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<v Speaker 1>You're flat out and your to do list is growing

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<v Speaker 1>by the minute, but unfortunately, so is your headache. And

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<v Speaker 1>now you've gone from flat out to flattened. Luckily, Panadal

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<v Speaker 1>extra film coated tablets are boosted by caffeine and they

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<v Speaker 1>panadal speed based on absorption data contains paracetamol. Always read

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<v Speaker 1>the label or leaflet.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh hey, it's your old dad here, saving you some

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<v Speaker 2>pancakes even though you sleep until eleven am when you

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<v Speaker 2>visit Alley Ward back with another episode of Ologies. So

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<v Speaker 2>I have been promising you for weeks, an episode about

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<v Speaker 2>aging and marching toward our demise, molecule by molecule. Here

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<v Speaker 2>we are, folks, we made it. So this is an

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<v Speaker 2>interview that is like concentrated laundry detergent. It's like eating

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<v Speaker 2>spoonfuls of instant coffee, like cereal. It's to the point.

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<v Speaker 2>It's tensely powerful information, minimal buffoonery. Aging. Why how let's

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<v Speaker 2>get into it first. Let's get some business out of

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<v Speaker 2>the way. I want to thank everyone supporting on patreon

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<v Speaker 2>dot com. Slash Ologies for submitting their questions making the

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<v Speaker 2>show possible. Anyone wearing ologies merch out and about. I

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<v Speaker 2>hope you find each other and fall in love. Have

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<v Speaker 2>me officiate your wedding. And thank you to all the

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<v Speaker 2>folks who have rated and subscribed and left reviews. I

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<v Speaker 2>read them all you know that. For example, glassful Assass

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<v Speaker 2>who said that they changed two passwords and signed into

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<v Speaker 2>four different accounts to leave a review which was very

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<v Speaker 2>hilarious and sweet. Also thank you for the review KATEVF

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<v Speaker 2>who says every week I wait with baited breath for

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<v Speaker 2>the latest episode to drop. Ally and her guests are

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<v Speaker 2>so captivating, and one episode even brought attention to a

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<v Speaker 2>medical condition I didn't realize I had and may have

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<v Speaker 2>saved my life. Thanks all that, Ward, thank you for

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<v Speaker 2>continuing to live. Let's talk about old age. Okay, So biogerontology, etymology.

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<v Speaker 2>So bio means life and jeron means old man. So

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<v Speaker 2>the biology of an old guy not super inclusive in

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<v Speaker 2>terms of its roots, but it's a subset of gerontology.

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<v Speaker 2>It examines the processes of aging. So how does old

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<v Speaker 2>thing happen? Now? I came across this ology after recording

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<v Speaker 2>Coloniology about turtle life spans back in November, and a

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<v Speaker 2>Wikipedia page whispered biogerontology is a thing, which ushered me

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<v Speaker 2>to an article about how one particular ologist has been

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<v Speaker 2>studying this since the nineteen fifties. And lo and behold,

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<v Speaker 2>his office was a few miles away from me in

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<v Speaker 2>La What so I gingerly begged him via email to

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<v Speaker 2>hang out, and I freaked out when I got a reply.

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<v Speaker 2>Then I navigated to usc with my vintage purse full

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<v Speaker 2>of microphones and hope, and I knocked on his door

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<v Speaker 2>twelve seconds after our appointed time. And there he stood

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<v Speaker 2>a person who is ranked in the top half percent

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<v Speaker 2>of the most cited scientists in the world. Five hundred

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<v Speaker 2>papers with his name on them, decades of research, thousands

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<v Speaker 2>of students, scores of studies. This dude in the cardigan

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<v Speaker 2>in the khaki pants standing before me with a long

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<v Speaker 2>white beard and an office piled with books. He is

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<v Speaker 2>the dude. Now for a visual, just Google image search

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<v Speaker 2>father time, and then add a laser focused expression and

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<v Speaker 2>a furrowed brow. He's like a human fountain of knowledge

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<v Speaker 2>on how our youth slips away. So in the death

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<v Speaker 2>and Dying episode. I talked to Colin Perry, who makes

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<v Speaker 2>ballpoint pens inscribed with the motto I don't have time

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<v Speaker 2>for bullshit, and I should have given this biogerontologist one

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<v Speaker 2>of these pens as a parting gift, because, as you

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<v Speaker 2>will hear, when you are an expert on mortality factors,

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<v Speaker 2>you don't suffer fools, you don't waste any time. This

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<v Speaker 2>man does not have time for bullshit, and I love him.

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<v Speaker 2>So let's get right into it. Let's talk about metabolism's

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<v Speaker 2>modern life, life spans, risk factors for losing your memory,

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<v Speaker 2>Thoughts on a possible cause and cure for Alzheimer's, why

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<v Speaker 2>we age, secrets of centenarians, and what a seventy eight

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<v Speaker 2>year old professor and globally lauded science hero does to

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<v Speaker 2>stay so fit and so sharp. So sit up straight,

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<v Speaker 2>take some notes for the concentrated crash course on the

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<v Speaker 2>Forward March of Molecules with world renowned biogerontologist doctor Caleb

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<v Speaker 2>tuck Finch.

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<v Speaker 3>Mind me of where the radio program is.

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<v Speaker 2>It's on Apple's iTunes and anywhere on the internet. So

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<v Speaker 2>thank you so much, sure for doing this. So let's

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<v Speaker 2>go into your background a little bit. Can you tell

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<v Speaker 2>me why you decided to study aging well?

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<v Speaker 3>As an undergraduate, I was looking to work on fields

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<v Speaker 3>that had not been fully developed, in which there would

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<v Speaker 3>be the chance to work out some of the basic questions.

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<v Speaker 3>And one of my professors at Yale, who was a

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<v Speaker 3>physicist named Carl Woes, coming into biology in nineteen fifty eight,

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<v Speaker 3>he said, well, why don't you think about aging. Nobody

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<v Speaker 3>knows anything about the biology of aging, even much less

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<v Speaker 3>than how embryos developed. And this was nineteen fifty eight,

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<v Speaker 3>which is just five years after Watson and Crick, and

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<v Speaker 3>we didn't know what the genetic code was, so that

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<v Speaker 3>stuck in my mind. And then when I got to

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<v Speaker 3>graduate school in New York at Rockefeller University, I did

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<v Speaker 3>my PhD on aging, and sort of the first papers

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<v Speaker 3>on the neurobiology of aging came out of my work there.

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<v Speaker 2>So yes, Doctor Caleb Finch attended Yale on a scholarship,

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<v Speaker 2>working in labs to help pay his tuition, and he

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<v Speaker 2>graduated in nineteen sixty one with a degree in biophysics,

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<v Speaker 2>and then he went on to Rockefeller University to get

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<v Speaker 2>his PhD in cell biology, studying cellular activities during aging

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<v Speaker 2>in mammals, and he gave a talk on this subject,

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<v Speaker 2>and some chipbroni afterward came up to him to say, like,

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<v Speaker 2>don't bother. Everyone already knows what they need to know

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<v Speaker 2>about aging. And that tall drink of hater aide was

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<v Speaker 2>a pathologist, Peyton Rousse, who had recently won a Nobel prize.

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<v Speaker 2>Finch was like whatever, dude, and went on to become

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<v Speaker 2>one of the foremost voices in the highly respected field

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<v Speaker 2>of senescence research, which that's just a fancy word that

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<v Speaker 2>means the condition or process of deterioration with age. So

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<v Speaker 2>what part about the aging process fascinates you the most?

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<v Speaker 2>Is it the effect neurologically or is it the entire body?

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<v Speaker 3>It's the unknowns that we are still working out basic mechanisms,

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<v Speaker 3>and we know that it is under some genetic influence.

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<v Speaker 3>If you have the genes of a mouse, you're only

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<v Speaker 3>going to live two years. If you have the genes

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<v Speaker 3>of a human you might get to seventy eighty or ninety.

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<v Speaker 3>So it's genetic. But then with among individuals the role

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<v Speaker 3>of genetics seems to be much less. Roughly identical twins

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<v Speaker 3>lifespans you can attribute twenty percent of their heritability in

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<v Speaker 3>aging is due to genes that influence aging, So it's

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<v Speaker 3>really a minority of the individual differences in humans and

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<v Speaker 3>in other animals can be attributed to inherited genes.

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<v Speaker 2>So only twenty percent is attributed to genes, which is

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<v Speaker 2>terrible news for those of us who to deny personal responsibility.

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<v Speaker 3>So I've been working on in many parts of my

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<v Speaker 3>career on environmental aspects of how individual gene responses to

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<v Speaker 3>the environment, to diet influence outcomes of aging. And I'm

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<v Speaker 3>now in the last six seven years been focusing on

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<v Speaker 3>air pollution, which shortens lifespan in proportion to the number

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<v Speaker 3>of particles per cubic meter and also accelerates almost all

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<v Speaker 3>of the diseases of aging, including the risk of Alzheimer's.

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<v Speaker 2>Was that inspired it all by living in Los Angeles?

