WEBVTT 1 00:00:21.120 --> 00:00:27.320 AI is literally inundating everything here in the United States. 2 00:00:27.359 --> 00:00:30.519 I don't know how it's affecting other countries, but I 3 00:00:30.559 --> 00:00:36.799 would imagine those with a Western tent are feeling the 4 00:00:36.840 --> 00:00:42.600 same impact. And I am so fascinated by it. But 5 00:00:42.759 --> 00:00:46.560 I am using two systems, two applications. I'm using chet 6 00:00:46.640 --> 00:00:53.240 GPT and I'm using Venue AI, and I'm using Venice 7 00:00:53.280 --> 00:01:01.719 because chat GPT has certain restrictions on creating graphic photographs, photorealism, 8 00:01:02.240 --> 00:01:08.079 anything that hintset, nudity or whatever their guidance is inappropriate 9 00:01:08.640 --> 00:01:14.000 imagery is banned, and so Venice is open to that. 10 00:01:14.280 --> 00:01:17.799 And so I'm working with both of them right now. 11 00:01:18.079 --> 00:01:21.920 And I'm using chat gp for writing purposes because it 12 00:01:21.959 --> 00:01:26.120 can download vast amounts of data to pick and choose from. Now. 13 00:01:26.799 --> 00:01:28.879 One of the big problems, and many of you who 14 00:01:28.920 --> 00:01:31.760 are using AI know what I'm talking about, is it's 15 00:01:32.400 --> 00:01:35.680 providing the information that may not be true. It may 16 00:01:35.719 --> 00:01:39.040 be manipulating the truth, it may be false. It may 17 00:01:39.640 --> 00:01:43.640 present it like it's an actual fact, when in truth 18 00:01:43.680 --> 00:01:48.120 it's not. It's a presumption, and so you got to 19 00:01:48.159 --> 00:01:50.799 be very careful when you add it to a document. 20 00:01:51.239 --> 00:01:55.040 And I have friends that write white papers, scientific white papers, 21 00:01:55.560 --> 00:02:03.599 archaeological references and papers, and they use AI for reference 22 00:02:03.640 --> 00:02:06.719 material as well. But you have to be very careful. 23 00:02:06.799 --> 00:02:10.159 And I'm wondering, as I'm getting ready to publish another 24 00:02:10.199 --> 00:02:13.879 book and I need to talk to the editors about this, 25 00:02:15.120 --> 00:02:19.439 how do the editors determine what's real what's not, Because 26 00:02:19.439 --> 00:02:21.800 if they're sticking their neck out for a new author 27 00:02:21.840 --> 00:02:24.800 and the author is not being truthful, I don't know 28 00:02:24.919 --> 00:02:30.039 if they're in line to be reprimanded or even sued 29 00:02:30.800 --> 00:02:33.759 depending on the information. I would think that they could 30 00:02:33.759 --> 00:02:40.000 be sued if they're making statements that could cause harm. 31 00:02:40.960 --> 00:02:44.439 And of course you have to write and present a 32 00:02:44.560 --> 00:02:46.719 statement at the head at the beginning of the book 33 00:02:47.599 --> 00:02:52.560 protecting yourself and that you're not responsible for anybody who 34 00:02:53.479 --> 00:02:57.360 uses a product or does something that could be dangerous. 35 00:02:57.479 --> 00:03:05.360 And so that's important. But I am really enjoying working 36 00:03:05.400 --> 00:03:09.159 with artificial intelligence. And I got to say that I 37 00:03:09.280 --> 00:03:14.400 have been asking some very hard questions regarding the discovery 38 00:03:14.560 --> 00:03:18.960 of an Ice age civilization. This is a prediluvian civilization, 39 00:03:19.599 --> 00:03:22.639 and what the ramifications are. And in the very beginning, 40 00:03:22.680 --> 00:03:24.479 i'd say a year or two ago, you know, i'd 41 00:03:24.479 --> 00:03:27.560 say two years ago. When you ask the question like that, 42 00:03:27.680 --> 00:03:31.199 it would give you very straight answers like, well, there 43 00:03:31.199 --> 00:03:35.159 hasn't been any proof of a prediluvian civilization, Atlantis is 44 00:03:35.599 --> 00:03:38.360 a myth, and so forth and so on. But as 45 00:03:38.400 --> 00:03:41.599 you get better, and this is the key to working 46 00:03:41.639 --> 00:03:45.960 with artificial intelligence, When you pose very specific questions and 47 00:03:46.000 --> 00:03:49.280 you phrase it in such a way, it actually helps. 