:57.439
<v Speaker 3>over there, not not disturbing me. There are some shark

1385
01:12:57.520 --> 01:12:59.880
<v Speaker 3>species that might have like a case of mistaken identity,

1386
01:13:00.079 --> 01:13:01.600
<v Speaker 3>like if we're swimming around like a seal at the

1387
01:13:01.640 --> 01:13:05.439
<v Speaker 3>surface in you know, white shark territory. They can't come

1388
01:13:05.560 --> 01:13:07.760
<v Speaker 3>up and like you know, poke you see if your

1389
01:13:07.800 --> 01:13:09.399
<v Speaker 3>food or not. And the way that their strategy for

1390
01:13:09.439 --> 01:13:12.479
<v Speaker 3>getting food is they don't have arms, right, so they

1391
01:13:12.600 --> 01:13:14.560
<v Speaker 3>use their mouths to grab onto things, so they'll come up.

1392
01:13:14.720 --> 01:13:17.399
<v Speaker 3>And you know, if you think you're a seal, like

1393
01:13:17.479 --> 01:13:19.880
<v Speaker 3>try to take a bite. But people aren't dying of

1394
01:13:20.399 --> 01:13:22.359
<v Speaker 3>the You're not being eaten by a shark, right, you know.

1395
01:13:22.520 --> 01:13:25.279
<v Speaker 3>Unfortunately it has to do with like you know, it's

1396
01:13:25.399 --> 01:13:28.720
<v Speaker 3>coming to a wound from that shark bite, but not

1397
01:13:28.840 --> 01:13:30.319
<v Speaker 3>scare sharks and you shouldn't be either. There.

1398
01:13:30.640 --> 01:13:33.680
<v Speaker 2>For more on this, see this sella maca morphology Ella

1399
01:13:34.239 --> 01:13:37.760
<v Speaker 2>slac se Lack of morphology episode on sharks. Also, I

1400
01:13:37.840 --> 01:13:42.319
<v Speaker 2>snuck in this tiny question about any bitty garbage. Sorry,

1401
01:13:42.399 --> 01:13:44.399
<v Speaker 2>this one's a bomber, but it's good to know. How

1402
01:13:44.560 --> 01:13:48.520
<v Speaker 2>about plastics and corals? I was reading a little article

1403
01:13:48.560 --> 01:13:50.079
<v Speaker 2>when I was when we were waiting for each other

1404
01:13:50.720 --> 01:13:54.640
<v Speaker 2>of a pillar about microplastics being found in corals.

1405
01:13:55.279 --> 01:13:59.600
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, unfortunately microplastics, so plastic in general is awful for

1406
01:13:59.680 --> 01:14:02.399
<v Speaker 3>the environment. Right you hear these stories about you know,

1407
01:14:02.520 --> 01:14:05.960
<v Speaker 3>straws betting stuck on turtles noses, or you know, animals

1408
01:14:06.159 --> 01:14:08.880
<v Speaker 3>getting caught in plastic bags or eating plastic bags thinking

1409
01:14:08.960 --> 01:14:11.279
<v Speaker 3>that they're jellyfish are their kinds of food, and so

1410
01:14:11.319 --> 01:14:14.199
<v Speaker 3>those are a big problem. However, what we've learned, you know, recently,

1411
01:14:14.640 --> 01:14:17.479
<v Speaker 3>is that the plastics, as they start to actually break

1412
01:14:17.560 --> 01:14:19.920
<v Speaker 3>down so they're not like necessarily visible to the naked eye,

1413
01:14:20.079 --> 01:14:23.079
<v Speaker 3>these microplastics are having like a huge impact on these

1414
01:14:23.199 --> 01:14:26.199
<v Speaker 3>lower trophic levels on like a lot of these you know,

1415
01:14:26.279 --> 01:14:29.119
<v Speaker 3>the plankton are eating them plastics, and the larger animals

1416
01:14:29.199 --> 01:14:32.840
<v Speaker 3>are eating those plastics. And there have been some studies

1417
01:14:32.880 --> 01:14:35.359
<v Speaker 3>that are looking at are corals eating these plastics as well?