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<v Speaker 3>Indirectly because I have had colleagues in the epidemiology group

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<v Speaker 3>on the Health Science campus who were pointing out to

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<v Speaker 3>me that the rate of arterial aging in Los Angeles

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<v Speaker 3>scaled in proportion to the density of air particles in

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<v Speaker 3>your residence and the arteries that they were studying with

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<v Speaker 3>the carrots which go to the brain and so they

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<v Speaker 3>kept saying to me, well, Finch, why don't you're interested

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<v Speaker 3>in the neurobiology of aging. You really got to see

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<v Speaker 3>if there's a relationship to the arterial aging that we've

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<v Speaker 3>been described, that we've described as driven by air pollution.

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<v Speaker 3>So that's what I undertook to study. In last year

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<v Speaker 3>we published definitive paper in collaboration with epidemiologist J. C.

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<v Speaker 3>Chennett in the USC's School of Medicine. And in that

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<v Speaker 3>same paper a mouse model showing that air pollution increases

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<v Speaker 3>the Alzheimer processes. And we know what molecules are involved

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<v Speaker 3>in the mouse anyway.

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<v Speaker 2>So let's go to the super basics. As someone who

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<v Speaker 2>is not as well versed in this as you, what

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<v Speaker 2>exactly is aging? How do you define aging?

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<v Speaker 3>Well, the basic way is at a population level that

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<v Speaker 3>after the age of forty, your risk of mortality essentially

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<v Speaker 3>doubles every seven or eight years, So there's an exponential

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<v Speaker 3>increase in mortality risk, and preceding that is a parallel

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<v Speaker 3>risk in chronic diseases, heart disease, cancer, and at later

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<v Speaker 3>ages Alzheimer's. So the individual pathways in this are not understood,

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<v Speaker 3>but as by age group, aging increases the risk of

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<v Speaker 3>chronic diseases that are causes of death. And then you

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<v Speaker 3>can add, at a more fundamental level, what are the

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<v Speaker 3>mechanisms behind that? And that's where the mystery is.

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<v Speaker 2>So our risks of disease and dyeing go exponentially up. Okay,

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<v Speaker 2>Rather than bum you out let that fact. Encourage you

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<v Speaker 2>to write the novel that you've been intending to, or

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<v Speaker 2>collin sick, go to six Flags tomorrow, or wear the

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<v Speaker 2>shoes you think you should save for fancy occasions wear today.

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<v Speaker 2>We're all getting old. Just go for it. Champ, Speaking

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<v Speaker 2>of how do you ask a genius expert the most

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<v Speaker 2>basic bitch question ever? You just do it? People you

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<v Speaker 2>live in the now watch Is it that our cells

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<v Speaker 2>don't regenerate as fast? Is it?

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<v Speaker 3>That's part of it? Our molecules don't regenerate as fast.

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<v Speaker 3>And there's some molecules that are as old as we are,

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<v Speaker 3>in our blood vessels and our connective tissue in our

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<v Speaker 3>eyes that undergo molecular deterioration.

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<v Speaker 2>I know they say you're kind of new person every

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<v Speaker 2>seven years.

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<v Speaker 3>Is that that's not at all correct?

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, so that's some flim flam to debunk.

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<v Speaker 3>Which it's not true. Yeah, that's one of those sort

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<v Speaker 3>of inherited tales that have no scientific substance. I have

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<v Speaker 3>no idea where that comes from.

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<v Speaker 2>I gotta look it up.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, there's no there's no science.

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<v Speaker 2>There, right. I didn't think so it always, I mean,

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<v Speaker 2>it's always. I don't know where that came from, but

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<v Speaker 2>it's it's an interesting myth.

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<v Speaker 3>And no it's not interesting. It's destructive because it's wrong.

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<v Speaker 2>Right. By the way, if you're like, was Ali just

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<v Speaker 2>dying at this point, the answer is yes, man, I

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<v Speaker 2>am dying up here, both from a molecular standpoint and psychologically.

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<v Speaker 2>But just stick around because like life, there are twists

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<v Speaker 2>and there are turns around every corner. Ps Where did

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<v Speaker 2>that destructive myth start? I did a little digging, thinking

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<v Speaker 2>that the origin would be like an ancient tale, but

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<v Speaker 2>it seems like it started in two thousand and five

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<v Speaker 2>with a Swedish stem cell scientist, Jonas Freisen, who had

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<v Speaker 2>been curious about the ages of different cells in the

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<v Speaker 2>body and used radioactive carbon fourteen tracers conveniently deposited in

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<v Speaker 2>humans from nuclear warhead tests in the sixties to track

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<v Speaker 2>the age of different cells. So how old are you really? Okay,

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<v Speaker 2>there's a cool math trick you can do. You take

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<v Speaker 2>your age and multiply it by sixteen, then divide it

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<v Speaker 2>by sixteen, which is your age. You're just your age.

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<v Speaker 2>I made you math for nothing. Here's the deal. Your

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<v Speaker 2>body is a bunch of different ages. Like the lining

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<v Speaker 2>of your guts, which are just constantly splitsh splashing in

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<v Speaker 2>an acid bath. They're newborns. They turn over every five

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<v Speaker 2>days or so, but skeletal muscles are fifteen. They're about

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<v Speaker 2>to get their learning permits. Some part of your brain

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<v Speaker 2>are just as old as you are, just about other

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<v Speaker 2>parts turnover faster. The core of your eye lens you

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<v Speaker 2>can see ophthalmology episode from more on. That is exactly

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<v Speaker 2>your age from pre birth that never turns over. This

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<v Speaker 2>is fun. This is like antique road show for your

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<v Speaker 2>meat covered bone scaffolds.

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<v Speaker 1>What he's ever looked at at that I'm aware of?

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<v Speaker 4>Well, Ted, did you notice when you showed this to

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<v Speaker 4>me that I kind of stopped breathing a little bit.

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<v Speaker 4>Not only that the condition of this is unbelievable.

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<v Speaker 2>So in his nine hundred page book Longevity, Senessence, and

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<v Speaker 2>the Genome, Caleb Finch covers the life spans and aging

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<v Speaker 2>processes of everything from apple trees to forty year old clams,

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<v Speaker 2>to lobsters who molt away their exoskeleton and avoid some

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<v Speaker 2>mechanical aging that way, to schurch and fish that can

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<v Speaker 2>outlive humans to relatively old teenage salamanders. So if you

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<v Speaker 2>listen to the Colonialogy episode, you might remember my side

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<v Speaker 2>about the etruscan shrew that has a heart rate of

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<v Speaker 2>fifteen hundred beats per minute and lives two years versus

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<v Speaker 2>tortoises with slow metabolisms like Old Jonathan, a giant tortoise

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<v Speaker 2>kicking it retirement style on an island at age one

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<v Speaker 2>hundred and eighty seven. Naked mole rats can live up

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<v Speaker 2>to thirty two years, perhaps due to an uncanny ability

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<v Speaker 2>to just slow down their metabolism when they need to

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<v Speaker 2>or repair their wonky DNA, which humans can also do.

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<v Speaker 2>And I don't think doctor Finch would enjoy the term wonky.

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<v Speaker 2>But here we are. Now how do different animals age?

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<v Speaker 2>I know you mentioned a mouse might have a lifespan

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<v Speaker 2>of two years.

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<v Speaker 3>Any each species has its own pattern of aging, so

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<v Speaker 3>mice don't get Alzheimer's disease and they don't get blood

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<v Speaker 3>vessel disease and have heart attacks, but they do get cancer,

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<v Speaker 3>and their arteries become more rigid, and their lungs become

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<v Speaker 3>more rigid because of molecular aging. Those same that part

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<v Speaker 3>of aging happens in humans at a much slower rate.

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<v Speaker 3>And in addition, and we have diseases that are special

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<v Speaker 3>to the human species, including Alzheimer's disease.

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<v Speaker 2>You've said that other primates don't get Alzheimer's the way

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<v Speaker 2>that humans do.

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<v Speaker 3>They have a very much milder aspect of brain aging.

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<v Speaker 3>And there's nothing equivalent in the great apes or in

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<v Speaker 3>the rhesus monkey to the devastation in the brain of

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<v Speaker 3>Alzheimer's disease, where there's huge amounts of death of neurons

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<v Speaker 3>in particular pathways. But there's major gaps that still remain

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<v Speaker 3>to be filled before we have a definitive conclusion. But

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<v Speaker 3>the present time, I'm comfortable in saying there's nothing that

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<v Speaker 3>has yet been shown to be equivalent to the level

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<v Speaker 3>of brain cell damage that happens in Alzheimer's in any

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<v Speaker 3>other primate.

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<v Speaker 2>And what is causing that. I know there's many, many factors,

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<v Speaker 2>but primarily.

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<v Speaker 3>Well that's a huge set of unknown questions that the

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<v Speaker 3>field of Alzheimer's, and I'm in that field in a

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<v Speaker 3>significant way, is trying to understand. So there are changes

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<v Speaker 3>in the brain that are going on from the age

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<v Speaker 3>of thirty onwards. In my lab in the nineteen seventies,

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<v Speaker 3>I had the first evidence that there's a progressive loss

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<v Speaker 3>of synapses in the brains of healthy mice and healthy

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<v Speaker 3>humans in middle age. So there's changes that are happening

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<v Speaker 3>in the thirties to forties that are on a pathway

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<v Speaker 3>that in some individuals takes a more steep dip leading

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<v Speaker 3>to degeneration of neurons. We don't know what triggers that

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<v Speaker 3>steep dip from a more gradual, progressive change that everybody experiences.

