WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.120 --> 00:00:03.439 Go on back to old school learning about classical conditioning, 2 00:00:03.439 --> 00:00:07.400 where you link stimuli automatic responses. This is Pavlov's world. 3 00:00:08.519 --> 00:00:12.320 We're gonna look at key concepts like acquisition, extinction, generalization, 4 00:00:12.400 --> 00:00:14.279 and discrimination. Those are going to be important to know 5 00:00:14.320 --> 00:00:17.480 the differences between those opera and condition. If you remember 6 00:00:17.519 --> 00:00:21.359 that from Skinner involves voluntary behaviors shape by consequences like 7 00:00:21.440 --> 00:00:25.640 reinforcement or punishment. We'll look at reinforcement schedules, social learning, 8 00:00:25.679 --> 00:00:29.120 how we observe and imitate model and then cognitive learning 9 00:00:29.160 --> 00:00:33.600 theories as well, including latent learning, insight and learning helplessness. 10 00:00:33.960 --> 00:00:37.719 And finally we'll look at clinical techniques like exposure therapy, 11 00:00:37.840 --> 00:00:40.159 token economies, which you'll see a lot in the substance 12 00:00:40.240 --> 00:00:46.079 use world, and behavioral modeling. So let's see Pablov famously 13 00:00:46.119 --> 00:00:48.159 conditioned the dogs a salivated the sound of a bear, 14 00:00:48.240 --> 00:00:51.439 of everything, of a bell by pairing it with food. 15 00:00:52.520 --> 00:00:56.280 The process pairs a neutral stimulus which is the bell, 16 00:00:56.479 --> 00:01:01.039 otherwise known as a conditioned stimulus, with an uncann conditioned stimulus, 17 00:01:01.039 --> 00:01:04.439 which is the food, to elicit a conditioned response, which 18 00:01:04.480 --> 00:01:08.840 is a salivation. So the unconditioned stimulus naturally triggers a 19 00:01:08.879 --> 00:01:11.439 response that's a food. It doesn't need to be conditioned. 20 00:01:11.799 --> 00:01:16.560 Unconditioned responses the natural reaction to the UCS unconditioned stimulus 21 00:01:16.560 --> 00:01:21.120 the salivation. The conditioned stimulus is the bell previously neutral 22 00:01:21.200 --> 00:01:23.719 now triggers response, and the conditioned response, of course, is 23 00:01:23.760 --> 00:01:28.640 your learned response. Acquisition the phase where the conditioned response 24 00:01:28.680 --> 00:01:31.799 and unconditioned are paired. Learning occurs. So the acquisition is 25 00:01:31.799 --> 00:01:34.959 when the learning occurs. The extinction is when the actually 26 00:01:35.040 --> 00:01:38.400 the conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus is presented 27 00:01:38.439 --> 00:01:42.239 without the unconditioned stimulus, so the bell rings, but there's 28 00:01:42.239 --> 00:01:45.599 no food. This has really used a lot in the 29 00:01:45.599 --> 00:01:48.680 world of dog training. So if you want to get 30 00:01:48.719 --> 00:01:51.480 a certain behavior that you're instilled out of it, you 31 00:01:51.480 --> 00:01:54.079 can use extinction. Or if you wanted to keep a 32 00:01:54.079 --> 00:01:57.280 certain behavior but you haven't rewarded the dog, let's say 33 00:01:56.640 --> 00:02:01.519 their driver is reward for food. Dogs have different drives. 34 00:02:01.519 --> 00:02:06.959 It could be food poised. It could also be just 35 00:02:07.000 --> 00:02:11.240 affection or play a lot of play outside depends on 36 00:02:11.280 --> 00:02:14.960 what you're offering what the dog is driven by. By 37 00:02:15.039 --> 00:02:17.120 the way, I do have a dog psychology book. I 38 00:02:17.159 --> 00:02:18.960 hate the picture, but it just reminded me of it 39 00:02:19.400 --> 00:02:22.199 you can find. It's called dog psychology. It's on Amazon. 40 00:02:23.080 --> 00:02:27.800 Spontaneous recovery after extinction. A brief response, a brief reappearance 41 00:02:27.960 --> 00:02:32.360 of the conditioned response may occur with conditioned stimulus, so 42 00:02:32.879 --> 00:02:37.680 spontaneous recovery this is after extinction. Generalization stimuli is similar 43 00:02:37.759 --> 00:02:42.080 to the condition stimuli the list of the conditions response. 