48 00:03:49.879 --> 00:03:55.240 It helps you get the more quality answer with really 49 00:03:55.280 --> 00:03:58.479 really good data. And so I've been doing this off 50 00:03:58.479 --> 00:04:03.680 and on as an experient, and in our interview today 51 00:04:03.719 --> 00:04:07.919 with Mark doctor Mark Carlotto, Mark actually presents at the 52 00:04:08.039 --> 00:04:11.120 very beginning of his book a little paragraph that says 53 00:04:11.280 --> 00:04:16.279 supported by chat GPT for data analysis. And I thought 54 00:04:16.279 --> 00:04:19.680 to myself, well, that's that's a nice way to say 55 00:04:19.720 --> 00:04:22.360 that you've had help from AI. But he had the 56 00:04:22.399 --> 00:04:24.920 same problem that I did, and we'll hear about exactly 57 00:04:24.959 --> 00:04:29.240 what that was. But I want to play a real 58 00:04:29.360 --> 00:04:34.319 short voice activated AI response to a question I pose, 59 00:04:34.920 --> 00:04:39.439 which is what would be the reaction and the impact 60 00:04:39.759 --> 00:04:48.480 of a discovery of a prediluvian advanced civilization that was 61 00:04:48.519 --> 00:04:52.240 not known? And I'm only going to play a little 62 00:04:52.279 --> 00:04:56.519 bit of this because it goes on for about twelve 63 00:04:56.759 --> 00:05:03.040 was about fifteen minutes because the U the artificial intelligence 64 00:05:03.079 --> 00:05:06.720 reply is long winded. So I'm going to play just 65 00:05:06.800 --> 00:05:09.279 a few minutes of it here for you to listen to, 66 00:05:10.240 --> 00:05:13.319 and you'll get a sense you'll hear the question and 67 00:05:13.360 --> 00:05:15.720 then you'll hear the answer. So I'll just take a 68 00:05:15.800 --> 00:05:16.360 quick listen. 69 00:05:18.600 --> 00:05:22.839 Discovering an advanced prehistoric civilization twenty five thousand years old 70 00:05:23.399 --> 00:05:28.439 question post to AI chat GPT. If archaeologists uncovered clear, repeatable, 71 00:05:28.600 --> 00:05:32.079 testable evidence of a technologically advanced civilization twenty five thousand 72 00:05:32.160 --> 00:05:35.399 years ago, around twenty three thousand BCE deep in the 73 00:05:35.480 --> 00:05:38.639 last Ice Age, the impact would be massive, but not 74 00:05:38.720 --> 00:05:42.240 in the way conspiracy culture imagines it would unfold in phases, 75 00:05:42.959 --> 00:05:46.680 Let's walk through it one E. What would actually have 76 00:05:46.759 --> 00:05:50.600 to be found to overturn current models of prehistory? The 77 00:05:50.639 --> 00:05:54.639 discovery would need something like precision machined alloys dated securely 78 00:05:54.639 --> 00:05:58.639 to twenty five thousand years ago, semiconductor level materials embedded 79 00:05:58.639 --> 00:06:03.560 in undisturbed strata, complex energy systems, reactors, batteries, et cetera, 80 00:06:03.959 --> 00:06:08.680 written symbolic systems tied to engineered infrastructure, large scale urban 81 00:06:08.680 --> 00:06:14.360 planning beneath glacial layers, not mysterious stones, not carvings, not 82 00:06:14.439 --> 00:06:18.279 ambiguous anomalies. It would have to be unmistakably industrial or 83 00:06:18.279 --> 00:06:21.959 post industrial technology. If that level of evidence were confirmed 84 00:06:22.000 --> 00:06:25.839 by multiple labs worldwide. History would not suppress it. It 85 00:06:25.839 --> 00:06:30.160 would detonate academia in a productive way. Pwore immediate impact 86 00:06:30.240 --> 00:06:35.279 on archaeology and anthropology. Current consensus agriculture about ten thousand, 87 00:06:35.639 --> 00:06:40.439 twelve thousand years ago, cities about six thousand, seven thousand 88 00:06:40.480 --> 00:06:45.600 years ago, Bronze Age about five thousand years ago, industrialization 89 00:06:45.920 --> 00:06:48.759 about two hundred and fifty years ago. A twenty five 90 00:06:48.920 --> 00:06:53.519 zero zero zero year old advanced civilization would mean civilization 91 00:06:53.600 --> 00:06:58.120 predates agriculture. Complex societies emerged during the Ice Age. Our 92 00:06:58.120 --> 00:07:02.720 evolutionary timeline of social complexity is incomplete. Major population collapse 93 00:07:02.720 --> 00:07:06.680 events erased prior development. The field would pivot overnight. Universities 94 00:07:06.680 --> 00:07:10.240 would rewrite textbooks within a decade three What happens to 95 00:07:10.279 --> 00:07:14.120 human evolution theory. It wouldn't overturn evolution. It would force 96 00:07:14.160 --> 00:07:18.839 reevaluation of cultural development models, not biology. Charles Darwin remains intact. 