1 00:00:00,360 --> 00:00:05,759 Speaker 1: Chapter eleven, the emotions. As we have seen in the 2 00:00:05,799 --> 00:00:10,480 preceding lessons, an emotion is the more complex phase of feeling. 3 00:00:11,199 --> 00:00:16,039 As a rule, an emotion arises from a number of feelings. Moreover, 4 00:00:16,399 --> 00:00:19,519 it is of a higher order of mental activity. As 5 00:00:19,519 --> 00:00:22,359 we have seen, a feeling may arise either from a 6 00:00:22,399 --> 00:00:27,719 physical sensation or from an idea. Emotion, however, as a rule, 7 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:31,760 is dependent upon an idea for its expression, and always 8 00:00:31,879 --> 00:00:36,159 upon an idea for its direction and its continuance. Feeling, 9 00:00:36,359 --> 00:00:40,719 of course, is the elemental spirit of all emotional states, and, 10 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:44,000 as an authority has said, is the thread upon which 11 00:00:44,039 --> 00:00:50,920 the emotional states are strung. Halleck says, when representative ideas appear, 12 00:00:51,399 --> 00:00:56,240 the feeling in combination with them produces emotion. After the 13 00:00:56,280 --> 00:01:00,159 waters of the Missouri combined with another stream, they receive 14 00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,240 a different name, although they flow toward the gulf in 15 00:01:03,320 --> 00:01:07,359 as great volume as before. Suppose we liken the feeling 16 00:01:07,519 --> 00:01:11,079 due to sensation to the Missouri River, the train of 17 00:01:11,120 --> 00:01:15,719 representative ideas to the Mississippi before its junction with the Missouri. 18 00:01:16,280 --> 00:01:20,400 Emotion may then be likened to the Mississippi after its junction. 19 00:01:21,120 --> 00:01:26,280 After feeling has combined with representative ideas, The emotional stream 20 00:01:26,319 --> 00:01:30,239 will not be broader and deeper than before. This analogy 21 00:01:30,439 --> 00:01:34,280 is employed only to make the distinction clearer. The student 22 00:01:34,359 --> 00:01:37,799 must remember that mental powers are never actually as distinct 23 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:41,760 as two rivers before their union. The student must beware 24 00:01:41,799 --> 00:01:44,480 of thinking that we have done with feeling when we 25 00:01:44,560 --> 00:01:48,239 consider emotion. Just as the waters of the Missouri flow 26 00:01:48,319 --> 00:01:51,359 on until they reach the gulf, so does feeling run 27 00:01:51,439 --> 00:01:55,599 through every emotional state in the above analogy. The term 28 00:01:56,079 --> 00:02:01,000 representative ideas, of course, means the ideas of memory and imagination. 29 00:02:01,519 --> 00:02:06,280 As explained in previous chapters, there is a close relation 30 00:02:06,439 --> 00:02:11,520 between emotion and a physical expression. Thereof a peculiar mutual 31 00:02:11,599 --> 00:02:15,280 action and reaction between a mental state and the physical 32 00:02:15,319 --> 00:02:21,240 action accompanying it. Psychologists are divided regarding this relation. One 33 00:02:21,240 --> 00:02:24,919 school holds that the physical expression follows and results from 34 00:02:24,960 --> 00:02:29,280 the mental state. For instance, we hear or see something 35 00:02:29,680 --> 00:02:33,439 and thereupon experience the feeling or emotion of anger. This 36 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:37,039 emotional feeling reacts upon the body and causes an increased 37 00:02:37,080 --> 00:02:40,280 heart beat, a tight closing of the lips of frown 38 00:02:40,479 --> 00:02:44,960 and lowered eyebrows and clenched fists. Or we may perceive 39 00:02:45,039 --> 00:02:49,080 something which causes the feeling or emotion of fear, which 40 00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:53,240 reacts upon the body and produces pallor raising of the hair, 41 00:02:53,840 --> 00:02:57,840 dropping of the jaw, opening of the eyelids, trembling of 42 00:02:57,879 --> 00:03:02,039 the legs, et cetera. According to this skirl and the 43 00:03:02,080 --> 00:03:07,240 popular idea, the mental state precedes and causes the physical expression. 