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<v Speaker 1>Chapter ten of Ten Common Trees. This is a LibriVox recording.

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<v Speaker 1>All LibriVox recordings are the public domain. For more information

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<v Speaker 1>or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by

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<v Speaker 1>Marianne Spiegel. Ten Common Trees by Susan Stokes. Chapter ten,

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<v Speaker 1>The red maple good news, good news. Winter is going

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<v Speaker 1>winter with his gloomy skies and whistling winds. Winter who

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<v Speaker 1>gives the fields and the trees so old? They are

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<v Speaker 1>beards of icicle and snow. There's not a robin to

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<v Speaker 1>be seen, not a spring beauty peeping out of the snow.

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<v Speaker 1>But down by the river I have found a tree,

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<v Speaker 1>a beautiful red tree. It blooms earlier than the pussy willows,

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<v Speaker 1>earlier than the crocuses. Sometimes it blooms so very early

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<v Speaker 1>that the gray old king nips its buds and turns

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<v Speaker 1>its twigs brown. There are no leaves yet on this tree,

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<v Speaker 1>but you may know it by its shape, by the

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<v Speaker 1>compact round head, low branches, sharp angles, and bushy twigs.

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<v Speaker 1>The bark is thin, a grayish brown on the trunk,

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<v Speaker 1>red on the twigs. It is smooth above, but down

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<v Speaker 1>below it has cracked lengthwise let us see what kind

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<v Speaker 1>of tree it is. Here on the twigs are the

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<v Speaker 1>scars of last year's leaves, in pairs and v shaped.

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<v Speaker 1>If there are three or four eyes in each scar,

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<v Speaker 1>it is a maple. This one, with its red twigs

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<v Speaker 1>and flowers, is the red maple. It grows wild along

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<v Speaker 1>streams and in swamps. Sometimes we call it the swamp maple.

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<v Speaker 1>The flowers are these bright red tufts. The poet Lowell

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<v Speaker 1>calls them the maples corals. There are so many of

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<v Speaker 1>them that they color the whole tree red. You must

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<v Speaker 1>look closely to discover that there are two kinds. Some

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<v Speaker 1>of them have little balls covered with yellow dust, while

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<v Speaker 1>others have just two tiny red plumes in each flower.

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<v Speaker 1>On this tree you find a great man any of

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<v Speaker 1>the balls, and only a few of the plumes. But

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<v Speaker 1>on some of the trees you will find a great

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<v Speaker 1>many of the plumes, with but very few balls. In

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<v Speaker 1>some families, all the children are boys, in others girls,

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<v Speaker 1>and in others there are boys and girls together. So

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<v Speaker 1>with the maple. One tree may have balls or stamens alone,

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<v Speaker 1>another plumes or pistols, and still another, though this kind

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<v Speaker 1>is more rare, may have stamens and pistols. Together. Both

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<v Speaker 1>the balls and the plumes grow in red cups. These

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<v Speaker 1>help to keep them warm. It would not be safe

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<v Speaker 1>for every tree to bloom at this season, but the

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<v Speaker 1>red maple seems to be prepared for cold weather in

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<v Speaker 1>several ways. First, the flowers grow in tufts that keeps

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<v Speaker 1>out some of the wind, for they bloom just when

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<v Speaker 1>wild march winds on their errands sing. Second, the buds

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<v Speaker 1>are protected by scales. You will find them turned back

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<v Speaker 1>just below the open flowers, but they show better in

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<v Speaker 1>the bud. Around the young flowers there is a brown

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<v Speaker 1>and shiny coat of resin, a waterproof to keep out

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<v Speaker 1>the rain and snow. They are so small, these tiny flowers,

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<v Speaker 1>that they do not need a waterproof for each, but

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<v Speaker 1>are wrapped up three or four together. Third, when the

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<v Speaker 1>bud scales turn back and the flowers push out on

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<v Speaker 1>their pedicels, they have still two red cloaks or cups,

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<v Speaker 1>which keep the inner parts warm. The outer of these

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<v Speaker 1>is called a calyx, the inner a corolla. When the

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<v Speaker 1>cup contains stamens, they may be from four to twelve

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<v Speaker 1>in number, each with a tiny ball or anther. Each

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<v Speaker 1>ball has four little pockets full of yellow dust called pollen.