97 00:07:21.120 --> 00:07:23.959 Now I'm going to be trying out some different tests 98 00:07:24.079 --> 00:07:30.680 on other artificial intelligence that have more archaeological data storage. 99 00:07:31.920 --> 00:07:35.319 And I'm not sure it'll make a difference, but it might. 100 00:07:36.399 --> 00:07:39.800 And I'm going to keep posing these questions about discovering 101 00:07:40.519 --> 00:07:45.639 a Prediluvian Ice Age civilization, Ice Age being the plesticne 102 00:07:46.319 --> 00:07:50.079 I think, what is it. It's over two million years 103 00:07:50.720 --> 00:07:54.519 to approximately eleven thousand years ago. That's a long long time. 104 00:07:55.079 --> 00:07:58.639 And so and we're gonna hear about this today. These 105 00:07:58.680 --> 00:08:03.240 different epics epochs, I should say, these different epochs have 106 00:08:03.879 --> 00:08:07.920 Ice Ages in them. So we'll hear about that from Mark. 107 00:08:08.680 --> 00:08:14.839 And so this is interesting data, This is important data. 108 00:08:15.639 --> 00:08:21.120 And I you know, have archaeologists on the program all 109 00:08:21.120 --> 00:08:25.920 the time, and it's important that they stay flexible. And 110 00:08:26.000 --> 00:08:29.439 I think that a lot of these civilizations that we 111 00:08:29.519 --> 00:08:35.200 recognize today, especially the old ones like Dynastic Egypt, some 112 00:08:35.279 --> 00:08:39.960 of the Peruvians, even the Maya, the Early Maya, will 113 00:08:39.960 --> 00:08:46.000 be continually redated as more artifacts are found. Plus, and 114 00:08:46.080 --> 00:08:48.559 this is one to really get your mind around. If 115 00:08:48.720 --> 00:08:54.720 we are reusing temples, pyramids, and other buildings and artifacts 116 00:08:55.440 --> 00:08:58.200 left to us by earlier ages, we're not going to 117 00:08:58.320 --> 00:09:03.080 know that they were created by an early Predynastic people 118 00:09:03.240 --> 00:09:07.679 or a Ice Age people. Because they were reused. And 119 00:09:07.919 --> 00:09:09.840 this is a big deal that a lot of people 120 00:09:09.840 --> 00:09:12.799 don't know about. When it comes to the Maya, different 121 00:09:12.879 --> 00:09:18.320 generations would modify and in some cases completely rebuild pyramids, 122 00:09:18.440 --> 00:09:23.279 temples and buildings and so and archaeologists pretty much know this, 123 00:09:23.600 --> 00:09:26.559 especially with Maya. I don't hear it so much in 124 00:09:26.919 --> 00:09:34.000 Egyptological terms. But these these buildings were repurposed. And so 125 00:09:34.080 --> 00:09:37.159 how are you going to know who the earlier people 126 00:09:37.200 --> 00:09:42.279 were that built the original temples or pyramids. The only 127 00:09:42.320 --> 00:09:44.639 way you're going to know is to dig into the pyramids, 128 00:09:44.639 --> 00:09:46.960 and that's just not done a lot right now. So 129 00:09:48.399 --> 00:09:52.919 lots to consider and lots lots to really salivate over, 130 00:09:53.000 --> 00:09:56.639 because as we begin to discover these things, and this 131 00:09:56.759 --> 00:09:59.360 is what my my problem with archaeology is right now 132 00:09:59.399 --> 00:10:02.120 is if you've got to stretch, you're thinking, you've got 133 00:10:02.159 --> 00:10:07.559 to move beyond these predisposed dates, and if your books 134 00:10:07.600 --> 00:10:10.759 are saying we have to hard stop at four thousand 135 00:10:10.879 --> 00:10:13.879 years because before that time we were hundreds of gatherers. 136 00:10:14.840 --> 00:10:18.879 You know what's go Beckley Tepio about that's twelve thousand 137 00:10:19.120 --> 00:10:23.440 years ago that place was put together, those subsurface temples. 138 00:10:25.200 --> 00:10:29.879 But the other thought is if we are repurposing or 139 00:10:29.919 --> 00:10:35.240 our ancestors repurposed existing buildings, that should be a whole 140 00:10:35.279 --> 00:10:41.480 different study, kind of like archaeo astronomy, where these buildings 141 00:10:41.480 --> 00:10:47.840 were aligned for certain equinoxes and solstices and star systems. 142 00:10:49.399 --> 00:10:51.320 And we're going to get into that today. And that's 143 00:10:51.399 --> 00:10:54.519 that's simply a mind blower because then you get into 144 00:10:54.519 --> 00:10:59.159 some really ancient time time periods. So today's gonna be fun. 145 00:10:59.159 --> 00:11:02.360 So today's program is an inconvenient theory. This is a 146 00:11:02.399 --> 00:11:06.639 new book by doctor Mark Carloado, who is the guest today. 