WEBVTT 1 00:00:03.359 --> 00:00:08.560 Hello, I'm serge Rushow and I'm the doctor, and i 2 00:00:08.560 --> 00:00:12.279 am professor the Brown University. I'm a son of the 3 00:00:12.320 --> 00:00:15.000 former Soviet leader, and i have the privilege to be 4 00:00:15.119 --> 00:00:18.760 on the Doctor Sky Radio Show. I think it's very 5 00:00:18.800 --> 00:00:22.039 interesting and very informative. I hope that we will be 6 00:00:22.160 --> 00:00:26.280 here not one time in the future. Was a pretty 7 00:00:26.280 --> 00:00:34.920 Glassnia Navassia Radio Prista Vlania at the Wachternach informats on Elna. 8 00:00:35.000 --> 00:00:38.920 You teach you always tacatory press holders meet. Yes, the 9 00:00:39.000 --> 00:00:42.520 Wes Tempocher to Wash Show, Buddhishim. 10 00:00:49.479 --> 00:00:52.200 Welcome back to the exciting show that we call the 11 00:00:52.320 --> 00:00:55.880 Doctor Sky Show with great guests from the realms of astronomy, space, 12 00:00:56.520 --> 00:01:00.920 aviation and whether with celebrity guests in the next and today, 13 00:01:01.039 --> 00:01:03.880 ladies and gentlemen, a very special treat for our entire 14 00:01:04.000 --> 00:01:08.319 audience as we welcome the son of former Soviet Premier 15 00:01:08.799 --> 00:01:13.159 Nikita Krushchev, doctor Sergei Khrushchev, and we'll be talking with 16 00:01:13.280 --> 00:01:15.799 him in just a few minutes, not only about space 17 00:01:16.560 --> 00:01:21.079 Sputnik and about the American and Russian relations during this 18 00:01:21.239 --> 00:01:26.920 particular current administration. Doctor Sergei Khrushchev is the son of 19 00:01:27.000 --> 00:01:29.840 former Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev. He now resides in the 20 00:01:29.920 --> 00:01:32.159 United States, where he is a Senior Fellow at the 21 00:01:32.239 --> 00:01:36.640 Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University in Providence, 22 00:01:36.719 --> 00:01:41.040 Rhode Island. Doctor Krushev holds several advanced engineering degrees from 23 00:01:41.079 --> 00:01:45.239 the Ukrainian Academy of Science. He earned his Soviet doctoral degree, 24 00:01:45.640 --> 00:01:49.359 and he earned a PhD from the Moscow Technical University. 25 00:01:50.159 --> 00:01:53.359 In addition, he earned a master's degree with distinction from 26 00:01:53.439 --> 00:01:57.359 the Moscow Electric Power Institute. He also holds an occasional 27 00:01:57.480 --> 00:02:01.120 professorship at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, 28 00:02:01.719 --> 00:02:04.519 meaning he is not a full time professor, but does 29 00:02:04.640 --> 00:02:08.800 teach there fairly often. Doctor Krushchev is joining us today 30 00:02:08.840 --> 00:02:12.080 and talking about his experience as an engineer and also 31 00:02:12.199 --> 00:02:15.360 in his capacity worked on cruise missiles for submarine craft, 32 00:02:15.479 --> 00:02:20.360 military and research spacecraft, moon vehicles and the very successful 33 00:02:20.479 --> 00:02:24.960 Russian Proton space booster. With that, it's a prevalent and honor. 34 00:02:24.960 --> 00:02:28.280 It's a welcome, doctor Sergey Krushchev to the Doctor Sky Show. 35 00:02:28.439 --> 00:02:29.759 Good afternoon, Doctor. 36 00:02:30.039 --> 00:02:34.000 Good afternoon, Thank you for invitation, Yes, for me to 37 00:02:34.080 --> 00:02:34.599 speak with you. 38 00:02:35.080 --> 00:02:36.960 It's an honor to have you here on the Doctor 39 00:02:37.000 --> 00:02:40.479 Sky show. We speak a doctor about the realms of astronomy, 40 00:02:40.639 --> 00:02:44.159 space and aviation and all things like that. But I 41 00:02:44.280 --> 00:02:46.639 wanted to ask you, in such a position as being 42 00:02:46.719 --> 00:02:50.639 one of the children of former Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev, 43 00:02:51.240 --> 00:02:53.319 tell us what it was like to be living in 44 00:02:53.439 --> 00:02:57.280 this very famous family and some of your recollections during 45 00:02:57.360 --> 00:02:59.960 the early days of the space program with Yuriga Gan. 46 00:03:02.159 --> 00:03:05.759 When we talk without recollection, how you can live in 47 00:03:06.000 --> 00:03:10.840 the prominent family. You can look at the White House, 48 00:03:11.560 --> 00:03:14.159 at the booking and Palace or any others. Is the 49 00:03:14.280 --> 00:03:17.719 same in