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<v Speaker 1>Get value. You can't argue with at Tesco with their

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<v Speaker 1>amazing club card prices. Serve up something special with our

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<v Speaker 1>gretam and our mix of rainbow root vegetables. And enjoy

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<v Speaker 1>Goozillionaire or Soldier Caramel cheesecake. Can't argue with that shop

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<v Speaker 1>in store or online Tesco. Every Little Helps available to

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<v Speaker 1>most stores. Prices very inn express.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh hey, it's your Internet dad, It's Ali Ward. This

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<v Speaker 2>is a podcast called Ologies, wherein you will think I

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<v Speaker 2>don't think I care about this topic, and then you

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<v Speaker 2>will later google that topic when you're supposed to be

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<v Speaker 2>doing actual work and tell people weird facts and maybe

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<v Speaker 2>have a dream about the topic later. I dreamed about

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<v Speaker 2>car last night. So let's get into it. Okay, First off,

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<v Speaker 2>thank you for making this show a thing. Thanks to

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<v Speaker 2>everyone at Patreon dot com. Slash Ologies.

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<v Speaker 3>If you have been wanting to join.

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<v Speaker 2>That special treehouse with us, it's a dollar a month,

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<v Speaker 2>but it lets you submit questions to the ologists. Also,

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<v Speaker 2>thank you to the people who leave reviews and who

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<v Speaker 2>rate and subscribe the shows keeping up in the charts.

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<v Speaker 2>Some days I'm a sad creep, and your reviews always

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<v Speaker 2>cheer me up. So I read them all everyone, and

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<v Speaker 2>I prove it by picking a new one. And this

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<v Speaker 2>time it's from someone called Ali Reel, who wrote I

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<v Speaker 2>Am but a Soft Pretzel, the podcast My Pot of

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<v Speaker 2>Cheese Fondu. Ali's ologies inspires me to use my meat

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<v Speaker 2>computer differently while still feeding my childlike wonder for the world.

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<v Speaker 3>Thank you for that. If you leave a review, I

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<v Speaker 3>read it with my eyes.

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<v Speaker 2>That's the deal, that's the truth. Okay, you're ready for cars?

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<v Speaker 2>Let me answer that for you. No, you're not ready.

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<v Speaker 2>This is a most loathed fish with an otherworldly face.

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<v Speaker 2>But is it an armored creature of the deep out

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<v Speaker 2>to drag people under the surface of lakes and rivers

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<v Speaker 2>and rip them apart? Or is it a gentle giant

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<v Speaker 2>whose slime you would caress. We're gonna ask a grologist,

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<v Speaker 2>one of the world's top grologists. In fact, so garrologist

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<v Speaker 2>not a common word In all of my digging, I

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<v Speaker 2>was only able to find it referenced one time in

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<v Speaker 2>one book.

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<v Speaker 3>But what even is a gar? Okay? So a gar?

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<v Speaker 2>The word comes from Old High Germanic for spear, and

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<v Speaker 2>this is primarily a freshwater fish. It has a long,

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<v Speaker 2>sharp snout like a crocodile with teeth just come in

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<v Speaker 2>every which way like sprouts of grass. And the gar

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<v Speaker 2>in garlic, by the way, also comes from spear because

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<v Speaker 2>the cloves can be sharp. Can you eat gar with garlic?

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<v Speaker 2>We're gonna find out now. This garlogist is truly an

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<v Speaker 2>expert and a very impassioned one, and has amassed tens

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<v Speaker 2>of thousands of social media followers for being a gar

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<v Speaker 2>champion for engaging in birds versus fish battles, and he

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<v Speaker 2>is an assistant professor at Nicols State University.

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<v Speaker 3>He got his bachelors from Ohio Northern University and a

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<v Speaker 3>master's and a PhD from University of Michigan and Arbor

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<v Speaker 3>studying aquatic ecology. And he's also one of the most

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<v Speaker 3>truly beloved scientists I know. Everyone who knows this episode

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<v Speaker 3>has been in the works has nothing but glowing things

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<v Speaker 3>to say about it. He's also though a ruthless.

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<v Speaker 2>Pun maker, one of the finest in the game. And

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<v Speaker 2>so to celebrate Gar puns, and there are many, you're

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<v Speaker 2>going to just hear a soft, subtle.

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<v Speaker 3>Chime to alert you, so you could blink, you.

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<v Speaker 2>Can nod and say yes, yes, perhaps do a tiny

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<v Speaker 2>imperceptible butt dance on the bus. Now, this episode has

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<v Speaker 2>been in the making for months and months, but it

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<v Speaker 2>got preempted by two hurricanes and various other scheduling hellscapes,

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<v Speaker 2>and we finally connected, and then something was not happening

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<v Speaker 2>right with the recording portal I usually use.

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<v Speaker 3>But we made it work.

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<v Speaker 2>So climb into hip waiters and let's get deep to

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<v Speaker 2>discover the wonderful world of Gar, including a backstory that

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<v Speaker 2>predates the t Rex, the barges sent out to destroy them,

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<v Speaker 2>the slime, the scales, the poisons, river monsters, pets, boops,

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<v Speaker 2>the hundreds upon hundreds of teeth, and one illustration that

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<v Speaker 2>changed the course of history with an absolute joy of

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<v Speaker 2>a human specimen, garologist doctor Solomon David.

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<v Speaker 3>Oh wait, you went away? Are you still there? Oh? Okay,

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<v Speaker 3>we're having some a couple audio issues. Are you back?

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<v Speaker 4>Oh?

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<v Speaker 3>Are you still there?

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<v Speaker 5>Oh?

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<v Speaker 3>I lost you again. No, oh my gosh, you went

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<v Speaker 3>away again.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, after twenty five solid minutes of technical hiccups in

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<v Speaker 2>this remote recording software we use, we just switched. We

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<v Speaker 2>went over to Zoom because this interview was not not happening.

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<v Speaker 6>Now.

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<v Speaker 2>Is zoom the best in terms of audio? No, but

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<v Speaker 2>gar is happening, and it's happening now. And also now

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<v Speaker 2>it was video. So behind Solomon, I got to see

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<v Speaker 2>a four foot tank filled with a live, long snouted

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<v Speaker 2>gar of various sizes in the flesh almost And.

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<v Speaker 3>You're not kidding. You do have seven of your friends

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<v Speaker 3>behind me.

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<v Speaker 4>You know they're right, They're right behind me, So you

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<v Speaker 4>get some added guests in the background and everything.

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<v Speaker 2>Seven slender beasts glided by behind him, kind of like

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<v Speaker 2>a live baseball bats with five hundred teeth each. But

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<v Speaker 2>I have a gargantuan list of questions to ask him,

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<v Speaker 2>so let's dive right in.

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<v Speaker 4>So my name is Solomon David and my pronouns are

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<v Speaker 4>he and.

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<v Speaker 3>Him, and you are a garologist.

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<v Speaker 4>Yes, I think we're inaugurating, if you will, that term

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<v Speaker 4>with this podcast. And do you google it? And it

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<v Speaker 4>looks like it hasn't really been used for anything else

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<v Speaker 4>as far as I can.

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<v Speaker 3>Tell, So, how long have you been an expert in guard?

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<v Speaker 4>Oh? Gosh? And I think I feel like expert might

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<v Speaker 4>be you know, sure, maybe now it might be an

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<v Speaker 4>expert in it, but that's just because like there's so

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<v Speaker 4>much that just nobody's really bothered to worry about with

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<v Speaker 4>these fish. So it's a I've been interested in them

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<v Speaker 4>since I was a kid, but then I would say,

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<v Speaker 4>like it was around grad school when I really got

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<v Speaker 4>into them, and you know, they started taking over my life,

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<v Speaker 4>if you will, So I would say, maybe grad school

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<v Speaker 4>is starting to work on them. So I don't know,

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<v Speaker 4>I guess that makes maybe twenty years something like that.

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<v Speaker 3>I think that means. I think that makes you an

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<v Speaker 3>expert twenty years of studying a fish. I think you're

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<v Speaker 3>an expert in the fish. And I saw one of

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<v Speaker 3>your early papers was titled so that we got underdog fish?

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<v Speaker 3>So have you ever have you always been into maybe

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<v Speaker 3>the least glamorous fish and puns? Is that something that's

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<v Speaker 3>just been part of your part of your branding for

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<v Speaker 3>a long time.

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<v Speaker 4>The Van diagram of dad jokes and puns is like overlap.

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<v Speaker 4>But yes, as far as like the underappreciated, you know,

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<v Speaker 4>underdog animals for sure, Like I was liked snakes and

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<v Speaker 4>bugs and you know, sort of the things deemed creatures

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<v Speaker 4>if you will. And so yeah, that leaked over into fish.

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<v Speaker 3>And what type of fish do you study in the lab?

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<v Speaker 4>So the lab is called gar lab. We are focus

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<v Speaker 4>on or not limited to gars. So members of the

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<v Speaker 4>family Lapisastia day there are semi close relatives that bof

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<v Speaker 4>end So there's really only one species that's formally described

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<v Speaker 4>right now, that's extent.

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<v Speaker 2>So his gar lab at Louisiana's Nickels State University focuses

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<v Speaker 2>on the migratory ecology of a few different types of fish.

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<v Speaker 2>Let's screw those fish. I want to talk gar. Give

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<v Speaker 2>me the gar. I'm here for a tender love of

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<v Speaker 2>the river beasts.

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<v Speaker 3>And what exactly is a gar? I did not know

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<v Speaker 3>that they existed until I saw your Twitter with a

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<v Speaker 3>picture holding on it. I was like, that is a

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<v Speaker 3>rubber prop that cannot be real. What is this thing?

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<v Speaker 3>Is it a crocodile? Is it a fish? What are they?

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<v Speaker 3>Can you describe what they look like for people who

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<v Speaker 3>are not familiar with the wonders of gars?

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<v Speaker 4>So I like to tell people, you know, picture an

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<v Speaker 4>alligator or a crocodile with fins instead of legs, and

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<v Speaker 4>that's a gar. So you turned the tail of an

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<v Speaker 4>alligator into a paddle. But really, I mean, if you're

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<v Speaker 4>looking for the you know, basic visualization, that's that's what

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<v Speaker 4>it is. They've got this sort of primitive, ancient look

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<v Speaker 4>to them, long snout, lots of teeth. That's a gar alligator,

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<v Speaker 4>fins instead of legs.

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<v Speaker 3>Where did you get interested in fish?

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<v Speaker 4>In? Fish? Was born in Washington State, lived there for

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<v Speaker 4>a few years. My dad would take me to the

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<v Speaker 4>still Aguamish River, which is one of the rivers near

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<v Speaker 4>kind of like the Seattle Coast, a little bit further inland,

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<v Speaker 4>and I remember like chucking rocks into the water. So

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<v Speaker 4>that was my first memory of like connection with the water.

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<v Speaker 4>So like, I was kind of born in this town

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<v Speaker 4>where like the sound the sign for the town had

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<v Speaker 4>fish on it. But one of the questions I feel

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<v Speaker 4>like that has been valuable to me is like sort

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<v Speaker 4>of telling the story of how I got interested in them,

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<v Speaker 4>which I feel like, could you know, be useful to

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<v Speaker 4>others too. The magazine, the nature magazine Ranger Rick is

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<v Speaker 4>what got me interested in gar. So when I was

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<v Speaker 4>a kid, I flipped through the magazine. I saw this

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<v Speaker 4>article about this animal that had fins instead of legs.

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<v Speaker 4>Looked like, you know, fish with fin instead of license

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<v Speaker 4>alligator gar. So I saw that as a kid, and

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<v Speaker 4>it kind of got emblazoned on the back of my mind,

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<v Speaker 4>that guys, alligator gar baby.

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<v Speaker 3>Can you describe that moment, like were you a subscriber

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<v Speaker 3>to Ranger Rick or did you pick it up on

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<v Speaker 3>a dentist's office, Like what was that moment like seeing

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<v Speaker 3>this alligator gar?

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<v Speaker 4>Oh my gosh. So I just moved to Ohio from

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<v Speaker 4>North Dakota, and the neighborhood kids there saw that I

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<v Speaker 4>was interested in creatures, like all the creepy crawlers above, snakes,

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<v Speaker 4>that sort of thing. So they gave me a bunch

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<v Speaker 4>of back issues of Ranger Rick. So I never had

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<v Speaker 4>a subscription back then, there were these old issues, and

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<v Speaker 4>so I was slipping through them then and I turned

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<v Speaker 4>to the page and actually caught my interest first of

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<v Speaker 4>these this illustration, these two little softshell turtles, because that

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<v Speaker 4>was a turtle person. Then I like turtles, and so

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<v Speaker 4>I saw that, like I zoomed up to see, like, wait,

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<v Speaker 4>what is this? And you know, I thought it was

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<v Speaker 4>really cool. I'm like, what is a gar? And it

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<v Speaker 4>was actually called Mississippi King and it was about a

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<v Speaker 4>pond in Louisiana. So it's kind of interesting right now,

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<v Speaker 4>I like, live near a pond in Louisiana, you know

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<v Speaker 4>where there's gars in there and stuff, and so it

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<v Speaker 4>was almost like a foreshadowing sort of thing. And yeah,

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<v Speaker 4>so I was really excited. Then my advisor in undergrad

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<v Speaker 4>who was into gars, so by then I'd kind of

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<v Speaker 4>forgotten about them. He's like, I was taking a theology

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<v Speaker 4>and he's like, gars are this really? You know, cool fish?

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<v Speaker 4>I think they're cool. I'm like, wait a minute, I

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<v Speaker 4>know what those are. And so that kind of started

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<v Speaker 4>me back into them, and then from there on expanded

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<v Speaker 4>to maybe took some turns following the sinuosity of a river,

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<v Speaker 4>maybe to where I'm at right now. But that's I

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<v Speaker 4>would say where the fish interests started.

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<v Speaker 3>Is it weird for you to have seven gar right

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<v Speaker 3>behind you all the time when you work on them?

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<v Speaker 3>Or what happens in your brain and your heart when

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<v Speaker 3>you look at a gar? Is it just heart eye emojis?

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah?

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<v Speaker 4>I would say, So, I would say it's weird if

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<v Speaker 4>I didn't have gar near me like all the time.

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<v Speaker 4>Like if I'm in my office, there's gars there. Those

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<v Speaker 4>I deserve specimens. The ones at home are the live

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<v Speaker 4>specimens here, and so I'd say they're not. They're never

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<v Speaker 4>too far off from where I'm at. I guess I

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<v Speaker 4>just have a real fascination with these organisms, and so

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<v Speaker 4>anytime I look at them, I'm like, really just excited

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<v Speaker 4>about them, even if it's fish that I've seen, you know,

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<v Speaker 4>for for a long time. You've got fish that I've

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<v Speaker 4>had for like ten years, or.

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<v Speaker 3>What are they eating behind you? Like, what do you

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<v Speaker 3>toss in there?

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<v Speaker 4>They eat shrimp, So I go the frozen shrimp. It

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<v Speaker 4>helps sort of quell the aggression that they might have

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<v Speaker 4>in the wild. Every now and then I would give

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<v Speaker 4>them maybe some feeder fish that I load with extra

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<v Speaker 4>vitamins and minerals and that sing, but really it's just

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<v Speaker 4>frozen fish. So you try to calm them down because

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<v Speaker 4>there's different species and there have to make sure everybody

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<v Speaker 4>gets along. They've got different growth rates, are more aggressive

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<v Speaker 4>than others. It's like dealing with a bunch of children

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<v Speaker 4>all these are well, you know, nicely contained in and

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<v Speaker 4>a quadet box.

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<v Speaker 3>What is your field season? Like, what is your yearly

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<v Speaker 3>rhythm do you spend like summers and the field and

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<v Speaker 3>then you're dealing with a lot of data. What's it

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<v Speaker 3>like for you?

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<v Speaker 4>The rhythm down here is usually syncd up with the river,

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<v Speaker 4>with the Mississippi River and some of the rivers that

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<v Speaker 4>are connected with it. So we have like this sort

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<v Speaker 4>of floodplain inundation season when the water goes up and

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<v Speaker 4>then as it starts to come down, and so we

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<v Speaker 4>kind of monitor populations at various points during that time.

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<v Speaker 4>We kind of go with the flow almost literally, it's

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<v Speaker 4>when the river's up, we're out there. When the river's low,

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<v Speaker 4>we're out there. But we use different techniques depending on

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<v Speaker 4>what the water levels are.

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<v Speaker 3>What kind of gar but do you wear when you're working.

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<v Speaker 4>And that depends too, Like if we're mucking around like

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<v Speaker 4>in the water, then it might be waiters or you know,

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<v Speaker 4>muck boots or something like that, and something that will

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<v Speaker 4>you can try to wash because it's going to get

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<v Speaker 4>covered in gar'slime. I mean there's fish slime and then

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<v Speaker 4>there's garfishlime, and they are almost like two different categories

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<v Speaker 4>all together. One of them does not come out.

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<v Speaker 3>No, Okay, tell me everything, because I didn't even know

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<v Speaker 3>that they had slime. I thought that they had thick scales. Okay,

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<v Speaker 3>anatomy of a gar dish, what's happening?

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<v Speaker 4>Sure, So they've got this elongate body, which is considered

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<v Speaker 4>to be more of the sort of ancient fishes are

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<v Speaker 4>considered the quote unquote primitive fishes, Those earlier diverging fishes

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<v Speaker 4>tend to have more elong gate bodies, and so gars

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<v Speaker 4>kind of fall in with that. They're covered with these

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<v Speaker 4>diamond shaped armored scales. They're called ganoid scales. They're actually

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<v Speaker 4>made up of a compound that's similar to enamel in

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<v Speaker 4>our teeth, so they're super tough. Native Americans in some

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<v Speaker 4>places would make arrowheads out in the scales. Some folks

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<v Speaker 4>still make a jewelry out of them. Early settlers would

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<v Speaker 4>use like they'd cover the blades on their plows with them, So,

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<v Speaker 4>in essence, the scales are really tough. Doda has done

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<v Speaker 4>studies to look at them. Are sort of a bioinspired

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<v Speaker 4>you know, armor and everything. The garmer is there.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, did I spend an hour on Etsy looking up

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<v Speaker 2>broaches made of gar scales. Maybe, so imagine a flat

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<v Speaker 2>but made of like glossy cream colored jagged teeth, each

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<v Speaker 2>one acting as a pedal am I kind of considering

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<v Speaker 2>purchasing one. Perhaps also just imagine wearing it and people saying, oh,

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<v Speaker 2>what an intriguing statement piece.

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<v Speaker 4>What is that?

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<v Speaker 2>And then you just say, Oh, it's interlocking body armor

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<v Speaker 2>from a fish that's been around longer than dinosaurs and.

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<v Speaker 3>Has a face like a saw.

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<v Speaker 2>It'll cut you if you touch it.

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<v Speaker 4>I look it. So they've got these tough scales, but

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<v Speaker 4>you're right, the slime is there. It's this coating. It's

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<v Speaker 4>exuded from yucus cells on the fish. But they just

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<v Speaker 4>have so much of it, and we have to preserve

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<v Speaker 4>fish for you know, different reasons, and so you know,

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<v Speaker 4>we have a group that we have to take back

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<v Speaker 4>and used for other types of like internal analysis, that

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<v Speaker 4>sort of stuff. Dead guars seem to produce even more

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<v Speaker 4>slime than live guars. It's a lot of slime. If

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00:14:48.799 --> 00:14:53.000
<v Speaker 4>we could just harness that sliminess into something else, maybe

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00:14:53.000 --> 00:14:54.639
<v Speaker 4>that'll be one of our next projects and maybe we'll

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<v Speaker 4>inspire somebody look at that too.

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<v Speaker 3>Do you have any idea if that slime is similar

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<v Speaker 3>to hagfish slime in the way that it's tossed out

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00:15:02.799 --> 00:15:06.399
<v Speaker 3>and it absorbs water to where it's mostly water but

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<v Speaker 3>slime filaments.

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<v Speaker 4>I would say it's not similar hagfish in that way.