147 00:11:09.200 --> 00:11:11.639 Hey Earth Asients has some of the best tours that 148 00:11:11.720 --> 00:11:14.840 you could ever be a part of, simply because not 149 00:11:14.879 --> 00:11:18.120 only are they high quality, we call them the diplomatic 150 00:11:18.159 --> 00:11:22.639 tour because you're treated like a representative of your city, state, country, 151 00:11:23.279 --> 00:11:27.799 and just wind and dine like royalty. But the price, 152 00:11:28.759 --> 00:11:32.080 the costs, the expense is half of looking normally charge 153 00:11:32.600 --> 00:11:36.600 for a twelve to thirteen day tour. Our upcoming Egyptian 154 00:11:37.360 --> 00:11:40.080 Grand Egyptian Tour is April twenty eight through May tenth. 155 00:11:40.440 --> 00:11:43.519 This is an opportunity to join me to see these 156 00:11:44.559 --> 00:11:49.080 massive stone structures up close and personal, interact with artifacts, 157 00:11:49.360 --> 00:11:52.600 see this new billion dollar museum, float on the Nile 158 00:11:52.799 --> 00:11:58.679 and Luxury and see some of the oldest megalithic sites 159 00:11:58.919 --> 00:12:02.720 in the world. For all the details and more information, 160 00:12:02.799 --> 00:12:06.480 go to Earth Ancients dot com Forward slash Tours and 161 00:12:06.679 --> 00:12:10.799 you can see the itinerary for each day evolves a 162 00:12:10.879 --> 00:12:14.480 little bit. We add a few places like the Usirian 163 00:12:14.720 --> 00:12:17.240 was gonna be a part of a day tour, which 164 00:12:17.279 --> 00:12:22.279 is that out of place building that's in Abydos, And 165 00:12:22.399 --> 00:12:24.679 oh my god, we're gonna see that. We're gonna see 166 00:12:25.120 --> 00:12:29.639 Luxor Karnak and just so much more. Again, we only 167 00:12:29.639 --> 00:12:32.120 have a few seats left because we want to just 168 00:12:32.120 --> 00:12:35.879 take a small group of people and this is your opportunity, 169 00:12:36.159 --> 00:12:39.960 your invitation to see ancient Egypt up close and personal 170 00:12:40.039 --> 00:12:43.480 with me and Saba Tours and go to Earthancients dot 171 00:12:43.519 --> 00:12:46.200 com Forward slash Tour. It's gonna be April twenty eighth 172 00:12:46.200 --> 00:12:48.480 through May tenth. It is not to be missed. Come 173 00:12:48.519 --> 00:13:27.360 out and join us. Mark Carlato is with us. If 174 00:13:27.399 --> 00:13:30.080 you don't know who he is, he is a former 175 00:13:30.120 --> 00:13:34.080 aerospace engineer and also an author and a scientist. We 176 00:13:34.120 --> 00:13:35.879 have him on It seems like we have Mark ont 177 00:13:36.600 --> 00:13:38.919 on an annual basis to give us kind of a 178 00:13:38.919 --> 00:13:42.639 heads up on what's going on. And he is a 179 00:13:42.840 --> 00:13:45.960 perfect birth ancious candidate simply because not only does he 180 00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:51.159 deal with anomaloist topics, his work is based on science, 181 00:13:51.200 --> 00:13:53.039 which I really like because it kind of gives us 182 00:13:53.039 --> 00:13:57.799 a grounds to work with. His new book is called 183 00:13:57.879 --> 00:14:02.519 an Inconvenient Theory Ages and Loss Civilizations. This is another 184 00:14:02.600 --> 00:14:07.440 look at not only Charles hapgood the crustal displacement theory, 185 00:14:08.000 --> 00:14:10.919 but also what has come out of that, some of 186 00:14:10.919 --> 00:14:14.440 the research that he has discovered, and some new ideas 187 00:14:14.480 --> 00:14:16.360 that I think are gonna be kind of fun to 188 00:14:16.399 --> 00:14:20.240 talk about. So, hey, Mark, Welcome to Earth Ancients. 189 00:14:20.279 --> 00:14:23.159 How you doing good? Cliff? I'm good. How are you? 190 00:14:23.600 --> 00:14:26.120 How's it? How's it going? You're in Virginia right? 191 00:14:27.559 --> 00:14:28.440 I know in Boston. 192 00:14:28.559 --> 00:14:30.399 Oh you're in Boston. Okay, So you're dealing with some 193 00:14:30.679 --> 00:14:36.879 pretty cold weather right now. I'm hearing so called sunny California. 194 00:14:36.960 --> 00:14:39.320 We're dealing with forty degree weather. Of course for you 195 00:14:39.399 --> 00:14:41.399 it's probably minus five or something, right. 196 00:14:41.399 --> 00:14:42.960 It's it's been pretty cold. Yeah. 197 00:14:43.159 --> 00:14:49.039 Yeah, you're building snowmen in snow women. Yes, yeah, amazing. 