Moscow Kremlin, even when never live in Kremlin, 50 00:03:18.400 --> 00:03:21.159 because you have all this limitation and you have all 51 00:03:21.240 --> 00:03:25.960 the time, remember that everybody looking on you, and it 52 00:03:26.159 --> 00:03:31.319 is reflected on your father and your family. So my 53 00:03:31.520 --> 00:03:34.840 parents told, don't forget that you're a cruise chef and 54 00:03:34.960 --> 00:03:37.120 you mustn't do this and that and this, and be 55 00:03:37.360 --> 00:03:41.080 very careful and from other side, don't remember that you're 56 00:03:41.080 --> 00:03:43.680 a cruise Siow. But you're not that cruise show. And 57 00:03:43.840 --> 00:03:47.400 you have to have your own life, yes, and do 58 00:03:47.599 --> 00:03:52.960 your life for yourself and be just self made man. 59 00:03:53.080 --> 00:03:57.159 What I did when I went to work in the 60 00:03:57.240 --> 00:04:03.400 engineering and I remember very well the Uriga Guiden when 61 00:04:03.479 --> 00:04:08.159 he flew there, and we waited when he was be launched, 62 00:04:09.960 --> 00:04:14.159 but nobody knows will he return, how he will return. 63 00:04:14.439 --> 00:04:16.279 Is it safe to be in space? And you have 64 00:04:18.600 --> 00:04:26.439 just your brain will be affected. So we waited and waited, 65 00:04:26.639 --> 00:04:29.800 and at last it was the signal. But he is 66 00:04:29.879 --> 00:04:34.160 on the ground and he landed safely, and he called 67 00:04:34.240 --> 00:04:37.600 my father and he reported that he there, and my 68 00:04:37.720 --> 00:04:43.079 father told, we will make you a great reception where 69 00:04:43.160 --> 00:04:47.439 you will come. And after two days, on the April fifteen, 70 00:04:47.600 --> 00:04:51.480 it was sunny and warmyd day he arrived in Moscow 71 00:04:51.560 --> 00:04:57.560 on the special plane with the xquort of the fighter jets. 72 00:04:58.160 --> 00:05:02.639 And then it was on the lima, just travel on 73 00:05:02.800 --> 00:05:06.759 the cartage from the airport to the Red Square, and 74 00:05:06.959 --> 00:05:11.439 all Moscowites were outside on these treets of the balconies, 75 00:05:11.519 --> 00:05:14.600 on the windows, on the roofs of the building. I 76 00:05:14.720 --> 00:05:20.000 can compare this celebration with the victory day on the 77 00:05:20.160 --> 00:05:22.360 May nine in nineteen forty five. 78 00:05:22.800 --> 00:05:27.800 Wow, that's amazing. Doctor. And you yourself your personal remembrances 79 00:05:27.879 --> 00:05:31.480 of Eurka Garen, you met him on numerous occasions. I understand. 80 00:05:31.560 --> 00:05:34.360 Yeah, I met him many time, and we met just 81 00:05:34.600 --> 00:05:39.120 in the different official events, and he visited our design 82 00:05:39.240 --> 00:05:45.720 barrel and we have some party together sitting there drinking 83 00:05:45.839 --> 00:05:51.000 good food, drinking vodka, eating good food. He was very 84 00:05:51.079 --> 00:05:55.279 nice person and it was not for because he was 85 00:05:55.319 --> 00:05:58.120 selected because he was such a person, but it's happened 86 00:05:58.519 --> 00:06:01.720 that he was very good feet would be the first 87 00:06:01.800 --> 00:06:05.920 man in space. In this the biggest celebrity in the world. 88 00:06:06.839 --> 00:06:15.079 From one side, he was the person which did not 89 00:06:15.279 --> 00:06:19.519 require special attention, is he But he accepted special attention 90 00:06:19.759 --> 00:06:25.319 very naturally, even he came not from the premient for family. 91 00:06:25.519 --> 00:06:32.120 He was just wasn't the Russian family from the Russian 92 00:06:32.240 --> 00:06:35.199 small village in the smileask region? 93 00:06:36.240 --> 00:06:38.319 Well, doctor, it's a sad moment in time. We know 94 00:06:38.439 --> 00:06:41.959 that he sadly was killed in an aircraft accident not 95 00:06:42.160 --> 00:06:44.800 too long after that in Moscow. Is that correct? 