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<v Speaker 2>So side note. Just about a week or so ago,

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<v Speaker 2>a study was published that had the Internet all of uzz.

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<v Speaker 2>It had the catchy title Perfiromanus gingervalis in Alzheimer's disease

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<v Speaker 2>brains Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small molecule

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<v Speaker 2>inhibitors WOW. In short, researchers found that bacteria that caused

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<v Speaker 2>gingivitis aka inflamed gums could lead to brain inflammation, leading

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<v Speaker 2>to Alzheimer's. This seems like huge news, but of course

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<v Speaker 2>I'm primed for flim flam debunkery. Also, I saw there

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<v Speaker 2>was a study from two thousand and five by doctor

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<v Speaker 2>Margaret Gatz about gum disease and Alzheimer's. So maybe this

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<v Speaker 2>isn't new news. Maybe this is just internet sensatialism. So

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<v Speaker 2>I emailed doctor Finch the other day, expecting either crickets

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<v Speaker 2>or like a pushshaw, but I got a note right back.

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<v Speaker 2>He said, just look this up as a mouse study.

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<v Speaker 2>It is impressive and supports Margie gats prior conclusion that

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<v Speaker 2>oral infection increases Alzheimer's disease risk, but now gives a mechanism. Exciting.

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<v Speaker 2>He was on board. This is great. Even more exciting

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<v Speaker 2>he had cced doctor Margaret Gatz, who said thanks all

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<v Speaker 2>back high a little fan girl moment. So yeah, okay,

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<v Speaker 2>a tiny bacteria in your gums can make big brain

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<v Speaker 2>trouble later on, and this news is getting us closer

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<v Speaker 2>to keeping healthier noggins in the future. Is the brain

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<v Speaker 2>the thing? Is the brain the part of our body

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<v Speaker 2>that ages the quickest, Or where do we see aging happen?

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<v Speaker 3>I'd say blood vessels are so there's in terms of

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<v Speaker 3>shared anatomy across men and women, the blood vessels are

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<v Speaker 3>already beginning to age even before puberty.

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<v Speaker 2>Really, yes, so we're already.

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<v Speaker 3>We're already accumulating at and plaques on our arteries. And

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<v Speaker 3>if you're in a household with smokers as a child,

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<v Speaker 3>that it's accelerated. If you're in an area of high

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<v Speaker 3>air pollution, that's accelerated as a child. But then there

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<v Speaker 3>are differences between men and women by reproductive status, and

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<v Speaker 3>the ovaries of women start to lose egg cells even

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<v Speaker 3>before birth.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh wow, so yeah, you start dying before you're born.

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<v Speaker 2>Gool gool googol. Just cut banks, textra crush, We're all

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<v Speaker 2>going to die.

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<v Speaker 3>So by the time of puberty, half of the egg

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<v Speaker 3>cells a woman was born with have disappeared, and then

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<v Speaker 3>the rest of them are lost by age fifty, which

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<v Speaker 3>is menopause. There isn't anything equivalent to that in men.

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<v Speaker 3>Testosterone levels do decline, fertility does decline, but it does

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<v Speaker 3>and have a steep drop off, as is the case

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<v Speaker 3>from women. And this is an important example of how

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<v Speaker 3>our embryonic development defines different patterns of aging. Because the

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<v Speaker 3>ovary is fully formed in the embryo and those genes

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<v Speaker 3>turn off, and no new egg cells and follicles are

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<v Speaker 3>formed after birth, and that there's nothing like that that

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<v Speaker 3>happens in the male gond test.

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<v Speaker 2>I just want to acknowledge that the terms men and

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<v Speaker 2>women and male and female are along a gender binary

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<v Speaker 2>that doesn't apply to everyone. And doctor Finch is talking

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<v Speaker 2>about broad strokes in historical studies, and I just want

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<v Speaker 2>to let the non binary folks know out there that

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<v Speaker 2>I see you and I love you. And what about

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<v Speaker 2>male versus female lifespans? Have we seen that change over

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<v Speaker 2>the last few decades or pretty study?

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<v Speaker 3>Well? Both, No, they both increased as overall health has increased,

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<v Speaker 3>and it is observed in the health rich populations of

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<v Speaker 3>the world, and our upper income people in this country

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<v Speaker 3>are health rich people. That women are living five years

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<v Speaker 3>or longer than men.

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<v Speaker 2>Why is that?

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<v Speaker 3>We don't know.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm trying to think if it's stress or not, but

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<v Speaker 2>I feel like, no, it's.

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<v Speaker 3>Not simple like that, because it's it's hard to define

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<v Speaker 3>stress because a completely stress free life is impossible. And

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<v Speaker 3>in the other hand, there are people who have apparent

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<v Speaker 3>high levels of stress, women who have eight kids and

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<v Speaker 3>who live to be ninety, so it's not at all

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<v Speaker 3>clear how we define stress.

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<v Speaker 2>So a side note, quick shout out to my grandma

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<v Speaker 2>Teresa Ward, who lived to be ninety nine years and

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<v Speaker 2>nine months despite having eleven in childs writer, right, so

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<v Speaker 2>what are we doing that is helping progress aging? Or

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<v Speaker 2>what are we doing? What are we doing wrong? Essentially

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<v Speaker 2>when it comes to aging.

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<v Speaker 3>Well, the major health concern across the country is people

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<v Speaker 3>are eating more energy rich foods than they need and

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<v Speaker 3>not getting enough exercise. I mean, that's simple lifestyle take

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<v Speaker 3>home is it's boring to say, but if you are

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<v Speaker 3>even mildly obese in midlife and you're not exercising, you're

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<v Speaker 3>having a shorter life expectancy.

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<v Speaker 2>As the fit doctor Tuck Finch explained this, I wondered

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<v Speaker 2>if he ever had a turning point in his life

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<v Speaker 2>and started to pay more attention to his health such

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<v Speaker 2>as I was doing sitting in his office at that moment.

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<v Speaker 2>Has your work changed the way that you live?

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<v Speaker 3>I would say no. I've always been athletic and physically active,

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<v Speaker 3>and I never smoked, and I don't eat or drink

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<v Speaker 3>sugary or fat foods. But that's always been my preferred avoidance,

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<v Speaker 3>so nothing interesting to say.

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<v Speaker 2>Well, do you play basketball, do you ski? What's your secret?

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<v Speaker 3>I used to be a competitive swimmer. I swam in college.

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<v Speaker 3>I get modest amounts of exercise, not too much to

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<v Speaker 3>wear my joints out. So I do some hiking, I

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<v Speaker 3>do some swimming, I do some weightlifting. I mean, nothing

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<v Speaker 3>exotic or overly strenuous.

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<v Speaker 2>Not any zoomba or tybo. No, no kickboxing, no good.

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<v Speaker 2>That means I don't have to start that.

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<v Speaker 3>I just it's very dull, nothing on, nothing unusual.

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<v Speaker 2>And you mentioned something about sugar, and I know that

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<v Speaker 2>inflammatory foods and inflammation is part of your research. How

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<v Speaker 2>does inflammation affect the human body in terms of aging.

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<v Speaker 3>Well, all of the diseases of aging that we worry about,

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<v Speaker 3>blood vessel disease, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, involve the molecules

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<v Speaker 3>of inflammatory responses. So it's deeply built into our systems

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<v Speaker 3>and in the processes of aging. So that's just a

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<v Speaker 3>fundamental fact. And the term inflammation comes from ancient understanding

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<v Speaker 3>of having when you have a cut, it swells up

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<v Speaker 3>and it's red and it's hot and it causes pain. Well,

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<v Speaker 3>basis for that are the inflammatory cytokines that come in

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<v Speaker 3>to help the body clean up the damaged tissue. But

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<v Speaker 3>responses to damaged tissue happen inflammatory responses in arterial disease,

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<v Speaker 3>in cancer and obesity, and an Alzheimer's disease. So there's

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<v Speaker 3>a shared core of inflammatory proteins that are at work

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<v Speaker 3>during aging. From the day we're born.

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<v Speaker 1>Flames on the side of my face, breath, heaving breath.

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<v Speaker 2>Is there a way that we should be keeping inflammation

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<v Speaker 2>at bay?

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<v Speaker 3>Well, that's part of the idea of exercise and diet,

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<v Speaker 3>which reduces the level of inflammation, and some people are

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<v Speaker 3>still looking for pills that will do the equivalent of

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<v Speaker 3>exercise and proper diet. That's the strongest starting place.

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<v Speaker 2>So move your bod and eat your greens. We fixed

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<v Speaker 2>it America. And where has the average American lifespan gone?

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<v Speaker 2>I mean, are we still increasing or have we hit

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<v Speaker 2>a point?