198 00:14:50.720 --> 00:14:54.440 What was the interest in this new book. Of course 199 00:14:54.480 --> 00:14:58.279 you're you're read visiting Charles Hapgood and that's a that's 200 00:14:58.279 --> 00:15:01.559 a big one right there. Talk about half Good? What 201 00:15:01.559 --> 00:15:06.320 what's a key for you that keeps driving your your 202 00:15:06.440 --> 00:15:11.440 needing to know. I mean he's talking about entire continents moving. 203 00:15:12.840 --> 00:15:15.639 His idea was that the Earth's crust is like an 204 00:15:15.799 --> 00:15:22.120 orange peel, and through different tectonic shifts, land masses are 205 00:15:22.159 --> 00:15:26.960 moving and not a few feet, we're talking significant movement. 206 00:15:27.360 --> 00:15:31.000 But what is it about half Good's theories that are 207 00:15:31.200 --> 00:15:32.320 of great interest to you? 208 00:15:33.519 --> 00:15:37.360 Well, his theories can explain a lot of things in 209 00:15:37.639 --> 00:15:40.360 a very simple way, and you know that's that's always 210 00:15:40.360 --> 00:15:45.759 appealing in science. He proposed that it was shifts of 211 00:15:45.799 --> 00:15:49.639 the Earth's crust moving different geographical regions, you know, into 212 00:15:49.679 --> 00:15:52.159 the polar zones that were responsible for the ice ages. 213 00:15:53.320 --> 00:15:56.600 I mean, even today, scientists have a hard time explaining 214 00:15:57.080 --> 00:15:59.519 how the ice ages work. They explain, they have a 215 00:15:59.559 --> 00:16:03.480 hard time explaining how all this ice melted twenty thousand 216 00:16:03.519 --> 00:16:08.080 years ago, right during elast Glacial max when the Earth 217 00:16:08.240 --> 00:16:13.200 was the coldest. Somehow all this ice melted, and the 218 00:16:14.120 --> 00:16:18.679 explanations are not very satisfying, and you know, fifty years later, 219 00:16:20.679 --> 00:16:23.759 you know, Hapgood's theory I think still is in contention 220 00:16:23.919 --> 00:16:29.799 for being a candidate explanation for some of these phenomena. 221 00:16:30.639 --> 00:16:34.360 During his lifetime he had the ear and brain of 222 00:16:34.840 --> 00:16:40.720 Albert Einstein, who acknowledged his work, and unfortunately he passed 223 00:16:40.720 --> 00:16:43.919 away before he could he could I don't know you 224 00:16:43.919 --> 00:16:48.279 could say validated. But what other important scientists believe that 225 00:16:48.360 --> 00:16:49.879 he's got something going here. 226 00:16:52.519 --> 00:16:57.159 Well, you know, his work appeared around the time Wagner's theory, 227 00:16:57.399 --> 00:17:01.200 which was originally called continental drift that you mentioned earlier. 228 00:17:01.799 --> 00:17:07.079 It was finally sort of verified using paleomagnetic data, using 229 00:17:07.119 --> 00:17:10.480 some sensors that they had have become available in the 230 00:17:10.519 --> 00:17:16.160 nineteen sixties, and these data sort of supported or proved that, 231 00:17:16.519 --> 00:17:20.480 you know, continental drift, which is now known as plate tectonics, 232 00:17:20.279 --> 00:17:25.000 is happening. And so this was when half Goods theory 233 00:17:25.119 --> 00:17:28.000 came out, and it was sort of the timing wasn't 234 00:17:28.000 --> 00:17:31.960 good because it was this new theory now in geology 235 00:17:31.960 --> 00:17:36.359 and earth science, plate tectonics, and you know, consensus is 236 00:17:36.359 --> 00:17:39.839 that explains everything that nothing else was needed, and so 237 00:17:39.920 --> 00:17:42.359 it kind of fell by the wayside. But you know, 238 00:17:42.799 --> 00:17:48.160 Einstein did critically read half Good's work, and he actually 239 00:17:48.200 --> 00:17:50.960 did identify a problem with it, which was that he 240 00:17:51.000 --> 00:17:52.920 didn't think the ice, you know, a build up of 241 00:17:52.960 --> 00:17:56.559 the ice in the you know, polar zones could cause 242 00:17:56.839 --> 00:18:00.720 a crystal shift, and you know, actually I do analysis 243 00:18:00.720 --> 00:18:06.920 in the book, and so that was kind of there 244 00:18:06.960 --> 00:18:10.559 was a technical problem with Hapwood's theory, only in that 245 00:18:10.680 --> 00:18:12.960 it was I think the wrong mechanism. And what I 246 00:18:13.000 --> 00:18:16.440 talk about in Inconvenient Theory is a different mechanism that 247 00:18:16.480 --> 00:18:18.799 I think is much more plausible and actually much more 248 00:18:18.799 --> 00:18:21.720 in line with what we know about the Earth and 249 00:18:21.799 --> 00:18:23.039 the Moon for that matter. 