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<v Speaker 4>They don't use it as a defense like hagfish as would.

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<v Speaker 4>But both types of slime were, you know, primarily water based,

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<v Speaker 4>though it's almost like just a superficial sliminess to them

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<v Speaker 4>that you know, reminds me of hagfish. And I think

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<v Speaker 4>I posted a video of like lifting up a gar

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<v Speaker 4>that been preserved for a wild or at least was

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<v Speaker 4>frozen in thought, and it's just like the slime drips down.

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<v Speaker 4>The students really seem to get into that in the

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<v Speaker 4>in the Biology of Fishes class, that's one of the

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<v Speaker 4>first dis sections we do is gar so they can

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<v Speaker 4>see what it's like.

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<v Speaker 2>Yes, I look this up and it looked like a

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<v Speaker 2>fish emerging from behind a curtain of mucus or wearing

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<v Speaker 2>a cape made of snot it's as gross as you

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<v Speaker 2>think it is.

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<v Speaker 3>What are those smell like?

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, that's another thing they know. Some fish have somewhat

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00:15:54.159 --> 00:15:56.919
<v Speaker 4>of a pleasant smellton I used to work on Lake whitefish,

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<v Speaker 4>which is found over the Great Lakes. They actually smell

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<v Speaker 4>like cucumbers, and so that's actually a decent smell. Gars.

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<v Speaker 4>It's it's like a pungent, swampy type smell. It's it's

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<v Speaker 4>hard to describe, but it's it's unique to them, and

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<v Speaker 4>certain species are even smellier than others. And it doesn't

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00:16:16.440 --> 00:16:18.519
<v Speaker 4>really come out. You just sort of learned to live

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<v Speaker 4>with it in the field gear that you have. It's pungent.

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<v Speaker 3>It's pungent, pungent and swampy. It sounds like the worst

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<v Speaker 3>like wine tasting notes, a pungent nose and a swampy body.

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<v Speaker 4>I agree.

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<v Speaker 3>What about who eats them?

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<v Speaker 4>Who eats go as long as they're not a vegetarian.

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00:16:38.759 --> 00:16:40.879
<v Speaker 4>I feel like everybody should or at least try it.

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<v Speaker 4>It's great. So folks in the South tend to eat

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<v Speaker 4>it more than people up north. Thinking about the United

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<v Speaker 4>States here different countries. In Central America, gar is a

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<v Speaker 4>popular food fish in certain parts of Mexico. It's just

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<v Speaker 4>as popular as salmon is in the Pacific Northwest, so

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00:16:55.799 --> 00:16:58.840
<v Speaker 4>you can get gar and banadas to Molli's. You can

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00:16:58.919 --> 00:17:01.240
<v Speaker 4>get it on a grill. In the South, here in Louisiana,

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<v Speaker 4>they actually make gar balls, which is basically just taking

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00:17:03.600 --> 00:17:05.839
<v Speaker 4>the meat and putting into like almost like meatballs. They

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00:17:06.000 --> 00:17:08.119
<v Speaker 4>prepare it in a bunch of different ways. I've had gar.

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<v Speaker 4>It's actually really good. It's one of those things like

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00:17:10.640 --> 00:17:13.319
<v Speaker 4>the appearance of the fish might make somebody like, I'm

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00:17:13.319 --> 00:17:15.799
<v Speaker 4>not eating that. There's just no way. But you know,

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00:17:15.880 --> 00:17:19.319
<v Speaker 4>if you look at a Patagonian toothfish, which is you know,

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00:17:19.400 --> 00:17:23.279
<v Speaker 4>Chilean sea bass sea about salt at this point, probably

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00:17:23.279 --> 00:17:25.240
<v Speaker 4>not the should eating them anyway if you look at them,

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00:17:25.359 --> 00:17:28.160
<v Speaker 4>not the most appetizing looking fish. So I feel like

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<v Speaker 4>that's just another category where they've where they've got a

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00:17:30.480 --> 00:17:34.839
<v Speaker 4>bad reputation. But gar is actually pretty delicious and people

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00:17:34.880 --> 00:17:37.480
<v Speaker 4>have been eating them for hundreds of years.

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<v Speaker 2>I actually met which animals predate on gar gars. But

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00:17:42.359 --> 00:17:45.640
<v Speaker 2>I was quite happy to take this globe trotting culture

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<v Speaker 2>cuisine tour.

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<v Speaker 3>I loved it.

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<v Speaker 2>But what about non humans who dares feast on the beast?

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<v Speaker 3>What about animals? I mean, we have at least nets

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00:17:55.559 --> 00:17:59.200
<v Speaker 3>and hooks, But if I were an animal in the wild,

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00:17:59.279 --> 00:18:01.680
<v Speaker 3>would I just be like that thing's got tooth scales

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<v Speaker 3>all over it and a bucket of slime. I'm out,

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00:18:03.920 --> 00:18:06.400
<v Speaker 3>it's out of my leak. Is that how they persisted

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<v Speaker 3>so long? Unchanged?

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<v Speaker 6>Yeah?

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00:18:08.440 --> 00:18:10.640
<v Speaker 4>I mean the armor definitely helps. They live in these

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00:18:10.680 --> 00:18:14.279
<v Speaker 4>areas that maybe not not a lot of other more conventionally,

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00:18:14.319 --> 00:18:17.160
<v Speaker 4>let's say, were aspiring fish can survive because they actually

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00:18:17.160 --> 00:18:17.720
<v Speaker 4>breathe air.

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00:18:18.039 --> 00:18:19.880
<v Speaker 3>Wait, what fish breathe air?

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00:18:20.359 --> 00:18:23.160
<v Speaker 4>But I digress. We'll come back of that. But alligators

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00:18:23.200 --> 00:18:26.160
<v Speaker 4>will eat gars. Those just swallow the whole cormorants. There's

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00:18:26.160 --> 00:18:29.359
<v Speaker 4>a lot of pictures online of cormorants and other similar

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00:18:29.720 --> 00:18:32.839
<v Speaker 4>type birds or shape birds eating gars. I kind of

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00:18:32.880 --> 00:18:35.039
<v Speaker 4>ask for that because I get into that whole birds

385
00:18:35.119 --> 00:18:37.599
<v Speaker 4>versus fish argument all the time, and so people send

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00:18:37.599 --> 00:18:40.920
<v Speaker 4>me pictures of birds eating gars. But gars will, you know,

387
00:18:40.960 --> 00:18:43.839
<v Speaker 4>turn the table. They will eat birds. I have not

388
00:18:44.079 --> 00:18:46.359
<v Speaker 4>seen that in real life, but I have heard from

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00:18:46.400 --> 00:18:48.279
<v Speaker 4>reputable sources that they do do that.

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00:18:48.599 --> 00:18:51.119
<v Speaker 3>Oh my goodness, it's predator prey.

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00:18:51.160 --> 00:18:52.079
<v Speaker 4>There's a balance to it.

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00:18:52.759 --> 00:18:57.559
<v Speaker 3>And you mentioned they breathe air. NBD. It's a fish

393
00:18:57.799 --> 00:19:01.559
<v Speaker 3>that breathes air and has been around since the Jurassic

394
00:19:01.640 --> 00:19:03.599
<v Speaker 3>or when did gars come on the scene.

395
00:19:04.200 --> 00:19:08.279
<v Speaker 4>Sure, So the family Lepisasdiada it diverged and branched off

396
00:19:08.319 --> 00:19:10.839
<v Speaker 4>around one hundred and fifty seven million years ago, so

397
00:19:10.920 --> 00:19:14.640
<v Speaker 4>that's late Jurassic period. So they're older than Turannosaurus rex

398
00:19:14.680 --> 00:19:17.720
<v Speaker 4>and they've been around longer than they have too, So

399
00:19:18.039 --> 00:19:20.400
<v Speaker 4>a lot of our favorite dinosaurs from the Catatious period, like,

400
00:19:20.400 --> 00:19:22.920
<v Speaker 4>they're even older than that, so they've been around for

401
00:19:22.920 --> 00:19:24.960
<v Speaker 4>a while. Gars used to be a much more diverse

402
00:19:25.039 --> 00:19:27.359
<v Speaker 4>group than they are now. Right now, we have seven

403
00:19:27.400 --> 00:19:31.279
<v Speaker 4>extant species that are all found within North America, Central America,

404
00:19:31.319 --> 00:19:33.640
<v Speaker 4>and Cuba. There used to be many more species and

405
00:19:33.680 --> 00:19:38.200
<v Speaker 4>they were found in North America, South America, Africa, India, Europe,

406
00:19:38.240 --> 00:19:41.599
<v Speaker 4>basically worldwide. They had a panchac distribution and yeah, things

407
00:19:41.599 --> 00:19:44.079
<v Speaker 4>like air breathing helped them survive for this long. They

408
00:19:44.160 --> 00:19:46.519
<v Speaker 4>kind of found a body plan that works and they've

409
00:19:46.640 --> 00:19:48.480
<v Speaker 4>stuck with it for millions of years.

410
00:19:48.599 --> 00:19:51.400
<v Speaker 3>What is that body plan? Do they have swim bladders?

411
00:19:51.519 --> 00:19:54.200
<v Speaker 3>You mentioned that in your Biology of Fish classes. It's

412
00:19:54.240 --> 00:19:56.519
<v Speaker 3>one of the first things you dissect. Do You slip

413
00:19:56.559 --> 00:19:59.400
<v Speaker 3>in the gar early because they're the coolest and you

414
00:19:59.440 --> 00:20:03.079
<v Speaker 3>want people to fall in love with fish also, Yeah, yeah,

415
00:20:03.119 --> 00:20:03.720
<v Speaker 3>for sure.

416
00:20:03.599 --> 00:20:06.079
<v Speaker 4>Like I mean, given that classes Biology of fishes, but

417
00:20:06.160 --> 00:20:09.279
<v Speaker 4>like with all the you know, thirty thousand some you

418
00:20:09.319 --> 00:20:13.119
<v Speaker 4>know described fish species. Yeah, I like them to focus on,

419
00:20:13.359 --> 00:20:15.240
<v Speaker 4>you know, the handful that I really like, but you know,

420
00:20:15.319 --> 00:20:17.400
<v Speaker 4>to introduce them to the others too. I'm like, there's

421
00:20:17.440 --> 00:20:19.839
<v Speaker 4>these seven species and then there's like, you know, thirty

422
00:20:19.880 --> 00:20:22.160
<v Speaker 4>thousand other ones. Toolus, we always have them on hands

423
00:20:22.200 --> 00:20:25.039
<v Speaker 4>because of our research, so you know, we've got them

424
00:20:25.039 --> 00:20:28.039
<v Speaker 4>in the freezer. But if you look at them internally,

425
00:20:28.119 --> 00:20:30.440
<v Speaker 4>as far as that body plan, they've got that elongate body,

426
00:20:30.440 --> 00:20:32.799
<v Speaker 4>they've got the long jaws with lots of teeth, which

427
00:20:33.000 --> 00:20:36.960
<v Speaker 4>helps them you know, capture prey effectively. That gas ladder

428
00:20:37.000 --> 00:20:39.039
<v Speaker 4>looks like a lung on the inside. It runs like

429
00:20:39.119 --> 00:20:42.160
<v Speaker 4>the length of the dorsal side of the fish. So

430
00:20:42.200 --> 00:20:45.960
<v Speaker 4>when you dissect them, it looks like along it's highly vascularized.

431
00:20:46.000 --> 00:20:48.440
<v Speaker 4>It's like a big balloon. And yeah, they have to

432
00:20:48.480 --> 00:20:50.920
<v Speaker 4>go up and they've got to gulp for air relatively

433
00:20:50.920 --> 00:20:54.039
<v Speaker 4>frequently in order to function. They basically are an air.

434
00:20:53.920 --> 00:20:56.880
<v Speaker 3>Breathing fish, so they're they're not just using the air

435
00:20:56.880 --> 00:20:59.640
<v Speaker 3>that they're gulping for buoyancy, they're actually using it for

436
00:20:59.720 --> 00:21:00.279
<v Speaker 3>rest duration.

437
00:21:00.519 --> 00:21:02.400
<v Speaker 4>That's correct, Yeah, because they live in a lot of

438
00:21:02.480 --> 00:21:06.559
<v Speaker 4>these slower moving water areas, the bayous sort of backwaters

439
00:21:06.599 --> 00:21:09.400
<v Speaker 4>of rivers and streams. Not that some guars don't live

440
00:21:09.400 --> 00:21:11.920
<v Speaker 4>in rivers and streams are fast moving water, but they

441
00:21:11.960 --> 00:21:13.960
<v Speaker 4>live in these areas where the water's moving slower and

442
00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:16.640
<v Speaker 4>also where the water might be warmer. Warmer water tends

443
00:21:16.640 --> 00:21:19.079
<v Speaker 4>to hold less oxygen, and so they've got to find

444
00:21:19.119 --> 00:21:21.759
<v Speaker 4>somewhere else to get their oxygen from otherwise they can't

445
00:21:21.759 --> 00:21:23.759
<v Speaker 4>stay it. So they just go to the surface. They

446
00:21:23.759 --> 00:21:25.640
<v Speaker 4>take a gulf, and they can kind of bob.

447
00:21:25.519 --> 00:21:29.160
<v Speaker 2>Out their business, their business being looking like a Tim

448
00:21:29.200 --> 00:21:33.359
<v Speaker 2>Burton sketch covered in slime and scale. Now about this

449
00:21:33.480 --> 00:21:38.000
<v Speaker 2>air gulping. Why does warmer water have less oxygen? Okay, so,

450
00:21:38.119 --> 00:21:42.200
<v Speaker 2>in short, warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen because warm

451
00:21:42.240 --> 00:21:46.359
<v Speaker 2>water means the molecules are raging at a faster moving

452
00:21:46.599 --> 00:21:49.200
<v Speaker 2>mash pit. All that bumming around means that the oxygen

453
00:21:49.279 --> 00:21:51.680
<v Speaker 2>gas can get tossed out of the mix. Now, if

454
00:21:51.720 --> 00:21:55.880
<v Speaker 2>you swear you can hear the temperature of boiling water,

455
00:21:56.279 --> 00:21:59.599
<v Speaker 2>you are not wrong or delusional. So a paper with

456
00:21:59.680 --> 00:22:02.680
<v Speaker 2>the delightfully long title why can you hear a difference

457
00:22:02.680 --> 00:22:06.359
<v Speaker 2>between pouring hot and cold water an investigation of temperature

458
00:22:06.400 --> 00:22:09.960
<v Speaker 2>dependence in psychoacoustics. This came out in twenty eighteen and

459
00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:12.880
<v Speaker 2>it studied this effect and essentially scientists think our brains

460
00:22:12.880 --> 00:22:16.279
<v Speaker 2>are just very hip to the lower pitched sounds of

461
00:22:16.400 --> 00:22:20.720
<v Speaker 2>more viscous water being poured in the higher pitched boiling

462
00:22:20.759 --> 00:22:23.160
<v Speaker 2>water which has more bubbles and it breaks apart more

463
00:22:23.160 --> 00:22:24.559
<v Speaker 2>than cold water when it splashes.

464
00:22:24.839 --> 00:22:26.920
<v Speaker 3>And do they have gills as well?

465
00:22:27.079 --> 00:22:29.839
<v Speaker 4>They do, so they can breathe through their gills. They're

466
00:22:29.839 --> 00:22:32.960
<v Speaker 4>considered to be facultative air breathers, which facally means they

467
00:22:32.960 --> 00:22:35.480
<v Speaker 4>can do both. They don't really have to breathe air

468
00:22:35.799 --> 00:22:38.640
<v Speaker 4>unless certain conditions are met, so they basically are air

469
00:22:38.680 --> 00:22:40.839
<v Speaker 4>breathing almost all the time. If they have the right

470
00:22:40.880 --> 00:22:43.319
<v Speaker 4>mix of cool water and low activity, then they can

471
00:22:43.359 --> 00:22:44.279
<v Speaker 4>just use their gills.

472
00:22:44.599 --> 00:22:47.960
<v Speaker 3>And they tend to be fresh water or brackish right.

473
00:22:48.400 --> 00:22:50.759
<v Speaker 4>Yes, they're mainly found in fresh water. They have to

474
00:22:50.839 --> 00:22:54.240
<v Speaker 4>reproduce in fresh water. We've seen cases where there are

475
00:22:54.359 --> 00:22:57.640
<v Speaker 4>eggs and brackish water, but they can venture out into

476
00:22:57.680 --> 00:23:01.319
<v Speaker 4>full salt water. So there's alligator guards, spotted guars. Long

477
00:23:01.400 --> 00:23:04.319
<v Speaker 4>those guars have been found off the Gulf Coast in

478
00:23:04.440 --> 00:23:08.279
<v Speaker 4>full salt water. The Autumn Aquarium in New Orleans, they've

479
00:23:08.279 --> 00:23:09.799
<v Speaker 4>got an alligator guard. I think it's a couple of

480
00:23:09.839 --> 00:23:11.720
<v Speaker 4>them in full saltwater, so you can see them swimming

481
00:23:11.759 --> 00:23:15.440
<v Speaker 4>with sharks and sea turtles and tarpain. It's actually really cool.

482
00:23:15.440 --> 00:23:16.720
<v Speaker 4>I just go there and I just stare at that

483
00:23:16.759 --> 00:23:19.079
<v Speaker 4>tank for you know, the duration whenever I'm there.

484
00:23:19.160 --> 00:23:21.119
<v Speaker 3>Do they know who you are? Are they like, that's

485
00:23:21.119 --> 00:23:23.680
<v Speaker 3>a famous gar scientist.

486
00:23:23.759 --> 00:23:26.200
<v Speaker 4>I don't know. I think they know that they're famous,

487
00:23:26.240 --> 00:23:29.079
<v Speaker 4>and I'm just the fanboy up there trying to take

488
00:23:29.079 --> 00:23:31.680
<v Speaker 4>a bunch of pictures. And my wife usually just wandered

489
00:23:31.680 --> 00:23:33.920
<v Speaker 4>the other exhibits and kind of leave me there and everything.

490
00:23:34.079 --> 00:23:36.039
<v Speaker 4>So yeah, definitely one of my favorites.

491
00:23:36.359 --> 00:23:38.559
<v Speaker 3>Does your wife share your enthusiasm for fish?

492
00:23:38.759 --> 00:23:42.279
<v Speaker 4>I think by proxy, and also I think she does

493
00:23:42.319 --> 00:23:45.400
<v Speaker 4>have a genuine interest in them. We met when we

494
00:23:45.400 --> 00:23:48.519
<v Speaker 4>were both working at Shedd Aquarium, so you know that's

495
00:23:48.559 --> 00:23:51.440
<v Speaker 4>a place with a lot of fish by default. So

496
00:23:51.799 --> 00:23:54.160
<v Speaker 4>we both worked there and I was the researcher there

497
00:23:54.200 --> 00:23:57.039
<v Speaker 4>and she was working in fundraising, and so that's how

498
00:23:57.079 --> 00:23:59.559
<v Speaker 4>we met. So really the fish kind of started things

499
00:23:59.599 --> 00:24:01.680
<v Speaker 4>off or is and we meet, We go through the

500
00:24:01.680 --> 00:24:04.400
<v Speaker 4>exhibits and I go, I'd just show my favorite fish.

501
00:24:04.440 --> 00:24:06.279
<v Speaker 4>It was like the guards, the bow fing, the one fish.

502
00:24:06.440 --> 00:24:08.960
<v Speaker 4>I completely ignored the penguins, of course, and any of

503
00:24:09.000 --> 00:24:14.240
<v Speaker 4>the other organisms there. So I think that enthusiasm kind

504
00:24:14.240 --> 00:24:17.400
<v Speaker 4>of carried over. And the last toast in our wedding

505
00:24:17.559 --> 00:24:20.079
<v Speaker 4>was to the garfish. She held up this little figurine

506
00:24:20.160 --> 00:24:21.880
<v Speaker 4>and said, if it wasn't for this fish, we wouldn't

507
00:24:21.880 --> 00:24:23.720
<v Speaker 4>have met each other or anything like that. And so

508
00:24:23.799 --> 00:24:27.160
<v Speaker 4>I you know, she she tolerates it, but also supports it,

509
00:24:27.200 --> 00:24:29.400
<v Speaker 4>and I think you know, deep down she appreciates those

510
00:24:29.480 --> 00:24:29.880
<v Speaker 4>fish too.