96 00:06:45.480 --> 00:06:51.879 No, it was not too long. He flew his flight 97 00:06:52.120 --> 00:06:56.360 in the nineteen sixty one and he died on the 98 00:06:56.480 --> 00:07:03.240 training exercise in nineteen sixty seven when he wanted and 99 00:07:03.439 --> 00:07:06.839 he begged the government to allow him to fly to 100 00:07:07.000 --> 00:07:10.879 space second time, and the government told no, your two 101 00:07:10.959 --> 00:07:14.319 pressures will not permit you. Well, they permitted him, and 102 00:07:14.519 --> 00:07:17.680 he planned to fly to the moon and he's beginning 103 00:07:17.759 --> 00:07:22.800 his training exercise and something happened that we saying that 104 00:07:23.319 --> 00:07:28.360 his plane started to sparling and then diving and he 105 00:07:28.519 --> 00:07:31.600 did not go out from the diving and he hit 106 00:07:31.680 --> 00:07:34.439 the ground. Answer. So it happened time by time. 107 00:07:35.040 --> 00:07:37.439 It's a very sad moment in history, you know. As 108 00:07:37.480 --> 00:07:39.959 you know, doctor, we still celebrate here in the United States, 109 00:07:40.000 --> 00:07:43.639 and I'm involved in it, in celebrating yours night. His 110 00:07:43.879 --> 00:07:46.959 first mission, of course, the first man in space, as 111 00:07:47.000 --> 00:07:49.360 you all know. And what was he a hero of 112 00:07:49.480 --> 00:07:50.959 the Soviet Union? Is that correct? 113 00:07:51.279 --> 00:07:54.480 He was hero of the Soviet Union and he was 114 00:07:54.639 --> 00:07:58.839 here and have the highest decoration from the most of 115 00:07:58.920 --> 00:08:01.959 the countries of the world. I think he had more 116 00:08:02.040 --> 00:08:03.160 medal than Bresnev. 117 00:08:03.800 --> 00:08:05.199 Wow, that's incredible. 118 00:08:05.759 --> 00:08:06.040 Doctor. 119 00:08:06.079 --> 00:08:08.120 I want to remind our listeners we were listening to 120 00:08:08.199 --> 00:08:11.399 the Doctor Sky Show, great guests from the realms of astronomy, 121 00:08:11.439 --> 00:08:15.000 space aviation, and whether our producers always we thank him 122 00:08:15.000 --> 00:08:19.120 as Richard Dugan of radio station KZSB AM twelve ninety 123 00:08:19.279 --> 00:08:22.639 in Santa Barbara, California. If you're just joining us, ladies 124 00:08:22.680 --> 00:08:25.160 and gentlemen. It's a privilege and in high honor. They 125 00:08:25.199 --> 00:08:29.199 have doctor Sergei Khrushchev, the son of Nikita Khrushchev, the 126 00:08:29.319 --> 00:08:32.519 first Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party 127 00:08:32.559 --> 00:08:35.639 of the Soviet Union, your father. Let's talk about him 128 00:08:35.720 --> 00:08:38.240 for just a moment. If I'm correct, sir, he took 129 00:08:38.320 --> 00:08:40.639 over after Joseph Stalin. Is that correct? 130 00:08:41.639 --> 00:08:46.720 Yes, he succeeded Joseph Stalin, not immediately because immediately the 131 00:08:47.879 --> 00:08:51.320 Stalin did not name this excessa. And so they have 132 00:08:53.159 --> 00:08:58.320 the two sentod power lan around my father and other 133 00:08:58.440 --> 00:09:04.080 around the Minister though Police Law in Kiberia, who was 134 00:09:04.240 --> 00:09:07.679 very sinister person, and the first Aria was in the 135 00:09:07.799 --> 00:09:14.600 highest position. But for the months from the March till 136 00:09:16.000 --> 00:09:23.679 the June, the other people of the leadership concentrated around 137 00:09:23.840 --> 00:09:28.159 my father and they decided to arrest the area. What 138 00:09:28.360 --> 00:09:32.240 they did, I think on June twenty fourth, and after 139 00:09:32.399 --> 00:09:38.759 that my father became the most important person in the 140 00:09:38.840 --> 00:09:39.679 Soviet leadership. 141 00:09:39.720 --> 00:09:42.879 I will say that in such a way, very interesting story. 142 00:09:42.960 --> 00:09:45.840 And if I'm correct, doctor your father was very passionate 143 00:09:45.879 --> 00:09:49.799 about agriculture and helping to feed the people of then 144 00:09:49.879 --> 00:09:50.639 Soviet Union. 145 00:09:50.720 --> 00:09:54.720 Correct, my father was not so say he was patient 146 00:09:54.799 --> 00:10:01.440 about agriculture, but the silent in his he destroyed the 147 00:10:01.600 --> 00:10:07.159 Soviet agriculture, and it was not enough food. And even 148 00:10:07.320 --> 00:10:10.279 in a Moscow, if you want to buy bread, you 149 00:10:10.440 --> 00:10:12.799 have to stay in lines on the six o'clock in 150 00:10:12.879 --> 00:10:15.200 the morning because then it will be no bread in 151 00:10:15.279 --> 00:10:19.639 the bakery. The same as was no living space. The 152 00:10:19.720 --> 00:10:22.679 people live not in the apartment, not in the houses, 153 00:10:22.799 --> 00:10:26.200 but in the rooms. In