44 00:03:08,680 --> 00:03:12,000 But another school of psychology, of which the late Professor 45 00:03:12,039 --> 00:03:16,039 William James is a leading authority, holds the physical expression 46 00:03:16,120 --> 00:03:20,800 precedes and causes the mental state. For instance, in the 47 00:03:20,879 --> 00:03:25,120 cases above cited, the perception of the anger causing or 48 00:03:25,159 --> 00:03:29,560 fear causing sight first causes a reflex action upon the muscles. 49 00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:34,879 According to inherited race habits of expression, this muscular expression 50 00:03:34,960 --> 00:03:38,599 and activity in turn is held to react upon the 51 00:03:38,719 --> 00:03:41,960 mind and to cause the feeling or emotion of anger 52 00:03:42,199 --> 00:03:46,439 or fear, as the case may be. Professor James, in 53 00:03:46,520 --> 00:03:49,840 some of his works, makes a forcible argument in support 54 00:03:49,879 --> 00:03:53,159 of this theory, and his opinions have influenced the scientific 55 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:57,360 thought of the day upon this subject. Others, however, have 56 00:03:57,479 --> 00:04:01,479 sought to combat his theory but equally forced argument, and 57 00:04:01,560 --> 00:04:04,520 the subject is still under lively and spirited discussion in 58 00:04:04,560 --> 00:04:10,960 psychological circles. Without taking sides in the above controversy, Many 59 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:14,639 psychologists proceed upon the hypothesis that there is a mutual 60 00:04:14,680 --> 00:04:18,879 action and reaction between emotional mental states and the appropriate 61 00:04:18,879 --> 00:04:22,759 physical expression thereof, each in a measure being the cause 62 00:04:22,839 --> 00:04:26,720 of the other, and each likewise being the effect of 63 00:04:26,800 --> 00:04:31,160 the other. For instance, in the cases above cited, the 64 00:04:31,199 --> 00:04:35,480 perception of the anger producing or fear producing sight causes 65 00:04:35,920 --> 00:04:40,399 almost or quite simultaneously the emotional mental state of anger 66 00:04:40,600 --> 00:04:43,680 or fear, as the case may be, and the physical 67 00:04:43,720 --> 00:04:48,000 expression thereof then rapidly ensues a series of mental and 68 00:04:48,040 --> 00:04:52,279 physical reactions. The mental state acts upon the physical expression 69 00:04:52,560 --> 00:04:56,879 and intensifies it. The physical expression, in turn, reacts upon 70 00:04:56,920 --> 00:05:00,199 the mental state and induces a more intense degree of 71 00:05:00,199 --> 00:05:04,279 the emotional feeling, and so on, until a mental state 72 00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:08,120 and physical expression reach their highest point and then begin 73 00:05:08,199 --> 00:05:12,759 to subside from exhaustion of energy. This middle ground conception 74 00:05:13,199 --> 00:05:16,319 meets all the requirements of the facts, and is probably 75 00:05:16,399 --> 00:05:22,000 more nearly correct than either extreme theory. Darwin, in his 76 00:05:22,120 --> 00:05:26,240 classic work The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 77 00:05:26,600 --> 00:05:28,560 has thrown a great light on the subject of the 78 00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:34,240 expression of emotion in physical motions. The Florentine scientist Paolo 79 00:05:34,399 --> 00:05:38,319 Mantegazza added to Darwin's work with ideas of his own 80 00:05:38,879 --> 00:05:42,519 and countless examples drawn from his own experience and observation. 81 00:05:43,519 --> 00:05:46,519 The work of Froissvare del Sart, the founder of the 82 00:05:46,519 --> 00:05:49,959 school of expression which bears his name, is also a 83 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:53,759 most valuable addition to the thought on this subject. The 84 00:05:53,800 --> 00:05:57,199 subject of the relation and reaction between emotional feeling and 85 00:05:57,279 --> 00:06:01,120 physical expression is a most fascinating one and one in 86 00:06:01,160 --> 00:06:04,560 which we may expect interesting and valuable discoveries during the 87 00:06:04,600 --> 00:06:09,800 next twenty years. The relation and reaction above mentioned are 88 00:06:09,839 --> 00:06:13,439 interesting not only from a viewpoint of theory, but also 89 00:06:13,519 --> 00:06:17,720 because of their practicable application in emotional development and training. 