44 00:02:42.120 --> 00:02:45.159 So a client traumatized by one dog may feel all 45 00:02:45.280 --> 00:02:50.479 may fear all dogs. Discrimination learning to distinguish between similar stimuli. 46 00:02:50.840 --> 00:02:53.400 Only a growling dog, but not all dogs, will trigger 47 00:02:53.439 --> 00:02:56.319 the fear in the person or a certain colored dog 48 00:02:56.479 --> 00:03:00.000 or a certain sized dog, whatever not. A biologically class 49 00:03:00.319 --> 00:03:03.599 conditioning involves the amygdala for emotional learning and the cerebellum 50 00:03:03.680 --> 00:03:07.240 for timing and association. This is just kind of explain 51 00:03:07.319 --> 00:03:10.520 why fear based learning is so resistant to extinction. It's 52 00:03:10.560 --> 00:03:13.800 emotionally charged and deeply encoded, right. That's where the amigdala is, 53 00:03:14.080 --> 00:03:17.479 so a lot of these emotionally charged memories are located 54 00:03:17.479 --> 00:03:20.039 in there. This is why it can be very effective. 55 00:03:22.199 --> 00:03:25.520 In addition to that, bf Skinner proposed that behavior is 56 00:03:25.520 --> 00:03:27.800 followed by rewards are more likely to recur, while those 57 00:03:27.879 --> 00:03:30.080 followed by punishment are less likely. And again here's where 58 00:03:30.080 --> 00:03:33.840 you go back to the dog training ideas. So a 59 00:03:33.879 --> 00:03:37.319 positive reinforcement is add a pleasant stimulus praise after homework. 60 00:03:37.360 --> 00:03:42.000 For a human, negative reinforcements remove an unpleasant stimulus, so 61 00:03:42.039 --> 00:03:44.840 I'll get fooled by negative reinforcements the removal of an 62 00:03:44.919 --> 00:03:48.159 unpleasant stimulants so anxiety. Reduce that to avoiding a crowd. 63 00:03:48.879 --> 00:03:53.080 Positive punishment add an unpleasant stimulus criticism for acting out, 64 00:03:53.479 --> 00:03:58.199 and negative punishment remove a pleasant stimulus, time out from play, 65 00:03:58.319 --> 00:04:01.759 or remove the video games from the while. Parents will 66 00:04:01.800 --> 00:04:05.960 use a lot of these techniques, whether consciously or unconsciously, 67 00:04:06.000 --> 00:04:10.000 and parenting right. So when you praise after homework, it's 68 00:04:10.039 --> 00:04:15.560 a very important negative reinforcement. You can remove something from them, 69 00:04:15.680 --> 00:04:17.759 so some chore that they had to do if they 70 00:04:17.800 --> 00:04:24.240 do good homework, for instance, or positive punishment curfews for 71 00:04:24.639 --> 00:04:27.240 earlier curfew if they're in the teens, for instance, for 72 00:04:27.399 --> 00:04:32.079 disobeying of disobeying a rule in the house, or being disrespectful, 73 00:04:32.639 --> 00:04:35.800 and then negative punishment again you can remove the video game. 74 00:04:36.680 --> 00:04:41.759 Shaping means reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior, so 75 00:04:41.759 --> 00:04:44.680 it's step by step used to teach new or complex behaviors, 76 00:04:44.680 --> 00:04:47.480 reward small steps toward the goal. Again, think about dog 77 00:04:47.560 --> 00:04:49.480 training here. If you're trying to learn teach them how 78 00:04:49.480 --> 00:04:53.319 to sit down or how to lie down, it takes 79 00:04:53.360 --> 00:04:55.279 a few steps before you get there. You have to 80 00:04:55.360 --> 00:04:57.800 shape them with the food, let's say, if that's the 81 00:04:57.800 --> 00:05:01.920 reward they like. Enforcement schedules are really important too. A 82 00:05:02.000 --> 00:05:04.759 fixed ratio means reward after a certain number of responses, 83 00:05:04.800 --> 00:05:09.639 maybe every fifth behavior. Variable ratio reward after unpredictable number 84 00:05:10.120 --> 00:05:14.639 slot machines produces high, steady responses. The slaw machines have 85 00:05:14.680 --> 00:05:17.639 a huge, powerful effect on people because of this, And 86 00:05:17.720 --> 00:05:19.240 this is where you'll see this a lot in dog 87 00:05:19.279 --> 00:05:21.240 training too, because you don't want to give them a 88 00:05:21.279 --> 00:05:22.720 treat after a while. You don't want to give them 89 00:05:22.759 --> 00:05:25.360 a treat after every time they do something. You want 90 00:05:25.360 --> 00:05:30.160 to space it out. This unpredictability causes a lot of 91 00:05:31.040 --> 00:05:33.399 motivation for that dog and for humans as well. Right 92 00:05:33.439 --> 00:05:37.279 a lot of times it's the expectation. It's the waiting, 93 00:05:37.319 --> 00:05:39.839 the anticipation of something that is more exciting than the 94 00:05:39.839 --> 00:05:42.399 actual events. So if you're anticipating a big time movie 95 00:05:42.439 --> 00:05:44.879 that you've been waiting for a year or two. When 96 00:05:44.959 --> 00:05:48.000 it arrives, sometimes the excitement is not as big as 97 00:05:48.000 --> 00:05:52.879 the anticipation you had. Another thing is fixed intervals reward 98 00:05:52.879 --> 00:05:55.720 after a set time, so like a weekly paycheck, variable 99 00:05:55.720 --> 00:06:01.079 interval reward after unpredictable time. Checking email creates consistent moderate responding. 100 00:06:02.879 --> 00:06:04.560 The concept that they use a lot where people with 101 00:06:04.639 --> 00:06:08.439 substance use is token economies. They use operaant principles here right. 102 00:06:08.560 --> 00:06:13.879 Tokens are secondary reinforcers. They're exchanged for privileges. They're common 103 00:06:13.920 --> 00:06:20.199 and inpatient school, group, home settings. Some prisons. Punishment is 104 00:06:20.279 --> 00:06:23.120 less effective and long term. It may suppressed behavior, but 105 00:06:23.160 --> 00:06:27.199 it doesn't really teach alternatives. Reinforcement, especially positive, builds and 106 00:06:27.240 --> 00:06:32.439 maintains behavior. So positive and reinforcement is one of the 107 00:06:32.439 --> 00:06:36.879 strong ones for sure. Next we go to observational learning, 108 00:06:36.959 --> 00:06:40.839 which is Albert Bandura's world. Albert Bandura Social learning theory 109 00:06:40.879 --> 00:06:44.079 show that people learn through observation even without direct reinforcement. 110 00:06:44.720 --> 00:06:47.959 You probably remember the classic Bobo doll experiment that revealed 111 00:06:47.959 --> 00:06:50.560 that children who watched adults behave aggressively toward a doll, 112 00:06:50.639 --> 00:06:53.839 We're more likely to imitate that behavior. This is really 113 00:06:53.920 --> 00:06:57.680 explains a lot about domestic violence. Witnesses, people children who 114 00:06:57.680 --> 00:07:03.240 witness domestic violence orately, well, let me actually clarify this. 115 00:07:03.920 --> 00:07:07.759 Most children who witness domestic violence do not become perpetrators, 116 00:07:07.920 --> 00:07:12.560 but most perpetrators of domestic violence actually witnessed it as children, 117 00:07:13.360 --> 00:07:16.759 So you can see. It doesn't necessarily translate to everybody, 118 00:07:17.399 --> 00:07:21.920 but it does occur quite often. The four key processes 119 00:07:22.000 --> 00:07:25.839 is attention learner must notice the model's behavior, retention learner 120 00:07:25.920 --> 00:07:29.519 must remember the behavior, reproduction learner must be physically and 121 00:07:29.560 --> 00:07:33.040 cognitively able to imitate it. And motivation learner must see 122 00:07:33.040 --> 00:07:36.439 a reason to imitate reward approval, identity. You can't believe 123 00:07:36.480 --> 00:07:40.399 how many parents I've worked with that talked about their 124 00:07:40.480 --> 00:07:45.519 childhood about how their parents yelled or were rude or 125 00:07:45.519 --> 00:07:48.560 were cold, and how that affected them. And yet when 126 00:07:48.600 --> 00:07:51.800 you listen to how they parent, it's almost exact same, 127 00:07:52.120 --> 00:07:55.439 very similar, maybe with some nuances here and there, and 128 00:07:55.480 --> 00:07:58.759 they don't realize it. They're completely running on unconscious mode. 129 00:07:58.800 --> 00:08:03.160 They don't think about it. The theory bridges behaviorism and cognition, 130 00:08:03.240 --> 00:08:06.439 explaining how behavior spreads through families, cultures, and peer groups. 