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<v Speaker 3>No, we're decreasing. In the last ten years, the average

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00:27:25.799 --> 00:27:29.519
<v Speaker 3>lifespan in the United States has decreased, and we're now

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<v Speaker 3>in the twentieth or thirtieth in the world and having

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<v Speaker 3>in our adult lifespans. Because of all that we've been

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<v Speaker 3>talking about the epidemic of obesity as a direct relationship

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<v Speaker 3>to that, plus the health disadvantages of lower income people

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00:27:56.640 --> 00:28:01.720
<v Speaker 3>who don't see doctors and can't afford medication, and then

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<v Speaker 3>this terrible epidemic of drugs. Those are all pushing lifespan

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<v Speaker 3>down after remarkable gains in the twentieth century.

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<v Speaker 2>And what's happening in other parts of the world and

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<v Speaker 2>in blue zones where longevity is higher? Side note? What

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<v Speaker 2>is a blue zone? So this came up in the

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00:28:28.000 --> 00:28:31.200
<v Speaker 2>hematology episode and I only know that because I searched

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<v Speaker 2>my Google Drive for the word legomes. So a blue

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<v Speaker 2>zone is a place identified by author Dan Butner, who

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<v Speaker 2>has studied some scientists data and concluded that people in

419
00:28:41.039 --> 00:28:45.720
<v Speaker 2>five places live the longest ok Nowa Japan, Sodinia, Italy, Koya,

420
00:28:45.799 --> 00:28:49.839
<v Speaker 2>Costa Rica, Akaria, Greece, and a small posse of Seventh

421
00:28:49.920 --> 00:28:53.759
<v Speaker 2>Day Adventists in the La suburb of Loma Linda, California.

422
00:28:54.319 --> 00:28:59.519
<v Speaker 2>So what Saith Dan? Are commonalities among these groups? Apparently

423
00:28:59.559 --> 00:29:03.720
<v Speaker 2>they are prioritizing family above everything else. They smoke lass,

424
00:29:04.079 --> 00:29:06.920
<v Speaker 2>they eat a lot of veggies, are semi vegetarian. They

425
00:29:06.920 --> 00:29:12.000
<v Speaker 2>have constant moderate physical activity and good social engagement. Which

426
00:29:12.039 --> 00:29:14.640
<v Speaker 2>does not mean likes and comments on Instagram, but like

427
00:29:14.839 --> 00:29:19.319
<v Speaker 2>hanging out with many generations in the community. Oh also lagooms.

428
00:29:20.000 --> 00:29:22.759
<v Speaker 2>They eat a lot of lagoms. So does doctor Finch

429
00:29:22.920 --> 00:29:26.079
<v Speaker 2>think this is just a hello beans?

430
00:29:26.160 --> 00:29:30.880
<v Speaker 3>I'm not an enthusiastic of something unique about the blue zones.

431
00:29:31.000 --> 00:29:36.799
<v Speaker 3>I mean, there are peoples in all of the continents

432
00:29:36.799 --> 00:29:40.480
<v Speaker 3>who live a little longer than the average, But most

433
00:29:40.480 --> 00:29:43.359
<v Speaker 3>of my colleagues don't think there's anything unusual about that.

434
00:29:44.160 --> 00:29:50.799
<v Speaker 3>But if you look globally, lifespan has been increasing as

435
00:29:52.039 --> 00:29:58.359
<v Speaker 3>early life mortality decreased because of reducing infectious disease. But

436
00:29:59.160 --> 00:30:04.880
<v Speaker 3>pushing against that is the global epidemic of obesity, the

437
00:30:04.920 --> 00:30:11.880
<v Speaker 3>global sale of tobacco, which is huge in Africa and

438
00:30:11.960 --> 00:30:18.119
<v Speaker 3>in Asia, and the global issues of air pollution, which

439
00:30:18.200 --> 00:30:21.359
<v Speaker 3>is getting worse in most of the world because of

440
00:30:21.839 --> 00:30:25.039
<v Speaker 3>fossil fuel consumption and global warming.

441
00:30:25.319 --> 00:30:28.799
<v Speaker 2>And is global warming contributing directly? Is it temperature change

442
00:30:28.799 --> 00:30:31.279
<v Speaker 2>contributing directly to the way our bodies work or age?

443
00:30:31.559 --> 00:30:36.720
<v Speaker 3>That story is emerging. This is a book that I

444
00:30:36.759 --> 00:30:40.160
<v Speaker 3>wrote that talks about this. This came out this year.

445
00:30:40.759 --> 00:30:43.720
<v Speaker 2>This book is called the Role of Global Air Pollution

446
00:30:44.000 --> 00:30:47.480
<v Speaker 2>in Aging and disease, and the title appears in stark

447
00:30:47.519 --> 00:30:51.519
<v Speaker 2>white all caps against the veiled, smoky silhouette of a

448
00:30:51.559 --> 00:30:56.240
<v Speaker 2>polluted Parisian skyline. I am truly confounded as to how

449
00:30:56.279 --> 00:30:59.319
<v Speaker 2>one human can be so prolific. I did wonder. I mean,

450
00:30:59.319 --> 00:31:01.960
<v Speaker 2>you've probably ish over five hundred papers and four books.

451
00:31:02.799 --> 00:31:05.000
<v Speaker 3>Actually this is my sixth, your sixth book.

452
00:31:06.480 --> 00:31:09.960
<v Speaker 2>How do you approach life to how do you get

453
00:31:10.000 --> 00:31:12.039
<v Speaker 2>all of this done? How do you balance all of

454
00:31:12.079 --> 00:31:12.559
<v Speaker 2>this personally?

455
00:31:12.680 --> 00:31:17.039
<v Speaker 3>I have a very happy home life. I work very hard,

456
00:31:17.359 --> 00:31:25.440
<v Speaker 3>but I give myself personal time and avoid feeling ground down.

457
00:31:26.240 --> 00:31:29.079
<v Speaker 2>Oh that's very smart. That's a very good life lesson.

458
00:31:29.400 --> 00:31:32.240
<v Speaker 3>Well, what works for me might not work for other people.

459
00:31:32.519 --> 00:31:32.920
<v Speaker 4>Don't my me.

460
00:31:33.000 --> 00:31:35.839
<v Speaker 2>I'm just having a moment here evaluating everything I've done

461
00:31:35.880 --> 00:31:40.920
<v Speaker 2>wrong in my life. What do you think as the

462
00:31:41.400 --> 00:31:44.720
<v Speaker 2>as the baby boomer generation starts to age, what do

463
00:31:44.759 --> 00:31:47.160
<v Speaker 2>you think the best thing our society can do to.

464
00:31:47.559 --> 00:31:51.599
<v Speaker 3>Well, our society doesn't have much meaning, they I mean,

465
00:31:51.759 --> 00:31:55.119
<v Speaker 3>there is no such thing as our society, right, I mean,

466
00:31:55.480 --> 00:32:00.000
<v Speaker 3>who is our society? There's hundreds of societies, so every

467
00:32:00.160 --> 00:32:05.480
<v Speaker 3>unity has its own lifestyle. So the main point is

468
00:32:05.480 --> 00:32:15.680
<v Speaker 3>is a healthy diet and exercise and avoid cigarettes. And

469
00:32:16.000 --> 00:32:21.799
<v Speaker 3>that's totally boring to say, but that's really the basis

470
00:32:21.880 --> 00:32:27.240
<v Speaker 3>for optimizing outcomes of health at later ages. You need

471
00:32:27.319 --> 00:32:32.359
<v Speaker 3>to maintain a healthy lifestyle from childhood onwards.

472
00:32:32.720 --> 00:32:35.759
<v Speaker 2>So now is the time when we dive into listener questions.

473
00:32:35.799 --> 00:32:38.559
<v Speaker 2>And also I mentioned that a portion of the podcast

474
00:32:38.599 --> 00:32:41.359
<v Speaker 2>income goes to a charity each week. This week, doctor

475
00:32:41.400 --> 00:32:47.599
<v Speaker 2>kleb Vinch chose curealz dot org. Curealz dot org. It's

476
00:32:47.640 --> 00:32:51.799
<v Speaker 2>a nonprofit organization. They're dedicated to funding research with the

477
00:32:51.920 --> 00:32:57.160
<v Speaker 2>highest probability of preventing, slowing, or reversing Alzheimer's disease. Now

478
00:32:57.319 --> 00:33:00.680
<v Speaker 2>to date, they have raised over eighty six million to

479
00:33:00.759 --> 00:33:04.319
<v Speaker 2>fund almost four hundred studies, and one hundred percent of

480
00:33:04.359 --> 00:33:08.000
<v Speaker 2>the funds go directly to research. So thank you listeners

481
00:33:08.039 --> 00:33:11.279
<v Speaker 2>for helping a lab by SIMPI Pets getting closer to

482
00:33:11.400 --> 00:33:14.920
<v Speaker 2>a cure for Alzheimer's. Okay, your listener questions. Now, I

483
00:33:14.960 --> 00:33:17.759
<v Speaker 2>didn't want to take up too much of the professor's time,

484
00:33:17.960 --> 00:33:21.559
<v Speaker 2>so I blazed through these questions without reading off a

485
00:33:21.559 --> 00:33:23.920
<v Speaker 2>bunch of names, but I will insert them when I can.