511
00:24:29.920 --> 00:24:32.839
<v Speaker 3>Oh how can you not. I mean, the garfish brought

512
00:24:32.920 --> 00:24:36.279
<v Speaker 3>you together. I mean that is amazing.

513
00:24:36.440 --> 00:24:39.039
<v Speaker 4>For our wedding, instead of escort cards, we had little

514
00:24:39.079 --> 00:24:42.319
<v Speaker 4>gar figurines that were called escort guards. And that was

515
00:24:42.319 --> 00:24:44.160
<v Speaker 4>a surprise to me. It wasn't me. She came up

516
00:24:44.160 --> 00:24:46.759
<v Speaker 4>with the idea. I saw it on our wedding day,

517
00:24:46.759 --> 00:24:50.559
<v Speaker 4>and so it's really been infused with you know, our lives.

518
00:24:50.640 --> 00:24:54.160
<v Speaker 4>Definitely my life at you know, virtually you know, any love, you.

519
00:24:54.160 --> 00:24:56.839
<v Speaker 3>Could not have picked a better partner. I mean, come

520
00:24:56.960 --> 00:25:02.440
<v Speaker 3>on to talk about it, Lucky, What about gar and movies?

521
00:25:02.640 --> 00:25:04.759
<v Speaker 3>Have they found their way into popular culture at all?

522
00:25:04.920 --> 00:25:08.440
<v Speaker 4>Sure, you know popular culture maybe to an extent, not

523
00:25:08.480 --> 00:25:11.079
<v Speaker 4>to the extent of you know, Jaws with the sharks

524
00:25:11.200 --> 00:25:13.599
<v Speaker 4>or anything like with alligators. There's no krawl you know,

525
00:25:13.720 --> 00:25:16.599
<v Speaker 4>movie or anything like that, but they are there. So

526
00:25:16.720 --> 00:25:20.559
<v Speaker 4>if you're familiar with the movie Predator, which was Arnold

527
00:25:20.559 --> 00:25:22.799
<v Speaker 4>Schwarzeger's sort of one of his breakout roles, is this

528
00:25:22.880 --> 00:25:25.720
<v Speaker 4>alien that would collect trophies throughout the galaxy, and you

529
00:25:25.720 --> 00:25:29.119
<v Speaker 4>would actually try to collect humans too, because they're considered

530
00:25:29.119 --> 00:25:32.920
<v Speaker 4>one of the best prey. What hell are you? They

531
00:25:32.920 --> 00:25:36.319
<v Speaker 4>had necklaces with these skulls of their sort of trophies,

532
00:25:36.599 --> 00:25:38.880
<v Speaker 4>and it just so happens that one of the skulls

533
00:25:38.920 --> 00:25:40.920
<v Speaker 4>is a gar skull. The band somebody pointed that out

534
00:25:40.960 --> 00:25:43.640
<v Speaker 4>to me along the way, so I thought, like, Gars

535
00:25:43.640 --> 00:25:47.160
<v Speaker 4>are seriously cool animals, because these aliens are coming from

536
00:25:47.200 --> 00:25:49.119
<v Speaker 4>all over the galaxy to like, you know, hunt for

537
00:25:49.160 --> 00:25:52.000
<v Speaker 4>these So that wasn't That's an example I use in

538
00:25:52.079 --> 00:25:55.680
<v Speaker 4>class and in some presentations. There was another movie called

539
00:25:55.799 --> 00:25:58.839
<v Speaker 4>If you Know Who Weird Al Yankovic is. He does

540
00:25:58.839 --> 00:26:01.160
<v Speaker 4>a lot of spoofs and everything like that. His old

541
00:26:01.160 --> 00:26:04.240
<v Speaker 4>eighties movie UHF had a lot of satire making fun

542
00:26:04.240 --> 00:26:05.799
<v Speaker 4>of a bunch of different shows. One of the shows

543
00:26:05.839 --> 00:26:08.119
<v Speaker 4>is Wheel of Fish, and one of the fish on

544
00:26:08.160 --> 00:26:10.519
<v Speaker 4>the wheels was a gar. And so somebody sent me

545
00:26:10.559 --> 00:26:11.519
<v Speaker 4>that picture.

546
00:26:13.720 --> 00:26:15.599
<v Speaker 2>Paul Yankovic's Everywhere I Love You.

547
00:26:15.880 --> 00:26:18.240
<v Speaker 4>They're even in the Creature from the Black Lagoon. So

548
00:26:18.799 --> 00:26:20.720
<v Speaker 4>I don't always see it, but people will see it,

549
00:26:20.759 --> 00:26:22.559
<v Speaker 4>and if they know that I'm obsessed with gars, will

550
00:26:22.599 --> 00:26:24.519
<v Speaker 4>send this stuff to me. So I like that I

551
00:26:24.720 --> 00:26:26.960
<v Speaker 4>received that sort of you know information.

552
00:26:27.119 --> 00:26:30.359
<v Speaker 3>Okay, gar flim flamm. What is a myth that you

553
00:26:30.400 --> 00:26:32.119
<v Speaker 3>are would love to bust about gar?

554
00:26:32.279 --> 00:26:32.359
<v Speaker 5>Oh?

555
00:26:32.440 --> 00:26:37.319
<v Speaker 4>Gosh? So probably the myth that they are bad for

556
00:26:37.519 --> 00:26:41.519
<v Speaker 4>sport fish populations. They're damaging the ecosystems. That's that's one

557
00:26:41.519 --> 00:26:44.039
<v Speaker 4>of the big myths is that they're bad for fish

558
00:26:44.039 --> 00:26:46.880
<v Speaker 4>that we traditionally cared about for cared about more like

559
00:26:46.960 --> 00:26:50.319
<v Speaker 4>a bass or walleye or some of the other sportfish.

560
00:26:50.400 --> 00:26:53.640
<v Speaker 4>We think that these gars are you know, taking over

561
00:26:53.839 --> 00:26:56.240
<v Speaker 4>lakes and rivers, that if you see a lot of gar,

562
00:26:56.319 --> 00:26:59.079
<v Speaker 4>then it's bad for the other fish. And they're you know,

563
00:26:59.160 --> 00:27:02.440
<v Speaker 4>important components of native ecosystems, there are predators that are

564
00:27:02.519 --> 00:27:05.680
<v Speaker 4>needed to maintain balance, kind of like wolves in Yellowstone

565
00:27:05.720 --> 00:27:08.680
<v Speaker 4>are maintaining you know, proper balance there. So usually if

566
00:27:08.680 --> 00:27:10.599
<v Speaker 4>you have a healthy population of guars, you have a

567
00:27:10.640 --> 00:27:12.400
<v Speaker 4>healthy overall ecosystem.

568
00:27:12.680 --> 00:27:15.680
<v Speaker 3>Oh, why aren't people just eating more gar? Why aren't

569
00:27:15.680 --> 00:27:18.440
<v Speaker 3>people going after like the trophy fish when you're like,

570
00:27:18.480 --> 00:27:19.799
<v Speaker 3>it was pretty good eating over here?

571
00:27:20.200 --> 00:27:22.359
<v Speaker 4>I mean it is right. We've got alligator guars that

572
00:27:22.400 --> 00:27:24.559
<v Speaker 4>can get over eight feet long, so there's a lot

573
00:27:24.599 --> 00:27:28.000
<v Speaker 4>of meat on those fish. Not that i'd recommend going

574
00:27:28.039 --> 00:27:30.799
<v Speaker 4>after the biggest fish, but if you've ever prepared fish before,

575
00:27:30.839 --> 00:27:32.480
<v Speaker 4>a lot of times they'll use a filet knife to

576
00:27:32.640 --> 00:27:34.920
<v Speaker 4>you know, fillet the fish right with guards, you need

577
00:27:34.920 --> 00:27:37.319
<v Speaker 4>to use tin snips to get through the high so

578
00:27:37.519 --> 00:27:42.039
<v Speaker 4>you need some extra equipment to process a gar. But

579
00:27:42.240 --> 00:27:43.960
<v Speaker 4>it's worth it, is what I would say.

580
00:27:44.640 --> 00:27:47.079
<v Speaker 2>Did I watch a bunch of fish cleaning videos for

581
00:27:47.119 --> 00:27:49.000
<v Speaker 2>this episode for you? You know I did?

582
00:27:49.039 --> 00:27:54.079
<v Speaker 4>Oh god, it's pretty tough pair of scissors and we

583
00:27:54.160 --> 00:27:57.119
<v Speaker 4>want to you can hear it crunching as it cut.

584
00:27:57.480 --> 00:28:02.519
<v Speaker 2>And yes, anglers use yard too or medical trauma scissors

585
00:28:02.559 --> 00:28:06.440
<v Speaker 2>to chew through these. Ganoine scales, which are indeed really

586
00:28:06.480 --> 00:28:11.920
<v Speaker 2>similar to tooth enamel. Imagine sawing through a blanket made

587
00:28:11.920 --> 00:28:15.720
<v Speaker 2>of teeth. Oh, speaking of saws, I asked Solomon if

588
00:28:15.839 --> 00:28:19.079
<v Speaker 2>after you were done eating the meat, could you use

589
00:28:19.519 --> 00:28:22.640
<v Speaker 2>a gar mouth as a saw for anything? And he

590
00:28:22.839 --> 00:28:26.400
<v Speaker 2>was like, eh, No, they're really better at grasping than

591
00:28:26.440 --> 00:28:27.319
<v Speaker 2>they are cutting.

592
00:28:27.480 --> 00:28:28.079
<v Speaker 3>So now we know.

593
00:28:28.480 --> 00:28:33.559
<v Speaker 2>Also, anglers have called these gritters garbage fish, but they're

594
00:28:33.599 --> 00:28:36.359
<v Speaker 2>starting to accept that they're pretty good eating. And some

595
00:28:36.559 --> 00:28:40.480
<v Speaker 2>fisher people suggest baiting a hook with carpeads. But when

596
00:28:40.519 --> 00:28:43.640
<v Speaker 2>scientists need to get a headcount for science reasons, they

597
00:28:43.720 --> 00:28:47.720
<v Speaker 2>might electro fish, which is applying a current underwater which

598
00:28:47.759 --> 00:28:50.839
<v Speaker 2>attracts the fishies to the anode and then it stuns them.

599
00:28:50.920 --> 00:28:53.400
<v Speaker 2>And if this sounds like shooting fish in a barrel,

600
00:28:53.640 --> 00:28:55.920
<v Speaker 2>it pretty much would be, which is why it's considered

601
00:28:56.000 --> 00:28:58.559
<v Speaker 2>poaching in many states. But more on this in a bit.

602
00:28:58.720 --> 00:28:58.880
<v Speaker 6>Now.

603
00:28:58.960 --> 00:29:02.400
<v Speaker 2>You can also use a drone, like Solomon did on

604
00:29:02.440 --> 00:29:05.839
<v Speaker 2>a recent expedition with the Nature Conservancies Matt Miller.

605
00:29:06.119 --> 00:29:09.440
<v Speaker 4>And so we use drones to actually take the line

606
00:29:09.480 --> 00:29:12.200
<v Speaker 4>away from the boat and we bait it with chunks

607
00:29:12.279 --> 00:29:15.039
<v Speaker 4>of carp And so you've got this chopped carp on

608
00:29:15.160 --> 00:29:18.039
<v Speaker 4>a fishing line that's flown by a drone four hundred

609
00:29:18.039 --> 00:29:20.519
<v Speaker 4>feet away. So basically looking at a flying fish ad

610
00:29:20.839 --> 00:29:22.920
<v Speaker 4>go through the air and then you tug on it

611
00:29:22.960 --> 00:29:24.640
<v Speaker 4>and it'll drop the line and you kind of set

612
00:29:24.680 --> 00:29:27.079
<v Speaker 4>your lines around the boat that way. So we were

613
00:29:27.079 --> 00:29:28.720
<v Speaker 4>able to land to fair number fish and it was

614
00:29:28.759 --> 00:29:31.319
<v Speaker 4>all catch and release that way and stuff. We've got

615
00:29:31.319 --> 00:29:34.119
<v Speaker 4>the biggest fish that I've ever landed, and that was

616
00:29:34.359 --> 00:29:37.240
<v Speaker 4>between eighty to one hundred pounds is a six foot

617
00:29:37.240 --> 00:29:40.279
<v Speaker 4>long alligator guard, which is on the average side for

618
00:29:40.640 --> 00:29:42.839
<v Speaker 4>those fish, but it was really exciting. Yeah, so we

619
00:29:42.839 --> 00:29:45.640
<v Speaker 4>were drone fishing. We're using like this sort of futuristic

620
00:29:45.720 --> 00:29:48.359
<v Speaker 4>technology to fish for this ancient fish. It was an

621
00:29:48.359 --> 00:29:49.759
<v Speaker 4>interesting sort of parallel there.

622
00:29:50.440 --> 00:29:53.359
<v Speaker 3>How old is a six foot or eight foot alligator gar.

623
00:29:54.240 --> 00:29:57.119
<v Speaker 4>It's hard to say. Alligator gars grow fast early in

624
00:29:57.160 --> 00:29:59.160
<v Speaker 4>life and they tend to slow down, but they can

625
00:29:59.240 --> 00:30:02.799
<v Speaker 4>live for over a high undred years. So a seven

626
00:30:02.799 --> 00:30:05.559
<v Speaker 4>foot aligiger guard could be forty to fifty years old,

627
00:30:05.640 --> 00:30:07.880
<v Speaker 4>it could be one hundred years old. We're finding out

628
00:30:07.880 --> 00:30:10.720
<v Speaker 4>that the way that we age them, we're finding those

629
00:30:10.759 --> 00:30:12.960
<v Speaker 4>techniques and so we're finding out that all gars are

630
00:30:12.960 --> 00:30:15.400
<v Speaker 4>actually much older than we originally thought they were. Back

631
00:30:15.400 --> 00:30:16.839
<v Speaker 4>when I was in grad school, we thought that some

632
00:30:16.920 --> 00:30:19.920
<v Speaker 4>species only lived about ten years old. We've now learned

633
00:30:19.960 --> 00:30:22.440
<v Speaker 4>that they can live for probably over thirty years. So that's,

634
00:30:22.559 --> 00:30:25.359
<v Speaker 4>you know, a significant increase in what we're learning.

635
00:30:25.920 --> 00:30:29.240
<v Speaker 3>How are you actually dating that? Are there rings in

636
00:30:29.279 --> 00:30:30.880
<v Speaker 3>their scales or something? What's going on?

637
00:30:31.200 --> 00:30:33.519
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, So for some fish you can use the scales.

638
00:30:34.079 --> 00:30:36.160
<v Speaker 4>For others you can use some of the fin rays,

639
00:30:36.160 --> 00:30:38.279
<v Speaker 4>and they have what we call annuli, like rings on

640
00:30:38.319 --> 00:30:41.559
<v Speaker 4>a tree, but with a lot of fish gars included.

641
00:30:41.599 --> 00:30:44.359
<v Speaker 4>We get the best estimates from something called an odolith

642
00:30:44.720 --> 00:30:46.640
<v Speaker 4>or an earstone, which is in the head.

643
00:30:47.039 --> 00:30:51.400
<v Speaker 2>Allie, please please tell me what a fish earstone looks like. Okay, okay,

644
00:30:51.480 --> 00:30:55.839
<v Speaker 2>calm down, tucking and imagine something just a few millimeters

645
00:30:55.880 --> 00:30:59.200
<v Speaker 2>in length that can come in all shapes, usually characteristic

646
00:30:59.240 --> 00:31:01.960
<v Speaker 2>to a certain speed. Cheese, and they look like teeny

647
00:31:02.160 --> 00:31:05.640
<v Speaker 2>tiny apple fritters, or if you put a very small

648
00:31:05.720 --> 00:31:08.440
<v Speaker 2>chicken nugget in your pants pocket and sat on it

649
00:31:08.480 --> 00:31:10.039
<v Speaker 2>for a seven hour train ride.

650
00:31:10.319 --> 00:31:13.319
<v Speaker 3>But the texture of a rock treasure.

651
00:31:13.720 --> 00:31:15.440
<v Speaker 4>And so if we take those out and we look

652
00:31:15.480 --> 00:31:17.359
<v Speaker 4>at those, we kind of grind them down. We can

653
00:31:17.440 --> 00:31:20.480
<v Speaker 4>see the rings there, and if you count those rings,

654
00:31:20.519 --> 00:31:22.559
<v Speaker 4>you can get a good estimate of how old those

655
00:31:22.599 --> 00:31:26.519
<v Speaker 4>fish are. And nowadays you need really high tech methods

656
00:31:26.519 --> 00:31:28.680
<v Speaker 4>in order to get the best estimate that we can.

657
00:31:28.839 --> 00:31:30.480
<v Speaker 4>But now we're finding out is that fish that we

658
00:31:30.480 --> 00:31:32.519
<v Speaker 4>thought maybe ten years old might be thirty years old,

659
00:31:32.559 --> 00:31:35.039
<v Speaker 4>fish that we thought we're sixty might be who knows,

660
00:31:35.200 --> 00:31:37.519
<v Speaker 4>seventy eighty. You know, fish can live for over one

661
00:31:37.559 --> 00:31:39.519
<v Speaker 4>hundred years. As far as cars are going.

662
00:31:39.599 --> 00:31:43.839
<v Speaker 3>What bad asses? Seriously? Okay, I have so many questions

663
00:31:43.920 --> 00:31:48.480
<v Speaker 3>from patrons. Can I lightning round sounds good? Are you ready? Okay?

664
00:31:48.519 --> 00:31:50.720
<v Speaker 2>But before we do, we toss some dollars at a

665
00:31:50.720 --> 00:31:53.400
<v Speaker 2>good cause in the name of theologist and doctor Solomon

666
00:31:53.440 --> 00:31:57.319
<v Speaker 2>David pointed our money canon toward Ranger Rick magazine, which

667
00:31:57.440 --> 00:31:59.680
<v Speaker 2>is a part of the National Wildlife Federation.

668
00:32:00.079 --> 00:32:01.079
<v Speaker 3>So hello to.

669
00:32:01.079 --> 00:32:03.680
<v Speaker 2>All the rangers out there, including Hannah Shardt, the editor

670
00:32:03.720 --> 00:32:06.799
<v Speaker 2>of Ranger Rick. The donation was made possible by sponsors

671
00:32:06.839 --> 00:32:09.000
<v Speaker 2>of the show, which I will quickly tell you about

672
00:32:09.079 --> 00:32:10.039
<v Speaker 2>and give you some discounts.

673
00:32:11.440 --> 00:32:13.680
<v Speaker 1>Get value you can't argue with at Tesco with their

674
00:32:13.720 --> 00:32:16.799
<v Speaker 1>amazing club card prices, serve up something special with our

675
00:32:16.839 --> 00:32:19.519
<v Speaker 1>finest meal deal for two starring one main, two sides

676
00:32:19.599 --> 00:32:22.480
<v Speaker 1>and dessert for only sixteen euro like succulent board be

677
00:32:22.559 --> 00:32:25.000
<v Speaker 1>approved virus shining the strip loin steaks with pepper corn

678
00:32:25.079 --> 00:32:28.839
<v Speaker 1>butter or delicious Irish chicken parmegama served with creamy potato

679
00:32:28.839 --> 00:32:32.000
<v Speaker 1>gritam and our mix of rainbow root vegetables and enjoyed

680
00:32:32.079 --> 00:32:36.079
<v Speaker 1>Goozillionaire or Soldier caramel cheesecake. Can't argue with that shop

681
00:32:36.119 --> 00:32:39.640
<v Speaker 1>in store or online Tesco. Every little helps available the

682
00:32:39.640 --> 00:32:41.440
<v Speaker 1>most stores, prices very and express.