90 00:06:18,439 --> 00:06:21,639 It is an established truth of psychology that each physical 91 00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:25,680 expression of an emotional state serves to intensify the latter. 92 00:06:26,439 --> 00:06:30,399 It is pouring oil on the fire. Likewise, it is 93 00:06:30,439 --> 00:06:33,399 equally true that the repression of the physical expression of 94 00:06:33,399 --> 00:06:37,560 an emotion tends to restrain and inhibit the emotion itself. 95 00:06:38,920 --> 00:06:42,519 Halleck says, if you watch a person grow angry, we 96 00:06:42,560 --> 00:06:46,399 shall see the emotion increase as he talks loud, frowns, 97 00:06:46,439 --> 00:06:52,040 deeply clenches his fist and gesticulates wildly. Each expression of 98 00:06:52,079 --> 00:06:55,160 his passion is reflected back upon the original anger and 99 00:06:55,199 --> 00:06:58,639 adds fuel to the fire. If he resolutely inhibits the 100 00:06:58,680 --> 00:07:01,800 muscular expressions of his liay anger, it will not attain 101 00:07:01,920 --> 00:07:05,680 great intensity, and it will soon die a quiet death. 102 00:07:06,560 --> 00:07:11,600 Not without reason are those persons called cold blooded, who 103 00:07:11,639 --> 00:07:15,399 habitually restrain as far as possible, the expression of their emotion, 104 00:07:16,439 --> 00:07:19,439 who never frown or throw any feeling into their tones. 105 00:07:19,879 --> 00:07:23,639 Even when a wrong inflicted upon someone demands aggressive measures, 106 00:07:24,519 --> 00:07:27,279 there is here no way of bodily expression to flow 107 00:07:27,360 --> 00:07:32,240 back and augment the emotional state. In this connection, we 108 00:07:32,319 --> 00:07:35,759 call your attention to the familiar and oft quoted passage 109 00:07:36,000 --> 00:07:39,680 from the works of Professor William James. Refuse to express 110 00:07:39,720 --> 00:07:44,199 a passion and it dies count ten before venting your 111 00:07:44,240 --> 00:07:48,639 anger and its occasion seems ridiculous. Wishing to keep up 112 00:07:48,680 --> 00:07:52,600 courage is no mere figure of speech. On the other hand, 113 00:07:53,040 --> 00:07:56,360 sit all day in a moping posture, sigh and reply 114 00:07:56,480 --> 00:08:00,360 to everything with a dismal voice, and your melancholy lingers. 115 00:08:00,959 --> 00:08:04,439 There is no more valuable precept in moral education than this, 116 00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:08,079 As all who have experience know if we wish to 117 00:08:08,120 --> 00:08:13,879 conquer undesirable emotional tendencies in ourselves, we must assiduously, and 118 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:17,879 in the first instance, cold bloodedly, go through the outward 119 00:08:17,920 --> 00:08:21,639 movements of those contrary dispositions which we prefer to cultivate. 120 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:26,800 Smooth the brow, brighten the eye, contract the dorsal rather 121 00:08:26,839 --> 00:08:29,800 than the ventral aspect of the frame, and speak in 122 00:08:29,879 --> 00:08:33,320 a major key. And your heart must be frigid, indeed, 123 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:38,159 if it does not gradually thaw. Along the same lines, 124 00:08:38,440 --> 00:08:42,759 Haleck says, actors are frequently testified to the fact that 125 00:08:42,840 --> 00:08:46,600 emotion will arise if they go through the appropriate muscular 126 00:08:46,639 --> 00:08:50,279 movements in talking to a character on the stage, If 127 00:08:50,360 --> 00:08:54,080 they clench the fists and frown, they often find themselves 128 00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:58,399 becoming really angry. If they start with counterfeit laughter, they 129 00:08:58,399 --> 00:09:02,360 find themselves growing cheerful. A German professor says that he 130 00:09:02,360 --> 00:09:06,240 cannot walk with a schoolgirl's mincing step and air without 131 00:09:06,279 --> 00:09:11,039 feeling frivolous. The wise student will acquire a great control 132 00:09:11,159 --> 00:09:14,039 over his emotional nature if he will re read and 133 00:09:14,120 --> 00:09:18,159 study the above statements and quotations until he has grasped 134 00:09:18,200 --> 00:09:22,320 their spirit and essence. In those few lines. He has 135 00:09:22,360 --> 00:09:25,679 given a philosophy of self control and self mastery that 136 00:09:25,799 --> 00:09:28,000 will be worth much to him if he will but 137 00:09:28,080 --> 00:09:34,399 apply it in practice. Patience, perseverance, practice and will are required. 