Speaker 1: Go on back to old school learning about classical conditioning,
Speaker 1: where you link stimuli automatic responses. This is Pavlov's world.
Speaker 1: We're gonna look at key concepts like acquisition, extinction, generalization,
Speaker 1: and discrimination. Those are going to be important to know
Speaker 1: the differences between those opera and condition. If you remember
Speaker 1: that from Skinner involves voluntary behaviors shape by consequences like
Speaker 1: reinforcement or punishment. We'll look at reinforcement schedules, social learning,
Speaker 1: how we observe and imitate model and then cognitive learning
Speaker 1: theories as well, including latent learning, insight and learning helplessness.
Speaker 1: And finally we'll look at clinical techniques like exposure therapy,
Speaker 1: token economies, which you'll see a lot in the substance
Speaker 1: use world, and behavioral modeling. So let's see Pablov famously
Speaker 1: conditioned the dogs a salivated the sound of a bear,
Speaker 1: of everything, of a bell by pairing it with food.
Speaker 1: The process pairs a neutral stimulus which is the bell,
Speaker 1: otherwise known as a conditioned stimulus, with an uncann conditioned stimulus,
Speaker 1: which is the food, to elicit a conditioned response, which
Speaker 1: is a salivation. So the unconditioned stimulus naturally triggers a
Speaker 1: response that's a food. It doesn't need to be conditioned.
Speaker 1: Unconditioned responses the natural reaction to the UCS unconditioned stimulus
Speaker 1: the salivation. The conditioned stimulus is the bell previously neutral
Speaker 1: now triggers response, and the conditioned response, of course, is
Speaker 1: your learned response. Acquisition the phase where the conditioned response
Speaker 1: and unconditioned are paired. Learning occurs. So the acquisition is
Speaker 1: when the learning occurs. The extinction is when the actually
Speaker 1: the conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus is presented
Speaker 1: without the unconditioned stimulus, so the bell rings, but there's
Speaker 1: no food. This has really used a lot in the
Speaker 1: world of dog training. So if you want to get
Speaker 1: a certain behavior that you're instilled out of it, you
Speaker 1: can use extinction. Or if you wanted to keep a
Speaker 1: certain behavior but you haven't rewarded the dog, let's say
Speaker 1: their driver is reward for food. Dogs have different drives.
Speaker 1: It could be food poised. It could also be just
Speaker 1: affection or play a lot of play outside depends on
Speaker 1: what you're offering what the dog is driven by. By
Speaker 1: the way, I do have a dog psychology book. I
Speaker 1: hate the picture, but it just reminded me of it
Speaker 1: you can find. It's called dog psychology. It's on Amazon.
Speaker 1: Spontaneous recovery after extinction. A brief response, a brief reappearance
Speaker 1: of the conditioned response may occur with conditioned stimulus, so
Speaker 1: spontaneous recovery this is after extinction. Generalization stimuli is similar
Speaker 1: to the condition stimuli the list of the conditions response.
Speaker 1: So a client traumatized by one dog may feel all
Speaker 1: may fear all dogs. Discrimination learning to distinguish between similar stimuli.
Speaker 1: Only a growling dog, but not all dogs, will trigger
Speaker 1: the fear in the person or a certain colored dog
Speaker 1: or a certain sized dog, whatever not. A biologically class
Speaker 1: conditioning involves the amygdala for emotional learning and the cerebellum
Speaker 1: for timing and association. This is just kind of explain
Speaker 1: why fear based learning is so resistant to extinction. It's
Speaker 1: emotionally charged and deeply encoded, right. That's where the amigdala is,
Speaker 1: so a lot of these emotionally charged memories are located
Speaker 1: in there. This is why it can be very effective.
Speaker 1: In addition to that, bf Skinner proposed that behavior is
Speaker 1: followed by rewards are more likely to recur, while those
Speaker 1: followed by punishment are less likely. And again here's where
Speaker 1: you go back to the dog training ideas. So a
Speaker 1: positive reinforcement is add a pleasant stimulus praise after homework.
Speaker 1: For a human, negative reinforcements remove an unpleasant stimulus, so
Speaker 1: I'll get fooled by negative reinforcements the removal of an
Speaker 1: unpleasant stimulants so anxiety. Reduce that to avoiding a crowd.
Speaker 1: Positive punishment add an unpleasant stimulus criticism for acting out,
Speaker 1: and negative punishment remove a pleasant stimulus, time out from play,
Speaker 1: or remove the video games from the while. Parents will
Speaker 1: use a lot of these techniques, whether consciously or unconsciously,
Speaker 1: and parenting right. So when you praise after homework, it's
Speaker 1: a very important negative reinforcement. You can remove something from them,
Speaker 1: so some chore that they had to do if they
Speaker 1: do good homework, for instance, or positive punishment curfews for
Speaker 1: earlier curfew if they're in the teens, for instance, for
Speaker 1: disobeying of disobeying a rule in the house, or being disrespectful,
Speaker 1: and then negative punishment again you can remove the video game.