683
00:32:42.559 --> 00:32:48.079
<v Speaker 2>Okay, all your questions regarding this fish, Okay, So first up,

684
00:32:48.240 --> 00:32:52.720
<v Speaker 2>Charlotte Folkcard, Ashley Aeroncio, Felix Sasal and Ellen Skelton all

685
00:32:52.720 --> 00:32:54.720
<v Speaker 2>had questions about our changing planet.

686
00:32:54.920 --> 00:32:57.039
<v Speaker 3>Oh my gosh. Okay number one, because we were supposed

687
00:32:57.039 --> 00:32:59.680
<v Speaker 3>to record this. I think like September third, right around

688
00:33:00.039 --> 00:33:01.920
<v Speaker 3>which hurricane was it that preempted that?

689
00:33:02.119 --> 00:33:06.519
<v Speaker 4>Gosh? I lost track. Honestly, we had Ata and I

690
00:33:06.559 --> 00:33:08.599
<v Speaker 4>don't know, maybe there was Zeta. Yeah. I think a

691
00:33:08.680 --> 00:33:12.359
<v Speaker 4>record five or six named storms this you know that

692
00:33:12.440 --> 00:33:14.559
<v Speaker 4>might have been hurricanes this year. So lots lots of

693
00:33:14.599 --> 00:33:15.440
<v Speaker 4>hurricanes are.

694
00:33:15.359 --> 00:33:18.680
<v Speaker 3>The gar surviving climate change.

695
00:33:18.880 --> 00:33:21.839
<v Speaker 4>Okay, it seems to be. Yeah, No, that's that's a

696
00:33:21.880 --> 00:33:24.960
<v Speaker 4>great question. Some fish are going to be more affected

697
00:33:24.960 --> 00:33:28.119
<v Speaker 4>by climate change than others. Fish that depend on cold water,

698
00:33:28.279 --> 00:33:31.359
<v Speaker 4>cold temperatures, We're probably going to see their ranges contract

699
00:33:31.400 --> 00:33:33.920
<v Speaker 4>in a lot of areas, whereas warmwater fish will probably

700
00:33:33.960 --> 00:33:37.680
<v Speaker 4>see range expansions there. Gars are warmwater fish, they'll probably

701
00:33:37.880 --> 00:33:40.559
<v Speaker 4>do better in some areas. But climate change is going

702
00:33:40.599 --> 00:33:42.960
<v Speaker 4>to affect habitat. It's gonna affect all kinds of things.

703
00:33:43.039 --> 00:33:45.960
<v Speaker 4>So climate change is most likely going to be bad

704
00:33:46.000 --> 00:33:48.960
<v Speaker 4>for everybody. It's just going to be you know, problematic

705
00:33:48.960 --> 00:33:51.680
<v Speaker 4>in different ways. Right now, gars are doing okay, but

706
00:33:52.039 --> 00:33:55.880
<v Speaker 4>habitat loss is probably the biggest threat to guars.

707
00:33:56.359 --> 00:34:00.200
<v Speaker 3>And habitat loss that caused by just human development and build.

708
00:34:00.400 --> 00:34:03.319
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, whenever we're you know, damming rivers or cutting off

709
00:34:03.319 --> 00:34:07.119
<v Speaker 4>floodplains from their you know, river systems, we're cutting the

710
00:34:07.119 --> 00:34:10.920
<v Speaker 4>fish off from spawning grounds, removing vegetation in some places,

711
00:34:10.920 --> 00:34:14.000
<v Speaker 4>which is what gars need to reproduce. That can be problematic.

712
00:34:14.079 --> 00:34:16.199
<v Speaker 4>So really, habitat losses is the big thing, and that

713
00:34:16.239 --> 00:34:20.280
<v Speaker 4>can be exacerbated by invasive species, by climate change. You

714
00:34:20.280 --> 00:34:24.039
<v Speaker 4>know again, like you mentioned anthropogenic inputs too.

715
00:34:24.199 --> 00:34:27.960
<v Speaker 3>Okay. Hanavon wants to know what's with the gar with

716
00:34:28.000 --> 00:34:30.480
<v Speaker 3>the sharp teeth. My friend from Alabama is always talking

717
00:34:30.480 --> 00:34:33.119
<v Speaker 3>about trying not to get bit while swimming. Does that happen?

718
00:34:33.159 --> 00:34:34.000
<v Speaker 3>Will they bite you?

719
00:34:34.039 --> 00:34:36.840
<v Speaker 4>No, they're not going to bite you. Oh. The only

720
00:34:36.880 --> 00:34:39.039
<v Speaker 4>way you're really going to get bitten by a gar,

721
00:34:39.559 --> 00:34:42.199
<v Speaker 4>you know, maybe even just slightly intentionally, is if you're

722
00:34:42.239 --> 00:34:44.519
<v Speaker 4>messing around with one on the boat, like let's say

723
00:34:44.519 --> 00:34:46.719
<v Speaker 4>you're an angler and you're trying to you know, dislodge

724
00:34:46.760 --> 00:34:48.519
<v Speaker 4>a hook or get them out of the net or

725
00:34:48.639 --> 00:34:50.840
<v Speaker 4>that sort of thing. That's really it. They're not going

726
00:34:50.880 --> 00:34:52.440
<v Speaker 4>to come after you and attack.

727
00:34:52.840 --> 00:34:56.039
<v Speaker 3>Okay, if you're swimming in Alabama, will other fish bite you?

728
00:34:56.320 --> 00:34:59.079
<v Speaker 4>I can't speak for other fish, you know, really sunfish

729
00:34:59.159 --> 00:35:01.480
<v Speaker 4>they call them perch down here, they will come in.

730
00:35:01.519 --> 00:35:03.320
<v Speaker 4>They will knit that you. Now, they don't really have

731
00:35:03.400 --> 00:35:05.679
<v Speaker 4>the teeth that guars do. But they're some of the

732
00:35:05.719 --> 00:35:08.119
<v Speaker 4>fish that we think are and aggressive actually are aggressive.

733
00:35:08.119 --> 00:35:10.360
<v Speaker 4>They're just not really going to do any harm or anything.

734
00:35:10.360 --> 00:35:13.239
<v Speaker 3>Okay. More Patreon questions. Julie McDonald want to know do

735
00:35:13.320 --> 00:35:15.199
<v Speaker 3>fish feel pain? I know this is kind of a

736
00:35:15.239 --> 00:35:17.599
<v Speaker 3>silly question, but I've heard conflicting accounts of it and

737
00:35:17.639 --> 00:35:21.280
<v Speaker 3>would like to hear from the source. Do fish feel pain?

738
00:35:21.719 --> 00:35:23.639
<v Speaker 4>So I don't know if I'm with the source because

739
00:35:23.639 --> 00:35:25.119
<v Speaker 4>you have to go to the fish for that, But

740
00:35:25.400 --> 00:35:28.760
<v Speaker 4>there is a lot of research being done on fish

741
00:35:28.840 --> 00:35:31.559
<v Speaker 4>and pain. I would probably summarize it in that fish

742
00:35:31.599 --> 00:35:35.000
<v Speaker 4>feel pain. It's not exactly in the way that we do.

743
00:35:35.239 --> 00:35:38.639
<v Speaker 4>I'm not a fish pain expert. What we do do

744
00:35:38.760 --> 00:35:41.880
<v Speaker 4>with our research is that we make sure that when

745
00:35:41.880 --> 00:35:44.400
<v Speaker 4>we're handling the fish, if they are experiencing any sort

746
00:35:44.440 --> 00:35:47.719
<v Speaker 4>of pain, it's the most minimal version that they could

747
00:35:47.800 --> 00:35:50.840
<v Speaker 4>feasibly experience, so we anesthetize them. We're quick to get

748
00:35:50.840 --> 00:35:53.280
<v Speaker 4>them out of the nets. Safety of the animals is

749
00:35:53.639 --> 00:35:56.320
<v Speaker 4>definitely a priority. So I would say that fish do

750
00:35:56.400 --> 00:35:59.000
<v Speaker 4>feel pain, now how they feel pain? I am not

751
00:35:59.079 --> 00:36:02.639
<v Speaker 4>a fish neural biologists, so I couldn't tell much more

752
00:36:02.639 --> 00:36:03.360
<v Speaker 4>specific than that.

753
00:36:03.920 --> 00:36:06.800
<v Speaker 2>Okay, quick aside. I looked into this because I do

754
00:36:06.840 --> 00:36:11.239
<v Speaker 2>feel like the shrug fish don't feel pain seems entirely

755
00:36:11.280 --> 00:36:15.920
<v Speaker 2>anathetical to, say, evolution and avoiding dangers, but it's a

756
00:36:15.920 --> 00:36:19.920
<v Speaker 2>pretty convenient justification for choosing the fish dish on a

757
00:36:19.920 --> 00:36:23.239
<v Speaker 2>wedding menu instead of the veggie option, of which I

758
00:36:23.320 --> 00:36:27.519
<v Speaker 2>was frequently guilty before all weddings happened on a screen. So,

759
00:36:27.719 --> 00:36:31.960
<v Speaker 2>according to doctor Lynn Snedden, a University of Liverpool researcher

760
00:36:32.039 --> 00:36:35.320
<v Speaker 2>and a director of bioveterinary science, Doctor Snedden is the

761
00:36:35.400 --> 00:36:39.679
<v Speaker 2>global authority on fish pain, and she says they probably

762
00:36:39.719 --> 00:36:44.039
<v Speaker 2>do indeed feel pain. They express physical symptoms when injected

763
00:36:44.039 --> 00:36:47.880
<v Speaker 2>with an acid, and those symptoms subside when they're administered

764
00:36:47.960 --> 00:36:51.320
<v Speaker 2>morphine afterward. And the research finds that our aquatic friends

765
00:36:51.360 --> 00:36:55.000
<v Speaker 2>may feel pain strikingly similar to that of mammals. Also,

766
00:36:55.119 --> 00:36:58.760
<v Speaker 2>doctor Snedden has a website called The Fish Indicators of

767
00:36:58.840 --> 00:37:02.960
<v Speaker 2>Stress and Health acronym FISH. So if someone says these

768
00:37:02.960 --> 00:37:07.960
<v Speaker 2>slimy guys love getting caught, it's pretty fishy claim. Now, okay,

769
00:37:08.079 --> 00:37:10.679
<v Speaker 2>if you like vengeance, though, you're gonna love. This question

770
00:37:10.840 --> 00:37:15.639
<v Speaker 2>on the minds of many, including patrons Calvin Doling, Raden, Markham, Hannaquist,

771
00:37:15.840 --> 00:37:20.840
<v Speaker 2>Jamie Kishimoto, Chris Brewer, Morgan, Alexander Coburn, Laura Smith, just Want,

772
00:37:21.000 --> 00:37:23.639
<v Speaker 2>Rachel Moore, Aviva Elizabeth and Alison Tory.

773
00:37:24.199 --> 00:37:26.159
<v Speaker 3>So many people. This is probably the biggest question I

774
00:37:26.159 --> 00:37:29.880
<v Speaker 3>got want to know what is up with their toxic eggs.

775
00:37:30.679 --> 00:37:33.719
<v Speaker 3>What is their life cycle? Like, how are they doing it,

776
00:37:33.960 --> 00:37:36.320
<v Speaker 3>how many babies do they make, how big are their eggs,

777
00:37:36.599 --> 00:37:37.599
<v Speaker 3>what's going.

778
00:37:37.360 --> 00:37:41.280
<v Speaker 4>On the eggs? So, first of all, there's no gar caviar,

779
00:37:41.440 --> 00:37:43.039
<v Speaker 4>So no garvr if.

780
00:37:42.880 --> 00:37:45.559
<v Speaker 3>You will, there are so many gorn here to.

781
00:37:47.079 --> 00:37:49.679
<v Speaker 4>Try it. I mean not that they don't have eggs's

782
00:37:49.719 --> 00:37:52.159
<v Speaker 4>just you shouldn't try to eat them. So gar eggs

783
00:37:52.159 --> 00:37:57.519
<v Speaker 4>are weird. They are toxic to humans, they're toxic to mammals,

784
00:37:57.920 --> 00:38:00.519
<v Speaker 4>they're toxic to birds, they're toxic to a lot of

785
00:38:00.519 --> 00:38:04.280
<v Speaker 4>different invertebrates, but they're not toxic to fish. So it's

786
00:38:04.360 --> 00:38:07.360
<v Speaker 4>kind of a weird gap in the you know, toxic

787
00:38:07.400 --> 00:38:09.960
<v Speaker 4>bingo card, Like if you're gonna have poisonous eggs, you

788
00:38:10.000 --> 00:38:12.199
<v Speaker 4>think you want it to be poisonous to the animals

789
00:38:12.199 --> 00:38:15.039
<v Speaker 4>that are kind of you know, in the same area.

790
00:38:15.119 --> 00:38:17.519
<v Speaker 4>So O Sensibly, that seems like, you know, a weird

791
00:38:17.599 --> 00:38:20.440
<v Speaker 4>sort of thing. But part of our working theory is

792
00:38:20.440 --> 00:38:23.920
<v Speaker 4>and there's other folks at Nickels State University working on

793
00:38:23.960 --> 00:38:27.039
<v Speaker 4>this as well. Doctor garylett Fleur's lab is looking at

794
00:38:27.280 --> 00:38:31.039
<v Speaker 4>gar egg toxicity and trying to figure out what are

795
00:38:31.079 --> 00:38:34.039
<v Speaker 4>the proteins. Is a bacterial based you know, what are

796
00:38:34.079 --> 00:38:37.199
<v Speaker 4>some of the details there. But from an evolutionary perspective,

797
00:38:37.239 --> 00:38:39.840
<v Speaker 4>we're thinking that you know, gars live in this water

798
00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:42.599
<v Speaker 4>that is going to be low oxygen, it's relatively warm,

799
00:38:42.599 --> 00:38:45.559
<v Speaker 4>it's relatively shallow, especially where they're laying their eggs. So

800
00:38:45.599 --> 00:38:47.039
<v Speaker 4>you're probably not going to have a whole lot of

801
00:38:47.039 --> 00:38:50.880
<v Speaker 4>other predatory or egg predator fish out there. But what

802
00:38:51.000 --> 00:38:53.400
<v Speaker 4>you do have is crustaceans. Down to Louisiana, we got

803
00:38:53.440 --> 00:38:56.800
<v Speaker 4>crawfish around. I say crawfish because I'm speaking for Louisiana,

804
00:38:56.840 --> 00:38:59.719
<v Speaker 4>but it's crayfish and everybody else. And you've got a

805
00:38:59.719 --> 00:39:02.400
<v Speaker 4>lot of you know, waiting birds, herons, everything that you know.

806
00:39:02.480 --> 00:39:05.079
<v Speaker 4>I want gars to have the revenge back on. So

807
00:39:05.719 --> 00:39:07.719
<v Speaker 4>it would be toxic to those bird predators, would be

808
00:39:07.719 --> 00:39:10.599
<v Speaker 4>toxic to the invertebrates. There be toxic to other mammals.

809
00:39:10.599 --> 00:39:13.199
<v Speaker 4>And so that's one of my working theories is do

810
00:39:13.280 --> 00:39:16.559
<v Speaker 4>why that toxicity is there but not to fish. So

811
00:39:16.679 --> 00:39:19.760
<v Speaker 4>the eggs are toxic, they're toxic even inside the fish.

812
00:39:19.800 --> 00:39:21.840
<v Speaker 4>So every now and then we'll read about somebody who

813
00:39:21.960 --> 00:39:23.719
<v Speaker 4>caught a gar and they decided to you know, try

814
00:39:23.719 --> 00:39:25.840
<v Speaker 4>to make gar caviar, and they ate the eggs, so

815
00:39:25.920 --> 00:39:28.320
<v Speaker 4>even when they're inside the fish, they don't have to

816
00:39:28.320 --> 00:39:31.320
<v Speaker 4>be laid in order to be toxic. But also what

817
00:39:31.320 --> 00:39:34.119
<v Speaker 4>we found out is that even the larvae are toxic

818
00:39:34.199 --> 00:39:37.119
<v Speaker 4>for a little bit too, so they're actually poisonous to predators.

819
00:39:37.679 --> 00:39:40.400
<v Speaker 4>That kind of that toxicity shrinks as they get older

820
00:39:40.400 --> 00:39:43.800
<v Speaker 4>and older, but for those first you know, maybe several

821
00:39:43.880 --> 00:39:46.559
<v Speaker 4>days to a week or so, the larvae are also toxic.

822
00:39:46.599 --> 00:39:50.639
<v Speaker 3>Ooh, and do their predators learn that pretty quickly early on?

823
00:39:50.760 --> 00:39:52.920
<v Speaker 3>Like are they able to eat an egg and like

824
00:39:53.000 --> 00:39:55.360
<v Speaker 3>barf it up and be like never again, or do

825
00:39:55.440 --> 00:39:57.719
<v Speaker 3>they just do their predators straight up die if they

826
00:39:57.800 --> 00:40:00.639
<v Speaker 3>eat them, and it's just sort of instinctual avoid them.

827
00:40:00.719 --> 00:40:02.960
<v Speaker 4>I think there's a fair amount of research that's still

828
00:40:03.000 --> 00:40:05.079
<v Speaker 4>out there to be done on that. Because humans have

829
00:40:05.199 --> 00:40:07.920
<v Speaker 4>learned they've gotten sick. I don't think anyone has actually,

830
00:40:08.000 --> 00:40:10.599
<v Speaker 4>you know, died from eating gar eggs, thankfully, but they

831
00:40:10.599 --> 00:40:15.239
<v Speaker 4>have gotten violently ill. But invertebrates seem to get sick

832
00:40:15.320 --> 00:40:18.360
<v Speaker 4>and they die. It seems like birds they'll get sick

833
00:40:18.360 --> 00:40:20.760
<v Speaker 4>from it and they'll die off too. So I don't

834
00:40:20.800 --> 00:40:22.920
<v Speaker 4>know if they live long enough to tell their friends,

835
00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:25.440
<v Speaker 4>you know, cough cough, don't eat this. I think it's

836
00:40:25.440 --> 00:40:27.559
<v Speaker 4>a pretty high level of toxicity. And the way they

837
00:40:27.679 --> 00:40:29.719
<v Speaker 4>lay their eggs is that there's usually it's going to

838
00:40:29.719 --> 00:40:31.280
<v Speaker 4>be in groups and in clusters, so that it might

839
00:40:31.320 --> 00:40:34.159
<v Speaker 4>be an amount that they're ingesting. I couldn't speak to

840
00:40:34.199 --> 00:40:37.079
<v Speaker 4>the learning curve beyond humans. Humans now know. We have

841
00:40:37.119 --> 00:40:39.719
<v Speaker 4>the Internet to try to spread that information. Don't eat gar.

842
00:40:39.599 --> 00:40:43.000
<v Speaker 3>Eggs, don't do it. Don't do it so tempting. It's

843
00:40:43.039 --> 00:40:46.159
<v Speaker 3>like the forbidden foods. It's the tide pod of the

844
00:40:46.199 --> 00:40:47.159
<v Speaker 3>ancient fish world.

845
00:40:47.239 --> 00:40:48.360
<v Speaker 4>It really kind of is.

846
00:40:50.800 --> 00:40:54.559
<v Speaker 2>So don't eat it unless you're excited to have violent

847
00:40:54.639 --> 00:40:57.079
<v Speaker 2>gastro intestinal distress and maybe death.

848
00:40:57.199 --> 00:40:58.320
<v Speaker 3>So don't now.

849
00:40:58.360 --> 00:41:00.480
<v Speaker 2>This question was also asked by quite a few of

850
00:41:00.480 --> 00:41:03.760
<v Speaker 2>you patrons, including Claire Meyer, Margaret Ray, Liz rope Key

851
00:41:03.960 --> 00:41:06.280
<v Speaker 2>and honestly it's a little nosy.