131 00:08:06.639 --> 00:08:09.720 A therapy modeling is used to teach social skills a certiveness. 132 00:08:09.720 --> 00:08:11.920 We're coping behavior. This is where you can come in 133 00:08:12.519 --> 00:08:18.839 so calm breathing, not too many expressions, how roleplay difficult conversations. 134 00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:22.360 Everything you do in that therapy room models for that 135 00:08:22.480 --> 00:08:25.759 client how to have a healthy relationship. If they share 136 00:08:25.759 --> 00:08:28.759 something traumatic, you have to have that neutral affect so 137 00:08:28.879 --> 00:08:31.959 it doesn't overwhelm them or make them feel guilty that 138 00:08:32.000 --> 00:08:36.559 they've traumatized you in any capacity. This is really important. 139 00:08:36.600 --> 00:08:39.759 If they share something that they're embarrassed about or ashamed about, 140 00:08:40.399 --> 00:08:42.919 this is where you again have to have that neutral affect. 141 00:08:43.000 --> 00:08:46.320 If they're anxious to calm breathing, the relaxed body posture, 142 00:08:46.639 --> 00:08:50.000 all this is going to be important. Next is cognitive 143 00:08:50.080 --> 00:08:51.960 learning theories. This will be the last seconds of the 144 00:08:52.039 --> 00:08:55.360 last part. Cognitive learning theories are latent learning, learning that 145 00:08:55.360 --> 00:09:00.480 occurs without immediate reinforcement only becomes evident when needed. For example, 146 00:09:00.600 --> 00:09:04.039 is a child who watches a parent look at a map, 147 00:09:04.120 --> 00:09:06.639 but only demonstrates knowledge of it when asked to lead 148 00:09:06.639 --> 00:09:09.960 the way. So if a child watches a parent better said, 149 00:09:10.440 --> 00:09:13.159 navigating a route, maybe walking through the mall, going to 150 00:09:13.240 --> 00:09:17.759 special certain stores, they'll demonstrate the knowledge of it when 151 00:09:17.799 --> 00:09:19.720 asked to lead the way, so these are called what 152 00:09:19.759 --> 00:09:23.679 they call cognitive maps. Inside learning is a sudden realization 153 00:09:23.720 --> 00:09:27.360 of a solution without trial and error, so a monkey 154 00:09:27.399 --> 00:09:32.519 suddenly stacking boxes to reach a banana. The challenge is 155 00:09:32.600 --> 00:09:35.320 This challenge is pure behaviors models, though because it implies 156 00:09:35.399 --> 00:09:40.840 restructuring of perception rather than conditioning. Again, I think most 157 00:09:40.879 --> 00:09:43.000 theories have a piece of the puzzle, but not all 158 00:09:43.080 --> 00:09:49.519 of them know exactly how humans behave learned. Helplessness is 159 00:09:49.600 --> 00:09:52.039 number three, and it's a big concept, especially in CBT 160 00:09:52.120 --> 00:09:54.799 as well, but it was discovered by Martin Seligman and 161 00:09:54.840 --> 00:09:58.440 Dogg subjected to unavoidable shocks. Later they failed to escape 162 00:09:58.480 --> 00:10:03.440 even when escape became possible, and humans and manifest as apathy, passivity, 163 00:10:03.440 --> 00:10:08.840 and depressive symptoms following repeated failure or uncontrollable events. Neurobiology 164 00:10:08.879 --> 00:10:12.480 linked to decreased dopamine and disrupted function in the prefunnel 165 00:10:12.480 --> 00:10:16.799 cortex an amygdala, and depression clients may try to stop 166 00:10:16.840 --> 00:10:21.919 solving problems due to prior failures, so cognitive restructuring or 167 00:10:22.039 --> 00:10:27.080 reframing and behavioral activation can really help that individual become 168 00:10:27.120 --> 00:10:30.120 more confident learn that they do have more control and 169 00:10:30.159 --> 00:10:34.960 rebuild their agency. Lastly, as the clinical applications of these theories, 170 00:10:35.120 --> 00:10:40.840 exposure theory from classical conditioning reduces conditioned fear responses through extinction. 