the one room of the 154 00:10:26.320 --> 00:10:29.879 fifteen hundred skuave, he can be six, seven, even up 155 00:10:29.960 --> 00:10:34.240 to ten people living there together. So he my father 156 00:10:36.200 --> 00:10:40.039 saw his prime obligation to feed people and to give 157 00:10:40.080 --> 00:10:44.639 them space to leave. So his priority was agriculture and 158 00:10:44.879 --> 00:10:52.200 the building, the new apartment building that for which he 159 00:10:52.360 --> 00:10:56.519 needed to create, to find the new technology, and it 160 00:10:56.759 --> 00:11:01.039 was not the building the building from the bricks, but 161 00:11:01.200 --> 00:11:04.120 building them from the panels. It was very unusual at 162 00:11:04.159 --> 00:11:09.799 that time. So you concentrate it on these two things 163 00:11:10.879 --> 00:11:15.879 and spend a time with all of these things. 164 00:11:17.039 --> 00:11:19.200 Doctor Krushchev, if you'd just give us, as we move 165 00:11:19.279 --> 00:11:21.519 forward with our interview, just maybe some of the best 166 00:11:21.559 --> 00:11:25.000 recollections of your father, something that maybe people don't know 167 00:11:25.200 --> 00:11:28.480 about your father, Nikita, something that you'd share with our audience. 168 00:11:28.559 --> 00:11:32.279 What might one of those be, which is difficult to say, 169 00:11:32.399 --> 00:11:35.399 because I wrote three big books about my father. They 170 00:11:35.519 --> 00:11:40.240 translated in English, so you can read the listener can 171 00:11:40.360 --> 00:11:45.279 read this. It is the last book. It is Rushcheff 172 00:11:45.320 --> 00:11:49.080 in Power and Finished Reform, published two thousand and fourteen, 173 00:11:49.279 --> 00:11:54.279 and khrush Nihita Khrushcheff in Creation of Superpower published in 174 00:11:54.399 --> 00:11:58.960 two thousand and also Khrushchev on HRUs Show published in 175 00:11:59.159 --> 00:12:03.399 ninety nine. But the main recollection. When we're looking, we're 176 00:12:03.440 --> 00:12:08.679 looking at the cruise show like some person, but all 177 00:12:08.720 --> 00:12:12.559 the time threatening the west and trying to stay that 178 00:12:12.679 --> 00:12:16.679 I'm bury you another thing that really he never told 179 00:12:16.720 --> 00:12:20.639 this in such a way. But he was the very 180 00:12:20.679 --> 00:12:24.519 good father. He like us. We live very close life. 181 00:12:25.559 --> 00:12:28.720 I have the brother and three sisters. We live together. 182 00:12:29.519 --> 00:12:33.960 And he like nature. He was the hunter, and he 183 00:12:34.279 --> 00:12:36.840 liked pets. He had the two dogs and the cat, 184 00:12:36.960 --> 00:12:41.200 and the kennaries and squirrels. Squirrels were the pet and 185 00:12:41.279 --> 00:12:46.960 the Soviet Union and also the people finding some small 186 00:12:47.080 --> 00:12:51.080 cups in the forests and they brought to him. So 187 00:12:51.320 --> 00:12:55.480 we have the deer like a pet. And the fox. 188 00:12:55.879 --> 00:12:59.120 And the fox live in our house near the house 189 00:12:59.200 --> 00:13:03.840 and his boody. But he had not very easy relations 190 00:13:03.960 --> 00:13:08.840 with my grandmother because my grandmother grew up in the 191 00:13:08.919 --> 00:13:13.600 Polish part of the Ukraine and she reunited with the 192 00:13:13.720 --> 00:13:17.360 family only in nineteen thirty nine, and she has her 193 00:13:17.480 --> 00:13:30.759 own how to say, her own animals. No, it was 194 00:13:30.840 --> 00:13:36.240 the ducks and the geese and the rabbits. But the 195 00:13:36.320 --> 00:13:39.519 fox thought saw that it was his animals too, so 196 00:13:39.799 --> 00:13:43.320 he had didn't kill them, and she chased them. So 197 00:13:44.320 --> 00:13:47.480 the fox disappeared during the day and nobody saw him. 198 00:13:47.559 --> 00:13:50.879 But when my father returned from the office and went 199 00:13:50.919 --> 00:13:53.840 to the walk and I walked with him, the fox 200 00:13:54.279 --> 00:13:58.279 appeared from some from nowhere and joined us and walked. 