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<v Speaker 1>When the pollen falls upon the red plumes, it pushes

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<v Speaker 1>its way into the urn shaped body at the base.

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<v Speaker 1>This then begins to grow. Its shoulders enlarge, and each

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<v Speaker 1>becomes a broad, flat wing or sail. Such a two

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<v Speaker 1>winged fruit is a samara or key. You may remember

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<v Speaker 1>seeing such keys late in the year, when the wind

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<v Speaker 1>carries them about, whisking them into corners or dropping them

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<v Speaker 1>in the shade of the mother tree. Some day you

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<v Speaker 1>may open one and see what is within. Carefully cut

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<v Speaker 1>away one wall of the thickened base, there are two

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<v Speaker 1>little rooms, and in each one is a seed. Now

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<v Speaker 1>cut off the seed wall, also what you find two

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<v Speaker 1>tiny baby maples twins. They are wrapped up and swung

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<v Speaker 1>in a winged cradle. Each one has a tiny root

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<v Speaker 1>and two little leaves. The root works down into the

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<v Speaker 1>soil and gathers water with its velvety root hairs. The

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<v Speaker 1>stem pushes up into the sunlight. The second pair of

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<v Speaker 1>leaves differ in shape from the first or seed leaves,

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<v Speaker 1>and the third are more perfect. Still, all summer long,

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<v Speaker 1>the little maples grow, adding to their crown of leaves,

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<v Speaker 1>till in the fall they may be two feet tall.

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<v Speaker 1>Then winter comes and the cold kills them off by

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<v Speaker 1>the hundreds. The red maple blooms early, so that the

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<v Speaker 1>children grow tall and strong before winter begins. The keys,

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<v Speaker 1>falling as they dew down upon the wet soil of

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<v Speaker 1>marsh and river, could not live through the winter, but

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<v Speaker 1>would decay. Fortunately, the swamp maple blooms in March and

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<v Speaker 1>drops its keys in May. When this is done, the

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<v Speaker 1>maple has summer before it, the long warm summer in

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<v Speaker 1>which to work and build. After the flowers bloom, the

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<v Speaker 1>winter buds unfold. The winter buds are at the end

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<v Speaker 1>of the twigs and are darker in color than the

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<v Speaker 1>flower buds. They too are covered with scales, coated with resin,

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<v Speaker 1>and lined with wool. There are six or eight of them.

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<v Speaker 1>Do you see a scar just below the flower buds

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<v Speaker 1>on either side? The flower buds grew in the axle

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<v Speaker 1>of the lowest scale, and it has fallen away and

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<v Speaker 1>left a scar. The first leaves are not quite perfect,

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<v Speaker 1>but seem to be half leaf half scale. Having been

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<v Speaker 1>wrapped up in the bud all winter, they never recover

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<v Speaker 1>from the effects of the crowded position spread. One of

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<v Speaker 1>the later leaves out on your hand, and you will

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<v Speaker 1>see why they are described as palmatta, or five lobed.

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<v Speaker 1>If you look at a number, you may find some

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<v Speaker 1>with only three lobes. The margin is notched, and the

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<v Speaker 1>leaves are opposite. When they first unfold, the leaves are

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<v Speaker 1>deep red in color. As they grow older and turn green,

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<v Speaker 1>the maple uses them to prepare food. It takes the

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<v Speaker 1>water from the soil and gas from the air, just

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<v Speaker 1>such gas as you throw out of your lungs, and

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<v Speaker 1>it mixes them there behind the green curtain. The curtain

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<v Speaker 1>is of wonderful material. It does not let all the

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<v Speaker 1>light through. That which passes is of a deep green color,

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<v Speaker 1>and it turns the gas and water into starch and sugar.