250 00:18:23.960 --> 00:18:28.480 You opened the book with ice ages. The importance of 251 00:18:28.519 --> 00:18:31.720 ice ages? Why is it? Why is it critical that 252 00:18:31.759 --> 00:18:37.519 we understand the previous ice ages and how they were formed. 253 00:18:39.000 --> 00:18:43.400 I think they're tied to our history. I think over 254 00:18:43.400 --> 00:18:48.160 the last hundred thousand years. I think crustal displacements, you know, 255 00:18:48.200 --> 00:18:52.839 and this was Hapwood's idea, crustal displacements were the cause 256 00:18:52.880 --> 00:18:56.519 of ice ages. And you know, my angle on this 257 00:18:56.759 --> 00:19:00.519 in Before Atlantis was that the crustal displacements where the 258 00:19:00.640 --> 00:19:03.039 changes in the direction of the North Pole that were 259 00:19:03.079 --> 00:19:07.640 responsible for you know, archaeological sites being aligned in different directions, 260 00:19:08.279 --> 00:19:12.039 and so the two are are they're you know, they're 261 00:19:12.119 --> 00:19:14.880 they're two sides of the same coin. Well, actually there's 262 00:19:14.960 --> 00:19:17.799 really three sizes. Is also the idea of you know 263 00:19:17.839 --> 00:19:20.640 these animal extinctions, the you know what happened to the 264 00:19:20.640 --> 00:19:25.400 wily mammoth? You know, why has the climate change so 265 00:19:27.000 --> 00:19:31.440 in such extreme ways? And we can get into that 266 00:19:31.559 --> 00:19:36.279 later ways that really can't be explained using standard climate theory. 267 00:19:37.240 --> 00:19:40.519 So I think my interest is and the reason I 268 00:19:40.519 --> 00:19:42.240 wrote this book is that there were sort of three 269 00:19:42.359 --> 00:19:46.079 threads that needed to be tied together, and I wanted 270 00:19:46.079 --> 00:19:47.640 to do it in a simple way. So it's not 271 00:19:47.759 --> 00:19:49.799 a big book. It really just sort of highlights the 272 00:19:49.880 --> 00:19:50.559 key points. 273 00:19:50.720 --> 00:19:53.279 Yeah, but I like that. I like that you actually 274 00:19:53.279 --> 00:19:58.119 give us a taste of these various thoughts that you have. Yeah, 275 00:19:58.559 --> 00:20:03.200 talk about solar radia. This is something that I've heard 276 00:20:03.279 --> 00:20:10.519 from from other people. But how does that impact Earth specifically, 277 00:20:11.359 --> 00:20:15.680 and how does that develop into a ice age? 278 00:20:15.880 --> 00:20:19.480 So the idea was introduced by a scientist by name 279 00:20:19.519 --> 00:20:24.680 of Milankovitch back in the twenties, and it's the term 280 00:20:24.799 --> 00:20:29.039 is Milankovitch cycles. And the idea is that as the 281 00:20:29.160 --> 00:20:35.000 Earth and it's well, the Earth, you know, changes the obliquity, 282 00:20:35.119 --> 00:20:39.400 the angle, you know, the tilt axis, you know about precession, 283 00:20:39.440 --> 00:20:40.720 the twenty four thousand year. 284 00:20:40.640 --> 00:20:42.359 Cycle, procession of the equinox. 285 00:20:42.480 --> 00:20:47.680 Yeah, right, Earth's eccentricity, it's orbit around the Sun. All 286 00:20:47.720 --> 00:20:51.359 these things change and they conspire to change the amount 287 00:20:51.440 --> 00:20:54.720 of solar radiation the Earth receives on average, say, over 288 00:20:54.759 --> 00:20:58.319 the course of the year. And Milankovitch proposed that it 289 00:20:58.359 --> 00:21:01.240 was these changes that caused ice ages. So in other words, 290 00:21:01.240 --> 00:21:03.559 when the Earth was not getting as much sunlight, it 291 00:21:03.599 --> 00:21:06.400 would cool down and you would get you would get 292 00:21:06.400 --> 00:21:10.359 an ice age. And so this is really still the 293 00:21:10.400 --> 00:21:16.880 accepted theory nowadays, although it doesn't really work. And the 294 00:21:16.920 --> 00:21:19.839 first chapter in the book, I do a very simple 295 00:21:19.880 --> 00:21:23.839 analysis where I take the Melankovitch cycles, which is a function. 