171 00:10:41.759 --> 00:10:47.960 Systematic desensitization pairs fear stimuli with relaxation. Flooding involves immediate 172 00:10:48.000 --> 00:10:51.799 exposure without avoidance, so you'll see some of these. For trauma, 173 00:10:52.799 --> 00:10:59.559 prolonged exposure and for phobia's Prolonged exposure for PTSD breaks 174 00:10:59.559 --> 00:11:02.000 fear of in cycles by activating trump my memory and 175 00:11:02.039 --> 00:11:06.600 a safe context. So prolonged exposure therapy is very popular 176 00:11:07.000 --> 00:11:09.960 and very successful therapy according to a lot of studies 177 00:11:11.080 --> 00:11:14.600 in regards to working with individuals with PTSD and trauma. 178 00:11:15.600 --> 00:11:18.279 People don't always hear that because today's world is more 179 00:11:18.320 --> 00:11:22.879 about indirect therapy compared to direct talk therapy, prolonged exposure 180 00:11:22.919 --> 00:11:27.080 has really good results. The amigdala and the prefunnal cortex 181 00:11:27.159 --> 00:11:29.679 is what you're reconditioning here. Which you're reconditioning is really 182 00:11:29.720 --> 00:11:33.039 for that pre funnel cortex to start taking control over 183 00:11:33.080 --> 00:11:37.039 the amigda and make the fear unlearned. It's to get 184 00:11:37.039 --> 00:11:40.840 the rational part to come back and to say this 185 00:11:40.879 --> 00:11:45.320 isn't happening right now? Another one, as token economies we 186 00:11:45.360 --> 00:11:49.519 talked about briefly. It's an operant conditioning concept to use 187 00:11:49.559 --> 00:11:54.120 in structured settings to reinforce pro social behavior, treatment compliance, 188 00:11:54.200 --> 00:11:59.240 or task completion. However, the reinforcement must be consistent and meaningful. 189 00:11:59.480 --> 00:12:03.159 Tokens are when paired with social reinforcement to build intrinsic 190 00:12:03.240 --> 00:12:09.919 motivation over time. So an example that I mentioned earlier, 191 00:12:09.919 --> 00:12:13.600 for substance use in a residential treatment program, patient earned 192 00:12:13.639 --> 00:12:17.159 tokens for attending therapy, passing drug tests, or completing chores. 193 00:12:17.720 --> 00:12:21.559 Tokens can be redeemed for privileges like extra free times, snacks, 194 00:12:21.679 --> 00:12:26.200 or gift cards. A study found token economies increased abstinente 195 00:12:26.240 --> 00:12:29.399 rates and opiate use disorder by twenty percent compared to 196 00:12:29.440 --> 00:12:33.559 standard care. Of course, this leverage is positive reinforcement, and 197 00:12:33.600 --> 00:12:35.639 it's also being used in the prison systems a lot 198 00:12:35.639 --> 00:12:39.559 of times. The last two are behavioral modeling observational learning. 199 00:12:39.600 --> 00:12:42.759 So therapists again demonstrates the behavior a serting your boundary, 200 00:12:42.879 --> 00:12:46.440 expressing an emotion and not expressing an emotion, and the 201 00:12:46.480 --> 00:12:52.159 client will observe and imitate effective in anger management parenting 202 00:12:52.240 --> 00:12:56.399 therapy things of that nature. Finally, is understanding maladaptive behaviors. 203 00:12:56.519 --> 00:13:01.360 Avoidance and anxiety is negatively reinforced. From anxiety, for instance, 204 00:13:01.519 --> 00:13:07.120 substance use is positively reinforced, so euphoria and negatively reinforced 205 00:13:07.159 --> 00:13:12.159 removal of distress. Self harming behaviors may be modeled with 206 00:13:12.200 --> 00:13:16.039 impeer groups or reinforced by attention. Unfortunately, this is where 207 00:13:16.080 --> 00:13:20.200 social media has a big impact. Ruminating may become habitual 208 00:13:20.240 --> 00:13:24.360 through cognitive rehearsal, treating by breaking loops via behavior change. 209 00:13:24.600 --> 00:13:27.320 So you can see a lot of these techniques are 210 00:13:27.399 --> 00:13:32.639 still being applied. They're very effective in the world of therapy. 211 00:13:33.440 --> 00:13:34.440 And that'll be it for today.