852
00:41:06.760 --> 00:41:09.159
<v Speaker 3>Katie wants to know what is the ecological niche for

853
00:41:09.239 --> 00:41:12.440
<v Speaker 3>their long snouts, like, what's the most likely reason they

854
00:41:12.559 --> 00:41:15.559
<v Speaker 3>evolve like that? And Nicole Cohen says, I catch gar

855
00:41:15.639 --> 00:41:17.239
<v Speaker 3>all the time with my dad, and I always wonder

856
00:41:17.280 --> 00:41:19.719
<v Speaker 3>what determines the bill length. Does the length have any

857
00:41:19.719 --> 00:41:22.079
<v Speaker 3>status to the fish or is it just how the

858
00:41:22.119 --> 00:41:24.519
<v Speaker 3>fish is? Like some humans are taller than others, so

859
00:41:24.840 --> 00:41:27.239
<v Speaker 3>why do they have these really long bills? And how

860
00:41:27.280 --> 00:41:30.079
<v Speaker 3>different are those between individuals of the same species.

861
00:41:30.119 --> 00:41:32.639
<v Speaker 4>So great questions As far as the long bills, I

862
00:41:32.639 --> 00:41:35.679
<v Speaker 4>think you can loosely make an argument for convergent evolution.

863
00:41:35.760 --> 00:41:38.440
<v Speaker 4>If you look at crocodiles and alligators, they've got those

864
00:41:38.440 --> 00:41:41.199
<v Speaker 4>long snout slots of teeth. Guards don't have the same

865
00:41:41.320 --> 00:41:44.800
<v Speaker 4>biting power that crocodiles and alligators do, but to a

866
00:41:44.840 --> 00:41:47.119
<v Speaker 4>similar sort of principle where they use that long snout

867
00:41:47.119 --> 00:41:49.519
<v Speaker 4>as sort of a range extension to go after prey.

868
00:41:49.880 --> 00:41:52.159
<v Speaker 4>If you're familiar with this other it's a fish eating

869
00:41:52.239 --> 00:41:54.960
<v Speaker 4>crocodile called a garia, no relations to guards. It's not

870
00:41:55.000 --> 00:41:56.920
<v Speaker 4>even spelled exactly the same way. But they've got these

871
00:41:56.960 --> 00:42:00.960
<v Speaker 4>long snouts. They specifically feed on fish. They side swipe

872
00:42:01.000 --> 00:42:03.119
<v Speaker 4>with it, and they open it very quickly to grasp

873
00:42:03.320 --> 00:42:06.880
<v Speaker 4>on that fish. So different gar species have different lengths

874
00:42:06.920 --> 00:42:09.800
<v Speaker 4>of snouts, usually depending on what they're eating. The long

875
00:42:09.880 --> 00:42:12.199
<v Speaker 4>nose gar primarily eats other fish, so it's got a

876
00:42:12.280 --> 00:42:15.480
<v Speaker 4>long and skinny snout. All your gar will eat fish,

877
00:42:15.519 --> 00:42:17.880
<v Speaker 4>but it'll eat a lot of other types of animals.

878
00:42:17.920 --> 00:42:20.679
<v Speaker 4>Even they'll even scavenge. So they've got a shorter snout

879
00:42:20.719 --> 00:42:22.719
<v Speaker 4>and a wider snout a little it allows them to

880
00:42:22.719 --> 00:42:25.719
<v Speaker 4>eat some different things. Now, as far as the maybe

881
00:42:25.760 --> 00:42:29.239
<v Speaker 4>sexual dimorphism across the snouts, they believe that some female

882
00:42:29.239 --> 00:42:32.480
<v Speaker 4>spotygars have longer snouts than male spot of gars, But

883
00:42:32.719 --> 00:42:36.119
<v Speaker 4>we found this berries with population and it probably varies

884
00:42:36.159 --> 00:42:39.480
<v Speaker 4>with the locality and even across species, so there's no

885
00:42:39.639 --> 00:42:42.559
<v Speaker 4>great way to show that. You know, longer snout means female,

886
00:42:42.599 --> 00:42:45.400
<v Speaker 4>shorter snout means male. But bigger gars tend to have

887
00:42:45.559 --> 00:42:46.280
<v Speaker 4>bigger snout.

888
00:42:47.159 --> 00:42:51.280
<v Speaker 3>And Alandakole wants to know do gar have electromagnetic sensory

889
00:42:51.400 --> 00:42:54.079
<v Speaker 3>organs and if so, what are the primary functions of it.

890
00:42:54.360 --> 00:42:57.119
<v Speaker 3>You mentioned electro fishing, and I was like, well, what

891
00:42:57.280 --> 00:43:01.000
<v Speaker 3>is electro fishing? Do they have any It's in their face?

892
00:43:01.440 --> 00:43:04.920
<v Speaker 4>Sure, so electric fishing is you know, to be simple,

893
00:43:04.960 --> 00:43:07.119
<v Speaker 4>it's not what gars do. So they don't have they

894
00:43:07.159 --> 00:43:09.880
<v Speaker 4>don't have electroceptors. They do have taste buds on their

895
00:43:09.880 --> 00:43:12.159
<v Speaker 4>snout though, so I have watched a little poke around

896
00:43:12.159 --> 00:43:14.239
<v Speaker 4>with their snout like you know, look around for food,

897
00:43:14.239 --> 00:43:17.000
<v Speaker 4>almost like a little long snouted dog looking for food.

898
00:43:17.039 --> 00:43:18.440
<v Speaker 4>We get to see that in the aquarium and you

899
00:43:18.440 --> 00:43:20.800
<v Speaker 4>can see that in the wild too. You'll see their

900
00:43:20.880 --> 00:43:23.119
<v Speaker 4>tails stick straight up out of the water and they're

901
00:43:23.119 --> 00:43:26.000
<v Speaker 4>like head standing. They can sniff out food, but they

902
00:43:26.199 --> 00:43:30.039
<v Speaker 4>aren't electrosensitive in that like a paddlefish would be, or

903
00:43:30.079 --> 00:43:31.079
<v Speaker 4>like a sturgeon would be.

904
00:43:31.679 --> 00:43:34.239
<v Speaker 2>Wait, sturgeons are electro sensing.

905
00:43:34.599 --> 00:43:35.159
<v Speaker 3>It's true.

906
00:43:35.239 --> 00:43:37.480
<v Speaker 2>I looked it up, and this is similar to how

907
00:43:37.639 --> 00:43:41.559
<v Speaker 2>sharks go about locating prey. And electrosensing tends to be

908
00:43:41.599 --> 00:43:45.760
<v Speaker 2>more prevalent in aquatic species, including dolphins, since the dissolved

909
00:43:45.800 --> 00:43:49.440
<v Speaker 2>metals and water conduct electricity better than air, but it's

910
00:43:49.559 --> 00:43:54.280
<v Speaker 2>also seen for some reason in terrestrials like echidnas and

911
00:43:54.440 --> 00:43:59.400
<v Speaker 2>bees and platypuses and platypusses. It was recently found fluoresce

912
00:43:59.599 --> 00:44:03.280
<v Speaker 2>and a greenish glow under ultraviolet light, which was a

913
00:44:03.320 --> 00:44:06.519
<v Speaker 2>discovery recently made when doctor Paula. Spaith Anik and some

914
00:44:06.599 --> 00:44:10.599
<v Speaker 2>other researchers at Chicago's Field Museum held a small quiet

915
00:44:10.679 --> 00:44:14.400
<v Speaker 2>rave and invited a drawer full of preserved monotreams. So

916
00:44:14.519 --> 00:44:18.559
<v Speaker 2>yes these egg laying mammals are the animal equivalent of

917
00:44:18.639 --> 00:44:22.119
<v Speaker 2>psychedelic posters you buy at a bob shop. But back

918
00:44:22.159 --> 00:44:24.800
<v Speaker 2>to electricity in your fish face.

919
00:44:25.519 --> 00:44:28.320
<v Speaker 4>Now. Electric fishing is a technique that we do in

920
00:44:28.360 --> 00:44:32.039
<v Speaker 4>fisheries where we run a week current through the water

921
00:44:32.519 --> 00:44:35.360
<v Speaker 4>and fish within a certain vicinity of that current are

922
00:44:35.480 --> 00:44:38.639
<v Speaker 4>drawn towards that electrical field, and if they're really close

923
00:44:38.679 --> 00:44:40.639
<v Speaker 4>and they get stunned and we can net them up,

924
00:44:40.760 --> 00:44:42.760
<v Speaker 4>we put them in the boat, we can tag them,

925
00:44:42.880 --> 00:44:47.280
<v Speaker 4>measure them, and within seconds they'll come to and then

926
00:44:47.320 --> 00:44:49.199
<v Speaker 4>we can release them back and they kind of go

927
00:44:49.199 --> 00:44:51.840
<v Speaker 4>about their business. So it's a good way of sampling

928
00:44:52.079 --> 00:44:54.159
<v Speaker 4>a population. If you need to get a large number

929
00:44:54.199 --> 00:44:58.480
<v Speaker 4>of fish with a minimal amount of sort of contact.

930
00:44:58.039 --> 00:45:00.119
<v Speaker 3>Times you know you mentioned when they go up to

931
00:45:00.199 --> 00:45:04.840
<v Speaker 3>gulp air. Does that not make them more visible to predators?

932
00:45:05.320 --> 00:45:08.760
<v Speaker 4>It does, and so gars will do it relatively quickly.

933
00:45:08.840 --> 00:45:10.960
<v Speaker 4>But if your gar of a certain size, once they

934
00:45:11.039 --> 00:45:14.079
<v Speaker 4>reach in all sizes, there's really not many other predators

935
00:45:14.079 --> 00:45:17.760
<v Speaker 4>that are going to frighten them. Alligators can eat certain

936
00:45:17.880 --> 00:45:21.639
<v Speaker 4>large gars, but a big alligator gar it's only a major,

937
00:45:21.880 --> 00:45:26.199
<v Speaker 4>you know, predator, maybe a big alligator, but they'll usually

938
00:45:26.199 --> 00:45:29.039
<v Speaker 4>go for smaller prey, but it's really human now. Gars

939
00:45:29.159 --> 00:45:33.719
<v Speaker 4>also exhibit what we call synchronized respiration, So if one

940
00:45:33.760 --> 00:45:36.159
<v Speaker 4>gar goes up for air, oftentimes another gar will go

941
00:45:36.239 --> 00:45:38.440
<v Speaker 4>for air. Another gar will go for air. We think

942
00:45:38.440 --> 00:45:40.880
<v Speaker 4>this might have evolved because if other gars see that

943
00:45:41.000 --> 00:45:42.840
<v Speaker 4>it's safe to go for air, then they'll go for

944
00:45:42.880 --> 00:45:45.800
<v Speaker 4>air at about the same time. So that works for

945
00:45:45.880 --> 00:45:49.440
<v Speaker 4>gars versus almost any other animal, not so much versus humans.

946
00:45:49.840 --> 00:45:53.360
<v Speaker 2>Oh, right now, somewhere there's a bunch of gar asking

947
00:45:53.360 --> 00:45:54.840
<v Speaker 2>each other are you going?

948
00:45:55.440 --> 00:45:57.639
<v Speaker 3>I mean i'd go. If you go, we can ride

949
00:45:57.639 --> 00:45:59.920
<v Speaker 3>together if you want. But I mean, just one goal

950
00:46:00.320 --> 00:46:03.119
<v Speaker 3>and then I have to I have to get up early. Okay.

951
00:46:03.159 --> 00:46:06.000
<v Speaker 3>Miranda Panda wants to know are there any fish who

952
00:46:06.039 --> 00:46:09.599
<v Speaker 3>have evolved from this fish? And reversely, is there any

953
00:46:09.599 --> 00:46:12.079
<v Speaker 3>way of knowing what they evolved from or have they

954
00:46:12.159 --> 00:46:14.679
<v Speaker 3>just been around too long to tell? Like what's their

955
00:46:14.719 --> 00:46:17.920
<v Speaker 3>backstory and who's evolved from them?

956
00:46:18.039 --> 00:46:20.480
<v Speaker 4>Yeah? I would say gars have been doing their own

957
00:46:20.559 --> 00:46:24.400
<v Speaker 4>thing the way sort of phylogenetically, the tree of life

958
00:46:24.400 --> 00:46:26.320
<v Speaker 4>has sort of branched off. They kind of went off

959
00:46:26.360 --> 00:46:28.920
<v Speaker 4>on their branch, and they branched off from the rest

960
00:46:28.920 --> 00:46:31.679
<v Speaker 4>of the ray finned fish's group again about one hundred

961
00:46:31.679 --> 00:46:34.000
<v Speaker 4>and fifty seven million years ago, and they've been kind

962
00:46:34.000 --> 00:46:36.719
<v Speaker 4>of doing their thing and haven't changed it since then,

963
00:46:36.800 --> 00:46:38.679
<v Speaker 4>So I wouldn't say there's other fish that have sort

964
00:46:38.679 --> 00:46:43.480
<v Speaker 4>of evolved from Gars. Now. Evolutions sort of an ongoing process,

965
00:46:43.519 --> 00:46:46.559
<v Speaker 4>so even within populations, we see that they're changing with

966
00:46:46.800 --> 00:46:49.760
<v Speaker 4>things like climate, with different sort of mutations that might

967
00:46:49.760 --> 00:46:52.840
<v Speaker 4>pop up, so over time might get a gar species

968
00:46:52.880 --> 00:46:57.039
<v Speaker 4>that's present today that splits into two different species. We

969
00:46:57.079 --> 00:46:59.840
<v Speaker 4>also think that there's some unknown sort of cryptic species.

970
00:47:00.119 --> 00:47:03.199
<v Speaker 4>The people just haven't steady gars enough that we're pretty

971
00:47:03.199 --> 00:47:05.280
<v Speaker 4>sure that there's other gar species out there besides the

972
00:47:05.320 --> 00:47:05.960
<v Speaker 4>seven that we know.

973
00:47:06.360 --> 00:47:08.639
<v Speaker 2>What seven are those, I'm going to run down a

974
00:47:08.679 --> 00:47:12.199
<v Speaker 2>who's who of society gar, at least the discovered species.

975
00:47:12.440 --> 00:47:16.360
<v Speaker 2>There's the long nosegar, which has the most redundant of

976
00:47:16.400 --> 00:47:20.000
<v Speaker 2>the gar names. Then there's the leopard printy spotted gar.

977
00:47:20.400 --> 00:47:22.559
<v Speaker 2>There's the Florida gar, which looks a lot like a

978
00:47:22.599 --> 00:47:25.559
<v Speaker 2>spotted gar, but it's Floridian, which means that it's wearing

979
00:47:25.639 --> 00:47:28.880
<v Speaker 2>denim cutoffs in January and maybe has a bedazzled license

980
00:47:28.880 --> 00:47:31.599
<v Speaker 2>plate holder. There's the tropical gar, which is a popular

981
00:47:31.639 --> 00:47:35.360
<v Speaker 2>menu item in Central America. It's eaten like we enjoy salmon.

982
00:47:35.400 --> 00:47:37.039
<v Speaker 3>Here, just hold the row.

983
00:47:37.400 --> 00:47:41.280
<v Speaker 2>There's the short nose gar, which snoop wise, it's kind

984
00:47:41.280 --> 00:47:44.440
<v Speaker 2>of closer in proportions to a dolphin than a swordfish.

985
00:47:44.639 --> 00:47:47.159
<v Speaker 2>It's also a common pet. Oh, let's not forget about

986
00:47:47.159 --> 00:47:50.880
<v Speaker 2>the alligator gar, a river giant that can reach eight

987
00:47:51.119 --> 00:47:55.719
<v Speaker 2>feet in length and three hundred pounds of scaly chunk.

988
00:47:56.079 --> 00:47:59.000
<v Speaker 2>And then moving on lastly, the most rare of the

989
00:47:59.039 --> 00:48:02.679
<v Speaker 2>seven cuban gar, which is a freshwater species. It can

990
00:48:02.719 --> 00:48:06.400
<v Speaker 2>also inhabit brackish water as well, but sadly it's not

991
00:48:06.599 --> 00:48:09.480
<v Speaker 2>a saltwater species, as then we could call it the

992
00:48:09.599 --> 00:48:10.679
<v Speaker 2>Cuban seagar.

993
00:48:12.960 --> 00:48:13.679
<v Speaker 3>I'm a monster.

994
00:48:14.079 --> 00:48:16.880
<v Speaker 2>And speaking of this, next question about a certain show

995
00:48:16.920 --> 00:48:20.719
<v Speaker 2>was asked by patrons Kendall Burnell, Janella Lindauer, Jennifer Stone,

996
00:48:21.280 --> 00:48:25.559
<v Speaker 2>Meggie Bender, and oh Rich Pastinew wants to know if

997
00:48:25.559 --> 00:48:28.320
<v Speaker 2>you've seen any of Jeremy Wade's shows like River Monsters

998
00:48:28.400 --> 00:48:30.880
<v Speaker 2>or Dark Waters, and if so, what's your opinion.

999
00:48:31.159 --> 00:48:35.000
<v Speaker 5>God don't bite pieces off their prey. They only eat

1000
00:48:35.039 --> 00:48:39.360
<v Speaker 5>what they can swallow whole. This puts humans off the menu.

1001
00:48:39.920 --> 00:48:43.639
<v Speaker 4>The great question. I think Jeremy Wade has done a

1002
00:48:43.880 --> 00:48:47.639
<v Speaker 4>great job for science communication of these sort of river

1003
00:48:47.760 --> 00:48:50.639
<v Speaker 4>monster type fish. I think it's done a great job

1004
00:48:50.639 --> 00:48:52.800
<v Speaker 4>of getting away maybe from them being called monsters. The

1005
00:48:52.840 --> 00:48:54.559
<v Speaker 4>show is called River Monsters. You might think these are

1006
00:48:54.599 --> 00:48:58.280
<v Speaker 4>these threatening organisms. They're really bad. They present these sort

1007
00:48:58.320 --> 00:49:01.639
<v Speaker 4>of sensationalized accounts of this sort of crime that's been committed,

1008
00:49:01.639 --> 00:49:03.719
<v Speaker 4>somebody who's bitten by something, and you know, it turns

1009
00:49:03.719 --> 00:49:05.559
<v Speaker 4>out usually that it wasn't the fish. In the case

1010
00:49:05.559 --> 00:49:07.639
<v Speaker 4>of Gars, it ends up that was the case. Although

1011
00:49:07.679 --> 00:49:09.519
<v Speaker 4>I did spend a lot of time yelling at the

1012
00:49:09.519 --> 00:49:11.920
<v Speaker 4>TV when that first River Monsters episode came on. All

1013
00:49:11.960 --> 00:49:13.440
<v Speaker 4>my roommates had left by that time, are like, we

1014
00:49:13.480 --> 00:49:14.840
<v Speaker 4>can't sit with you and listen to you to it.

1015
00:49:15.039 --> 00:49:17.360
<v Speaker 4>That wasn't the right name for that fish, and that

1016
00:49:17.400 --> 00:49:20.159
<v Speaker 4>wasn't the right thing. But I think overall bringing it

1017
00:49:20.239 --> 00:49:24.639
<v Speaker 4>to sort of public view has been beneficial for that,

1018
00:49:24.960 --> 00:49:27.360
<v Speaker 4>So I think overall he's done a great job with it.

1019
00:49:27.440 --> 00:49:29.559
<v Speaker 4>I just like watching people catch being fish anyway.

1020
00:49:29.679 --> 00:49:33.920
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, I believe I've seen enough to clear the guard's name.

1021
00:49:34.360 --> 00:49:38.119
<v Speaker 5>You've got that. Yeah, it's time to return the specimen

1022
00:49:38.159 --> 00:49:41.920
<v Speaker 5>to the wild and reflect on other possible suspects.

1023
00:49:42.119 --> 00:49:44.559
<v Speaker 3>Do people ever wrestle guard You know, they.

1024
00:49:44.440 --> 00:49:46.280
<v Speaker 4>Might wrestle them when you get them to the boat,

1025
00:49:46.320 --> 00:49:49.360
<v Speaker 4>but not like they're wrestling alligators or anything like that.