138 00:09:34,799 --> 00:09:38,039 But the reward is great. Even to those who have 139 00:09:38,120 --> 00:09:41,320 not the persistency to apply this truth fully. There will 140 00:09:41,320 --> 00:09:43,799 be a partial reward if they will use it to 141 00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:47,519 the extent of restraining so far as possible, any undue 142 00:09:47,519 --> 00:09:53,120 physical expression of undesirable emotional excitement. Some writers seem to 143 00:09:53,159 --> 00:09:57,600 regard capacity for great emotional excitement and expression as a 144 00:09:57,600 --> 00:10:01,720 mark of a rich and full character, noble soul. This 145 00:10:01,879 --> 00:10:04,960 is far from being true. While it is a fact 146 00:10:05,120 --> 00:10:08,320 that the cultivation of certain emotions tends to create a 147 00:10:08,360 --> 00:10:12,039 noble character and a full life, it is equally true 148 00:10:12,240 --> 00:10:15,240 that the tendency to gush and indulge in hysterical or 149 00:10:15,279 --> 00:10:19,000 sentimental excesses is a mark of an ill controlled nature 150 00:10:19,440 --> 00:10:24,279 and a weak rather than strong character. Moreover, it is 151 00:10:24,279 --> 00:10:28,440 a fact that excess in emotional excitement in expression tends 152 00:10:28,440 --> 00:10:32,080 toward the dissipation of the finer and nobler feelings which 153 00:10:32,120 --> 00:10:36,080 otherwise would seek an outlet in actual doing and practical action. 154 00:10:36,960 --> 00:10:40,200 In the language of the old Scotch engineer. In the story, 155 00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:44,679 they are like the old locomotive, which so much steam 156 00:10:44,679 --> 00:10:49,679 of the whistle that she has neh Degerebay. Emotional excitement 157 00:10:49,759 --> 00:10:54,279 and expression are largely dependent upon habit and indulgence, Although 158 00:10:54,320 --> 00:10:57,039 there is a great difference, of course, in the emotional 159 00:10:57,159 --> 00:11:02,600 nature and tendencies of various persons. Emotions, like physical actions 160 00:11:02,799 --> 00:11:08,200 or intellectual processes, become habitual by repetition, and habit renders 161 00:11:08,240 --> 00:11:12,879 all physical or mental actions easy of repetition. Each time 162 00:11:12,919 --> 00:11:16,480 one manifests anger, the deeper the mental path is made, 163 00:11:16,879 --> 00:11:19,480 and the easier it is to travel that path the 164 00:11:19,559 --> 00:11:23,080 next time. In the same way, each time that anger 165 00:11:23,120 --> 00:11:26,399 is conquered and inhibited, the easier will it be to 166 00:11:26,440 --> 00:11:30,480 restrain it the next time. In the same way, desirable 167 00:11:30,519 --> 00:11:35,360 habits of emotion and expression may be formed. Another point 168 00:11:35,440 --> 00:11:39,159 in the cultivation, training, and restraint of the emotions is 169 00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:41,480 that which has to do with the control of the 170 00:11:41,559 --> 00:11:45,600 ideas which we allow to come into the mind. Idea 171 00:11:45,720 --> 00:11:49,919 of habits may be formed are formed, in fact by 172 00:11:49,919 --> 00:11:53,240 the majority of persons. We may cultivate the habit of 173 00:11:53,279 --> 00:11:56,360 looking on the bright side of things, of looking for 174 00:11:56,440 --> 00:11:59,759 the best in those we meet of expecting the best 175 00:11:59,759 --> 00:12:03,799 things instead of the worst. By resolutely refusing to give 176 00:12:03,840 --> 00:12:11,320 welcome to ideas calculated to arouse certain emotions, feelings, passions, desires, sentiments, 177 00:12:11,639 --> 00:12:14,679 or similar mental states, we may do much to prevent 178 00:12:14,679 --> 00:12:19,559 the arousing the emotion itself. Emotions usually are called forth 179 00:12:19,639 --> 00:12:22,600 