201 00:13:58.440 --> 00:14:02.360 We walk together the us and then fog disappeared for 202 00:14:02.440 --> 00:14:08.720 the next three days. We have the goat there that 203 00:14:08.960 --> 00:14:12.320 was also leave around and they were the bodyguards who 204 00:14:12.360 --> 00:14:18.000 were surrounded the official residence and they had nothing to do, 205 00:14:18.240 --> 00:14:22.879 so they taught the goat to smoke. They and the 206 00:14:23.080 --> 00:14:26.559 god became the smoke, coming to the people and just 207 00:14:26.840 --> 00:14:32.360 showing them it's one to smoke, Give me the cigarettes. Yes, 208 00:14:32.720 --> 00:14:37.000 So I can say that he was very good person 209 00:14:37.200 --> 00:14:41.120 and the person who was mostly concerned about improving life 210 00:14:41.279 --> 00:14:44.960 of the Soviet people, and he never thought about possibility 211 00:14:44.960 --> 00:14:47.240 of the boy against the United States. 212 00:14:47.639 --> 00:14:49.840 Well, that's good to hear, doctor, because now my next 213 00:14:49.919 --> 00:14:52.559 question and then after this, I'd like to concentrate on 214 00:14:52.720 --> 00:14:56.919 Soviet and Russian space accomplishments. Your accomplishments in the areas 215 00:14:57.440 --> 00:15:00.279 of space. But it now brings us to the very 216 00:15:00.399 --> 00:15:02.919 interesting period in history that you write so well about 217 00:15:02.919 --> 00:15:06.000 the Cuban missile crisis. As you know, sir, from October 218 00:15:06.039 --> 00:15:09.320 the sixteenth to the twenty eighth of nineteen sixty two, 219 00:15:09.399 --> 00:15:11.320 I was a young boy living in New York City, 220 00:15:11.919 --> 00:15:14.120 and from my perspective and all the people in my 221 00:15:14.320 --> 00:15:16.480 age group, just young students, we. 222 00:15:16.519 --> 00:15:17.360 Were very warried. 223 00:15:17.440 --> 00:15:20.039 I'll be very honest with you that not only would 224 00:15:20.080 --> 00:15:23.200 America do something, but the Soviet Union might when it 225 00:15:23.360 --> 00:15:27.200 comes to this situation with missiles not only in Cuba, 226 00:15:27.519 --> 00:15:31.480 Russian or Soviet missiles, but also American missiles in Turkey. 227 00:15:31.559 --> 00:15:35.080 So describe to us this crisis, because did we or 228 00:15:35.159 --> 00:15:38.360 did we not really come the closest to potential nuclear 229 00:15:38.440 --> 00:15:40.440 war at any time during the Cold War? Was this 230 00:15:40.639 --> 00:15:42.159 the time that it could have happened. 231 00:15:43.000 --> 00:15:48.159 They American missiles not only in Turkey, Buttolsa, in Italy 232 00:15:48.480 --> 00:15:52.279 and in the Great Britain. But the biggest problem of 233 00:15:52.399 --> 00:15:56.279 the time and the biggest threat to the vult that 234 00:15:56.480 --> 00:16:01.600 it was American psychological crisis. The same the psychological crisis 235 00:16:01.720 --> 00:16:06.080 when the Soviet Union launched put Nique or nine to eleven. 236 00:16:06.720 --> 00:16:10.720 And it is very difficult to manage pecciological crisis because 237 00:16:11.320 --> 00:16:16.759 it was no the people don't accept it any reasons. 238 00:16:16.919 --> 00:16:22.480 You cannot stop the mob that is running toward you. 239 00:16:23.279 --> 00:16:26.919 So Americans were very scared that when this message would 240 00:16:26.919 --> 00:16:30.480 the ady Soviet Union launched them against the United States, 241 00:16:30.600 --> 00:16:36.000 not asking why they will launch them from the human 242 00:16:36.159 --> 00:16:39.080 territory but not from the Soviet mainland. But this is 243 00:16:39.159 --> 00:16:42.200 the biggest problem of this crisis, because you have to 244 00:16:42.279 --> 00:16:46.120 understand that we leave through the many other crises, but 245 00:16:46.320 --> 00:16:50.919 they happened five away from the United States. Americans had 246 00:16:51.039 --> 00:16:54.759 never enemies at the gates, different from they were lucky 247 00:16:56.840 --> 00:17:01.320 in comparison with Europeans or Asian which have enemies to 248 00:17:01.399 --> 00:17:07.839 the gates all the time. So they thought that if 249 00:17:08.720 --> 00:17:14.000 the other crisis like Berlin crisis or Middle East crisis 250 00:17:14.119 --> 00:17:18.000 will spark the war. They will kill each other, but 251 00:17:18.200 --> 00:17:21.599 we will watch them on the TV. And now they 252 00:17:21.759 --> 00:17:24.880 found that we are vulnerable the same there. We can 253 00:17:25.000 --> 00:17:28.400 be killed, we can be dead. And this created all 254 00:17:28.519 --> 00:17:36.160 these problems around