1026
00:49:49.480 --> 00:49:52.239
<v Speaker 4>Alligator guards are actually pretty chill once you get them

1027
00:49:52.480 --> 00:49:55.960
<v Speaker 4>onto the boat. Like they realize I'm huge and there's

1028
00:49:55.960 --> 00:49:58.360
<v Speaker 4>really not much you can do to me. So I mean,

1029
00:49:59.039 --> 00:50:01.119
<v Speaker 4>especially what if you're doing catch and release or whatever

1030
00:50:01.159 --> 00:50:02.639
<v Speaker 4>and that sort of thing. But like, they'll usually kind

1031
00:50:02.639 --> 00:50:05.280
<v Speaker 4>of sit there. When we get on fish, whether it's

1032
00:50:05.320 --> 00:50:06.920
<v Speaker 4>a small gar a large gar, we put a wet

1033
00:50:06.960 --> 00:50:09.360
<v Speaker 4>towel over their eyes, so that calms them down. That's

1034
00:50:09.360 --> 00:50:11.679
<v Speaker 4>the case with a lot of different organisms, and so

1035
00:50:12.079 --> 00:50:13.920
<v Speaker 4>they kind of chill out and then we you know,

1036
00:50:14.119 --> 00:50:16.199
<v Speaker 4>take our measurements and get them back into the water

1037
00:50:16.280 --> 00:50:17.559
<v Speaker 4>and everybody's happy.

1038
00:50:17.639 --> 00:50:18.079
<v Speaker 3>Oh.

1039
00:50:18.159 --> 00:50:20.360
<v Speaker 2>Sometimes I feel this way when I scroll on Twitter

1040
00:50:20.400 --> 00:50:22.719
<v Speaker 2>for too long, so I just have someone put a

1041
00:50:22.760 --> 00:50:25.039
<v Speaker 2>wet towel over my head and I just sit there

1042
00:50:25.039 --> 00:50:29.079
<v Speaker 2>blinking in the dark. Piece at last, nothing exists now.

1043
00:50:29.159 --> 00:50:32.320
<v Speaker 2>A lot of folks, including patrons Miranda Panda, Ava Schaeffer,

1044
00:50:32.400 --> 00:50:35.880
<v Speaker 2>Linda Matson, Susan Kennon and a Valerie, Janelle Shane, Michael Hanby,

1045
00:50:36.000 --> 00:50:39.559
<v Speaker 2>Jennifer Lewis, Adam Weaver, Natalie Bates, Ryan mcsmith, Lydia Zimmerman,

1046
00:50:39.679 --> 00:50:43.000
<v Speaker 2>Sadie Baker, and the Legra Sunstorm wanted to know more

1047
00:50:43.079 --> 00:50:47.440
<v Speaker 2>about their evolution, the fossil record, and essentially their history,

1048
00:50:47.519 --> 00:50:52.199
<v Speaker 2>presumably to write more nuanced fanfic about gar So many

1049
00:50:52.239 --> 00:50:55.079
<v Speaker 2>people want to know more about their long backstory, like

1050
00:50:55.119 --> 00:50:57.760
<v Speaker 2>Margaret Ray says, how did they survive the kt asteroid

1051
00:50:57.800 --> 00:51:00.639
<v Speaker 2>impact that took out the dinos? Daniel Donald and wants

1052
00:51:00.719 --> 00:51:03.480
<v Speaker 2>to know since it appeared that they stopped evolving around

1053
00:51:03.519 --> 00:51:05.960
<v Speaker 2>the late Jurassic, what is it about their niche that

1054
00:51:06.039 --> 00:51:06.920
<v Speaker 2>made them say.

1055
00:51:06.840 --> 00:51:09.679
<v Speaker 3>Okay, we're good, just we're just going to stop the

1056
00:51:09.800 --> 00:51:14.679
<v Speaker 3>mutations now. And Shaan Washington eggs please please please, one

1057
00:51:14.760 --> 00:51:18.559
<v Speaker 3>hundred thousand percent debunk the living fossil fallacy? What is

1058
00:51:18.639 --> 00:51:22.480
<v Speaker 3>that living fossil fallacy? And why did they stop evolving?

1059
00:51:22.760 --> 00:51:25.719
<v Speaker 4>So many questions there. Oh, now let me start with

1060
00:51:25.760 --> 00:51:29.679
<v Speaker 4>that one. So, first of all, they didn't stop evolving.

1061
00:51:29.760 --> 00:51:33.840
<v Speaker 4>They are very slowly evolving compared to other organisms. So

1062
00:51:34.199 --> 00:51:37.639
<v Speaker 4>every organism that's alive today is considered to be technically

1063
00:51:37.639 --> 00:51:40.400
<v Speaker 4>a modern organism. We're living in modern times. It's alive today,

1064
00:51:40.400 --> 00:51:43.079
<v Speaker 4>it's had the span of time to evolve. Gars just

1065
00:51:43.199 --> 00:51:46.000
<v Speaker 4>tend to evolve at slower rates. Basically, all animals are

1066
00:51:46.039 --> 00:51:49.880
<v Speaker 4>still evolving, so populations are changing, natural selections taking place

1067
00:51:49.920 --> 00:51:53.239
<v Speaker 4>on individuals. So I would put out there that evolution

1068
00:51:53.320 --> 00:51:56.559
<v Speaker 4>is an ongoing process. It hasn't stopped for gars. It's

1069
00:51:56.559 --> 00:51:59.360
<v Speaker 4>just that they're already slow at doing it. So we

1070
00:51:59.440 --> 00:52:01.920
<v Speaker 4>might see more changes, but it's probably at a timescale

1071
00:52:01.920 --> 00:52:05.599
<v Speaker 4>that we you know, won't be able to observe very

1072
00:52:05.599 --> 00:52:08.960
<v Speaker 4>effectively at least moving forward. Now getting to the living

1073
00:52:09.000 --> 00:52:12.079
<v Speaker 4>fossil question, this is something that I have my students

1074
00:52:12.199 --> 00:52:14.639
<v Speaker 4>answer as the first exam question. So I finding future

1075
00:52:14.639 --> 00:52:16.079
<v Speaker 4>students are listening to this and now they get they

1076
00:52:16.079 --> 00:52:19.280
<v Speaker 4>get a freeb out of this. But it's why was

1077
00:52:19.559 --> 00:52:23.760
<v Speaker 4>Darwin's idea of a living fossil technically incorrect? But the

1078
00:52:23.800 --> 00:52:26.039
<v Speaker 4>idea is there. So he said, living fossils were kind

1079
00:52:26.039 --> 00:52:28.519
<v Speaker 4>of like organisms that are alive today that look the

1080
00:52:28.559 --> 00:52:30.679
<v Speaker 4>same as they were you know, way back when or

1081
00:52:30.719 --> 00:52:33.440
<v Speaker 4>in the fossil record. What we like to use to

1082
00:52:33.480 --> 00:52:36.360
<v Speaker 4>sort of adjust that is they look like that at

1083
00:52:36.440 --> 00:52:38.760
<v Speaker 4>least as far as external appearance. But they've been evolving

1084
00:52:38.800 --> 00:52:41.440
<v Speaker 4>over this entire entire period of time. So from a

1085
00:52:41.440 --> 00:52:44.880
<v Speaker 4>science communication perspective, I like the term living fossil. You

1086
00:52:44.960 --> 00:52:47.280
<v Speaker 4>just have to use the right caveats with it when

1087
00:52:47.280 --> 00:52:50.159
<v Speaker 4>you're explaining it to somebody. It's almost like saying primitive fish.

1088
00:52:50.639 --> 00:52:52.639
<v Speaker 4>People tend to know or steal a cant as a

1089
00:52:52.639 --> 00:52:55.239
<v Speaker 4>primitive fish. A gar is a primitive fish. It's not

1090
00:52:55.760 --> 00:52:58.840
<v Speaker 4>necessarily the exact terminology that's correct. But if I were

1091
00:52:58.880 --> 00:53:02.320
<v Speaker 4>to say they're none too staffed in Otorigians, you lose

1092
00:53:02.360 --> 00:53:06.800
<v Speaker 4>people by the second syllable first. So I like living fossil.

1093
00:53:06.800 --> 00:53:08.119
<v Speaker 4>I think you can use it if you use in

1094
00:53:08.159 --> 00:53:08.800
<v Speaker 4>the right one.

1095
00:53:09.280 --> 00:53:13.760
<v Speaker 2>Acilacanth side note is an ancient nubby lobed fish, and

1096
00:53:13.800 --> 00:53:17.719
<v Speaker 2>everyone thought they were extinct for sixty five million years

1097
00:53:17.880 --> 00:53:22.119
<v Speaker 2>until nineteen thirty eight when a South African fisher person

1098
00:53:22.400 --> 00:53:24.360
<v Speaker 2>called up a museum and was like, hey, in case

1099
00:53:24.400 --> 00:53:27.039
<v Speaker 2>you want to look at my trash fish bycatch, come

1100
00:53:27.079 --> 00:53:28.920
<v Speaker 2>down to the pier. There's a weird one in here,

1101
00:53:29.079 --> 00:53:33.360
<v Speaker 2>and biologist Marjorie Courteney Latimer hopped into a taxi to

1102
00:53:33.440 --> 00:53:36.599
<v Speaker 2>the pier and was like, hot dog, what in the

1103
00:53:36.800 --> 00:53:39.559
<v Speaker 2>born home is this? And then made a sketch of

1104
00:53:39.559 --> 00:53:42.440
<v Speaker 2>it which looks kind of like a police sketch of

1105
00:53:42.440 --> 00:53:45.599
<v Speaker 2>Acila canth I'm not gonna lie to you, and confirmed

1106
00:53:45.800 --> 00:53:49.079
<v Speaker 2>that this thing in this guy's net was the not

1107
00:53:49.440 --> 00:53:54.920
<v Speaker 2>extinct lobed fish that was the predecessor essentially to terrestrial tetrapods.

1108
00:53:55.159 --> 00:53:57.920
<v Speaker 2>This was a big deal, like the natural science equivalent

1109
00:53:57.960 --> 00:54:01.000
<v Speaker 2>of someone on a telenovela who is long dead showing

1110
00:54:01.079 --> 00:54:04.920
<v Speaker 2>up on a doorstep and everyone being like, but they're alive,

1111
00:54:05.360 --> 00:54:08.800
<v Speaker 2>you fleshy finned bitch. I love you, Willa rowan first

1112
00:54:08.800 --> 00:54:11.400
<v Speaker 2>time question asker who loves a Cela Camp. No, they

1113
00:54:11.400 --> 00:54:14.800
<v Speaker 2>are not a close relative of gars. Sorry, but also,

1114
00:54:14.960 --> 00:54:17.599
<v Speaker 2>selacans are said to have just a speck of brain

1115
00:54:17.679 --> 00:54:20.480
<v Speaker 2>matter amid a big old lump of fat, which also

1116
00:54:20.519 --> 00:54:21.920
<v Speaker 2>feels like me many days.

1117
00:54:22.119 --> 00:54:25.679
<v Speaker 3>Speaking of Stephanie Birhertes and just one both wanted to

1118
00:54:25.719 --> 00:54:27.960
<v Speaker 3>know what their brains are like, just wanted to know

1119
00:54:28.000 --> 00:54:31.039
<v Speaker 3>how do they compare intelligence wise to other sea creatures.

1120
00:54:31.920 --> 00:54:34.639
<v Speaker 3>How do you even measure or quantify that?

1121
00:54:34.880 --> 00:54:37.519
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, I would say that they're smarter than we might

1122
00:54:37.559 --> 00:54:40.599
<v Speaker 4>give them credit for. I mean, I think fish overall

1123
00:54:40.639 --> 00:54:42.719
<v Speaker 4>are smarter than what we you know, the pop culture

1124
00:54:42.760 --> 00:54:45.079
<v Speaker 4>has given them credit for. Like I think Science Friday

1125
00:54:45.079 --> 00:54:46.639
<v Speaker 4>dispelled the rumor of like, you know, you have the

1126
00:54:46.639 --> 00:54:49.880
<v Speaker 4>memory span of a goldfish or you know, goldfish, you

1127
00:54:50.000 --> 00:54:51.480
<v Speaker 4>remember quite a bit. They can live for a long

1128
00:54:51.519 --> 00:54:55.440
<v Speaker 4>time too. Gars Also they can recognize individual people. We've

1129
00:54:55.480 --> 00:54:57.440
<v Speaker 4>seen that with pet fish and that sort of thing.

1130
00:54:57.559 --> 00:55:00.280
<v Speaker 4>So they're they're pretty smart. Now, I've never seen a

1131
00:55:00.320 --> 00:55:03.480
<v Speaker 4>head to head gar versus octopus, you know, brain teaser,

1132
00:55:03.639 --> 00:55:06.000
<v Speaker 4>you know, contest or anything like that. I think there's

1133
00:55:06.039 --> 00:55:09.639
<v Speaker 4>plenty of sea organisms out there that are smarter than gars.

1134
00:55:09.639 --> 00:55:12.239
<v Speaker 4>But I think, you know, they're still pretty smart. I

1135
00:55:12.239 --> 00:55:15.119
<v Speaker 4>think most animals are surprising with how intelligent.

1136
00:55:14.679 --> 00:55:17.679
<v Speaker 3>They you know, and if people are falling in love

1137
00:55:17.840 --> 00:55:21.239
<v Speaker 3>with gar Also, patron Terry Goss wants to know, I've

1138
00:55:21.239 --> 00:55:23.920
<v Speaker 3>seen gar in aquaria all my life. Is this a

1139
00:55:24.000 --> 00:55:27.679
<v Speaker 3>suitable habitat? It seems too small? But they're pond lakefish.

1140
00:55:27.800 --> 00:55:31.639
<v Speaker 3>No also points Terry for saying aquaria and not aquariums.

1141
00:55:31.840 --> 00:55:34.960
<v Speaker 3>I know you can say both, but aquaria just is like, ooh,

1142
00:55:35.000 --> 00:55:36.480
<v Speaker 3>that is the plural, isn't it?

1143
00:55:36.800 --> 00:55:36.880
<v Speaker 5>So?

1144
00:55:37.119 --> 00:55:40.480
<v Speaker 3>Pet Gar Ken it. You obviously are a gar expert,

1145
00:55:40.559 --> 00:55:43.000
<v Speaker 3>so you're making it work and they're living the life.

1146
00:55:43.119 --> 00:55:45.679
<v Speaker 3>But if someone wanted to have a pet gar, is

1147
00:55:45.679 --> 00:55:46.559
<v Speaker 3>it a hard thing to do?

1148
00:55:46.880 --> 00:55:48.920
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, I would say there's certain things that make them

1149
00:55:48.960 --> 00:55:51.400
<v Speaker 4>easy to keep because they breathe air, so they're you know,

1150
00:55:51.559 --> 00:55:54.559
<v Speaker 4>very you know, robust fish. They're very durable fish, and

1151
00:55:54.599 --> 00:55:56.679
<v Speaker 4>they can easily be trained to eat nonline food like

1152
00:55:56.719 --> 00:56:00.000
<v Speaker 4>frozen trip. But they get big. That's that's the biggest

1153
00:56:00.280 --> 00:56:02.840
<v Speaker 4>In most cases, that's the only thing. So as these

1154
00:56:02.880 --> 00:56:05.199
<v Speaker 4>fish yet big. I've got lab space for them, We've

1155
00:56:05.199 --> 00:56:07.760
<v Speaker 4>got ponds they can go into, you've got other homes.

1156
00:56:08.280 --> 00:56:10.559
<v Speaker 4>Having raised gars for twenty years, I can tell you

1157
00:56:10.760 --> 00:56:12.440
<v Speaker 4>we start them off in a small tank. We move

1158
00:56:12.480 --> 00:56:14.519
<v Speaker 4>in a bigger tank. Moved a little bit bigger tank.

1159
00:56:14.920 --> 00:56:18.920
<v Speaker 4>But yeah, for the average aquarium hobbyist or fish keeper,

1160
00:56:19.559 --> 00:56:22.920
<v Speaker 4>not exactly ideal unless you have plans for a pond

1161
00:56:23.000 --> 00:56:26.840
<v Speaker 4>or some sort of larger housing for them, larger aquaria

1162
00:56:26.920 --> 00:56:27.239
<v Speaker 4>if you.

1163
00:56:27.159 --> 00:56:31.239
<v Speaker 3>Will, aquaria. Yes. Claire Meyer has kind of a technical

1164
00:56:31.320 --> 00:56:33.719
<v Speaker 3>question here, wants to know what happens if you boop

1165
00:56:33.760 --> 00:56:34.360
<v Speaker 3>a gar snow.

1166
00:56:34.639 --> 00:56:37.639
<v Speaker 4>That's a good question. You can do it, but I

1167
00:56:37.639 --> 00:56:41.199
<v Speaker 4>would not advise it. They move at lightning speed with

1168
00:56:41.280 --> 00:56:43.920
<v Speaker 4>their jaws. It's usually side to side, so I wouldn't

1169
00:56:43.960 --> 00:56:45.960
<v Speaker 4>recommend it. They might open their mouth, they might keep

1170
00:56:45.960 --> 00:56:48.519
<v Speaker 4>it closed. You just never know. I would keep your

1171
00:56:48.559 --> 00:56:51.760
<v Speaker 4>face clear of a gar snow if there's a paine

1172
00:56:51.800 --> 00:56:52.519
<v Speaker 4>and glass in between.

1173
00:56:53.679 --> 00:56:56.239
<v Speaker 3>The Earl of Gramlican had the same questions, and now

1174
00:56:56.280 --> 00:56:59.320
<v Speaker 3>they both know. But Earl of Gramlekin also asks. Wikipedia

1175
00:56:59.320 --> 00:57:01.000
<v Speaker 3>says they have green bones.

1176
00:57:01.360 --> 00:57:01.960
<v Speaker 4>What is this?

1177
00:57:02.440 --> 00:57:02.920
<v Speaker 3>Is that true?

1178
00:57:03.000 --> 00:57:06.000
<v Speaker 4>So they yes and no on it being true. That's

1179
00:57:06.000 --> 00:57:09.400
<v Speaker 4>a common name issue. So there's a fish called a

1180
00:57:09.440 --> 00:57:13.760
<v Speaker 4>garfish mainly around the Indo Pacific, the Pacific Ocean and

1181
00:57:13.880 --> 00:57:19.159
<v Speaker 4>other places too. It's the larger group called needlefishes or ballaniformes.

1182
00:57:19.840 --> 00:57:23.599
<v Speaker 4>They have green bone, so not gars like lepisastenic, so

1183
00:57:23.719 --> 00:57:26.519
<v Speaker 4>these gars don't have green bones. But if you go

1184
00:57:26.559 --> 00:57:28.840
<v Speaker 4>to Australia where they call them garfish, it's the type

1185
00:57:28.840 --> 00:57:31.159
<v Speaker 4>of needlefish they have green bones.

1186
00:57:31.559 --> 00:57:35.400
<v Speaker 2>So yes, a case of mistaken identity. That other garfish

1187
00:57:35.559 --> 00:57:38.119
<v Speaker 2>is the gar pike or the sea needle, and their

1188
00:57:38.159 --> 00:57:41.440
<v Speaker 2>bones are in fact green because of a bile substance

1189
00:57:41.519 --> 00:57:46.000
<v Speaker 2>called biliverdin, which is also what turns some bruises a

1190
00:57:46.039 --> 00:57:48.039
<v Speaker 2>remarkable shade of avocado.

1191
00:57:48.480 --> 00:57:54.400
<v Speaker 3>Okay, so Julia Flood and Hannaquist had similar questions. Julia says,

1192
00:57:54.559 --> 00:57:57.159
<v Speaker 3>I only just googled what a gar is, and my

1193
00:57:57.280 --> 00:58:00.039
<v Speaker 3>only question is what did I do to deserve this

1194
00:58:00.159 --> 00:58:03.559
<v Speaker 3>nightmare fish? And why does nature hate me? Personally? And

1195
00:58:03.760 --> 00:58:06.920
<v Speaker 3>Hannah Quist wants to know why are they so fricking cute?

1196
00:58:07.119 --> 00:58:13.000
<v Speaker 3>So where do you fall on the looking at gar?