by some idea, and if we shut out the idea, 180 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:27,080 we may prevent the emotional feeling from appearing. In this connection, 181 00:12:27,559 --> 00:12:31,320 the universal rule of psychology may be applied. A mental 182 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:34,960 state may be inhibited or restrained by turning the attention 183 00:12:35,360 --> 00:12:39,600 to the opposite mental state. The control of the attention 184 00:12:40,120 --> 00:12:44,279 is really the control of every mental state. We may 185 00:12:44,399 --> 00:12:47,039 use the will in the direction of the control of 186 00:12:47,080 --> 00:12:51,720 the attention, the development and direction of voluntary attention, and 187 00:12:51,799 --> 00:12:56,000 thus actually control every phase of mental activity. The will 188 00:12:56,080 --> 00:12:59,960 is nearest to the ego or central being of man. 189 00:13:00,039 --> 00:13:02,960 The attention is the chief tool and instrument of the will. 190 00:13:03,759 --> 00:13:07,080 This fact cannot be repeated too often. If it is 191 00:13:07,120 --> 00:13:10,000 impressed upon the mind, it will prove to be useful 192 00:13:10,039 --> 00:13:13,879 and valuable in many emergencies of mental life. He who 193 00:13:13,879 --> 00:13:18,480 controls his attention controls his mind, and in controlling his mind, 194 00:13:18,919 --> 00:13:28,240 controls himself end of chapter eleven. Chapter twelve, The instinctive Emotions. 195 00:13:29,720 --> 00:13:32,559 Many attempts to classify the emotions have been made by 196 00:13:32,559 --> 00:13:36,399 the psychologists, but the best authorities hold that, beyond the 197 00:13:36,399 --> 00:13:41,200 purpose of ordinary convenience in considering the subject, any classification 198 00:13:41,320 --> 00:13:46,200 is scientifically useless by reason of its incompleteness. As James 199 00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:50,399 cleverly puts it, any classification of the emotions is seen 200 00:13:50,480 --> 00:13:52,879 to be as true and as natural as any other 201 00:13:53,320 --> 00:13:57,120 if it only serves some purpose. The difficulty attending the 202 00:13:57,159 --> 00:14:01,159 attempt to classification arises from the fact that every emotion 203 00:14:01,639 --> 00:14:04,320 is more or less complex, and is made up of 204 00:14:04,399 --> 00:14:09,639 various feelings and shades of emotional excitement. Each emotion blends 205 00:14:09,679 --> 00:14:13,120 into others. Just as a few elements of matter may 206 00:14:13,159 --> 00:14:16,480 be grouped into hundreds of thousands of combinations, so the 207 00:14:16,519 --> 00:14:19,879 elements of feeling may be grouped into thousands of shades 208 00:14:19,919 --> 00:14:23,240 of emotion. It is said that the two elements of 209 00:14:23,279 --> 00:14:27,879 carbon and hydrogen form combinations, resulting in five thousand varieties 210 00:14:27,919 --> 00:14:32,559 of material substance, from anthracite to marsh gas, from black 211 00:14:32,639 --> 00:14:36,639 coke to colorless naphther. The same thing may be said 212 00:14:36,679 --> 00:14:42,159 of the emotional combinations formed from two principal elements of feeling. Moreover, 213 00:14:42,799 --> 00:14:46,440 the close distinction between sensation and feeling on the one hand, 214 00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:50,799 between feeling and emotion on the other, serves to further 215 00:14:50,840 --> 00:14:56,480 complicate the task. For the purposes of our consideration, let 216 00:14:56,600 --> 00:15:00,519 us divide the emotions into five general classes as follows. 