1418
01:14:35.399 --> 01:14:37.960
<v Speaker 3>And what does that mean? Right, Like, you can't there's

1419
01:14:37.960 --> 01:14:40.760
<v Speaker 3>no nutritional value. If you can't expel those, then all

1420
01:14:40.800 --> 01:14:43.119
<v Speaker 3>of a sudden, there's something inside of your gut that's

1421
01:14:43.199 --> 01:14:46.479
<v Speaker 3>taking up space where nutrition could be. And so these

1422
01:14:46.560 --> 01:14:50.640
<v Speaker 3>are huge, huge problems that are also unfortunately global.

1423
01:14:52.159 --> 01:14:55.600
<v Speaker 2>Anything that you've seen research wise in the last few

1424
01:14:55.680 --> 01:15:00.359
<v Speaker 2>years or any turnarounds that have given you hope, like, no,

1425
01:15:00.520 --> 01:15:02.159
<v Speaker 2>I think that's.

1426
01:15:02.000 --> 01:15:09.119
<v Speaker 3>Where you're going. Yeah, absolutely, Like I was telling you

1427
01:15:09.199 --> 01:15:13.399
<v Speaker 3>earlier when we you know, when you see a coral

1428
01:15:13.439 --> 01:15:16.319
<v Speaker 3>bleaching event and you're like, so many of these corals died.

1429
01:15:16.640 --> 01:15:19.079
<v Speaker 3>There's all those corals that didn't die. There are the

1430
01:15:19.159 --> 01:15:23.199
<v Speaker 3>corals themselves are there are some winners, there are some survivors,

1431
01:15:23.399 --> 01:15:26.359
<v Speaker 3>And that's really exciting because without any intervention from us,

1432
01:15:27.199 --> 01:15:30.840
<v Speaker 3>there are organisms, there are individuals that are already able

1433
01:15:30.880 --> 01:15:34.159
<v Speaker 3>to withstand these You look at an environment like you know,

1434
01:15:34.239 --> 01:15:38.039
<v Speaker 3>the Red Sea, which is on average way warmer than

1435
01:15:38.039 --> 01:15:39.520
<v Speaker 3>anywhere else, and the corals that are living up to

1436
01:15:39.520 --> 01:15:42.720
<v Speaker 3>temperatures that can't hear, and like, the difference is that

1437
01:15:42.800 --> 01:15:45.399
<v Speaker 3>that this happened over geologic time, whereas we are speeding

1438
01:15:45.439 --> 01:15:47.399
<v Speaker 3>things up, and can these animals keep up for that?

1439
01:15:47.520 --> 01:15:49.520
<v Speaker 3>But like just the fact that like these things exist.

1440
01:15:49.800 --> 01:15:53.600
<v Speaker 3>It is very exciting. Also in the last like ten

1441
01:15:53.680 --> 01:15:56.479
<v Speaker 3>years ago, if I had said like coral bleaching to

1442
01:15:56.640 --> 01:15:58.560
<v Speaker 3>somebody on the street, they might be like, I have

1443
01:15:58.640 --> 01:16:00.680
<v Speaker 3>no idea what you're talking about. But there's been a

1444
01:16:00.880 --> 01:16:06.000
<v Speaker 3>huge push and education and excitement around coral reefs in

1445
01:16:06.039 --> 01:16:09.359
<v Speaker 3>the last handful of years where people have heard about this,

1446
01:16:09.560 --> 01:16:11.359
<v Speaker 3>like people know, people are trying to really care about

1447
01:16:11.359 --> 01:16:14.000
<v Speaker 3>it and understand why it's important, Why it's important to them,

1448
01:16:14.079 --> 01:16:16.439
<v Speaker 3>like why they want this for their future generations. And

1449
01:16:16.520 --> 01:16:21.640
<v Speaker 3>so corals have really come into the national international conversation

1450
01:16:21.760 --> 01:16:24.199
<v Speaker 3>in a way that they haven't before. And because of that,

1451
01:16:24.960 --> 01:16:28.840
<v Speaker 3>there's a lot more hope for these big overarching changes

1452
01:16:28.880 --> 01:16:32.000
<v Speaker 3>that we need on the systemic scale to potentially start

1453
01:16:32.079 --> 01:16:32.600
<v Speaker 3>to happen.

1454
01:16:33.680 --> 01:16:37.319
<v Speaker 2>And I always asked these last two questions, But what's

1455
01:16:37.399 --> 01:16:39.840
<v Speaker 2>the shittiest thing about your job? What sucks in a

1456
01:16:39.880 --> 01:16:43.600
<v Speaker 2>way that's either like annoying? Is it moldy wet suits?