the gold because when you are so scared, 255 00:17:36.319 --> 00:17:40.400 you can just start the war without real intentions. And 256 00:17:40.519 --> 00:17:45.279 it was very difficult to the President Kennedy to manage 257 00:17:45.359 --> 00:17:49.319 this crisis because you have to manage that people who 258 00:17:49.400 --> 00:17:55.359 are don't listen any reasons. And they we were lucky 259 00:17:55.519 --> 00:17:58.759 he was that he was a strong leader and that 260 00:17:59.039 --> 00:18:06.440 he did was not the person who first shoot then 261 00:18:06.599 --> 00:18:14.759 think that he decided to negotiate. Negotiating it was very 262 00:18:14.839 --> 00:18:20.000 important thaint because when you're negotiating, you understanding what is 263 00:18:20.119 --> 00:18:24.880 the intention of the opposite side and what is your 264 00:18:25.039 --> 00:18:29.079 own vision of the inter you present this to the 265 00:18:29.200 --> 00:18:35.480 opposite side. And through this, at last they came to 266 00:18:35.599 --> 00:18:39.640 the agreement that it will be good to the both sides, 267 00:18:39.799 --> 00:18:46.319 the Soviet Union and Americans if they will, the Soviet 268 00:18:46.480 --> 00:18:53.079 Union will take missiles out of Cuba. The United States 269 00:18:53.200 --> 00:18:56.559 will never in wait the Cuban island. And it was 270 00:18:56.759 --> 00:19:00.559 very good negotiation. They were very successful. Similar to the 271 00:19:00.720 --> 00:19:07.839 negotiation around the Iranian nuclear problem, because you cannot have 272 00:19:08.119 --> 00:19:12.720 everything when your begainning. If you're buying the house, you're 273 00:19:12.799 --> 00:19:16.319 not pay that price that you wanted to pay, but 274 00:19:17.160 --> 00:19:20.039 you are not charged as much they who are selling 275 00:19:20.119 --> 00:19:23.160 you want to charge you. So you have to have 276 00:19:23.720 --> 00:19:29.599 what satisfied both sides. And of course it was also 277 00:19:29.720 --> 00:19:34.279 misunderstanding of the in the Cuban missile crisis, because Soviet 278 00:19:34.480 --> 00:19:38.640 Unions sent the missiles to Cuban, not because they want 279 00:19:38.720 --> 00:19:42.319 to change ballace of power, or attack the United States 280 00:19:42.720 --> 00:19:51.240 or infiltrate the American sphere of the interests. Because when 281 00:19:51.400 --> 00:19:58.599 after the base pics the Fidel cast declare that he's 282 00:19:59.319 --> 00:20:06.000 now is so it's all and he joined wars respect 283 00:20:06.920 --> 00:20:12.440 the Soviet Union had the same obligation to defend all 284 00:20:12.599 --> 00:20:16.559 his allies, the same as Americans and the Cuba became 285 00:20:16.720 --> 00:20:20.559 for the Soviet Union, the same at the West Berlin 286 00:20:20.720 --> 00:20:24.799 for the United States. A small useless piece of land, 287 00:20:25.519 --> 00:20:30.000 deep insiled, hostile territory. But if you will not defend, 288 00:20:33.640 --> 00:20:36.759 if you'll not defend the m you will lose your 289 00:20:36.839 --> 00:20:40.559 face and the superpower. And this was the biggest problem 290 00:20:40.720 --> 00:20:44.000 there exact because the Soviet Union didn't know how to 291 00:20:44.119 --> 00:20:47.799 defend the Cuba. My father told they cannot defend them 292 00:20:47.880 --> 00:20:51.400 diplomatically because Americans will not listen to me in the 293 00:20:52.279 --> 00:20:59.880 United Nations. I cannot use conventional forces because America control communication, 294 00:21:00.079 --> 00:21:03.880 and we need Chock to show Americans that we're serious. 295 00:21:04.240 --> 00:21:07.799 And he decided to send their missiles, and it's looked. 296 00:21:07.960 --> 00:21:10.440 You see, yes, I do. We still existed. 297 00:21:11.599 --> 00:21:14.079 Well, doctor, this is very fascinating. But as a young boy, 298 00:21:14.279 --> 00:21:16.400 you live those days in the Kremlin, of course, or 299 00:21:16.480 --> 00:21:16.839 near there. 300 00:21:17.079 --> 00:21:19.920 No, I never live in Kremlin, Okay, it is one 301 00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:25.119 of miss understanding. I leave in the outskirts of Moscow 302 00:21:25.200 --> 00:21:32.319 where they have the government and governmental residents. Well, thank goodness, 303 00:21:32.359 --> 00:21:35.960 in the Kremlin they leave the revolutionary leaders like Cleanian's 304 00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:40.759 Stalin and some others after the revolution. But my father 305 00:21:41.000 --> 00:21:44.720 was of second generation and there was never leave there understood. 