296 00:21:24.640 --> 00:21:26.839 It's like a bunch of sine waves, you know, you 297 00:21:26.880 --> 00:21:30.920 know Sinusoto waves, and you look at the climate cycles 298 00:21:32.440 --> 00:21:36.960 like sea level or earth you know, our average temperature, 299 00:21:37.359 --> 00:21:42.079 and you try to correlate them. So if the two 300 00:21:42.079 --> 00:21:44.599 were related, there would be a correlation, they would sort 301 00:21:44.599 --> 00:21:48.640 of come into alignment. But they don't. And I think 302 00:21:49.079 --> 00:21:52.759 there's some very simple arguments that show Malankavage cycles aren't 303 00:21:52.880 --> 00:21:56.000 sufficient in themselves to cause the ice ages. And what 304 00:21:56.079 --> 00:21:58.519 I talk about in the book is the missing piece, 305 00:21:59.000 --> 00:22:01.119 which are the crustal placements. 306 00:22:01.559 --> 00:22:01.960 Mm hmm. 307 00:22:02.559 --> 00:22:06.319 That plus Malakavitch cycles I think can explain ice ages. 308 00:22:06.759 --> 00:22:11.079 Well, give us a little more drilled down on Malakovich's theory, 309 00:22:11.160 --> 00:22:17.359 because how does solar radiation affect a planet to the 310 00:22:17.400 --> 00:22:20.480 point where they are having these mass freezes? 311 00:22:21.799 --> 00:22:24.839 So so okay, so like right now we got, uh 312 00:22:25.039 --> 00:22:27.640 there's like still about two feet of snow outside. There 313 00:22:27.640 --> 00:22:32.279 were there were three feet. But if if we cooled 314 00:22:32.319 --> 00:22:36.720 down to the point that that snow didn't melt in 315 00:22:36.759 --> 00:22:40.039 the spring or even in the summer, you know, it 316 00:22:40.119 --> 00:22:44.640 was so cold that you know, it's it's stuck around, 317 00:22:44.720 --> 00:22:47.680 and then you know, next year we get more snow 318 00:22:47.720 --> 00:22:50.119 on top of that, et cetera, et cetera. You know, 319 00:22:50.160 --> 00:22:53.200 you get a build up, and that's how you know, 320 00:22:53.319 --> 00:22:56.039 that's that's why glaciers and uh you know they why 321 00:22:56.039 --> 00:22:58.799 they form at high altitudes where it's cold, why they 322 00:22:58.839 --> 00:23:02.960 form in the polar zone where it's cold. So it's 323 00:23:02.960 --> 00:23:06.319 it's it's that as the Earth's the amount of radiation 324 00:23:06.400 --> 00:23:09.599 it gets gets less, these things will start, the snow 325 00:23:09.640 --> 00:23:12.720 will start to accumulate, and then as you get more snow, 326 00:23:13.759 --> 00:23:17.240 it's more reflective. It's white, so reflects more radiation back 327 00:23:17.279 --> 00:23:20.440 into space, and so the earth cools even more. So 328 00:23:20.519 --> 00:23:23.039 it's like a positive feedback thing. And so that that 329 00:23:23.160 --> 00:23:26.240 was his theory, that that that explained It was these 330 00:23:26.319 --> 00:23:31.319 cycles that explained climate cycles, that they were correlated, but 331 00:23:31.599 --> 00:23:33.799 it turns out that they're not correlated. He didn't have 332 00:23:33.960 --> 00:23:38.000 access to the to the proxy data we have now 333 00:23:38.519 --> 00:23:45.480 uh sea levels, CO two concentration earth temperature, because when 334 00:23:45.519 --> 00:23:49.359 you correlate these with the malancaage cycles, they don't correlate. 335 00:23:49.480 --> 00:23:53.279 Even with lags and other things. You know, you can 336 00:23:53.279 --> 00:23:57.000 do a very simple analysis, and that's that's always been 337 00:23:57.000 --> 00:24:01.000 my approach, to try to take a very simple model 338 00:24:01.160 --> 00:24:04.720 and see to what extent it explains or doesn't explain something. 339 00:24:04.799 --> 00:24:07.839 And it's called kiss keep it simple, stupid, right, Yeah. 340 00:24:07.960 --> 00:24:11.039 I was always taught that in my professional training. As 341 00:24:11.079 --> 00:24:16.240 you start with something simple and you see if the 342 00:24:16.279 --> 00:24:19.039 basic ideas are sound. If they're not, you know, you 343 00:24:19.400 --> 00:24:22.000 have to move on. And so that's that's kind of 344 00:24:22.000 --> 00:24:22.480 what I've done. 345 00:24:23.720 --> 00:24:26.799 Exactly one of the areas that we've talked about before 346 00:24:27.000 --> 00:24:32.519 is mass extinctions, and you give some very good examples. 