486
00:33:24.039 --> 00:33:26.400
<v Speaker 2>For example, the first two questions here were asked by

487
00:33:26.799 --> 00:33:32.880
<v Speaker 2>Liz Sunden, Athena Balisteri, Dion Dabolow, Mike Manakowski, Anonymous, Bob,

488
00:33:33.160 --> 00:33:37.240
<v Speaker 2>Anna Thompson, Lucille Adinette which might be Audonay, I'm not sure,

489
00:33:37.480 --> 00:33:41.599
<v Speaker 2>and Taylor Munich I have some listener questions. Almost everyone

490
00:33:41.640 --> 00:33:44.240
<v Speaker 2>is just asking what's the secret to aging? Well, it

491
00:33:44.240 --> 00:33:49.880
<v Speaker 2>seems like diet, exercise, rest. Yeah. Do you think that

492
00:33:49.920 --> 00:33:52.440
<v Speaker 2>there's a maximum age that the human body can reach?

493
00:33:52.880 --> 00:33:57.440
<v Speaker 3>Well, the evidence is very clear. Almost nobody gets beyond

494
00:33:57.440 --> 00:34:01.599
<v Speaker 3>one hundred, and there's one person in the last thirty

495
00:34:01.680 --> 00:34:08.320
<v Speaker 3>years who reached over one twenty, Jean Chalmand. But there

496
00:34:08.360 --> 00:34:12.920
<v Speaker 3>are more people getting to one hundred, but they still

497
00:34:13.119 --> 00:34:16.119
<v Speaker 3>in the last thirty years, she's the only one to

498
00:34:16.119 --> 00:34:17.519
<v Speaker 3>get beyond one hundred and twenty.

499
00:34:17.920 --> 00:34:20.480
<v Speaker 2>So sign Oue Jean Coment lived to be one hundred

500
00:34:20.559 --> 00:34:23.800
<v Speaker 2>and twenty two, the oldest human on record, and she

501
00:34:24.000 --> 00:34:28.599
<v Speaker 2>was fond of wearing headphones and doing chair gymnastics, prayer,

502
00:34:29.119 --> 00:34:33.840
<v Speaker 2>fruit salad, and smoking well one Dunhill cigarette a day

503
00:34:33.880 --> 00:34:36.679
<v Speaker 2>and a small glass of port wine until she was

504
00:34:36.719 --> 00:34:39.119
<v Speaker 2>one hundred and seventeen, which proves that you're never too

505
00:34:39.199 --> 00:34:41.400
<v Speaker 2>old to quit a bad habit and turn over a

506
00:34:41.400 --> 00:34:46.119
<v Speaker 2>new leaf. So seriously, let's nope. The smokes folks love

507
00:34:46.320 --> 00:34:49.440
<v Speaker 2>old Dad. And do you think that there's anything to

508
00:34:49.760 --> 00:34:52.639
<v Speaker 2>the secrets that they claim? A glass of whiskey a day,

509
00:34:52.719 --> 00:34:56.199
<v Speaker 2>a hardboiled egg extension. I think there's every time someone

510
00:34:57.119 --> 00:34:59.119
<v Speaker 2>reaches a remarkable age, you never.

511
00:34:58.960 --> 00:35:01.519
<v Speaker 3>Heard that set will say that about them, But I've

512
00:35:01.559 --> 00:35:03.719
<v Speaker 3>never heard any of them say that. You have to

513
00:35:03.760 --> 00:35:09.000
<v Speaker 3>distinguish between what people say about about centenarians and what

514
00:35:09.039 --> 00:35:13.920
<v Speaker 3>the centenarians actually say. So if you talk to New York,

515
00:35:16.280 --> 00:35:20.280
<v Speaker 3>Albert Einstein Medical College near Barselaw is a great expert

516
00:35:20.320 --> 00:35:25.960
<v Speaker 3>on this, and what's he's shown is that his group

517
00:35:26.039 --> 00:35:31.199
<v Speaker 3>of centenarians have the same diseases of other people, and

518
00:35:31.239 --> 00:35:33.880
<v Speaker 3>some of them smoked, and some of them are still working.

519
00:35:34.519 --> 00:35:39.119
<v Speaker 3>There isn't really any genetics or lifestyle that makes it

520
00:35:39.159 --> 00:35:42.039
<v Speaker 3>obvious as to how they got there.

521
00:35:41.960 --> 00:35:44.679
<v Speaker 2>So super quick. This lab at Albert Einstein Medical College

522
00:35:44.800 --> 00:35:48.239
<v Speaker 2>is great and focuses on the metabolic decline of aging.

523
00:35:48.400 --> 00:35:53.880
<v Speaker 2>They hypothesize that the brain leads this decline. But real quick,

524
00:35:54.280 --> 00:35:58.079
<v Speaker 2>just let's get back to if I was hallucinating stories

525
00:35:58.119 --> 00:36:02.480
<v Speaker 2>about eggs and whiskey. Okay, good news, my brain still works,

526
00:36:02.679 --> 00:36:06.960
<v Speaker 2>because the Internet is just littered with stories of centenarians

527
00:36:07.039 --> 00:36:12.280
<v Speaker 2>with Quippi secrets to longevity that are just bogglingly bad advice.

528
00:36:12.599 --> 00:36:15.280
<v Speaker 2>So one of the oldest living World War Two vets,

529
00:36:15.440 --> 00:36:18.519
<v Speaker 2>Richard Overton, who passed away in December. He lived to

530
00:36:18.559 --> 00:36:21.159
<v Speaker 2>be one hundred and twelve, and he drank four times

531
00:36:21.199 --> 00:36:22.159
<v Speaker 2>as much coffee as me.

532
00:36:23.079 --> 00:36:25.920
<v Speaker 4>Get me a cup of coffee. Sometime. I'd drink a

533
00:36:26.079 --> 00:36:29.760
<v Speaker 4>boke of the covid in the morning. This morning, I'd

534
00:36:29.800 --> 00:36:30.719
<v Speaker 4>drink about that much.

535
00:36:30.599 --> 00:36:34.519
<v Speaker 2>Whiskey and four cups of whiskey a day. So okay,

536
00:36:34.519 --> 00:36:38.559
<v Speaker 2>he's going to be the only one, right, Nope, Nope.

537
00:36:38.559 --> 00:36:42.079
<v Speaker 2>Mariano pops Rotelli said at one hundred and seven that

538
00:36:42.159 --> 00:36:45.239
<v Speaker 2>everyone should have a little whiskey nip a day, telling

539
00:36:45.239 --> 00:36:47.400
<v Speaker 2>a newspaper quote, I've had a shot a whiskey in

540
00:36:47.480 --> 00:36:50.840
<v Speaker 2>my coffee every morning for one hundred years, he said,

541
00:36:50.840 --> 00:36:53.400
<v Speaker 2>I went to the doctor three times in one hundred years.

542
00:36:53.519 --> 00:36:56.960
<v Speaker 2>He's dead, I'm still living. Okay, so that's two people.

543
00:36:57.159 --> 00:36:58.280
<v Speaker 4>Wait. Wait.

544
00:36:58.599 --> 00:37:00.440
<v Speaker 2>One hundred and five year old British man and Jack

545
00:37:00.480 --> 00:37:03.840
<v Speaker 2>Reynolds credits his long life to a daily regiment of whiskey.

546
00:37:04.199 --> 00:37:06.679
<v Speaker 2>Agnes Fenton one hundred and eleven told reporters that she

547
00:37:06.800 --> 00:37:09.960
<v Speaker 2>drank three Miller High Lives and a glass of Johnny

548
00:37:09.960 --> 00:37:13.719
<v Speaker 2>Walker daily. Also at one hundred and eleven, Grace Jones

549
00:37:13.760 --> 00:37:17.039
<v Speaker 2>credited a shot of scotch every single day for the

550
00:37:17.079 --> 00:37:19.800
<v Speaker 2>past fifty eight years, which I don't think is how

551
00:37:19.840 --> 00:37:22.119
<v Speaker 2>you're supposed to drink scotch. But you live that long,

552
00:37:22.239 --> 00:37:24.199
<v Speaker 2>you do what you want. Now, did I make up

553
00:37:24.320 --> 00:37:28.639
<v Speaker 2>the egg part? I did not. Italian Emma Moreno lived

554
00:37:28.679 --> 00:37:32.239
<v Speaker 2>to one hundred and seventeen. She consumed eggs every day,

555
00:37:32.760 --> 00:37:36.159
<v Speaker 2>also a glass of brandy daily, but just put down

556
00:37:36.199 --> 00:37:39.480
<v Speaker 2>the bottle. Friends. The current oldest person alive, one hundred

557
00:37:39.519 --> 00:37:43.480
<v Speaker 2>and sixty year old Hane Tanaka of Japan, credits family, sleep,

558
00:37:43.639 --> 00:37:47.199
<v Speaker 2>and hope as her secrets for longevity. She also drinks

559
00:37:47.280 --> 00:37:50.159
<v Speaker 2>a lot of water. She drinks a lot of water,

560
00:37:50.400 --> 00:37:53.719
<v Speaker 2>she's a lot of small fish and soup, and she

561
00:37:53.840 --> 00:37:56.559
<v Speaker 2>keeps faith in religious spirits. So what I'm saying is

562
00:37:56.760 --> 00:37:59.559
<v Speaker 2>it's anyone's guest, And by anyone, I mean Caleb Finch,

563
00:37:59.599 --> 00:38:03.360
<v Speaker 2>and by gay I mean conclusions based on decades of research,

564
00:38:03.760 --> 00:38:06.079
<v Speaker 2>and you mentioned that genetics is only about twenty percent of.

