WEBVTT

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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Bedtime Astronomy. Explore the wonders of the cosmos

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<v Speaker 1>with our soothing Bedtime Astronomy podcast. Each episode offers a

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<v Speaker 1>gentle journey through the stars, planets, and beyond, perfect for

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<v Speaker 1>unwinding after a long day. Let's travel through the mysteries

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<v Speaker 1>of the universe as you drift off into a peaceful

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<v Speaker 1>slumber under the night sky. This week in Astronomy, rare

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<v Speaker 1>black hole, moonbound telescope and interstellar object rare black hole

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<v Speaker 1>caught feeding on a star. Scientists using NASA's Hubble Space

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<v Speaker 1>Telescope and Chundra X ray Observatory may have found a

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<v Speaker 1>rare type of black hole called an intermediate mass black

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<v Speaker 1>hole IMBH. This candidate, named NGC six ninety nine hlx one,

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<v Speaker 1>seems to be located inside a dense cluster of stars

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<v Speaker 1>at the edge of a large elliptical galaxy known as

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<v Speaker 1>NGC sixty nineteen nine. Back in the nineteen nineties, shortly

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<v Speaker 1>after Hubble was launched, astronomers discover that most galaxies have

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<v Speaker 1>supermassive black holes in their centers, with masses millions or

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<v Speaker 1>even billions of times greater than our Sun. They also

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<v Speaker 1>learned that galaxies contain many smaller black holes formed when

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<v Speaker 1>massive stars die, usually weighing less than one hundred times

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<v Speaker 1>the mass of the Sun. However, black holes that fall

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<v Speaker 1>between those extremes, intermediate mass black holes, are much harder

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<v Speaker 1>to detect. These imbhs weigh between a few hundred and

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<v Speaker 1>a few hundred thousand times the mass of the Sun.

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<v Speaker 1>Unlike supermassive black holes, they don't consume gas and stars

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<v Speaker 1>as aggressively, so they don't emit bright radiation all the time.

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<v Speaker 1>That makes them nearly invisible unless they're caught in the

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<v Speaker 1>act of feeding, like when a star wander's too close

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<v Speaker 1>and is torn apart in what's called a tidal disruption event.

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<v Speaker 1>That kind of violent feeding produces a sudden burst of

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<v Speaker 1>energy which we can detect. This seems to be what

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<v Speaker 1>happened with n GC sixty ninety nine hlx one. It

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<v Speaker 1>lies far from the center of its galaxy, around forty

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<v Speaker 1>thousand light years out, and the galaxy itself is about

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<v Speaker 1>four hundred and fifty million light years away in the

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<v Speaker 1>direction of the constellation Hercules. Chundra first noticed the bright

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<v Speaker 1>X ray source in two thousand and nine, and scientists

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<v Speaker 1>tracked its changes over time using another space telescope XM

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<v Speaker 1>and Newton. One of the researchers, e Chi Chan, said

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<v Speaker 1>that very bright X ray sources outside galaxy centers are

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<v Speaker 1>rare and may be the key to finding these hidden imbhs.

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<v Speaker 1>They're considered an important missing link between small black holes

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<v Speaker 1>and the massive ones found in galaxy cores. The radiation

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<v Speaker 1>coming from hlx one is extremely hot, around three million degrees,

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<v Speaker 1>which matches what we expect from a tidal disruption event.

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<v Speaker 1>Hubbell also found that the black hole sits inside a

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<v Speaker 1>very compact cluster of stars, where stars are packed so

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<v Speaker 1>closely that there are only a few light months apart.

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<v Speaker 1>This means the black hole could have plenty of fuel

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<v Speaker 1>to keep feeding. The black hole reached its brightest point

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<v Speaker 1>in twenty twelve and then slowly dimmed through twenty twenty three.

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<v Speaker 1>Since the optical and X ray observations weren't taken at

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<v Speaker 1>the same times, it's tricky to say exactly what happened.