1197
00:58:13.320 --> 00:58:15.360
<v Speaker 3>I'm going to guess you're more on the Hannah, less

1198
00:58:15.400 --> 00:58:16.119
<v Speaker 3>on the Julia.

1199
00:58:16.880 --> 00:58:19.079
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, you know, I just think they look cool no

1200
00:58:19.079 --> 00:58:21.400
<v Speaker 4>matter what. But what I do tell people is, and

1201
00:58:21.440 --> 00:58:23.280
<v Speaker 4>you can see this now that there is gar twitter

1202
00:58:23.320 --> 00:58:25.760
<v Speaker 4>out there, so there's a lot of pictures that search

1203
00:58:25.840 --> 00:58:27.519
<v Speaker 4>for it. A lot of the pictures you see with

1204
00:58:27.599 --> 00:58:29.840
<v Speaker 4>gar from the side view, you see those teeth and

1205
00:58:29.920 --> 00:58:32.360
<v Speaker 4>you see that long snout. They look really fearsome. I

1206
00:58:32.400 --> 00:58:34.679
<v Speaker 4>would challenge people to turn them so they're looking at

1207
00:58:34.679 --> 00:58:37.320
<v Speaker 4>you head on, and they look like the dirtiest fish

1208
00:58:37.360 --> 00:58:41.400
<v Speaker 4>you've ever seen, Like blobfish. Doesn't look like a blobfish, right,

1209
00:58:41.440 --> 00:58:42.679
<v Speaker 4>And they brought them up from the depths and they

1210
00:58:42.719 --> 00:58:44.760
<v Speaker 4>look all weird like that. But a gar when you

1211
00:58:44.760 --> 00:58:47.079
<v Speaker 4>look at them head on, they look that dirty and stuff.

1212
00:58:47.360 --> 00:58:50.320
<v Speaker 2>Okay, it was not easy to find a head on photo,

1213
00:58:50.519 --> 00:58:53.960
<v Speaker 2>as googling gar head on, it'll get you a lot

1214
00:58:54.000 --> 00:58:58.239
<v Speaker 2>of pictures of just plain gar heads before they were decapitated.

1215
00:58:58.480 --> 00:59:02.519
<v Speaker 2>But I finally found a quarterer shot and y'all that overbite,

1216
00:59:02.679 --> 00:59:06.719
<v Speaker 2>those big unblinking eyes, that cute cluelessness.

1217
00:59:06.840 --> 00:59:09.800
<v Speaker 3>This thing one belongs in a Simpsons episode.

1218
00:59:10.039 --> 00:59:12.599
<v Speaker 4>So you know, maybe it looks cut, maybe it looks fearsome,

1219
00:59:12.599 --> 00:59:14.960
<v Speaker 4>and that sort of things. So I think, as with anything,

1220
00:59:14.960 --> 00:59:19.559
<v Speaker 4>it's a matter of perspective. They're valuable predators to native ecosystems.

1221
00:59:19.599 --> 00:59:22.880
<v Speaker 4>They're useful even now in biomedical research we're finding and

1222
00:59:22.960 --> 00:59:25.719
<v Speaker 4>so they've got a lot of use for us, but

1223
00:59:25.840 --> 00:59:29.880
<v Speaker 4>also use in nature. So you know, fearsome or you know, cute.

1224
00:59:29.920 --> 00:59:32.480
<v Speaker 4>I think they're they're valuable and cool fish. But I

1225
00:59:32.559 --> 00:59:34.639
<v Speaker 4>challenge them to do the lateral look and the head

1226
00:59:34.679 --> 00:59:36.639
<v Speaker 4>on look, and you'll see both sides.

1227
00:59:38.079 --> 00:59:41.400
<v Speaker 3>Allegra Sunstorm wants to know, is the plural gar or

1228
00:59:41.440 --> 00:59:42.440
<v Speaker 3>gars embarrassing?

1229
00:59:44.880 --> 00:59:49.599
<v Speaker 4>The answer the question is yes, my advisor, I went

1230
00:59:49.639 --> 00:59:51.320
<v Speaker 4>back and forth with this when I was in grad school,

1231
00:59:51.400 --> 00:59:55.000
<v Speaker 4>so technically, back then American Fishery Society, who sets a

1232
00:59:55.000 --> 00:59:57.519
<v Speaker 4>lot of those rules for fish, said that the plural

1233
00:59:57.519 --> 01:00:00.639
<v Speaker 4>of gar is gars. But now they change the rules.

1234
01:00:00.639 --> 01:00:02.280
<v Speaker 4>Say you know what, it's whatever you feel like. So

1235
01:00:02.480 --> 01:00:05.159
<v Speaker 4>gar can be plural. Gars can be plural. It can

1236
01:00:05.199 --> 01:00:07.360
<v Speaker 4>be a bunch of different species of gars and be multiple,

1237
01:00:07.400 --> 01:00:09.920
<v Speaker 4>you know, the same species gargars. That's whatever you're feeling

1238
01:00:09.920 --> 01:00:10.880
<v Speaker 4>like that particular day.

1239
01:00:11.440 --> 01:00:11.800
<v Speaker 3>Gars.

1240
01:00:12.320 --> 01:00:15.360
<v Speaker 2>Some call them ugly trash fish, river monsters, but we

1241
01:00:15.440 --> 01:00:19.159
<v Speaker 2>call them ancient, patient, boopable, long boy.

1242
01:00:19.079 --> 01:00:22.280
<v Speaker 3>Sweetie peaties. Tam Tran wants to know can guars crawl

1243
01:00:22.320 --> 01:00:22.800
<v Speaker 3>on land?

1244
01:00:23.079 --> 01:00:25.519
<v Speaker 4>Short answer is no, they can't crawl on land, but

1245
01:00:25.559 --> 01:00:28.760
<v Speaker 4>they can survive on land, probably for you know, at

1246
01:00:28.840 --> 01:00:31.519
<v Speaker 4>least a couple of hours. There's stories myself, including when

1247
01:00:31.559 --> 01:00:33.320
<v Speaker 4>I was in grad school. A guar jumps out of

1248
01:00:33.320 --> 01:00:35.320
<v Speaker 4>a tank. It can survive for a long time out

1249
01:00:35.320 --> 01:00:37.519
<v Speaker 4>of the out of the water. If they're kept bet

1250
01:00:37.599 --> 01:00:39.639
<v Speaker 4>they can survive for you know, an even longer period

1251
01:00:39.679 --> 01:00:41.840
<v Speaker 4>of time. They're pretty durable, so they can survive on land,

1252
01:00:41.880 --> 01:00:43.320
<v Speaker 4>but they're not they're not going anywhere.

1253
01:00:43.519 --> 01:00:45.840
<v Speaker 2>I like to think of someone in a prehistoric landscape

1254
01:00:45.840 --> 01:00:48.519
<v Speaker 2>telling a gar, you're perfect never change, and the gar

1255
01:00:48.679 --> 01:00:51.760
<v Speaker 2>was like, Okay, gyler l Prim wants to know. Do

1256
01:00:51.840 --> 01:00:53.039
<v Speaker 2>they shed their scales?

1257
01:00:53.280 --> 01:00:56.039
<v Speaker 4>They do not. Some fish, it's easy for the scales

1258
01:00:56.079 --> 01:00:58.599
<v Speaker 4>to kind of come off, and they very quickly regrow them.

1259
01:00:58.760 --> 01:01:01.920
<v Speaker 4>Gars it's it's interline sort of chain mail. So they

1260
01:01:01.960 --> 01:01:04.400
<v Speaker 4>don't tend to shed them. But if they are damaged,

1261
01:01:04.440 --> 01:01:07.599
<v Speaker 4>they will grow back. Guars will regenerate their fins. They'll

1262
01:01:08.000 --> 01:01:11.119
<v Speaker 4>regenerate like the bases of their fins. They're really just

1263
01:01:11.239 --> 01:01:14.000
<v Speaker 4>you know, I wouldn't say quite indestructible, but they're they're

1264
01:01:14.039 --> 01:01:15.599
<v Speaker 4>pretty cool on what they can do and what they

1265
01:01:15.599 --> 01:01:16.159
<v Speaker 4>can survive.

1266
01:01:16.239 --> 01:01:20.800
<v Speaker 3>They very tough. That's but Clerk's heard a rumor that

1267
01:01:21.519 --> 01:01:24.480
<v Speaker 3>are are bulletproof. Is that even remotely true?

1268
01:01:25.000 --> 01:01:29.239
<v Speaker 4>Maybe the thought is that small caliber weapons do deflect

1269
01:01:29.280 --> 01:01:32.480
<v Speaker 4>off of them, so maybe at the right angle. That's

1270
01:01:32.559 --> 01:01:34.760
<v Speaker 4>one of my advisors that told me back in the

1271
01:01:34.880 --> 01:01:36.559
<v Speaker 4>day they used to use a sort of a form

1272
01:01:36.599 --> 01:01:38.679
<v Speaker 4>of body armor, and so I don't know if that

1273
01:01:38.800 --> 01:01:41.559
<v Speaker 4>was straight up bulletproof. But while they're on the fish,

1274
01:01:41.920 --> 01:01:45.599
<v Speaker 4>I have heard anecdotal stories about them being resistant to

1275
01:01:45.639 --> 01:01:48.599
<v Speaker 4>small caliber weapons. So maybe not bulletproof. But again, like

1276
01:01:48.599 --> 01:01:51.400
<v Speaker 4>I said, the engineers are looking at those scales and

1277
01:01:51.440 --> 01:01:54.880
<v Speaker 4>that sort of those biological properties as sort of a

1278
01:01:54.960 --> 01:01:58.639
<v Speaker 4>bioinspired armor. So you know, if there's there's something.

1279
01:01:58.400 --> 01:02:02.079
<v Speaker 2>There, shout out all the biomimicry experts out there, including

1280
01:02:02.119 --> 01:02:04.880
<v Speaker 2>listener Christa Avanpado of New York Special hugs to her

1281
01:02:04.960 --> 01:02:06.639
<v Speaker 2>right now as she tells cancer what's what?

1282
01:02:07.480 --> 01:02:11.000
<v Speaker 3>Sam Kilgore has a great question, have you ever kissed

1283
01:02:11.000 --> 01:02:11.719
<v Speaker 3>one on the snoop?

1284
01:02:11.920 --> 01:02:15.079
<v Speaker 4>You know, I'm trying to think, maybe not on the snoop,

1285
01:02:15.199 --> 01:02:17.320
<v Speaker 4>Maybe you know, maybe just on the cheek, just on

1286
01:02:17.360 --> 01:02:19.840
<v Speaker 4>the cheek. So probably as close as I.

1287
01:02:19.960 --> 01:02:22.360
<v Speaker 3>Com it's pretty close. It's snoot adjacent.

1288
01:02:22.679 --> 01:02:25.400
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, yeah, okay, so maybe he has not kissed one

1289
01:02:25.559 --> 01:02:28.519
<v Speaker 2>on the snoot. But as someone who loves nothing more

1290
01:02:28.679 --> 01:02:31.920
<v Speaker 2>than reuniting with lost treasures, I had to ask did

1291
01:02:31.920 --> 01:02:35.320
<v Speaker 2>he ever find that Ranger Rick article? And he said

1292
01:02:35.440 --> 01:02:39.280
<v Speaker 2>he spent a long time looking for this obscure, backdated

1293
01:02:39.360 --> 01:02:41.400
<v Speaker 2>magazine that changed his life.

1294
01:02:41.480 --> 01:02:43.519
<v Speaker 3>I mean, it was this image he.

1295
01:02:43.400 --> 01:02:47.960
<v Speaker 2>Saw cut a watery path to his life's work, to

1296
01:02:48.079 --> 01:02:50.920
<v Speaker 2>his bride, to his reign as the.

1297
01:02:50.920 --> 01:02:54.119
<v Speaker 3>King of fish Puns. And he searched in vain.

1298
01:02:54.360 --> 01:02:57.519
<v Speaker 4>Like rapidously go through my search online, my parents search

1299
01:02:57.559 --> 01:02:59.880
<v Speaker 4>for them, my parents, my friends search for them. And

1300
01:03:00.079 --> 01:03:02.239
<v Speaker 4>it wasn't until I tweeted at Ranger Rick one day

1301
01:03:02.480 --> 01:03:04.559
<v Speaker 4>and said, look, Ranger Rick got me into Gars back

1302
01:03:04.559 --> 01:03:06.960
<v Speaker 4>in the day. And the next morning when I woke up,

1303
01:03:07.000 --> 01:03:09.079
<v Speaker 4>they said, you know, is this the issue and everything

1304
01:03:09.119 --> 01:03:10.719
<v Speaker 4>like that. So they sent me that picture and I

1305
01:03:10.760 --> 01:03:12.880
<v Speaker 4>was like, oh my gosh. They sent me a copy

1306
01:03:12.920 --> 01:03:14.559
<v Speaker 4>of the article and I got, you know, in touch

1307
01:03:14.559 --> 01:03:16.239
<v Speaker 4>with them, and yeah, this year I was able to

1308
01:03:16.239 --> 01:03:18.880
<v Speaker 4>write sort of my own you know article if you will,

1309
01:03:20.119 --> 01:03:21.960
<v Speaker 4>in Ranger Rick. So it was kind of a cool

1310
01:03:22.400 --> 01:03:23.800
<v Speaker 4>full circle story with that.

1311
01:03:24.239 --> 01:03:26.960
<v Speaker 3>What was it like when you saw that picture again

1312
01:03:27.320 --> 01:03:29.559
<v Speaker 3>after not having seen it for so long? Was it

1313
01:03:29.639 --> 01:03:30.599
<v Speaker 3>just as he remembered it?

1314
01:03:31.039 --> 01:03:32.920
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, I mean the turtles were there, like it was

1315
01:03:33.119 --> 01:03:34.800
<v Speaker 4>just like it was just it was in my head.

1316
01:03:34.920 --> 01:03:37.199
<v Speaker 4>It was actually trying to eat this wood ducks. It

1317
01:03:37.239 --> 01:03:39.639
<v Speaker 4>was like the original birds versus Fish for me too.

1318
01:03:39.719 --> 01:03:41.920
<v Speaker 4>So I mean it was like I had it in

1319
01:03:41.920 --> 01:03:44.280
<v Speaker 4>my head, but I had not seen it for you know,

1320
01:03:44.360 --> 01:03:46.159
<v Speaker 4>twenty some years, and it turned out it was from

1321
01:03:46.199 --> 01:03:50.599
<v Speaker 4>a nineteen eighty three issue too, so I'm not that

1322
01:03:50.719 --> 01:03:52.360
<v Speaker 4>old from nineteen eighty three to be when I was

1323
01:03:52.400 --> 01:03:54.800
<v Speaker 4>a kid. But that shows how old those issues were,

1324
01:03:54.880 --> 01:03:57.679
<v Speaker 4>and I looked it up on Wikipedia. Range Rick still

1325
01:03:57.679 --> 01:04:00.199
<v Speaker 4>has a big circulation with those back issues. Like pole

1326
01:04:00.280 --> 01:04:03.320
<v Speaker 4>donate them to libraries and other places, so I'd encourage

1327
01:04:03.320 --> 01:04:05.000
<v Speaker 4>people to do the same, because you never know who's

1328
01:04:05.000 --> 01:04:08.000
<v Speaker 4>going to see those and you know, get interested on

1329
01:04:08.039 --> 01:04:10.000
<v Speaker 4>their own with you know who knows what out of.

1330
01:04:09.960 --> 01:04:12.320
<v Speaker 2>Major If you're sitting next to a stack of vintage

1331
01:04:12.400 --> 01:04:15.079
<v Speaker 2>Ranger Rick issues and screaming at me to just tell

1332
01:04:15.119 --> 01:04:18.679
<v Speaker 2>you the date, it was April nineteen eighty three, pages

1333
01:04:18.719 --> 01:04:20.599
<v Speaker 2>thirty eight and thirty nine. And yes, of course I

1334
01:04:20.639 --> 01:04:23.840
<v Speaker 2>will post this image on the ologies Instagram, and if

1335
01:04:23.840 --> 01:04:28.039
<v Speaker 2>anyone knows the article's author, Joanne Chipwood, say hello. She

1336
01:04:28.159 --> 01:04:30.880
<v Speaker 2>became a hospice nurse and has written several books on

1337
01:04:30.920 --> 01:04:33.719
<v Speaker 2>the topic, including My Gift Myself, a step by step

1338
01:04:33.760 --> 01:04:36.360
<v Speaker 2>guide to becoming a hospice volunteer. She also wrote a

1339
01:04:36.360 --> 01:04:40.039
<v Speaker 2>book titled A Horse called Mayonnaise. So thank you, Joanne.

1340
01:04:40.119 --> 01:04:42.480
<v Speaker 2>We all love Gars and Ranger Rick because of you

1341
01:04:42.960 --> 01:04:45.480
<v Speaker 2>and horses and to a lesser extent, Mayonnaise.

1342
01:04:46.079 --> 01:04:49.079
<v Speaker 4>It's been cool being involved with range dirics I've gotten

1343
01:04:49.079 --> 01:04:50.840
<v Speaker 4>to know the editors and we're going to be working

1344
01:04:50.880 --> 01:04:52.639
<v Speaker 4>on some other stories and stuff, so to me, it's

1345
01:04:52.679 --> 01:04:55.519
<v Speaker 4>really like an opportunity to do some science communication back

1346
01:04:55.519 --> 01:04:59.199
<v Speaker 4>in that direction. But yeah, I've got the actual issue

1347
01:04:59.199 --> 01:05:02.000
<v Speaker 4>hanging in my and everything. It's there. I copied it,

1348
01:05:02.079 --> 01:05:04.360
<v Speaker 4>I sort it everywhere so would never get lost in

1349
01:05:04.440 --> 01:05:07.000
<v Speaker 4>the two So it's not going anywhere.

1350
01:05:07.800 --> 01:05:09.199
<v Speaker 3>You're gonna have to send me a picture of that

1351
01:05:09.199 --> 01:05:12.199
<v Speaker 3>so that I can well put it up on the Instagram.

1352
01:05:12.239 --> 01:05:15.719
<v Speaker 3>It's interesting how those memories can really like ignite something

1353
01:05:15.800 --> 01:05:18.719
<v Speaker 3>where you just have such such an affinity or such

1354
01:05:18.760 --> 01:05:20.679
<v Speaker 3>an obsession with that kind of creature at that moment.

1355
01:05:20.840 --> 01:05:25.360
<v Speaker 3>So I love when that happens. Okay, but among all

1356
01:05:25.440 --> 01:05:29.400
<v Speaker 3>of your love for gar Zeh, there must be something

1357
01:05:29.440 --> 01:05:34.559
<v Speaker 3>that sucks, Like what about your research or your life

1358
01:05:34.639 --> 01:05:37.360
<v Speaker 3>as a garologist is just the worst?

1359
01:05:38.480 --> 01:05:41.679
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, I would say, you know, it's probably a conservationist

1360
01:05:41.760 --> 01:05:45.519
<v Speaker 4>dilemma too, depending on what you're studying. But Gars have

1361
01:05:45.599 --> 01:05:48.519
<v Speaker 4>this reputation. We've tried to improve it over the years.

1362
01:05:48.519 --> 01:05:50.960
<v Speaker 4>Like there's a lot of other people involved with this.

1363
01:05:51.599 --> 01:05:54.440
<v Speaker 4>Matt Miller from Nature Conservancy, after at Leastarr and Nickel

1364
01:05:54.480 --> 01:05:57.239
<v Speaker 4>state that are really pushing gar research showing that they

1365
01:05:57.280 --> 01:06:00.360
<v Speaker 4>have value, that they're important, you know, components and ecosis.

1366
01:06:00.440 --> 01:06:02.800
<v Speaker 4>So that's something that's extremely important. I try to do that.

1367
01:06:02.920 --> 01:06:06.320
<v Speaker 4>But you know, there isn't maybe a week that goes byword.