565
00:38:06.079 --> 00:38:08.639
<v Speaker 3>Effect, twenty five percent somewhere in that so.

566
00:38:08.599 --> 00:38:12.719
<v Speaker 2>It's a minority. And what's the role of telomeres in aging?

567
00:38:14.000 --> 00:38:17.639
<v Speaker 3>We don't know. So telomers are at the ends of

568
00:38:18.000 --> 00:38:23.400
<v Speaker 3>chromosomes that get shortened during cell division, So some of

569
00:38:23.400 --> 00:38:27.880
<v Speaker 3>our cells do show shorter telomers in the immune system,

570
00:38:28.239 --> 00:38:33.000
<v Speaker 3>its actual functional consequence is not clear.

571
00:38:34.519 --> 00:38:37.159
<v Speaker 2>So that's clearly hasn't been the secret to.

572
00:38:37.840 --> 00:38:41.840
<v Speaker 3>There's no secret. There's nothing in aging that is a secret.

573
00:38:42.079 --> 00:38:45.599
<v Speaker 2>Does he hate me again? Twists and turns, Listen to

574
00:38:45.639 --> 00:38:48.280
<v Speaker 2>the end. Also, I wanted to take up the least

575
00:38:48.320 --> 00:38:50.559
<v Speaker 2>amount of his time, so apologies for not always reading

576
00:38:50.639 --> 00:38:54.800
<v Speaker 2>the patron names. You girl here was flustered. But Kelly Meeker,

577
00:38:54.920 --> 00:38:59.880
<v Speaker 2>Jullie Noble, Sarah Desmet, Kristin Long all had questions about Alzheimer's,

578
00:39:00.079 --> 00:39:02.800
<v Speaker 2>which we go back into here. What's been the most

579
00:39:04.719 --> 00:39:06.599
<v Speaker 2>exciting find for you and your work?

580
00:39:07.199 --> 00:39:12.840
<v Speaker 3>Well, we made a finding that in the realm of

581
00:39:12.880 --> 00:39:18.960
<v Speaker 3>Alzheimer's disease that has been important, that the most toxic

582
00:39:19.079 --> 00:39:24.519
<v Speaker 3>form of the amyloid peptide that people still considered to

583
00:39:24.559 --> 00:39:30.239
<v Speaker 3>be one of the major factors in Alzheimer's is small

584
00:39:30.400 --> 00:39:35.840
<v Speaker 3>aggregates rather than the large amyloid fibrils. And so that

585
00:39:36.559 --> 00:39:41.519
<v Speaker 3>oligomeric A beta was discovered in my lab here and

586
00:39:41.639 --> 00:39:50.360
<v Speaker 3>it's recognized as the most toxic component in the amyloid cascade.

587
00:39:50.880 --> 00:39:54.199
<v Speaker 3>So that was that was one of our discoveries. And

588
00:39:54.760 --> 00:39:58.679
<v Speaker 3>I would say the other discovery that we published this

589
00:39:58.800 --> 00:40:05.360
<v Speaker 3>year is that air increases the production of the amyloid peptide. Really, yeah,

590
00:40:05.440 --> 00:40:06.159
<v Speaker 3>that's published.

591
00:40:07.039 --> 00:40:12.320
<v Speaker 2>And the difference in smaller plaques versus bigger plaques, does

592
00:40:12.320 --> 00:40:15.199
<v Speaker 2>that signify that it might be more gradual of an onset.

593
00:40:17.480 --> 00:40:23.000
<v Speaker 3>Well, people don't think that this plaque size is the importance,

594
00:40:23.039 --> 00:40:27.480
<v Speaker 3>because there is. The point is that in the vicinity

595
00:40:27.559 --> 00:40:30.679
<v Speaker 3>of the amyloid plaque, which is outside of the cells

596
00:40:30.679 --> 00:40:37.960
<v Speaker 3>in the brain substance, the neurons that are nearby are

597
00:40:38.639 --> 00:40:42.880
<v Speaker 3>less healthy, their projections are more twisted, and they have

598
00:40:42.960 --> 00:40:47.199
<v Speaker 3>more protein abnormality, so that it's really the total plaque

599
00:40:47.199 --> 00:40:53.599
<v Speaker 3>load that is associated in some still mysterious ways with

600
00:40:53.760 --> 00:40:57.360
<v Speaker 3>the loss of synapses in the brain. And then the

601
00:40:57.480 --> 00:41:00.480
<v Speaker 3>end of the day, all of my colleagues and I

602
00:41:00.519 --> 00:41:05.039
<v Speaker 3>are a uniform agreement that it's the loss of synapses

603
00:41:05.400 --> 00:41:09.800
<v Speaker 3>that causes the deterioration in Alzheimer's when neurons can no

604
00:41:09.880 --> 00:41:12.880
<v Speaker 3>longer talk to each other across synapses.

605
00:41:12.599 --> 00:41:14.360
<v Speaker 2>And that might be impeded by the plaques.

606
00:41:15.199 --> 00:41:18.679
<v Speaker 3>Then, yeah, the plaques in some way seem to be

607
00:41:19.119 --> 00:41:24.880
<v Speaker 3>causing loss of synapses. So the chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology,

608
00:41:24.960 --> 00:41:29.400
<v Speaker 3>this is immensely complicated and there isn't a single pathway

609
00:41:30.000 --> 00:41:32.039
<v Speaker 3>that seems to account for it.

610
00:41:32.400 --> 00:41:35.519
<v Speaker 2>So it's the plaques that cause the loss of synapses,

611
00:41:35.559 --> 00:41:37.840
<v Speaker 2>and the question is how do we arrest the plaques.

612
00:41:38.119 --> 00:41:40.760
<v Speaker 2>So they're working on it now. A few folks such

613
00:41:40.760 --> 00:41:45.480
<v Speaker 2>as Caitlin Donald Rose, mccatherine Shannon Patterson. During Olambushan Caroline

614
00:41:45.519 --> 00:41:48.719
<v Speaker 2>Lewis had this next question, do you find any particular

615
00:41:48.760 --> 00:41:54.719
<v Speaker 2>strategies for keeping your brain sharp or for maintaining neuroplasticity?

616
00:41:55.159 --> 00:41:59.000
<v Speaker 3>Well, I've told you all I know, exercise and have

617
00:41:59.079 --> 00:42:00.320
<v Speaker 3>an active life.

618
00:42:00.800 --> 00:42:03.559
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, puzzles, anything like that.

619
00:42:04.039 --> 00:42:07.480
<v Speaker 3>No, my science is an endless set of puzzles. I

620
00:42:07.519 --> 00:42:12.199
<v Speaker 3>don't have to play games to challenge my brain.

621
00:42:15.480 --> 00:42:20.159
<v Speaker 2>Patron Christopher Yersowitch asked about diets and one Patro Martinez

622
00:42:20.320 --> 00:42:24.760
<v Speaker 2>asked this next question specifically and what about vegetarian veganism

623
00:42:24.880 --> 00:42:26.400
<v Speaker 2>diets any evidence for those?

624
00:42:27.000 --> 00:42:30.519
<v Speaker 3>Well, the main point is whatever you eat, keep your

625
00:42:30.559 --> 00:42:35.320
<v Speaker 3>blood lipids and blood sugar low. And there are people

626
00:42:35.400 --> 00:42:39.719
<v Speaker 3>on vegetarian diets who are live as long as people

627
00:42:39.760 --> 00:42:44.480
<v Speaker 3>who are meat rich diets. But it's harder to keep

628
00:42:44.559 --> 00:42:50.400
<v Speaker 3>your blood properties healthy if you're eating a lot of

629
00:42:50.440 --> 00:42:52.559
<v Speaker 3>fatty meat and a lot of salt.

630
00:42:52.840 --> 00:42:56.360
<v Speaker 2>Patron Evan Mounro said, I intermittently fast, partly for weight

631
00:42:56.400 --> 00:42:59.440
<v Speaker 2>loss and partly because of the apparent benefits to longevity.

632
00:42:59.840 --> 00:43:02.480
<v Speaker 2>How much reliable proof is out there that fasting or

633
00:43:02.519 --> 00:43:05.639
<v Speaker 2>strict calorie reduction leads to longer life and humans? And

634
00:43:05.679 --> 00:43:09.960
<v Speaker 2>what about fasting in that are coloric restriction? Any evidence

635
00:43:09.960 --> 00:43:12.119
<v Speaker 2>that it slows aging or gives the body a break?