217 00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:09,519 One instinctive emotions, two social emotions, three religious emotions, four 218 00:15:10,200 --> 00:15:16,480 esthetic emotions, five intellectual emotions. Which wall now consider each 219 00:15:16,559 --> 00:15:23,600 of the above five classes in turn instinctive emotions. Instinct 220 00:15:23,720 --> 00:15:28,600 is defined as unconscious, involuntary, or unreasoning prompting to any action, 221 00:15:29,360 --> 00:15:33,080 or the natural, unreasoning impulse by which an animal is 222 00:15:33,120 --> 00:15:36,480 regarded to the performance of any action without thought of 223 00:15:36,519 --> 00:15:41,639 improving the method. An authority says, instinct is a natural 224 00:15:41,679 --> 00:15:46,279 impulse leading animals, even prior to all experience, and to 225 00:15:46,320 --> 00:15:49,840 perform certain actions tending to the welfare of the individual 226 00:15:50,399 --> 00:15:54,600 or the perpetuation of the species, apparently without understanding the 227 00:15:54,639 --> 00:15:58,120 object at which they may be supposed to aim, or 228 00:15:58,159 --> 00:16:02,080 deliberating as to the best method words to employ. In 229 00:16:02,120 --> 00:16:05,159 many cases, as in the construction of the cells of 230 00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,480 the bee, there is a perfection about the result which 231 00:16:08,559 --> 00:16:12,120 reasoning man could not have equalled except by an application 232 00:16:12,240 --> 00:16:15,679 of the high mathematics to direct the operations carried out. 233 00:16:16,440 --> 00:16:20,600 Mister Darwin considers that animals in time past as now 234 00:16:21,200 --> 00:16:24,799 have varied in their mental qualities, and that those variations 235 00:16:24,879 --> 00:16:29,840 are inherited. Instincts also vary slightly in a state of nature. 236 00:16:30,519 --> 00:16:34,279 This being so natural selection can ultimately bring them to 237 00:16:34,320 --> 00:16:38,600 a high degree of perfection. It was formerly the fashion 238 00:16:38,639 --> 00:16:42,120 to describe instinct in the lower animals and in man, 239 00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:46,679 to something akin to innate ideas implanted in each species 240 00:16:47,039 --> 00:16:51,240 and thereafter continued by inheritance. But the application of the 241 00:16:51,320 --> 00:16:55,320 ideal evolution to the science of psychology has resulted in 242 00:16:55,399 --> 00:17:00,480 brushing away these old ideas. Today, it holds that that 243 00:17:00,759 --> 00:17:04,119 which we call instinct is result of gradual development in 244 00:17:04,200 --> 00:17:07,799 the course of evolution, the accumulated experience of the race 245 00:17:07,960 --> 00:17:11,680 being stored away in the race memory, each individual adding 246 00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:15,440 a little there too by its acquired habits and experiences. 247 00:17:16,160 --> 00:17:19,920 Psychologists now hold that the lower forms of these race 248 00:17:20,039 --> 00:17:24,960 tendencies are closely akin to purely reflex actions, and the 249 00:17:25,079 --> 00:17:29,799 higher forms, which are known as instinctive emotions, are phenomena 250 00:17:29,839 --> 00:17:34,680 of the subconscious mind, resulting from race memory and race experience. 251 00:17:36,279 --> 00:17:40,119 Cloud says instinct is the higher form of reflex action. 252 00:17:40,960 --> 00:17:44,480 The salmon migrates from sea to river. The bird makes 253 00:17:44,519 --> 00:17:48,000 its nest, or migrates from one's zone to another by 254 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:52,200 an unvarying root, even leaving its young behind to perish. 255 00:17:52,599 --> 00:17:56,480 The bee builds its six sided cell. The spida spins 256 00:17:56,519 --> 00:17:59,359 its web. The chick breaks its way through the shell 257 00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:04,079 its itself and picks up grains of corn. The newborn 258 00:18:04,119 --> 00:18:07,880 babe sucks its mother's breast. All in virtue of like 259 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:11,799 acts on the part of their ancestors, which arising the 260 00:18:11,839 --> 00:18:16,039 needs of the creature and gradually becoming automatic, have not 261 00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:19,960 varied during long ages, the tendency to repeat them being 262 00:18:19,960 --> 00:18:24,160 transmitted within the germ from which insect, fish, bird, and 263 00:18:24,440 --> 00:18:29,920 man have severally sprung. Schneider says, it is the fact 264 00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:33,440 that men, especially in childhood, fear to go into a 265 00:18:33,519 --> 00:18:37,960 dark cabin or a gloomy wood. This feeling of fear arises, 266 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:40,920 