306 00:21:45.279 --> 00:21:48.160 Well, thank goodness, doctor Krushchev, that the world came to 307 00:21:48.279 --> 00:21:50.160 its census. And I think the simple thing we could 308 00:21:50.160 --> 00:21:52.799 both agree on in this interview in many others, is 309 00:21:52.880 --> 00:21:55.000 that we need to have with every country in the 310 00:21:55.079 --> 00:21:59.680 world better understanding of their cultures, their missions, and better 311 00:21:59.759 --> 00:22:03.000 to be negotiators than to be warriors obviously correct. 312 00:22:03.319 --> 00:22:06.799 Yeah, that is that is true. That is true, because 313 00:22:07.240 --> 00:22:11.200 it is very important to understand the nature of our 314 00:22:11.519 --> 00:22:15.200 of our two countries, the nature of the people, and 315 00:22:15.839 --> 00:22:20.000 so it was very important this the program of the 316 00:22:20.119 --> 00:22:24.160 presidenties and how people to people diplomacy. When his love 317 00:22:24.279 --> 00:22:28.720 and ornate people will meet other people from the other countries, 318 00:22:28.759 --> 00:22:35.440 they will better understand each other, and after that they 319 00:22:35.519 --> 00:22:43.480 will better deal with each other. The beginning of the 320 00:22:43.559 --> 00:22:46.559 beginning of this mutual introduction. 321 00:22:46.720 --> 00:22:50.160 Absolutely our special guest today doctor Sergei Khrushchev. He's the 322 00:22:50.279 --> 00:22:55.079 son of former Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev. Doctor Khrushchev now 323 00:22:55.160 --> 00:22:57.799 resides in the United States, where he's a senior fellow 324 00:22:57.920 --> 00:23:01.319 at the Watson Institute for Internationals, that is at Brown 325 00:23:01.440 --> 00:23:05.079 University in Providence, Rhode Island. Doctor Krushchev is kind enough 326 00:23:05.119 --> 00:23:07.440 to take some time out of his busy schedule today 327 00:23:08.079 --> 00:23:12.559 recollecting about his experiences with his father, world history, and 328 00:23:12.720 --> 00:23:16.839 then of course discussing now the importance of the Soviet 329 00:23:17.000 --> 00:23:21.279 Union in space and Russia. Doctor you have a vast 330 00:23:21.319 --> 00:23:24.759 background in engineering and aerospace, and I want to congratulate 331 00:23:24.839 --> 00:23:28.240 you for all the great successes on the designs that 332 00:23:28.400 --> 00:23:30.880 you and the Soviet unions then, and of course the 333 00:23:30.960 --> 00:23:35.960 Russian space scientists have created amazing story here folks. But 334 00:23:36.039 --> 00:23:39.519 tell us doctor, what's the passion? What was the passion 335 00:23:39.640 --> 00:23:43.319 for the Soviet Union for space? This, of course is 336 00:23:43.400 --> 00:23:45.200 amazing to our listeners talk about that. 337 00:23:47.160 --> 00:23:50.920 When we're talking about patient. It was not really patient. 338 00:23:51.000 --> 00:23:55.759 I will see. It was a necessity because at that 339 00:23:56.000 --> 00:24:03.839 time in American Congress they endlested discuss when we will 340 00:24:03.880 --> 00:24:08.680 attack Soviet Union, how many countries cities we will destroy? 341 00:24:09.160 --> 00:24:14.839 It depends how many wark had at that time United 342 00:24:14.880 --> 00:24:19.119 States had, and the Soviet Union have to defend itself 343 00:24:19.200 --> 00:24:24.240 and that means they have to have ability to retaliate. 344 00:24:25.400 --> 00:24:30.319 And my father thought what we can do and at 345 00:24:30.400 --> 00:24:36.440 last they decided to try to build the ballistics into 346 00:24:37.279 --> 00:24:46.559 Cantain missile and they have different designers, but Karolov started 347 00:24:46.640 --> 00:24:51.680 to design dis missile and the person who was in 348 00:24:51.880 --> 00:24:56.599 charge of this design and the engineer, he was more 349 00:24:56.720 --> 00:25:00.640 interested in the launching the fertilite in sp space. So 350 00:25:00.960 --> 00:25:04.119 they designed missiles at the same time they designed they 351 00:25:05.559 --> 00:25:12.000 satellite and when my father visited Karlov designed Garoy in 352 00:25:12.119 --> 00:25:15.759 nineteen fifty six, and they showed them the missile and 353 00:25:15.880 --> 00:25:21.240 then they brought him to the special corner and so 354 00:25:21.559 --> 00:25:25.559 we can launch the satellite. And my father told, yes, 355 00:25:25.640 --> 00:25:29.920 it's very interesting. He was very good in any innovation. 