1457
01:16:43.880 --> 01:16:49.039
<v Speaker 2>Is it early mornings or more infrastructure? Like what sucks?

1458
01:16:50.439 --> 01:16:54.239
<v Speaker 3>The thing that sucks most about being a coreal biologist

1459
01:16:54.640 --> 01:16:58.880
<v Speaker 3>is watching something you love die and not being able

1460
01:16:58.880 --> 01:17:02.199
<v Speaker 3>to do anything about it. Yeah, and like, and that's

1461
01:17:02.239 --> 01:17:06.159
<v Speaker 3>something that's you know, shared by probably everyone in our field. Like,

1462
01:17:06.279 --> 01:17:09.439
<v Speaker 3>you know, I love corals, like biologically speaking, Like, I'm

1463
01:17:09.520 --> 01:17:13.079
<v Speaker 3>so fascinated by them. There's such interesting animals, but so

1464
01:17:13.239 --> 01:17:18.720
<v Speaker 3>much of my research is around keeping them around, right,

1465
01:17:18.960 --> 01:17:23.079
<v Speaker 3>And it's anytime you dive on a reef that's bleaching

1466
01:17:23.279 --> 01:17:26.800
<v Speaker 3>or a reef that's been devastated by any kind of impact,

1467
01:17:27.079 --> 01:17:30.279
<v Speaker 3>especially one that you know you'd seen flourishing before it's

1468
01:17:30.720 --> 01:17:33.039
<v Speaker 3>you know, you have an emotional reactions. It's a very

1469
01:17:33.239 --> 01:17:37.800
<v Speaker 3>devastating feeling and that pressure of it's not just you know,

1470
01:17:37.800 --> 01:17:39.640
<v Speaker 3>if I don't finish my dissertation, then I don't get

1471
01:17:39.640 --> 01:17:41.520
<v Speaker 3>to graduate. But like, so much of this work that

1472
01:17:41.680 --> 01:17:44.640
<v Speaker 3>we all are working on is going to have an

1473
01:17:44.680 --> 01:17:48.359
<v Speaker 3>impact right now or not? And are we doing it right?

1474
01:17:48.439 --> 01:17:49.680
<v Speaker 3>Are we asking the right questions?

1475
01:17:49.880 --> 01:17:50.039
<v Speaker 4>You know?

1476
01:17:50.199 --> 01:17:53.279
<v Speaker 3>And that's definitely the hardest part for sure.

1477
01:17:53.880 --> 01:17:56.960
<v Speaker 2>What's your favorite part about your job or about corals?

1478
01:17:57.520 --> 01:17:57.680
<v Speaker 4>Oh?

1479
01:17:57.800 --> 01:18:03.520
<v Speaker 3>Man, we do a whole podcast like that. My favorite

1480
01:18:03.560 --> 01:18:06.760
<v Speaker 3>part of my job is I'm getting I'm answering it

1481
01:18:06.800 --> 01:18:09.439
<v Speaker 3>into part which I know you're supposed to do member

1482
01:18:09.479 --> 01:18:15.279
<v Speaker 3>reports you want. It's like it's the daily life in

1483
01:18:15.359 --> 01:18:18.039
<v Speaker 3>the people I work with for sure. Like in the community,

1484
01:18:18.159 --> 01:18:21.680
<v Speaker 3>when you're working on an issue that's this important, people

1485
01:18:21.680 --> 01:18:24.199
<v Speaker 3>are really passionate and really excited. And because we're trying

1486
01:18:24.239 --> 01:18:27.640
<v Speaker 3>to solve something on a really quickly, it's a very

1487
01:18:27.760 --> 01:18:30.680
<v Speaker 3>creative place to be. Like people are coming up with

1488
01:18:30.800 --> 01:18:32.960
<v Speaker 3>really creative, out of the box solutions and being able

1489
01:18:32.960 --> 01:18:35.159
<v Speaker 3>to be part of new technologies that are coming in

1490
01:18:35.279 --> 01:18:37.439
<v Speaker 3>new ways of like addressing these questions, trying just like

1491
01:18:37.560 --> 01:18:41.359
<v Speaker 3>crazy ideas that just might work, maybe something that we

1492
01:18:41.479 --> 01:18:43.479
<v Speaker 3>might not have had the luxury to do on a