to be sure, partly from the fact that we easily 267 00:18:40,920 --> 00:18:44,920 suspect that dangerous beats may lurk in these localities, a 268 00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:48,680 suspicion due to stories we have heard and read. But 269 00:18:48,920 --> 00:18:51,359 on the other hand, it is quite sure that this 270 00:18:51,480 --> 00:18:56,640 spear at a certain perception is also directly inherited. Children 271 00:18:56,680 --> 00:18:59,759 who have been carefully guarded from all ghosts stories are 272 00:18:59,799 --> 00:19:02,960 never the less terrified and cry if led into a 273 00:19:03,039 --> 00:19:07,319 dark space, especially if sounds are made there. Even an 274 00:19:07,319 --> 00:19:11,119 adult can easily observe that an uncomfortable amidity steals over 275 00:19:11,200 --> 00:19:13,960 him in a lonely wood at night, although he may 276 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:17,559 have the fixed conviction that not the slightest danger is near. 277 00:19:18,519 --> 00:19:21,880 This feeling of fear occurs in many men, even in 278 00:19:21,920 --> 00:19:25,480 their own houses after dark, although it is much stronger 279 00:19:25,519 --> 00:19:29,079 in a dark cavern or forest. The fact of such 280 00:19:29,119 --> 00:19:32,960 instinctive fear is easily explicable when we consider that our 281 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:37,759 savage ancestors, through immemorial generations were accustomed to meet with 282 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:42,279 dangerous beasts in caverns, especially bears, and were for the 283 00:19:42,319 --> 00:19:45,960 most part attacked by such beasts during the night and 284 00:19:46,079 --> 00:19:50,160 in the woods, and that thus an inseparable association between 285 00:19:50,200 --> 00:19:55,039 the perceptions of darkness, caverns, woods, and fear took place 286 00:19:55,440 --> 00:20:01,079 and was inherited. James says, nothing is commoner than the 287 00:20:01,119 --> 00:20:04,759 remark that man differs from lower creatures by the almost 288 00:20:04,799 --> 00:20:08,119 total absence of instincts, and the assumption of their work 289 00:20:08,240 --> 00:20:12,640 in him. By reason, we may confidentially say that, however 290 00:20:12,759 --> 00:20:17,079 uncertain man's reactions upon his environment may sometimes seem in 291 00:20:17,119 --> 00:20:20,599 comparison with those of the lower mammals, the uncertainty is 292 00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:23,599 probably not due to their possession of any principles of action, 293 00:20:23,839 --> 00:20:27,960 which he lacks. On the contrary, man possesses all the 294 00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:31,759 impulses that they have, and a great many more. Besides 295 00:20:32,599 --> 00:20:37,000 high places cause fear of a peculiarly sickening sort, though 296 00:20:37,039 --> 00:20:41,839 here again individuals differ. The utterly blind instinctive character of 297 00:20:41,880 --> 00:20:45,119 the motor impulses here is shown by the fact that 298 00:20:45,200 --> 00:20:49,839 they are almost always entirely unreasonable, but that reason is 299 00:20:49,920 --> 00:20:55,440 powerless to suppress them. Certain ideas of supernatural agency, associated 300 00:20:55,440 --> 00:21:00,200 with real circumstances produce a peculiar kind of horror. This 301 00:21:00,240 --> 00:21:03,640 horror is probably explicable as a result of a combination 302 00:21:03,720 --> 00:21:07,720 of simple horrors. To bring the ghostly terror to its maximum, 303 00:21:07,920 --> 00:21:13,920 many unusual elements of the dreadful must combine, such as loneliness, darkness, 304 00:21:14,240 --> 00:21:20,039 inexplicable sounds, especially of a dismal character, moving pictures half discerned, 305 00:21:20,640 --> 00:21:25,599 or if discerned of dreadful aspect and a vertigenous baffling 306 00:21:25,640 --> 00:21:30,039 of the expectation. In view of the fact that cadaveric, reptilian, 307 00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:34,359 and underground horrors play so specific and constant a part 308 00:21:34,440 --> 00:21:38,160 in many nightmares and forms of delirium, it seems not 309 00:21:38,240 --> 00:21:42,519 altogether unwise to