356 00:25:30.279 --> 00:25:34.000 He thld will not it hurt the real goal to 357 00:25:34.119 --> 00:25:36.519 build the missile little no, no, we will do it. 358 00:25:37.359 --> 00:25:44.359 And they launched it on the October fourth, nineteen fifty seven. 359 00:25:45.000 --> 00:25:49.319 It was the Karlov behind all the things, because he 360 00:25:49.559 --> 00:25:54.680 was mostly interested to do this, and he thought that 361 00:25:54.920 --> 00:26:01.039 because it was planning the camin the meeting of the 362 00:26:02.240 --> 00:26:07.160 Geophysical Committee was Geo Physical Year at that time, and 363 00:26:07.279 --> 00:26:12.160 the Americans will report there about their satellite. He thought 364 00:26:12.240 --> 00:26:16.480 that they will report about launching their satellite. So he 365 00:26:16.680 --> 00:26:20.160 told all his people, we have to do it before them. 366 00:26:20.599 --> 00:26:23.160 They immeting on the fifth. We have to launch it 367 00:26:23.240 --> 00:26:27.079 on the fourth, and he launched and he reported to 368 00:26:27.200 --> 00:26:30.480 my father, who was it Kiva that day, and told 369 00:26:31.200 --> 00:26:35.279 we did it. We're very successful. But we didn't understand 370 00:26:36.039 --> 00:26:38.519 what there is an answer it will be in the world. 371 00:26:38.680 --> 00:26:44.680 We thought it was a great achievement, but similar to 372 00:26:44.799 --> 00:26:50.440 the many other achievements of our country, including the designing 373 00:26:50.599 --> 00:27:00.359 the first nuclear power station, the first passenger jet lane 374 00:27:00.640 --> 00:27:04.680 and some others. So it was two hundred pages on 375 00:27:04.799 --> 00:27:10.200 the right first page of the Soviet newspapers. That's saying 376 00:27:10.359 --> 00:27:15.799 that the planning of the International Geophysical ear with this 377 00:27:16.000 --> 00:27:19.200 is great a human but in the world, especially the 378 00:27:19.319 --> 00:27:22.559 United States, it's worth the shock. And it was the 379 00:27:22.680 --> 00:27:25.599 headlines every way. It was stating the fee in the 380 00:27:25.759 --> 00:27:30.640 United States if Americans, if Soviets launch this, put nique 381 00:27:31.400 --> 00:27:35.640 so they can launch the missile and they can attack us. 382 00:27:36.279 --> 00:27:38.759 And it was very difficult to pray that either. Help 383 00:27:38.799 --> 00:27:43.119 it tell my dear Americans, we still match ahead of 384 00:27:43.279 --> 00:27:48.319 the Soviet Union, we have our superiority. They will attack us. 385 00:27:48.400 --> 00:27:51.599 Nobody want to listen to here. So when did we 386 00:27:51.799 --> 00:27:56.359 look and we see what did this have such psychological 387 00:27:56.440 --> 00:28:00.319 and political effect on all these people in the vote? 388 00:28:01.799 --> 00:28:05.839 It was next day when it was in the first 389 00:28:07.119 --> 00:28:11.359 had big headlines in the first pages of the Soviet 390 00:28:11.480 --> 00:28:16.960 newspapers saying, yes, it is our greatest achievement. And after 391 00:28:17.119 --> 00:28:21.799 that the space became very popular, of course in the 392 00:28:21.960 --> 00:28:26.119 Soviet like every way in the world. Yes, and we 393 00:28:26.279 --> 00:28:27.519 focused on all these things. 394 00:28:27.920 --> 00:28:31.559 Well, you had many Soviet first like Valentina Teleskova, being. 395 00:28:33.119 --> 00:28:35.880 It was the first Furiga guid In and Valentin ty 396 00:28:35.960 --> 00:28:43.119 Skova and its way, and the first working on the 397 00:28:44.119 --> 00:28:48.519 open space with the Leona and many others. 398 00:28:48.400 --> 00:28:52.160 The Soyuz mission with Apollo right the link together in space. 399 00:28:52.720 --> 00:28:56.880 But these are great Soviet achievements, great Russian rocket, you know, 400 00:28:57.000 --> 00:29:00.400 great successes in the Russian space program. And it's an 401 00:29:00.440 --> 00:29:03.839