1493
01:18:43.520 --> 01:18:47.039
<v Speaker 3>system that you know is doing fine somewhere. But you

1494
01:18:47.119 --> 01:18:50.600
<v Speaker 3>know that that kind of creative thinking and passionate environment

1495
01:18:50.680 --> 01:18:54.079
<v Speaker 3>is a really exciting place to be. So that's that's

1496
01:18:54.079 --> 01:18:56.119
<v Speaker 3>something great. And then also I take a boat to

1497
01:18:56.159 --> 01:18:58.319
<v Speaker 3>work every day. I can just like walk into the

1498
01:18:58.359 --> 01:19:02.800
<v Speaker 3>water and see the reef. And while that's amazing for

1499
01:19:03.000 --> 01:19:05.720
<v Speaker 3>research and asking questions, it's also just it's a luxury.

1500
01:19:06.079 --> 01:19:08.000
<v Speaker 3>I feel so lucky to be able to be in

1501
01:19:08.000 --> 01:19:10.760
<v Speaker 3>a place where my study environment is right here and

1502
01:19:10.800 --> 01:19:13.079
<v Speaker 3>I can appreciate the just the beauty of the reef

1503
01:19:13.159 --> 01:19:14.000
<v Speaker 3>on a everyday basis.

1504
01:19:14.279 --> 01:19:17.359
<v Speaker 2>Maybe that's why marine biologists are a little bit more chill.

1505
01:19:17.640 --> 01:19:17.960
<v Speaker 2>I don't know.

1506
01:19:17.960 --> 01:19:20.039
<v Speaker 3>I feel like we're like we're really chilling there also

1507
01:19:20.079 --> 01:19:21.000
<v Speaker 3>like super stressed up.

1508
01:19:21.680 --> 01:19:23.479
<v Speaker 2>That's a good point. That's a good point. You're doing

1509
01:19:23.600 --> 01:19:27.119
<v Speaker 2>such great work. I'm so excited that I got to

1510
01:19:27.159 --> 01:19:28.840
<v Speaker 2>talk to you. Thank you for taking us. It's a

1511
01:19:28.960 --> 01:19:31.439
<v Speaker 2>lover of your time. I know that it's a busy

1512
01:19:31.560 --> 01:19:33.720
<v Speaker 2>day for Coral. Are you going back out tonight?

1513
01:19:33.840 --> 01:19:36.600
<v Speaker 3>I am, Yeah, definitely excited, very excited.

1514
01:19:36.640 --> 01:19:40.680
<v Speaker 2>So ask smart, amazing people sometimes stupid questions. And also

1515
01:19:40.880 --> 01:19:44.520
<v Speaker 2>just if you can, please vote, Let's just let's try

1516
01:19:44.560 --> 01:19:47.239
<v Speaker 2>to turn this vote around. Also for more about Shale,

1517
01:19:47.319 --> 01:19:49.960
<v Speaker 2>you can follow him at Wrong Underscore Whale on Twitter

1518
01:19:50.279 --> 01:19:52.640
<v Speaker 2>that will be linked in the show notes. Where at

1519
01:19:52.720 --> 01:19:56.479
<v Speaker 2>Ologies on Twitter and Instagram. I'm at Ali Ward with

1520
01:19:56.640 --> 01:19:59.920
<v Speaker 2>one L on both, and thank you to Atlas Obscura. Further,

1521
01:20:00.079 --> 01:20:02.119
<v Speaker 2>really wonderful time in Hawaii learning about all this stuff.

1522
01:20:02.359 --> 01:20:06.279
<v Speaker 2>And thanks to the world's most charming touthologist Sarah McNaulty

1523
01:20:06.359 --> 01:20:09.560
<v Speaker 2>aka Sarah macattack on social media for hooking me up

1524
01:20:09.840 --> 01:20:13.560
<v Speaker 2>with this really wonderful naderiologist Shale. I look forward to

1525
01:20:13.640 --> 01:20:17.560
<v Speaker 2>calling him doctor Matsuda soon. Thank you also to Bonnie

1526
01:20:17.640 --> 01:20:20.359
<v Speaker 2>Dutch and Shannon Feltis. They have a comedy podcast called

1527
01:20:20.439 --> 01:20:23.479
<v Speaker 2>You Are That if you like funny, amazing people. They

1528
01:20:23.560 --> 01:20:26.760
<v Speaker 2>also manage my merch at ologiesmerch dot com. Thank you