636
00:43:12.880 --> 00:43:19.559
<v Speaker 3>Well, in humans, there's no evidence that fasting or starvation

637
00:43:20.239 --> 00:43:26.639
<v Speaker 3>does more than lower's blood lipids, but there's in a

638
00:43:27.320 --> 00:43:32.239
<v Speaker 3>long term basis, extreme coloric restriction for most people is

639
00:43:32.280 --> 00:43:37.559
<v Speaker 3>simply not sustainable. Doctors who treat obesity have agreed that

640
00:43:38.599 --> 00:43:41.079
<v Speaker 3>you can only go so far with somebody who has

641
00:43:41.679 --> 00:43:46.199
<v Speaker 3>been obese to by diet and exercise, there's something else

642
00:43:46.239 --> 00:43:51.039
<v Speaker 3>that keeps causing them to bounce back, but my calling.

643
00:43:51.159 --> 00:43:54.079
<v Speaker 3>Walter Longo, who's the lab right down the hall, former

644
00:43:54.199 --> 00:44:00.079
<v Speaker 3>student of mine, has made some important discoveries that a

645
00:44:00.119 --> 00:44:03.920
<v Speaker 3>fasting mimicking diet really only a couple of days a

646
00:44:03.960 --> 00:44:06.159
<v Speaker 3>month improves blood chemistry.

647
00:44:06.480 --> 00:44:09.519
<v Speaker 2>I looked him up at boom. Walter Longo dot com

648
00:44:09.599 --> 00:44:12.639
<v Speaker 2>has the Secrets to life, which apparently are not secrets

649
00:44:12.679 --> 00:44:14.559
<v Speaker 2>if you just give him away for free at a

650
00:44:14.599 --> 00:44:17.239
<v Speaker 2>white page. Seriously check that out. Among the bull of

651
00:44:17.280 --> 00:44:20.920
<v Speaker 2>points was eat mostly vegan plus a little fish, limiting

652
00:44:20.960 --> 00:44:23.199
<v Speaker 2>meals with fish to a maximum of two or three

653
00:44:23.199 --> 00:44:26.880
<v Speaker 2>times a week. Choose fish crustacean mollusks with a high

654
00:44:26.880 --> 00:44:33.760
<v Speaker 2>omega three, omega six and vitamin B twelve content like salmon, anchovy, sardines, trout, clams.

655
00:44:34.079 --> 00:44:36.400
<v Speaker 2>Pay attention to the quality of the fish, choosing those

656
00:44:36.400 --> 00:44:39.480
<v Speaker 2>with low levels of mercury, and confine all eating to

657
00:44:39.559 --> 00:44:42.400
<v Speaker 2>within a twelve hour period. For example, start after eight

658
00:44:42.400 --> 00:44:45.320
<v Speaker 2>am and n before eight pm. Don't eat anything within

659
00:44:45.400 --> 00:44:48.000
<v Speaker 2>three to four hours of bedtime. There you go, now,

660
00:44:48.159 --> 00:44:50.840
<v Speaker 2>regar day. There is no mention of Miller High Life

661
00:44:51.000 --> 00:44:54.639
<v Speaker 2>or spiking your folgers with gas station whiskey or smoking cigars,

662
00:44:54.800 --> 00:44:58.199
<v Speaker 2>so just probably don't do that anyway. That information was

663
00:44:58.239 --> 00:45:02.199
<v Speaker 2>at Walterlongo dot com. What is the hardest thing about

664
00:45:02.199 --> 00:45:04.719
<v Speaker 2>your job or the part about your job that you

665
00:45:04.960 --> 00:45:06.039
<v Speaker 2>dislike the most?

666
00:45:06.360 --> 00:45:09.880
<v Speaker 3>Well, there's nothing that I dislike. I'm happy to say

667
00:45:09.880 --> 00:45:14.119
<v Speaker 3>that I'm no longer running large training grants, and I'm

668
00:45:14.159 --> 00:45:16.760
<v Speaker 3>no longer the director of the Alzheimer's Center, which was

669
00:45:17.239 --> 00:45:19.679
<v Speaker 3>another twenty to thirty hours a week on top of

670
00:45:19.719 --> 00:45:23.079
<v Speaker 3>everything else I do. So I'm a seventy nine and

671
00:45:23.159 --> 00:45:29.280
<v Speaker 3>I am enjoying the freedom to not have a large

672
00:45:29.360 --> 00:45:33.599
<v Speaker 3>number of people answering to me, and I have a

673
00:45:33.639 --> 00:45:37.280
<v Speaker 3>group of highly talented, highly motivated people in my research

674
00:45:38.360 --> 00:45:42.920
<v Speaker 3>lab and we're making doing a lot of good science.

675
00:45:43.800 --> 00:45:50.199
<v Speaker 2>What's your favorite part about the field or what you do? Surprise, Yeah,

676
00:45:50.440 --> 00:45:51.679
<v Speaker 2>I still get a lot of it right.

677
00:45:51.800 --> 00:45:58.800
<v Speaker 3>Well, the complexities of biology are just awesome, amazing, and

678
00:45:58.960 --> 00:46:04.800
<v Speaker 3>every year there's a new level of mechanisms subselularly or

679
00:46:05.400 --> 00:46:08.880
<v Speaker 3>in how organisms talk, how organs talk to each other.

680
00:46:10.440 --> 00:46:12.559
<v Speaker 3>It's just endlessly fascinating.

681
00:46:13.039 --> 00:46:15.320
<v Speaker 2>Does this man slow down? Do you have a seventh

682
00:46:15.320 --> 00:46:15.960
<v Speaker 2>book on the way?

683
00:46:16.440 --> 00:46:20.480
<v Speaker 3>Yes, there's going to be a popular level book on

684
00:46:20.639 --> 00:46:25.719
<v Speaker 3>air pollution in the next year. A year and a half.

685
00:46:26.440 --> 00:46:28.239
<v Speaker 2>That's great. Do you drink a lot of caffeine? How

686
00:46:28.239 --> 00:46:28.880
<v Speaker 2>do you do all this?

687
00:46:30.079 --> 00:46:31.760
<v Speaker 3>I have two cups of coffee a day.

688
00:46:31.920 --> 00:46:35.000
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, it seems to be working. I know.

689
00:46:35.199 --> 00:46:37.000
<v Speaker 3>That's all I Need's all you need.

690
00:46:37.400 --> 00:46:39.880
<v Speaker 2>So I'm spending the last two minutes of my time

691
00:46:39.920 --> 00:46:41.639
<v Speaker 2>with him, just really going for it.

692
00:46:41.760 --> 00:46:41.960
<v Speaker 4>Yeah.

693
00:46:42.199 --> 00:46:44.280
<v Speaker 2>Oh, it's a very stupid question. Did you ever see

694
00:46:44.280 --> 00:46:46.239
<v Speaker 2>the movie Benjamin Button? And how did you feel about it?

695
00:46:46.440 --> 00:46:48.159
<v Speaker 1>And not Little children anymore?

696
00:46:48.239 --> 00:46:51.639
<v Speaker 3>Benjamin? I did see it. I thought it was clever, Okay.

697
00:46:52.159 --> 00:46:59.039
<v Speaker 3>I enjoyed the script writer's imagination and could second guess

698
00:46:59.039 --> 00:47:02.440
<v Speaker 3>some of the decisions. I saw that what five years ago?

699
00:47:03.000 --> 00:47:05.599
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I was just curious. It seemed like it would

700
00:47:05.639 --> 00:47:08.800
<v Speaker 2>be right for a lot of mistakes in aging.

701
00:47:08.880 --> 00:47:13.960
<v Speaker 3>But well, I mean, go to the movies to be entertained,

702
00:47:14.639 --> 00:47:18.000
<v Speaker 3>read a novel to be entertained. These are signed. This

703
00:47:18.039 --> 00:47:20.719
<v Speaker 3>is not a scientific experience.

704
00:47:21.119 --> 00:47:22.480
<v Speaker 2>It was not a documentary.

705
00:47:22.559 --> 00:47:26.639
<v Speaker 3>From what I recall, It was an amusing fantasy.

706
00:47:27.159 --> 00:47:29.480
<v Speaker 2>Any other things that you're excited about working on, or

707
00:47:29.519 --> 00:47:32.159
<v Speaker 2>you think people should know about the aging process or

708
00:47:32.199 --> 00:47:34.159
<v Speaker 2>taking care of themselves.

709
00:47:34.000 --> 00:47:39.360
<v Speaker 3>Well, I'm collaborating with some anthropologists and a group of

710
00:47:39.400 --> 00:47:45.639
<v Speaker 3>people who live in the Bolivian Amazon. And what's fascinating

711
00:47:45.679 --> 00:47:52.360
<v Speaker 3>about these people that simon a. They're living under conditions

712
00:47:52.840 --> 00:47:56.679
<v Speaker 3>that of two hundred years ago without medication, and they're

713
00:47:56.760 --> 00:48:00.960
<v Speaker 3>growing their own food, and they all have high levels

714
00:48:01.039 --> 00:48:04.320
<v Speaker 3>of infection. Some of them get to the age seventy

715
00:48:04.400 --> 00:48:09.079
<v Speaker 3>or eighty. But what's remarkable a small nobody lives much

716
00:48:09.119 --> 00:48:14.360
<v Speaker 3>over eighty. What's remarkable is that their levels of arterial

717
00:48:14.840 --> 00:48:19.039
<v Speaker 3>aging are twenty five years slower than in North America,

718
00:48:19.079 --> 00:48:23.239
<v Speaker 3>and they have almost no heart attacks or strokes. So

719
00:48:23.239 --> 00:48:28.679
<v Speaker 3>we're trying to understand what aspects of their environment, their diet,

720
00:48:28.840 --> 00:48:33.960
<v Speaker 3>and interaction with their genes might slow the arterial aging

721
00:48:34.039 --> 00:48:35.920
<v Speaker 3>touch such a degree.