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<v Speaker 1>The black hole may have destroyed a star and created

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<v Speaker 1>a disk of hot gas around it, which sometimes flares

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<v Speaker 1>up as gas falls inward. Another researcher, Robertosauria, explained that

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<v Speaker 1>the brightness changed dramatically over the years, from fairly bright

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<v Speaker 1>in two thousand and nine to one hundred times brighter

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<v Speaker 1>in twenty twelve, and then fading again. This raises questions

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<v Speaker 1>about whether it will flare up again or just continue

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<v Speaker 1>to fade away. This imbh is far from the center

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<v Speaker 1>of its galaxy, where a much bigger black hole is

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<v Speaker 1>likely sleeping and not actively consuming anything. That difference between

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<v Speaker 1>the center and the outskirts is interesting because it gives

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<v Speaker 1>clues about how black holes grow over time. One theory

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<v Speaker 1>says that imbhs are the seeds from which supermassive black

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<v Speaker 1>holes grow. As galaxies merge over time, their central black

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<v Speaker 1>holes could merge too. Hubble has shown that the mass

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<v Speaker 1>of a galaxy is related to the size of its

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<v Speaker 1>central black hole, supporting the idea that black holes grow

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<v Speaker 1>as galaxies grow. It's possible that galaxies contain many imbh's

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<v Speaker 1>orbiting in their outer regions that don't always fall into

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<v Speaker 1>the center. Another theory suggests that in the early universe,

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<v Speaker 1>dense clouds of gas and dark matter halos may have

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<v Speaker 1>collapsed straight into huge black holes, skipping the formation of

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<v Speaker 1>stars altogether. The James Web Space Telescope has found very

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<v Speaker 1>distant black holes that seem too big compared to their galaxy,

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<v Speaker 1>which might support this idea. But there's also the chance

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<v Speaker 1>that we're only seeing the biggest black holes because smaller

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<v Speaker 1>ones are too faint to detect at such great distances.

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<v Speaker 1>These different theories may both be true in different situations.

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<v Speaker 1>Some black holes might grow slowly over time by eating

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<v Speaker 1>stars in gas, while others might form rapidly in the

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<v Speaker 1>early universe. To really understand how black holes grow, scientists

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<v Speaker 1>hope to find more imbhs like hlx one. That means

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<v Speaker 1>catching more tidal disruption events where a black hole suddenly

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<v Speaker 1>lights up while eating a star. The challenge is that

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<v Speaker 1>telescopes like Chundra and x MM Newton look at small

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<v Speaker 1>parts of the sky, so they don't catch many of

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<v Speaker 1>these rare events. But a new telescope in Chile, the

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<v Speaker 1>veriicea Reuben Observatory, will skin the entire sky and might

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<v Speaker 1>catch more of these black holes in action than Hubble

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<v Speaker 1>and Web can zoom and to study them in more detail.

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<v Speaker 1>Moonbound Telescope aims to unveil cosmic dark ages. Scientists in

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<v Speaker 1>the US have built a special radio telescope called Lucy

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<v Speaker 1>Night that will be sent to the far side of

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<v Speaker 1>the Moon. This is a very difficult place to put

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<v Speaker 1>any equipment because it gets extremely cold and dark for

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<v Speaker 1>fourteen days, then extremely hot and sunny for fourteen more days,

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<v Speaker 1>with no atmosphere to protect from radiation. But it's also

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<v Speaker 1>the quietest place in terms of radio waves, which makes

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<v Speaker 1>it perfect for listening to faint signals from space, especially

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<v Speaker 1>signals from the early universe. This project is being led

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<v Speaker 1>by Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Space Sciences Laboratory at

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<v Speaker 1>UC Berkeley, along with help from other labs. The main

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<v Speaker 1>goal is to detect radio waves from a time called

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<v Speaker 1>the Dark Ages, which happened about three hundred and eighty

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<v Speaker 1>thousand years after the Big Bang, before stars or planets

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<v Speaker 1>had formed. These ancient citiesgals are blocked on Earth because

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<v Speaker 1>of all the radio noise from our planet in the Sun,

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<v Speaker 1>but the far sight of the Moon is shielded from

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<v Speaker 1>all that noise. The telescope had to be carefully designed

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<v Speaker 1>to be small and light enough to launch, but also

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<v Speaker 1>strong and smart enough to survive and work on the Moon.