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<v Speaker 1>When October comes, the season for making food is over.

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<v Speaker 1>Then the maple takes in the green curtains and puts

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<v Speaker 1>up some of crimson and yellow and scarlet. This is

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<v Speaker 1>the time when squirrels gather their nuts and farmers house

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<v Speaker 1>their grain for winter use. The trees, too, are making

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<v Speaker 1>ready for winter. They are storing sap away in the trunk.

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<v Speaker 1>The beautiful colors are also useful. Though trees need sunlight,

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<v Speaker 1>it may sometimes be too strong. The food which is

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<v Speaker 1>carried in the sap might easily be hurt by the sunlight,

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<v Speaker 1>but the bright colors turn back a part of the

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<v Speaker 1>light so that the food reaches the trunk in safety.

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<v Speaker 1>The young leaves are also red until they begin to

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<v Speaker 1>produce the leaf green, which they use in making the food.

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<v Speaker 1>When the food is safely stored, the tree has no

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<v Speaker 1>further use for the leaves. They turn brown and fall

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<v Speaker 1>to the ground, but they are not altogether lost, for

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<v Speaker 1>the soil they fall upon is richer for the shower

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<v Speaker 1>of leaves. There is something else which a maple makes

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<v Speaker 1>during the sunny summer. It is wood, wood in which

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<v Speaker 1>to keep warm when the wintry winds are blowing. The

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<v Speaker 1>wood is somewhat pink in color, and is often used

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<v Speaker 1>to make furniture, gun stocks, and other things. One kind,

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<v Speaker 1>the bird's eye maple, is very handsome. You may look

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<v Speaker 1>for it yourself some day. The wood extends out into

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<v Speaker 1>the bark in very many minute prickles. When this is

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<v Speaker 1>cut and polished, it is found to be marked with

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<v Speaker 1>many circular grains the bird's eyes. Another kind is the

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<v Speaker 1>curly maple. The woody fibers which are usually quite straight,

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<v Speaker 1>are sometimes wavy. When such wood is polished, it shows

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<v Speaker 1>lights and shades like the folds of a satin gown,

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<v Speaker 1>and is called curly maple. Did you ever think how

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<v Speaker 1>long it takes a tree to build its house of wood?

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<v Speaker 1>If you are small enough to go through all its rooms,

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<v Speaker 1>you would find it a perfect palace. Every year new

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<v Speaker 1>rooms are added, always between the wood and the bark.

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<v Speaker 1>In this way, a ring is added each year. We

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<v Speaker 1>can tell the age of a tree by the number

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<v Speaker 1>of rings in the wood. If there are a hundred rings,

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<v Speaker 1>the tree is a hundred years old. Such a tree

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<v Speaker 1>has many friends. It is fixed in a single place,

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<v Speaker 1>but the winds and the birds can come and go.

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<v Speaker 1>The wind is a family friend of long standing, one

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<v Speaker 1>that has been trusted by the family for generations. He

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<v Speaker 1>carries the pollen from tree to tree and starts the

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<v Speaker 1>children out into the world. He also drives the clouds

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<v Speaker 1>to the hills and cools the leaves when the air

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<v Speaker 1>is hot. As for others, the shyest birds sing in

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<v Speaker 1>its branches. It shares their joys and sorrows, and protects

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<v Speaker 1>them with its shade. Other good friend is Jack Frost,

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<v Speaker 1>who warns it when winter is coming, that it may

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<v Speaker 1>be ready. But Jack is not the maple's friend alone.