722
00:48:36.400 --> 00:48:38.880
<v Speaker 2>Do you think there's anything about the gut biome that's

723
00:48:38.920 --> 00:48:39.480
<v Speaker 2>at play there?

724
00:48:39.719 --> 00:48:43.239
<v Speaker 3>That's an open question. I don't know.

725
00:48:43.880 --> 00:48:46.360
<v Speaker 2>We'll see. I guess there's a surprise and a puzzle

726
00:48:46.440 --> 00:48:50.000
<v Speaker 2>waiting for you with that. Yep, thank you so much

727
00:48:50.039 --> 00:48:53.119
<v Speaker 2>for letting me ask you so many questions. Thank you

728
00:48:53.239 --> 00:48:57.199
<v Speaker 2>so much, good questions, he said, I had good questions, y'all.

729
00:48:57.239 --> 00:48:59.880
<v Speaker 2>He does not hate me. So after the interview was

730
00:49:00.280 --> 00:49:02.400
<v Speaker 2>in the mics, we're off, doctor Finch said, I asked

731
00:49:02.440 --> 00:49:05.960
<v Speaker 2>great questions. I was doing a service for science by

732
00:49:06.000 --> 00:49:09.239
<v Speaker 2>making the podcast. I honestly almost joy webbed in my

733
00:49:09.320 --> 00:49:12.320
<v Speaker 2>car on the drive home. He's just super focused and

734
00:49:12.599 --> 00:49:15.639
<v Speaker 2>all science on the outside with a very warm and

735
00:49:15.719 --> 00:49:18.639
<v Speaker 2>curious heart. I love him. He's great, and he returned

736
00:49:18.639 --> 00:49:21.599
<v Speaker 2>my email so fast. I'm a big fan. So to

737
00:49:21.679 --> 00:49:24.599
<v Speaker 2>learn more about doctor Caleb Finch's work, you can go

738
00:49:24.639 --> 00:49:27.199
<v Speaker 2>to Aliward dot com, slash ologies, or follow the links

739
00:49:27.199 --> 00:49:29.039
<v Speaker 2>in the show notes to my site. I post all

740
00:49:29.119 --> 00:49:32.559
<v Speaker 2>kinds of info about his studies and other studies mentioned

741
00:49:32.559 --> 00:49:36.079
<v Speaker 2>in the episode. Again, his latest book, Global Air Pollution

742
00:49:36.280 --> 00:49:39.800
<v Speaker 2>in Aging Reading Smoke Signals. It's even available on Amazon,

743
00:49:40.079 --> 00:49:42.800
<v Speaker 2>as are many of his other books. Ologies is at

744
00:49:42.800 --> 00:49:46.320
<v Speaker 2>Ologies on Twitter and Instagram. I'm at ali Ward with

745
00:49:46.400 --> 00:49:49.639
<v Speaker 2>one L on both and thank you Hannahlippo and Aaron

746
00:49:49.679 --> 00:49:53.159
<v Speaker 2>Talbert for moderating the wonderful nook of the Ologies podcast

747
00:49:53.199 --> 00:49:56.599
<v Speaker 2>Facebook group. Thank you Ologies transcribers for all the work

748
00:49:56.599 --> 00:49:59.800
<v Speaker 2>you're doing to make the back catalog accessible to our

749
00:49:59.840 --> 00:50:03.000
<v Speaker 2>d and heart of hearing friends. Merch is available at

750
00:50:03.000 --> 00:50:05.800
<v Speaker 2>ologiesmerch dot com. Thank you Shannon Feltis and Bonnie Dutch

751
00:50:05.840 --> 00:50:09.039
<v Speaker 2>for helping me manage that thanks to new interns Harry

752
00:50:09.119 --> 00:50:12.079
<v Speaker 2>Kim and Caleb Finch. Caleb just started a very fun

753
00:50:12.119 --> 00:50:14.639
<v Speaker 2>new podcast called You're Never Too Old about anime and

754
00:50:14.679 --> 00:50:16.880
<v Speaker 2>comic books and pop culture. You can check that out.

755
00:50:17.239 --> 00:50:20.519
<v Speaker 2>Thank you to assistant editor Jared Sleeper of the podcast

756
00:50:20.559 --> 00:50:23.559
<v Speaker 2>Make Good, Bad Brain for helping with edits and with

757
00:50:23.639 --> 00:50:27.199
<v Speaker 2>a little research too, and of course to editor Write

758
00:50:27.280 --> 00:50:29.559
<v Speaker 2>or Die To at least age one hundred and twenty

759
00:50:29.599 --> 00:50:32.079
<v Speaker 2>two Stephen Ray Morris, who puts the pieces all together.

760
00:50:32.119 --> 00:50:34.800
<v Speaker 2>He also hosts the podcast The per Cast and see

761
00:50:34.880 --> 00:50:36.880
<v Speaker 2>Jurassic right now. If you stick around to the end,

762
00:50:36.880 --> 00:50:38.519
<v Speaker 2>you know I tell you a secret. This week's secret

763
00:50:38.679 --> 00:50:41.400
<v Speaker 2>is that I have Christmas gifts I haven't mailed yet.

764
00:50:41.400 --> 00:50:44.440
<v Speaker 2>I see them every day. It produces a shamewave, so

765
00:50:44.599 --> 00:50:46.639
<v Speaker 2>I got to do that. I'm sorry Jennifer, and also

766
00:50:46.719 --> 00:50:50.159
<v Speaker 2>Sophia and Hannah and Aaron. I love you all. I

767
00:50:50.199 --> 00:50:52.119
<v Speaker 2>should go to the post office. Also, as long as

768
00:50:52.159 --> 00:50:58.280
<v Speaker 2>I'm apologizing, I'm sorry to ERICU RVT of thirteen years,

769
00:50:58.320 --> 00:51:00.840
<v Speaker 2>who left a four out of five star review because

770
00:51:00.880 --> 00:51:04.559
<v Speaker 2>they were po that Eternal episode implied veterinary medicine was

771
00:51:04.599 --> 00:51:07.920
<v Speaker 2>more routine and less dirty than fieldwork. I was so

772
00:51:08.000 --> 00:51:11.920
<v Speaker 2>wrong to say that that medicine can be very gross

773
00:51:12.280 --> 00:51:15.400
<v Speaker 2>and difficult, and I'm so sorry to have minimized that aspect.

774
00:51:15.639 --> 00:51:18.159
<v Speaker 2>That medicine is dope as hell. I'm so sorry that

775
00:51:18.199 --> 00:51:21.280
<v Speaker 2>I made it sound more routine, that was hyperbolic and jocular,

776
00:51:21.320 --> 00:51:24.000
<v Speaker 2>and I apologize. I hug you in high five you. Also,

777
00:51:24.000 --> 00:51:25.199
<v Speaker 2>if you want to say hi, or you have a

778
00:51:25.239 --> 00:51:28.239
<v Speaker 2>suggestion for improvements to show maybe before leaving it in

779
00:51:28.280 --> 00:51:30.800
<v Speaker 2>a review, just email me at Hello Ali Ward at

780
00:51:30.800 --> 00:51:33.199
<v Speaker 2>gmail dot com. You can also tweet at me or

781
00:51:33.280 --> 00:51:36.400
<v Speaker 2>dm me on the grams. I respond to as many

782
00:51:36.440 --> 00:51:39.559
<v Speaker 2>as I humanly can. I read pretty much everything you

783
00:51:39.599 --> 00:51:41.280
<v Speaker 2>guys send me, even if I am not able to

784
00:51:41.280 --> 00:51:44.199
<v Speaker 2>write you back. I truly love and welcome suggestions on

785
00:51:44.239 --> 00:51:48.199
<v Speaker 2>how to make ologies even better. One more secret, I

786
00:51:48.280 --> 00:51:51.599
<v Speaker 2>drank Taiwanese cheese tea three times this week. I loved

787
00:51:51.599 --> 00:51:52.159
<v Speaker 2>it every time.

788
00:51:52.480 --> 00:52:01.360
<v Speaker 4>Okay, b'erebye, Pacaderman's College, Mambiology, cry doo, Zoology, Lithology, zechnology, meteorology,

789
00:52:02.000 --> 00:52:06.880
<v Speaker 4>wold of Pedacology, ethnology, seriology, philology.

790
00:52:13.599 --> 00:52:17.519
<v Speaker 2>I am old, how old are you? Sixteen?

791
00:52:18.440 --> 00:52:19.559
<v Speaker 4>And my grandmother