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<v Speaker 1>The most important part is its spectrometer built at Brookhaven,

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<v Speaker 1>which can detect and process very faint radio signals. It

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<v Speaker 1>works like a super sensitive radio that can hear all

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<v Speaker 1>frequencies at the same time. It can also adjust itself

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<v Speaker 1>and reduce its own noise to avoid interference. This makes

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<v Speaker 1>it much more powerful than similar instruments that can only

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<v Speaker 1>capture a small amount of data at once. Power was

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<v Speaker 1>one of the biggest challenges. Since the Moon is long

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<v Speaker 1>nights with no sunlight, the telescope has to rely on

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<v Speaker 1>a battery to stay alive and keep working. The battery

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<v Speaker 1>itself is heavy, so they had to balance its size

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<v Speaker 1>with the total weight of the telescope. The team also

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<v Speaker 1>designed a special cooling and heating system to keep the

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<v Speaker 1>telescope from freezing or overheating during the extreme moon conditions.

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<v Speaker 1>This includes things like heat pipes and thermal switches, which

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<v Speaker 1>work like a thermostat. Even though the goal is to

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<v Speaker 1>run Lucynight for up to two years, the team knows

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<v Speaker 1>the first lunar Night will be the real test. To prepare,

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<v Speaker 1>there are running simulations here on Earth to practice controlling

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<v Speaker 1>the telescope and analyzing the data. They've also updated the

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<v Speaker 1>plan so the telescope will send small amounts of data

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<v Speaker 1>earlier than originally intended. Just in case it doesn't survive

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<v Speaker 1>the first night. Lucynight isn't just about gathering data. It's

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<v Speaker 1>also meant to prove that it's possible to do radio

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<v Speaker 1>astronomy from the Moon. If it works, it could lead

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<v Speaker 1>to more missions like this in the future. The telescope

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<v Speaker 1>is scheduled to launch in twenty twenty six aboard a

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<v Speaker 1>lunar lander. The team is excited and hopeful, seeing this

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<v Speaker 1>as the beginning of a new chapter in space science.

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<v Speaker 1>Strange interstellar object three ice slash Atlas baffles scientists. On

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<v Speaker 1>July first, astronomers noticed something unusual, a fast moving object

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<v Speaker 1>heading toward the Sun. This object was called three ice

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<v Speaker 1>slash Atlas. What made it so interesting was that its

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<v Speaker 1>path through space showed it had come from outside our

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<v Speaker 1>Solar System. Only two other objects like this had ever

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<v Speaker 1>been seen before. That made three ice slash Atlas a

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<v Speaker 1>rare and special find, an interstellar visitor, meaning it had

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<v Speaker 1>traveled through the space between stars before arriving here. What

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<v Speaker 1>also made three ice slash Atlas stand out was how

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<v Speaker 1>fast it was going. It was moving at an incredible

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<v Speaker 1>speed of about two hundred and forty five thousand kilometers

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<v Speaker 1>per hour. Faster than anything else we've ever seen in

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<v Speaker 1>the Solar System. On top of that, scientists think it

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<v Speaker 1>might be very large, possibly up to twenty kilometers acros,

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<v Speaker 1>and maybe even older than our Sun, which is more

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<v Speaker 1>than four point five billion years old. Whenever scientists see

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<v Speaker 1>something new in space, the first guess is usually that

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<v Speaker 1>it's made of rock or ice. But three ice slash

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<v Speaker 1>Atlas is strange enough that some researchers are wondering if

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<v Speaker 1>it could be something more unusual. One scientist, Avilobe from

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<v Speaker 1>Harvard even raised the idea that it might not be

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<v Speaker 1>natural at all, that it might actually be alien technology.