1368
01:06:06.360 --> 01:06:09.000
<v Speaker 4>There isn't some sort of bow fishing pictures or article

1369
01:06:09.039 --> 01:06:11.199
<v Speaker 4>that comes out where people are just shooting guards. There's

1370
01:06:11.239 --> 01:06:14.960
<v Speaker 4>piles of dead fish because people don't see value in them,

1371
01:06:15.000 --> 01:06:17.480
<v Speaker 4>and so they'll put them into dumpsters, they get dumped

1372
01:06:17.480 --> 01:06:21.440
<v Speaker 4>into landfills or turn into fertilizer, killed by the hundreds.

1373
01:06:21.480 --> 01:06:24.079
<v Speaker 4>There was actually a thing called an electric guard destroyer

1374
01:06:24.119 --> 01:06:26.800
<v Speaker 4>that used to be used decades ago because people thought

1375
01:06:26.800 --> 01:06:28.880
<v Speaker 4>that they were just trash fish. They were bad for

1376
01:06:28.920 --> 01:06:31.519
<v Speaker 4>the environment. So we try to improve that. But I think,

1377
01:06:31.559 --> 01:06:33.559
<v Speaker 4>you know, waking up to that. But I think you know,

1378
01:06:33.679 --> 01:06:37.960
<v Speaker 4>as environmentalists conservationists, it's an uphill battle no matter what

1379
01:06:37.960 --> 01:06:40.119
<v Speaker 4>we do. But we I think it's just important that

1380
01:06:40.119 --> 01:06:42.639
<v Speaker 4>we keep doing what we're doing. So I'd say, if

1381
01:06:42.679 --> 01:06:46.840
<v Speaker 4>anything sucked, it's that. But it also keeps me.

1382
01:06:46.840 --> 01:06:50.440
<v Speaker 2>Going, oh, ps, if you need to know what an

1383
01:06:50.480 --> 01:06:54.039
<v Speaker 2>electric guard destroyer vessel from the nineteen thirties looks like,

1384
01:06:54.440 --> 01:06:57.639
<v Speaker 2>just imagine a barge equipped with state of the art

1385
01:06:57.960 --> 01:07:02.920
<v Speaker 2>for then electricity controlled the waters mercilessly targeting Gar and

1386
01:07:03.039 --> 01:07:07.440
<v Speaker 2>is essentially the death Star helmed by garth Rader. That

1387
01:07:07.480 --> 01:07:09.320
<v Speaker 2>does not deserve a twinkle. Don't let me have it.

1388
01:07:09.440 --> 01:07:12.960
<v Speaker 3>That you want to keep fighting for gar for them

1389
01:07:13.000 --> 01:07:14.840
<v Speaker 3>to be appreciated, Yes, for.

1390
01:07:14.840 --> 01:07:17.760
<v Speaker 4>Sure, so you know, showing that they're valuable members of

1391
01:07:17.800 --> 01:07:20.320
<v Speaker 4>the ecosystem. They have value to humans as far as

1392
01:07:20.400 --> 01:07:23.119
<v Speaker 4>ecosystem services. And like I said, there's new research where

1393
01:07:23.440 --> 01:07:28.480
<v Speaker 4>we're learning more about the human genome through gar species

1394
01:07:28.519 --> 01:07:32.679
<v Speaker 4>now because of their genome organization. So it's not just

1395
01:07:32.719 --> 01:07:34.599
<v Speaker 4>what they're doing out in the values for us, it's

1396
01:07:34.639 --> 01:07:37.199
<v Speaker 4>what they can do at a genomic level too.

1397
01:07:38.000 --> 01:07:42.679
<v Speaker 3>There is there something genomically similar like to humans in

1398
01:07:42.719 --> 01:07:43.639
<v Speaker 3>a way that's surprising.

1399
01:07:44.119 --> 01:07:46.079
<v Speaker 4>There is. So a good friend and colleague of mind,

1400
01:07:46.119 --> 01:07:48.920
<v Speaker 4>doctor Ingo Brosch, He sequenced the spotted guar genome and

1401
01:07:48.960 --> 01:07:52.239
<v Speaker 4>what they found is that the gar genome is organized

1402
01:07:52.280 --> 01:07:55.519
<v Speaker 4>more closely to the human and you know, other tetrapod

1403
01:07:55.559 --> 01:07:58.400
<v Speaker 4>genome than it is to teleos fish, which are considered

1404
01:07:58.400 --> 01:08:00.719
<v Speaker 4>are more modern fish. So there's a little fish called

1405
01:08:00.719 --> 01:08:03.119
<v Speaker 4>the zebra fish which is sort of our aquatic labrat,

1406
01:08:03.239 --> 01:08:06.719
<v Speaker 4>used in all kinds of genetic and genomics research, but

1407
01:08:07.400 --> 01:08:10.039
<v Speaker 4>it's got some differences that make it hard to compare

1408
01:08:10.079 --> 01:08:12.480
<v Speaker 4>back to the human genome. Even though it's like a labrat,

1409
01:08:12.519 --> 01:08:15.000
<v Speaker 4>we use it to compare it to other organisms, right,

1410
01:08:15.280 --> 01:08:17.720
<v Speaker 4>because the gar can serve as a go between. We

1411
01:08:17.720 --> 01:08:20.000
<v Speaker 4>can compare the human to the GAR genome and the

1412
01:08:20.000 --> 01:08:21.960
<v Speaker 4>guarding home to the zebra fish genome, and it helps

1413
01:08:22.039 --> 01:08:26.039
<v Speaker 4>us understand more about the human to zebra fish comparison.

1414
01:08:26.319 --> 01:08:29.079
<v Speaker 4>And therefore it's sort of like this extra translator, sort

1415
01:08:29.119 --> 01:08:32.640
<v Speaker 4>of in a Rosetta stone or a bridge. So genomically

1416
01:08:32.720 --> 01:08:35.600
<v Speaker 4>we can now learn more about the evolution development of

1417
01:08:35.680 --> 01:08:38.199
<v Speaker 4>human disease by you know, with some help from the GAR.

1418
01:08:38.359 --> 01:08:40.880
<v Speaker 4>So using this sort of primitive fish is actually helping

1419
01:08:41.039 --> 01:08:44.279
<v Speaker 4>us literally too. I don't think it'll ever replace zebrafish,

1420
01:08:44.560 --> 01:08:46.600
<v Speaker 4>but I mean they're way cooler than zebrafish. Now the

1421
01:08:46.720 --> 01:08:49.840
<v Speaker 4>zebra fish people are going to have me, but I

1422
01:08:49.880 --> 01:08:52.000
<v Speaker 4>think it works hand in hand. So I think it

1423
01:08:52.079 --> 01:08:55.920
<v Speaker 4>works alongside zebrafish, along fruit flies, alongside a lot of

1424
01:08:55.960 --> 01:08:59.800
<v Speaker 4>other organisms. But now we've got this once heated organism

1425
01:08:59.800 --> 01:09:03.000
<v Speaker 4>that actually has some additional utility, which is great. They

1426
01:09:03.000 --> 01:09:05.199
<v Speaker 4>have intrinsic value on their own, but I you know,

1427
01:09:05.279 --> 01:09:07.560
<v Speaker 4>it helps that, you know, we can see some additional value.

1428
01:09:08.159 --> 01:09:14.279
<v Speaker 3>And between their boopable snoots and their dirty head on look,

1429
01:09:14.439 --> 01:09:18.279
<v Speaker 3>and they're like amazing ability to survive. There's obviously a

1430
01:09:18.319 --> 01:09:21.359
<v Speaker 3>lot to love about a gar. But what is it

1431
01:09:21.520 --> 01:09:23.840
<v Speaker 3>that you just love the most?

1432
01:09:24.399 --> 01:09:28.479
<v Speaker 4>Oh my gosh, you know, I feel like I've got

1433
01:09:28.479 --> 01:09:30.319
<v Speaker 4>to it's I've got to do sort of a kapa.

1434
01:09:30.359 --> 01:09:32.479
<v Speaker 4>It's like, it's it's the big picture, I think, you know,

1435
01:09:32.560 --> 01:09:34.359
<v Speaker 4>I think just the look of them, Like, you know,

1436
01:09:34.479 --> 01:09:38.000
<v Speaker 4>I think aligators and crocodiles are cool, but they're this

1437
01:09:38.159 --> 01:09:40.920
<v Speaker 4>fish that has these long jaws. It's this it's a

1438
01:09:40.960 --> 01:09:44.359
<v Speaker 4>swimming dinosaur. Of It's just this sort of relative of

1439
01:09:44.760 --> 01:09:47.520
<v Speaker 4>ancient times that is still alive today. So that's sort

1440
01:09:47.560 --> 01:09:50.279
<v Speaker 4>of primitive look. Overall. I think I just think they're awesome,

1441
01:09:50.279 --> 01:09:52.520
<v Speaker 4>and so that's what makes me want to just share

1442
01:09:52.560 --> 01:09:54.000
<v Speaker 4>about them to everybody else.

1443
01:09:54.319 --> 01:09:57.800
<v Speaker 3>What are your plans in terms of science communication for guars?

1444
01:09:57.960 --> 01:09:59.960
<v Speaker 3>Do you want to write like ten books about gar?

1445
01:10:00.039 --> 01:10:03.840
<v Speaker 3>Our pitch a feature about gars? What is your ultimate dream?

1446
01:10:04.000 --> 01:10:06.319
<v Speaker 4>Oh my gosh, you know, books, books, would be great.

1447
01:10:06.319 --> 01:10:08.279
<v Speaker 4>I think, you know, the range Rick article to me

1448
01:10:08.479 --> 01:10:11.680
<v Speaker 4>was the publication I'm most proud of, Like that's going

1449
01:10:11.760 --> 01:10:14.359
<v Speaker 4>up on my wall too, But to me, that's like,

1450
01:10:14.439 --> 01:10:16.119
<v Speaker 4>you know, probably gonna have a wider reach than anything

1451
01:10:16.119 --> 01:10:19.359
<v Speaker 4>I put into scientific paper and everything. But also we

1452
01:10:19.520 --> 01:10:22.239
<v Speaker 4>came down to Nickels State here in Thibodeau, Louisiana, and

1453
01:10:22.399 --> 01:10:25.920
<v Speaker 4>I started GAR Lab, and so I think it's training

1454
01:10:25.960 --> 01:10:29.800
<v Speaker 4>future scientists and using the platform on social media and

1455
01:10:29.840 --> 01:10:33.399
<v Speaker 4>also as a professional to you know, spread the word

1456
01:10:33.439 --> 01:10:35.880
<v Speaker 4>of gar if you will, and so show that you know,

1457
01:10:36.079 --> 01:10:39.560
<v Speaker 4>they're valuable for all these reasons. And they're really cool animals.

1458
01:10:39.640 --> 01:10:41.840
<v Speaker 4>I think they show that diversity is important. So you

1459
01:10:41.920 --> 01:10:44.239
<v Speaker 4>need even the creatures that look like this that might

1460
01:10:44.239 --> 01:10:46.880
<v Speaker 4>look a little bit fearsome, maybe a little too slimy,

1461
01:10:46.920 --> 01:10:51.119
<v Speaker 4>maybe they got poisonous eggs, but they're important parts of biodiversity,

1462
01:10:51.159 --> 01:10:55.319
<v Speaker 4>and we need biodiversity in order to function as an ecosystem,

1463
01:10:55.439 --> 01:10:56.239
<v Speaker 4>as a planet.

1464
01:10:56.439 --> 01:10:58.279
<v Speaker 3>If you had one tip to give someone who is

1465
01:10:58.279 --> 01:11:01.199
<v Speaker 3>getting into science communication, what do you think that would be?

1466
01:11:01.199 --> 01:11:02.359
<v Speaker 3>Because you're so good at.

1467
01:11:02.279 --> 01:11:05.720
<v Speaker 4>It, I you know, I've learned from others, and so

1468
01:11:05.920 --> 01:11:09.399
<v Speaker 4>I would say learn from others that have come before you,

1469
01:11:09.479 --> 01:11:13.119
<v Speaker 4>But don't try to replicate or be what anyone else is.

1470
01:11:13.159 --> 01:11:15.439
<v Speaker 4>There's already you know, one of my favorite episodes of

1471
01:11:15.439 --> 01:11:17.960
<v Speaker 4>yours was the Bill and I episode. There's already a

1472
01:11:18.159 --> 01:11:20.319
<v Speaker 4>David Attenborough. There's already a Bill and I out there.

1473
01:11:20.439 --> 01:11:23.520
<v Speaker 4>Don't try to be them. Stick with your what you're doing,

1474
01:11:23.640 --> 01:11:26.079
<v Speaker 4>but be work on the techniques to share that and

1475
01:11:26.079 --> 01:11:28.600
<v Speaker 4>to show how that has a value, and you can

1476
01:11:28.640 --> 01:11:30.880
<v Speaker 4>add your own diversity to that. I would be you know,

1477
01:11:30.920 --> 01:11:32.960
<v Speaker 4>we're miss fight and say, you know, I didn't see

1478
01:11:32.960 --> 01:11:36.680
<v Speaker 4>people like me in nature programs or in the fields

1479
01:11:36.720 --> 01:11:38.600
<v Speaker 4>that I'm in, but now I feel like this is

1480
01:11:38.600 --> 01:11:40.640
<v Speaker 4>an opportunity to do that moving forward.

1481
01:11:41.119 --> 01:11:43.760
<v Speaker 3>This is such good advice. I just I hold you

1482
01:11:43.800 --> 01:11:50.560
<v Speaker 3>in such high regard and I really see where I

1483
01:11:50.720 --> 01:11:52.840
<v Speaker 3>so appreciate you doing this, and I'm so glad we

1484
01:11:52.840 --> 01:11:54.279
<v Speaker 3>didn't never hurt Kane Today.

1485
01:11:55.199 --> 01:11:57.399
<v Speaker 4>Me too, I'm still looking out the window. It's still

1486
01:11:57.399 --> 01:11:58.319
<v Speaker 4>their mind to.

1487
01:11:59.319 --> 01:12:03.640
<v Speaker 2>So ask smart people fishy questions, because you know what,

1488
01:12:03.920 --> 01:12:08.000
<v Speaker 2>there have been bulletproof toothy snoop nosed ancient babies gliding

1489
01:12:08.039 --> 01:12:10.600
<v Speaker 2>under the water for longer than the dinosaurs. Just when

1490
01:12:10.600 --> 01:12:13.000
<v Speaker 2>you think the drugs have worn off, you realize that

1491
01:12:13.359 --> 01:12:15.840
<v Speaker 2>life on Earth is just a kaleidoscope of weird. So

1492
01:12:16.000 --> 01:12:19.319
<v Speaker 2>to get Morgar and some really great sodcom in your life,

1493
01:12:19.359 --> 01:12:22.039
<v Speaker 2>you can follow it on Twitter at Solomon R. David

1494
01:12:22.399 --> 01:12:26.039
<v Speaker 2>and on Instagram Solomon dot r dot David and his

1495
01:12:26.159 --> 01:12:29.119
<v Speaker 2>website is Solomon David dot net and there are links

1496
01:12:29.159 --> 01:12:31.079
<v Speaker 2>to all of those in the show notes, as well

1497
01:12:31.119 --> 01:12:34.199
<v Speaker 2>as to arranger Rick and the sponsors of the show.

1498
01:12:34.560 --> 01:12:37.880
<v Speaker 2>You can put Ologies merch on your actual body, war

1499
01:12:37.920 --> 01:12:41.159
<v Speaker 2>walls or friend's body at ologiesmarch dot com. Thank you

1500
01:12:41.159 --> 01:12:43.760
<v Speaker 2>Shannenfelds and Bondi Dutch of the podcast You are that

1501
01:12:43.960 --> 01:12:47.039
<v Speaker 2>for managing merch. Thank you Aaron Talbert for admitting in

1502
01:12:47.039 --> 01:12:50.239
<v Speaker 2>the Ologies Podcast Facebook group. Thank you Emily White and

1503
01:12:50.279 --> 01:12:53.079
<v Speaker 2>all of the Ologies podcast transcribers for making sure that

1504
01:12:53.119 --> 01:12:55.840
<v Speaker 2>transcripts are available for deaf and hard of hearing folks.

1505
01:12:56.039 --> 01:12:58.520
<v Speaker 2>Those are available for free to anyone that wants them

1506
01:12:58.560 --> 01:13:00.239
<v Speaker 2>on our website, and there's a link in the show

1507
01:13:00.279 --> 01:13:02.800
<v Speaker 2>notes Caleb patten Bleep's episode so that they are a

1508
01:13:02.920 --> 01:13:05.720
<v Speaker 2>kid and your grandpa safe and those are at the

1509
01:13:05.720 --> 01:13:09.600
<v Speaker 2>same link. Thank you Noel Dilworth who schedules theologists, and

1510
01:13:09.640 --> 01:13:13.479
<v Speaker 2>thank you to co quarantiner Jarrett Sleeper for assisted editing,

1511
01:13:13.760 --> 01:13:16.760
<v Speaker 2>and of course to all around great guy Steven Ray

1512
01:13:16.800 --> 01:13:18.720
<v Speaker 2>Find Morris, lead editor.

1513
01:13:18.399 --> 01:13:20.359
<v Speaker 3>Who puts all the pieces together each week.

1514
01:13:20.840 --> 01:13:23.279
<v Speaker 2>Nick Thorburn wrote the theme music. He is in a

1515
01:13:23.319 --> 01:13:27.359
<v Speaker 2>band called Islands. You can follow me at ali Ward

1516
01:13:27.399 --> 01:13:31.520
<v Speaker 2>with one L say hello ologies is at ologies, at Twitter.

1517
01:13:31.279 --> 01:13:33.960
<v Speaker 3>At Instagram. I forgot to say that earlier. If you

1518
01:13:34.039 --> 01:13:35.960
<v Speaker 3>listen to the end, you get a secret.

1519
01:13:36.399 --> 01:13:38.880
<v Speaker 2>And this week I feel that I should tell you

1520
01:13:38.920 --> 01:13:43.840
<v Speaker 2>that Jarrett sometimes pretends to be Jack White riffing garage

1521
01:13:43.920 --> 01:13:47.880
<v Speaker 2>rock to just ordinary situations. And about six months ago

1522
01:13:47.960 --> 01:13:49.840
<v Speaker 2>I asked him if I had a spider bite on

1523
01:13:49.880 --> 01:13:52.439
<v Speaker 2>my ass, And this week he got an iPad with

1524
01:13:52.520 --> 01:13:56.239
<v Speaker 2>garage band and like fifteen minutes later he had created

1525
01:13:56.399 --> 01:14:00.359
<v Speaker 2>this opus which will forever haunt and delight us all joy.

1526
01:14:05.520 --> 01:14:06.239
<v Speaker 3>Thank you.

1527
01:14:07.560 --> 01:14:20.119
<v Speaker 6>Packidermatology, homeology or do zoology, lithology, unology, meteorology, patology, technology, seriology.

1528
01:14:19.960 --> 01:14:28.479
<v Speaker 3>Semology to the chime.

1529
01:14:30.840 --> 01:14:33.239
<v Speaker 1>Get value you can't argue with. At Tesco with their

1530
01:14:33.279 --> 01:14:36.119
<v Speaker 1>amazing cloak card prices have the perfect night in with

1531
01:14:36.159 --> 01:14:39.279
<v Speaker 1>their finest frozen pizza meal deal get the finest frozen pizza,

1532
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<v Speaker 1>chips and ice cream all for six Euro, like our

1533
01:14:42.159 --> 01:14:45.319
<v Speaker 1>delicious spicy salami, hot honey and do you or Margarito

1534
01:14:45.359 --> 01:14:48.520
<v Speaker 1>wood fired pizzas served up with their crispy, chunky chips

1535
01:14:48.720 --> 01:14:51.760
<v Speaker 1>and ice cream like sea salta caramel or pistachio for dessert.

1536
01:14:52.159 --> 01:14:55.600
<v Speaker 1>Can't argue with that shop in store or online. Tesco

1537
01:14:56.039 --> 01:14:59.399
<v Speaker 1>Every Little helps available in most stories, Prices varying. Express