Speaker 1: Shaping means reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior, so
Speaker 1: it's step by step used to teach new or complex behaviors,
Speaker 1: reward small steps toward the goal. Again, think about dog
Speaker 1: training here. If you're trying to learn teach them how
Speaker 1: to sit down or how to lie down, it takes
Speaker 1: a few steps before you get there. You have to
Speaker 1: shape them with the food, let's say, if that's the
Speaker 1: reward they like. Enforcement schedules are really important too. A
Speaker 1: fixed ratio means reward after a certain number of responses,
Speaker 1: maybe every fifth behavior. Variable ratio reward after unpredictable number
Speaker 1: slot machines produces high, steady responses. The slaw machines have
Speaker 1: a huge, powerful effect on people because of this, And
Speaker 1: this is where you'll see this a lot in dog
Speaker 1: training too, because you don't want to give them a
Speaker 1: treat after a while. You don't want to give them
Speaker 1: a treat after every time they do something. You want
Speaker 1: to space it out. This unpredictability causes a lot of
Speaker 1: motivation for that dog and for humans as well. Right
Speaker 1: a lot of times it's the expectation. It's the waiting,
Speaker 1: the anticipation of something that is more exciting than the
Speaker 1: actual events. So if you're anticipating a big time movie
Speaker 1: that you've been waiting for a year or two. When
Speaker 1: it arrives, sometimes the excitement is not as big as
Speaker 1: the anticipation you had. Another thing is fixed intervals reward
Speaker 1: after a set time, so like a weekly paycheck, variable
Speaker 1: interval reward after unpredictable time. Checking email creates consistent moderate responding.
Speaker 1: The concept that they use a lot where people with
Speaker 1: substance use is token economies. They use operaant principles here right.
Speaker 1: Tokens are secondary reinforcers. They're exchanged for privileges. They're common
Speaker 1: and inpatient school, group, home settings. Some prisons. Punishment is
Speaker 1: less effective and long term. It may suppressed behavior, but
Speaker 1: it doesn't really teach alternatives. Reinforcement, especially positive, builds and
Speaker 1: maintains behavior. So positive and reinforcement is one of the
Speaker 1: strong ones for sure. Next we go to observational learning,
Speaker 1: which is Albert Bandura's world. Albert Bandura Social learning theory
Speaker 1: show that people learn through observation even without direct reinforcement.
Speaker 1: You probably remember the classic Bobo doll experiment that revealed
Speaker 1: that children who watched adults behave aggressively toward a doll,
Speaker 1: We're more likely to imitate that behavior. This is really
Speaker 1: explains a lot about domestic violence. Witnesses, people children who
Speaker 1: witness domestic violence orately, well, let me actually clarify this.
Speaker 1: Most children who witness domestic violence do not become perpetrators,
Speaker 1: but most perpetrators of domestic violence actually witnessed it as children,
Speaker 1: So you can see. It doesn't necessarily translate to everybody,
Speaker 1: but it does occur quite often. The four key processes
Speaker 1: is attention learner must notice the model's behavior, retention learner
Speaker 1: must remember the behavior, reproduction learner must be physically and
Speaker 1: cognitively able to imitate it. And motivation learner must see
Speaker 1: a reason to imitate reward approval, identity. You can't believe
Speaker 1: how many parents I've worked with that talked about their
Speaker 1: childhood about how their parents yelled or were rude or
Speaker 1: were cold, and how that affected them. And yet when
Speaker 1: you listen to how they parent, it's almost exact same,
Speaker 1: very similar, maybe with some nuances here and there, and
Speaker 1: they don't realize it. They're completely running on unconscious mode.
Speaker 1: They don't think about it. The theory bridges behaviorism and cognition,
Speaker 1: explaining how behavior spreads through families, cultures, and peer groups.
Speaker 1: A therapy modeling is used to teach social skills a certiveness.
Speaker 1: We're coping behavior. This is where you can come in
Speaker 1: so calm breathing, not too many expressions, how roleplay difficult conversations.
Speaker 1: Everything you do in that therapy room models for that
Speaker 1: client how to have a healthy relationship. If they share
Speaker 1: something traumatic, you have to have that neutral affect so
Speaker 1: it doesn't overwhelm them or make them feel guilty that
Speaker 1: they've traumatized you in any capacity. This is really important.
Speaker 1: If they share something that they're embarrassed about or ashamed about,
Speaker 1: this is where you again have to have that neutral affect.