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<v Speaker 1>He and his team posted a paper online suggesting this,

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<v Speaker 1>although the paper hasn't yet been officially reviewed by other scientists.

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<v Speaker 1>Lobe is known for making bold suggestions like this. He

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<v Speaker 1>also previously said that another object called one ice slash Imuamua,

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<v Speaker 1>which passed through the Solar System in twenty seventeen, might

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<v Speaker 1>also have been a spacecraft sent by an alien civilization.

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<v Speaker 1>In the case of three ice slash Atlas, Lobe pointed

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<v Speaker 1>out that its path takes it unusually close to planets

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<v Speaker 1>like Venus, Mars, and Jupiter, a detail that caught his attention.

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<v Speaker 1>The idea of alien probes traveling through space might sound

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<v Speaker 1>like science fiction, but humans have already done something similar.

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<v Speaker 1>In the nineteen seventies, we launched spacecraft like Voyager one

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<v Speaker 1>and two and Pioneer ten and eleven. These have now

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<v Speaker 1>left or are close to leaving, our Solar System. So

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<v Speaker 1>if other intelligent life exists out there, it's not a

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<v Speaker 1>crazy idea that they might also send out robotic explorers.

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<v Speaker 1>But this raises a big question. If an object like

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<v Speaker 1>three ice slash atlas were a probe sent by aliens,

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<v Speaker 1>how could we possibly know. It's not easy. Most of

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<v Speaker 1>the things we detect in space don't give off flight themselves.

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<v Speaker 1>We only see them because they reflect sunlight. Big objects

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<v Speaker 1>reflect more light and are easier to see, especially if

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<v Speaker 1>they're far away, but smaller objects like one the size

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<v Speaker 1>of a spacecraft are very hard to spot unless they

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<v Speaker 1>get relatively close to Earth. If we did find something suspicious,

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<v Speaker 1>scientists would look for clues to figure out if it's

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<v Speaker 1>natural or artificial. A natural object like a comet might

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<v Speaker 1>leave behind a trail of gas, but if it were

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<v Speaker 1>a probe, there might be other signs, like radio signals

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<v Speaker 1>being sent out especially if the probe were still functioning.

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<v Speaker 1>We might also notice weird flashes of energy caused by

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<v Speaker 1>sunlight hitting metal surfaces. A really strong clue would be

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<v Speaker 1>if the object seemed to be steering itself, changing direction,

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<v Speaker 1>adjusting its position, or doing something that suggests it was

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<v Speaker 1>under control. And the biggest sign of all would be

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<v Speaker 1>if it came into orbit around Earth. That would make

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<v Speaker 1>sense if the object was curious, since Earth has liquid water,

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<v Speaker 1>a breathable atmosphere, a magnetic field, and life, things that

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<v Speaker 1>would definitely interest any alien Signeen's mission. Still, unless we

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<v Speaker 1>find one of these clear signs, it's hard to say

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<v Speaker 1>for sure whether something like three eyed slash Atlas is

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<v Speaker 1>natural or not. It's probably just a very old, very

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<v Speaker 1>fast object made of ice, a rock that's been traveling

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<v Speaker 1>through space for billions of years, but it's strange enough

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<v Speaker 1>to keep scientists watching closely. Each object like this teaches

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<v Speaker 1>us more about how to search for the truly unexpected.

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<v Speaker 1>Even if three ice slash Atlas isn't an alien probe,

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<v Speaker 1>it gives us a chance to improve the way we

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<v Speaker 1>study space and to stay alert for anything that might

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<v Speaker 1>turn out to be more than just a rock of

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<v Speaker 1>the FO names,