ask whether these forms of dreadful circumstance 310 00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:46,079 may not, at a former period have been more normal 311 00:21:46,119 --> 00:21:50,119 objects to the environment than now. The evolutionists ought to 312 00:21:50,160 --> 00:21:53,359 have no difficulty in explaining these terrors and the scenery 313 00:21:53,480 --> 00:21:57,039 that provokes them as relapses into the consciousness of the 314 00:21:57,079 --> 00:22:01,839 cave men, a consciousness usually overlaid in us by experiences 315 00:22:01,920 --> 00:22:06,640 of a more recent date. Instinctive emotion manifests as an 316 00:22:06,680 --> 00:22:10,039 impulse arising from the dim recesses of the feeling or 317 00:22:10,079 --> 00:22:15,680 emotional nature, an incentive toward a dimly conscious end. It 318 00:22:15,720 --> 00:22:19,160 differs from the almost purely automatic nature of certain forms 319 00:22:19,160 --> 00:22:23,000 of reflex process, for its beginning is a feeling arising 320 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:26,960 from the subconscious regions, which strives to excite an activity 321 00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:31,279 of conscious volition. The feeling is from the subconscious, for 322 00:22:31,319 --> 00:22:35,200 the activity is conscious. The end may not be perceived 323 00:22:35,279 --> 00:22:39,680 in consciousness, or at least is but dimly perceived, but 324 00:22:39,799 --> 00:22:42,759 the action leading to the end is in full consciousness. 325 00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:46,200 Instinct is seen to have its origin in the past 326 00:22:46,279 --> 00:22:50,599 experiences of the race, transmitted by heredity and preserved in 327 00:22:50,680 --> 00:22:54,240 the race memory. It has for its object the preservation 328 00:22:54,359 --> 00:22:58,400 of the individual and of the species. Its end is 329 00:22:58,440 --> 00:23:01,880 often something far removed in time from the moment, or 330 00:23:01,920 --> 00:23:05,480 the welfare of the species rather than that of the individual. 331 00:23:06,119 --> 00:23:10,519 For instance, the caterpillar providing for its future states, or 332 00:23:10,559 --> 00:23:13,920 the bird building its nest, or the bees building cells 333 00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:17,519 and providing honey for their successes. For very few bees 334 00:23:17,559 --> 00:23:20,839 lived partake of the honey which they have gathered and stored. 335 00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:25,799 They are animated by the spirit of the hive. The 336 00:23:25,799 --> 00:23:29,480 most elementary forms of the instinctive emotions are those which 337 00:23:29,519 --> 00:23:32,200 have to do with the preservation of the individual is 338 00:23:32,319 --> 00:23:37,839 comfort and purely physical welfare. This class of emotions comprises 339 00:23:37,880 --> 00:23:41,960 what are generally known as purely selfish feelings, having little 340 00:23:42,079 --> 00:23:45,559 or no concern for the welfare of others. In this 341 00:23:45,720 --> 00:23:48,720 class we find the emotional feelings which have to do 342 00:23:48,799 --> 00:23:52,640 with the satisfaction of hunger and thirst, the securing of 343 00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:57,279 comfortable quarters, and warm clothing, and a spirit of combatant strife, 344 00:23:57,279 --> 00:24:01,880 arising from the desire to obtain these. These elemental feelings 345 00:24:02,160 --> 00:24:05,119 had their birth early in the history of life, and 346 00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:09,000 indeed life itself depended very materially upon them for its 347 00:24:09,039 --> 00:24:13,519 preservation and continuance. It was necessary for the primitive living 348 00:24:13,599 --> 00:24:18,400 thing to be selfish. When man appeared. Only those survived 349 00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:22,319 who manifested these feelings strongly. The others were pushed to 350 00:24:22,359 --> 00:24:27,039 the wall unperished. Even in our civilization, the man below 351 00:24:27,079 --> 00:24:29,759 the average in this class of feelings will find it 352 00:24:29,839 --> 00:24:31,319 difficult to survive.