347 00:24:32.640 --> 00:24:37.680 One of them is in Mexico where they found in 348 00:24:37.759 --> 00:24:44.359 nineteen oh three remains of mastodons. And then we come 349 00:24:44.440 --> 00:24:48.160 forward to maybe ten years ago where they were doing 350 00:24:48.200 --> 00:24:52.119 some building and they found some more master on any 351 00:24:52.200 --> 00:24:55.720 they saw, they found a kill site. What's unusual about this, 352 00:24:55.839 --> 00:24:59.480 and I think your your thinking is is that the 353 00:24:59.599 --> 00:25:05.440 landm asses moved at some place. And I talked about 354 00:25:05.440 --> 00:25:12.319 this before we started. Were these actions of massive land 355 00:25:12.319 --> 00:25:16.200 movements immediate or did did they come in a slow 356 00:25:16.279 --> 00:25:21.119 period where we would see willie mammoths uh freezing in 357 00:25:21.160 --> 00:25:24.400 this area? How do we because this is like like 358 00:25:24.440 --> 00:25:29.720 a real freak action to have these massive landform movements, 359 00:25:30.400 --> 00:25:32.559 and it's hard to think of it as in and 360 00:25:32.640 --> 00:25:38.880 everyone's read about finding mammoths with green grasses in their 361 00:25:38.920 --> 00:25:41.920 gut in the throats. So the land that they were 362 00:25:42.799 --> 00:25:47.279 on was much more temperate. But can we explain what 363 00:25:47.279 --> 00:25:52.160 what we is expected? How do we explain this mass 364 00:25:53.279 --> 00:25:54.279 landform movement? 365 00:25:55.119 --> 00:25:57.759 Yeah, that that there's a lot to unpack on that question. 366 00:25:58.039 --> 00:26:03.359 Uh So, so you know the they they say that 367 00:26:03.519 --> 00:26:06.160 if mammoths existed, now they would they would lie within 368 00:26:06.240 --> 00:26:08.240 what's called the mammoth step, which is a sort of 369 00:26:08.279 --> 00:26:11.359 a temperate zone that runs, you know, over much of 370 00:26:11.400 --> 00:26:14.319 the much of the planet. It's in the temperate zone. 371 00:26:16.559 --> 00:26:20.799 But what you find are you find mammoth fossils in 372 00:26:20.880 --> 00:26:24.319 the in the polar zone in the Arctic, and you know, 373 00:26:24.359 --> 00:26:27.799 they try to explain how that can be. And but 374 00:26:27.960 --> 00:26:32.640 now you know with Mexico you find mammoth bones in 375 00:26:32.640 --> 00:26:37.160 in a subtropical climate, which is equally hard to explain. 376 00:26:38.680 --> 00:26:43.240 So what crustal displacement says is that, Okay, take that 377 00:26:43.240 --> 00:26:46.480 that zone which goes from you know, up north to 378 00:26:46.640 --> 00:26:52.720 down south. Yeah, if the if the earth poles, if 379 00:26:52.799 --> 00:26:55.640 if the if the crust did in fact shipped, where 380 00:26:55.640 --> 00:26:59.799 would that zone have been back then? And it would 381 00:26:59.839 --> 00:27:03.480 have been in the temperate zone. And so again it's 382 00:27:03.519 --> 00:27:06.920 it's another predictive. You say, Okay, so what can this 383 00:27:07.039 --> 00:27:09.039 theory of crustal displacement predict? 384 00:27:09.079 --> 00:27:09.200 Well? 385 00:27:09.240 --> 00:27:13.079 Can it can predict changes in climen zones? And these 386 00:27:13.119 --> 00:27:19.960 predictions actually match that match evidence, match data. So so 387 00:27:20.039 --> 00:27:23.039 there's that. But I want to address sort of the 388 00:27:23.119 --> 00:27:24.720 speed at which these things happen. 389 00:27:25.240 --> 00:27:27.960 That was next point. Yeah, I mean, you know. 390 00:27:27.960 --> 00:27:31.200 It doesn't the Earth. You know, the Earth doesn't turn 391 00:27:31.240 --> 00:27:35.000 on a dime. It can't. There's too much it's got 392 00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:39.839 too much mass. And and I don't know to what extent, 393 00:27:39.880 --> 00:27:42.480 We'll get into this later on, but the whole idea 394 00:27:42.599 --> 00:27:47.640 of crustal displacements can be explained in terms of an 395 00:27:47.680 --> 00:27:52.319 existing theory called lithospheric drift, and the idea and what 396 00:27:52.799 --> 00:27:55.720 that's all about is that the Earth's lithosphere, in other words, 397 00:27:55.720 --> 00:28:00.200 the crust is already moving over the mantle. It it 398 00:28:00.279 --> 00:28:04.079 moves at a rate of about ten to one hundred 399 00:28:04.160 --> 00:28:09.880 kilometers every million years. Okay, so the Earth's crust is 400 00:28:09.960 --> 00:28:13.160 already displacing at a very very slow rate, but over 401 00:28:13.240 --> 00:28:16.720