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<v Speaker 1>He does many kind things for nature's other children. The

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<v Speaker 1>wild geese must be driven southward. The gray partridge must

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<v Speaker 1>be warned to put on her snow white feathers. He

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<v Speaker 1>whispers to the brown bear to find a hollow tree,

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<v Speaker 1>and invites the red squirrel to north hollow when he

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<v Speaker 1>opens the farmer's chestnuts. How would you like to live

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<v Speaker 1>a life like that at the maple? You could never

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<v Speaker 1>leave your house at all, but it would be warm

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<v Speaker 1>and comfortable during the cold, hard winters. Sometimes the melting

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<v Speaker 1>snows would swell the streams in the spring and would

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<v Speaker 1>wash all the earth from your roots. Or the worms

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<v Speaker 1>might eat the leaves from your branches, the sugar man

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<v Speaker 1>might steal your sap, or the lumber man take your house.

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<v Speaker 1>But think of the long days of sunshine under blue skies,

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<v Speaker 1>when you could wave your leaves in the breeze, of

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<v Speaker 1>the cool showers, and of the lofty nights with the

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<v Speaker 1>moon and stars and crooning birds. Native maples, the red maple,

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<v Speaker 1>is found in the northern and eastern part of the

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<v Speaker 1>United States. It is often planted along streets or in parks,

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<v Speaker 1>but grows wild only in river bottoms and swampy places.

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<v Speaker 1>It has a great many relatives which you may meet,

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<v Speaker 1>and which you may know by their palmate, opposite leaves

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<v Speaker 1>and two winged fruit, although they may differ in other respects.

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<v Speaker 1>The silver maple is a tall tree with a pale

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<v Speaker 1>bark which flakes off in thin sheets. Like the red maple,

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<v Speaker 1>it blooms early, but its tufts of flowers are much

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<v Speaker 1>thicker and its buds more numerous. When the flowers come out,

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<v Speaker 1>there is a single hairy green cup to keep the

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<v Speaker 1>inner parts warm. Its leaves are silvery below with deep

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<v Speaker 1>sharp notches. This tree is widely planted, for it grows

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<v Speaker 1>very rapidly. The wood is soft and when burned, does

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<v Speaker 1>not give much heat. The sugar maple is another relative

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<v Speaker 1>and is well known for its sweet sap. It does

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<v Speaker 1>not bloom early. The flowers and leaves come out together,

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<v Speaker 1>and the keys are not shed until October. They fall

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<v Speaker 1>on dry ground, however, and the seed leaves are filled

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<v Speaker 1>with starch, so they wait till spring before they start

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<v Speaker 1>to grow. The flower has a long pedicel and there

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<v Speaker 1>is but one cup. The leaves are nearly round with

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<v Speaker 1>a few large blunt notches. It is known as the

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<v Speaker 1>hard maple, for the wood is tough and clothes grained.

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<v Speaker 1>The striped maple has light green bark striped with dark lines.

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<v Speaker 1>The wood is hard and fine, but it does not

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<v Speaker 1>grow very tall unless it is grafted upon a young

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<v Speaker 1>tree of another kind of maple, when it may become

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<v Speaker 1>sixty or seventy feet high. The mountain maple is shrubby. Also,

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<v Speaker 1>its leaves appear before the flowers, which occur in a

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<v Speaker 1>long spike at the end of twigs. There are large

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<v Speaker 1>numbers of keys in a cluster. The great leaved maple

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<v Speaker 1>of California has leaves which are often a foot broad,

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<v Speaker 1>and the scar is marked with seven eyes. Another the

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<v Speaker 1>vine maple of Oregon, forms dense clumps. It divides near

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<v Speaker 1>the base, and the long branches bend over by their

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<v Speaker 1>own weight, taking root where they touch the ground. There

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<v Speaker 1>are also many maples which have been brought over from Europe.

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<v Speaker 1>The box elder closely resembles the maple, but its stamens

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<v Speaker 1>and pistols do not occur on the same tree. Its

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<v Speaker 1>leaves consist of from three to five leaflets. End of

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<v Speaker 1>chapter ten,