Speaker 1: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your source for the latest and
most exciting news in space exploration and astronomy. I'm your host, Anna,
and today we're diving into several fascinating developments from across
the Cosmos. We've got a packed episode ahead, covering everything
from the Space Force's certification of a new rocket for
national security launches to an upcoming partial solar eclipse that
will grace our skies. This week, we'll also explore a
mysterious galaxy that's challenging what we thought we knew about
the early universe. Check in on China's expanding satellite network,
and learn how NASA's Europa Clipper will scout potential landing
sites on one of the most promising worlds for finding
extraterrestrial life. So settle in as we journey through these
captivating stories that remind us just how dynamic and ever
changing our understanding of space truly is. The US Space
Force has officially certified United Launch Alliances Vulcan Centaur rocket
for national security missions after analyzing data from the vehicle's
two certification launches that took place in January and October
of twenty twenty four. This milestone announcement came on March
twenty sixth from the Space Force's Space Systems Command, marking
the completion of a long awaited certification process. Space Force
Brigadier General Kristin Pansenhagen, who serves as the Program Executive
Officer for Assured Access to Space, emphasized the significance of
this development, noting that assured access to space is a
core function of the Space Force and a critical element
of national security. She added that the Vulcan certification adds
launch capacity, resiliency, and flexibility needed for the nation's most
critical space based systems. This certification is particularly notable as
ULA now joins SpaceX as only the second provider certified
to carry out launches under the National Security Space Launch Program,
enhancing America's launch capabilities for sensitive military and intelligence payloads.
The path to certification wasn't without challenges. The second Vulcan
certification flight experienced an incident when the nozzle of one
of its two solid rocket boosters fell off approximately half
a minute after liftoff. Remarkably, the vehicle compensated for the
diminished thrust and still completed its mission successfully. ULA's president
and CEO, Tory Bruno, later explained that a manufacturing defect
in an internal insulator part caused the nozzle separation, and
appropriate corrective actions were implemented and verified through static fire testing.
Looking ahead, ULA has ambitious plans for their launch cadence.
Bruno has indicated that the company is projecting a dozen
launches this year, split roughly evenly between their Atlas and
Vulcan rockets, serving both national security and commercial missions. The
first national security space launch mission on Vulcan is planned
for this summer in North America. ULA aims to establish
a baseline tempo of two launches per month the end
of this year and perform twenty launches in twenty twenty five.
Bruno noted that the company has been strategically stockpiling critical
components such as B four engines and solid rocket boosters
to support this accelerated launch schedule. This certification represents a
significant advancement for America's space launch capabilities, ensuring redundancy and
resilience in the nation's ability to deploy critical national security
assets to orbit. As Bruno remarked, we're all staged up
and ready, and a spacecraft show up will be able
to fly them. What a difference A year makes just
a year after millions across North America witnessed the spectacular
total solar eclipse on April eighth, twenty twenty four, We're
already preparing for another celestial event. Mark your calendars for
this Saturday, March twenty ninth, twenty twenty five, when a
partial solar eclipse will grace our skies, though with a
notably different viewing audience. This upcoming eclipse resild volts from
the Moon's shadow, falling primarily on the north polar regions
of Earth. It's actually the second eclipse in less than
a month, coming just two weeks after the total lunar
eclipse that occurred on March thirteenth, fourteen. This pattern is
what astronomers call an eclipse season, a roughly thirty seven
day period when the alignment of the Sun and Moon
can allow for eclipses to occur at both full and
new moon phases. For this March twenty ninth event, the
Moon will pass through the opposite node of its orbit
compared to the lunar eclipse. However, the moon passes this
node almost too early. By the time it reaches new
phase about nineteen hours after crossing the ecliptic. The axis
of its shadow will pass well to the north of Earth.
The dark shadow cone or umbra, will completely miss our planet,
passing about one hundred and eighty miles above the north pole.
This means no location on Earth will experience totality, but
instead the Moon's outer shadow, the penumbra, will create a
partial eclipse, visible in varying degrees. The eclipse will be
visible across Northwest Africa, much of Europe, excluding some eastern sections,
Northwest Russia, Iceland, and Greenland. Parts of South America, including Surrey,
Name French, Guyana, and Amada in Brazil, will see a
small dent in the sun at sunrise. For North Americans,
visibility depends entirely on location. If you draw a line
from Oakville, Ontario, down to Virginia Beach, Virginia, areas west
of this line won't see any part of the eclipse.
Those to the east, however, will catch at least a
glimpse near sunrise, though maximum eclipse will have already occurred
before the Sun appears above the horizon. The farther north
and east you go in North America, the more impressive
the view becomes. In Baltimore, the sun will rise with
seven point eight percent of its diameter already eclipsed, with
the event ending just four minutes later, but residents of
northern New England and Atlantic Canada are in for a
spectacular treat. The town of Madawasca in far northern Maine
will experience maximum eclipse almost precisely at sunrise, with eighty
eight point two percent of the Sun's diameter covered. This
will create the stunning visual effect of the Sun appearing
as a delicate crescent with its points aimed nearly straight up,
resembling two lobster claws emerging from beyond the eastern horizon.