Speaker 1: If they're anxious to calm breathing, the relaxed body posture,
Speaker 1: all this is going to be important. Next is cognitive
Speaker 1: learning theories. This will be the last seconds of the
Speaker 1: last part. Cognitive learning theories are latent learning, learning that
Speaker 1: occurs without immediate reinforcement only becomes evident when needed. For example,
Speaker 1: is a child who watches a parent look at a map,
Speaker 1: but only demonstrates knowledge of it when asked to lead
Speaker 1: the way. So if a child watches a parent better said,
Speaker 1: navigating a route, maybe walking through the mall, going to
Speaker 1: special certain stores, they'll demonstrate the knowledge of it when
Speaker 1: asked to lead the way, so these are called what
Speaker 1: they call cognitive maps. Inside learning is a sudden realization
Speaker 1: of a solution without trial and error, so a monkey
Speaker 1: suddenly stacking boxes to reach a banana. The challenge is
Speaker 1: This challenge is pure behaviors models, though because it implies
Speaker 1: restructuring of perception rather than conditioning. Again, I think most
Speaker 1: theories have a piece of the puzzle, but not all
Speaker 1: of them know exactly how humans behave learned. Helplessness is
Speaker 1: number three, and it's a big concept, especially in CBT
Speaker 1: as well, but it was discovered by Martin Seligman and
Speaker 1: Dogg subjected to unavoidable shocks. Later they failed to escape
Speaker 1: even when escape became possible, and humans and manifest as apathy, passivity,
Speaker 1: and depressive symptoms following repeated failure or uncontrollable events. Neurobiology
Speaker 1: linked to decreased dopamine and disrupted function in the prefunnel
Speaker 1: cortex an amygdala, and depression clients may try to stop
Speaker 1: solving problems due to prior failures, so cognitive restructuring or
Speaker 1: reframing and behavioral activation can really help that individual become
Speaker 1: more confident learn that they do have more control and
Speaker 1: rebuild their agency. Lastly, as the clinical applications of these theories,
Speaker 1: exposure theory from classical conditioning reduces conditioned fear responses through extinction.
Speaker 1: Systematic desensitization pairs fear stimuli with relaxation. Flooding involves immediate
Speaker 1: exposure without avoidance, so you'll see some of these. For trauma,
Speaker 1: prolonged exposure and for phobia's Prolonged exposure for PTSD breaks
Speaker 1: fear of in cycles by activating trump my memory and
Speaker 1: a safe context. So prolonged exposure therapy is very popular
Speaker 1: and very successful therapy according to a lot of studies
Speaker 1: in regards to working with individuals with PTSD and trauma.
Speaker 1: People don't always hear that because today's world is more
Speaker 1: about indirect therapy compared to direct talk therapy, prolonged exposure
Speaker 1: has really good results. The amigdala and the prefunnal cortex
Speaker 1: is what you're reconditioning here. Which you're reconditioning is really
Speaker 1: for that pre funnel cortex to start taking control over
Speaker 1: the amigda and make the fear unlearned. It's to get
Speaker 1: the rational part to come back and to say this
Speaker 1: isn't happening right now? Another one, as token economies we
Speaker 1: talked about briefly. It's an operant conditioning concept to use
Speaker 1: in structured settings to reinforce pro social behavior, treatment compliance,
Speaker 1: or task completion. However, the reinforcement must be consistent and meaningful.
Speaker 1: Tokens are when paired with social reinforcement to build intrinsic
Speaker 1: motivation over time. So an example that I mentioned earlier,
Speaker 1: for substance use in a residential treatment program, patient earned
Speaker 1: tokens for attending therapy, passing drug tests, or completing chores.
Speaker 1: Tokens can be redeemed for privileges like extra free times, snacks,
Speaker 1: or gift cards. A study found token economies increased abstinente
Speaker 1: rates and opiate use disorder by twenty percent compared to
Speaker 1: standard care. Of course, this leverage is positive reinforcement, and
Speaker 1: it's also being used in the prison systems a lot
Speaker 1: of times. The last two are behavioral modeling observational learning.
Speaker 1: So therapists again demonstrates the behavior a serting your boundary,
Speaker 1: expressing an emotion and not expressing an emotion, and the
Speaker 1: client will observe and imitate effective in anger management parenting
Speaker 1: therapy things of that nature. Finally, is understanding maladaptive behaviors.
Speaker 1: Avoidance and anxiety is negatively reinforced. From anxiety, for instance,
Speaker 1: substance use is positively reinforced, so euphoria and negatively reinforced
Speaker 1: removal of distress. Self harming behaviors may be modeled with
Speaker 1: impeer groups or reinforced by attention. Unfortunately, this is where
Speaker 1: social media has a big impact. Ruminating may become habitual
Speaker 1: through cognitive rehearsal, treating by breaking loops via behavior change.
Speaker 1: So you can see a lot of these techniques are
Speaker 1: still being applied. They're very effective in the world of therapy.
Speaker 1: And that'll be it for today.