1529
01:20:26.920 --> 01:20:31.159
<v Speaker 2>to Hannah Liippo and Aaron Talbert for adminting the Ologies

1530
01:20:31.239 --> 01:20:34.520
<v Speaker 2>podcast Facebook group. I was also recently told there's an

1531
01:20:34.520 --> 01:20:38.479
<v Speaker 2>Ologies podcast subreddit now, just in case you're on Reddit

1532
01:20:38.680 --> 01:20:41.359
<v Speaker 2>or you want to go discuss episodes. And share weird

1533
01:20:41.800 --> 01:20:44.880
<v Speaker 2>ological facts there. So Hi Reddit hollo. I. Thank you

1534
01:20:45.039 --> 01:20:48.439
<v Speaker 2>to Jared Sleeper of My Good Bad Brain podcast for

1535
01:20:48.640 --> 01:20:52.520
<v Speaker 2>assistant editing and being wonderfully supportive on not the easiest week.

1536
01:20:52.760 --> 01:20:55.600
<v Speaker 2>And thanks to the host of podcasts CE Jurassic Right

1537
01:20:55.640 --> 01:20:58.319
<v Speaker 2>About Dino's and the Percast which is all about kitties,

1538
01:20:58.479 --> 01:21:01.760
<v Speaker 2>Steven Ray Morris, who's the pillar serving as a sturdy

1539
01:21:02.119 --> 01:21:05.680
<v Speaker 2>substrate and putting this all together. Apologies for being a

1540
01:21:05.760 --> 01:21:08.279
<v Speaker 2>daily on this one, folks. I hate that it's late.

1541
01:21:08.640 --> 01:21:10.720
<v Speaker 2>I was in New York. I felt really under the

1542
01:21:10.760 --> 01:21:13.199
<v Speaker 2>weather and slept twelve hours a day two days in

1543
01:21:13.239 --> 01:21:15.840
<v Speaker 2>a row, so I just needed a wee extension. The

1544
01:21:15.920 --> 01:21:18.800
<v Speaker 2>theme music was written by Nick Thorburn of the band Islands,

1545
01:21:19.039 --> 01:21:21.439
<v Speaker 2>which is a great band. Now, if you listen until

1546
01:21:21.720 --> 01:21:23.119
<v Speaker 2>the end of the show, you know I tell you

1547
01:21:23.199 --> 01:21:27.079
<v Speaker 2>a secret. This week's secret is that when it comes

1548
01:21:27.359 --> 01:21:31.079
<v Speaker 2>to apples and baked potatoes, my favorite part is the skin.

1549
01:21:31.600 --> 01:21:34.840
<v Speaker 2>Like I want to eat other people's discarded potato skins

1550
01:21:34.920 --> 01:21:37.560
<v Speaker 2>at the table. I'll eat the whole shebang. But I'm

1551
01:21:37.640 --> 01:21:39.680
<v Speaker 2>just I'm like a goat. I just love like the

1552
01:21:39.880 --> 01:21:43.960
<v Speaker 2>chewy ruffage. I don't know why. But also in college,

1553
01:21:44.479 --> 01:21:46.359
<v Speaker 2>my favorite thing to eat in the dining hall, of

1554
01:21:46.520 --> 01:21:49.079
<v Speaker 2>all the things they had in the cafeteria, I loved

1555
01:21:49.840 --> 01:21:53.600
<v Speaker 2>bike potatoes with soy sauce and then sour cream on

1556
01:21:53.680 --> 01:21:56.800
<v Speaker 2>top of it. I think of it often, and I'm like, yeah,

1557
01:21:56.840 --> 01:21:58.720
<v Speaker 2>I still stand by that combo. It was pretty tight

1558
01:21:58.880 --> 01:21:59.760
<v Speaker 2>by Bye pack.

1559
01:21:59.560 --> 01:22:12.520
<v Speaker 4>Aderm ptology, homeiology or do zoology, lithology, new technology, meteorology, serology, ethnology, zeriology, ethology.

1560
01:22:20.439 --> 01:22:22.960
<v Speaker 3>I may look like a rock, but I'm certainly not

1561
01:22:23.640 --> 01:22:25.119
<v Speaker 3>Carl that's trying to survive.

1562
01:22:25.960 --> 01:22:29.479
<v Speaker 2>Oh please, don't let me die.