Similar impressive views await Atlantic Canada, with Halifax seeing eighty
five point six percent coverage at seven seventeen am, Fredericton
experiencing eighty seven percent at seven nineteen am, and Saint
John's reaching eighty five point four percent at seven fifty
two am. As always with solar eclipses, proper eye protection
is essential. Unlike a total eclipse with its brief moments
of totality, a partial eclipse can be observed more leisurely,
but only through specially designed solar filters or eclipse glasses.
Remember that looking at the Sun without proper protection is
extremely dangerous. NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has made another
groundbreaking discovery that's challenging our understanding of the early universe.
An international team of astronomers has identified bright hydrogen emission
from an incredibly distant galaxy observed just three hundred thirty
million years after the Big Bang, a mere fraction of
our universe's current thirteen point eight billion year age. The galaxy,
designated Jade's GSC thirteen one, was first spotted in images
taken by Webb's Near infrared camera as part of the
James Webb Space Telescope Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey. Researchers initially
estimated its redshift, a measure of how far the galaxy's
light has traveled and been stretched by the expansion of space,
at around twelve point nine. To confirm this extreme distance,
they then observed it using Web's Near infrared spectrograph instrument.
The resulting spectrum not only confirmed the red shift at
thirteen point zero, placing it firmly in the very early universe,
but also revealed something completely unexpected, a distinctly bright wavelength
of light. As Lyman alpha emission radiating from hydrogen atoms.
This emission was far stronger than scientists thought possible during
this ancient epic. What makes this finding so perplexing is
that the early universe was filled with a thick fog
of neutral hydrogen gas. This fog should have completely blocked
such emissions until a process called realization cleared it away,
a process that wasn't completed until about one billion years
after the Big Bang. Yet here was jadas gsz thirteen
to one shining through this cosmic fog more than six
hundred million years earlier than should be possible. Roberto Myelino
from the University of Cambridge and University College London explains
why this is so significant. GSZ thirteen one is seen
when the universe was only three hundred thirty million years old,
yet it shows a surprisingly clear, telltale signature of Lyman
alpha emission that can only be seen once the surrounding
fog has fully lifted. This result was totally unexpected by
theories of early galaxy formation and has caught astronomers by surprise.
Before and during the realization era, the neutral hydrogen surrounding
galaxies should have blocked any energetic ultraviolet light they emitted,
much like colored glass filter's light. Until enough stars had
formed to ionize this hydrogen gas, no such light, including
Lyman alpha emission, should have been able to escape and
reach Earth. We really shouldn't have found a galaxy like this,
given our understanding of the way the universe has evolved,
says Kevin Hanline from the University of Arizona. We could
think of the early universe as shrouded with a thick
fog that would make it exceedingly difficult to find even
powerful lighthouses peeking through. Yet here we see the beam
of light from this galaxy piercing the veil. Scientists aren't
yet certain what caused this unexpected emission, but they have theories.
One possibility is that the galaxy contains some of the
u universe's first generation of stars, much more massive, hotter,
and more luminous than stars formed later. Another explanation could
be a powerful, active galactic nucleus driven by one of
the first super massive black holes. Whatever the explanation, this
discovery opens exciting new questions about the earliest chapters of
our cosmic history and how the first stars and galaxies formed.
The research was published in the journal Nature, marking another
remarkable achievement for the Web telescope as it continues to
transform our understanding of the universe's origins. China has taken
another significant step forward in its space infrastructure with the
successful launch of a new data tracking and relay communications satellite.
The Tianlian two zero four lifted off on March twenty
sixth at eleven fifty five a m Eastern time from
the Sichang Satellite Launch Center in southwest China aboard a
long March three B rocket. The China Aerospace Science and
Technology Corporate KSC announced the mission's success about an hour
after liftoff. While the launch was anticipated due to airspace
closure notices, the exact payload wasn't revealed until after the
successful deployment. Tianlian two zero four is now in geosynchronous
transfer orbit and will eventually maneuver to take up its
final position along the geostationary belt, approximately thirty five thousand,
seven hundred eighty six kilometers above Earth's equator. From this
vantage point, it will join China's second generation geostationary orbit
data relay satellite constellation. These satellites serve a critical function
for China's space program, providing data relay and telemetry, tracking,
and command services for the nation's crewed spacecraft. This includes
supporting the Tiangong space station and Shenho spacecraft, as well
as assisting medium and low Earth orbit satellites and launch operations.
The Tianlian network performs a role similar to NASA's tracking
and data relay satellite system, with satellites strategically positioned around
geostationary orbit to die nearly continuous coverage. According to CASCI,
this newest addition to the fleet features several technical upgrades
compared to its predecessor, Tanlian two zero three, which was
launched in July twenty twenty two. These improvements include enhanced
transmission capacity and faster response speeds, aimed at meeting China's
growing needs for data relay and tracking services, while also
strengthening the autonomy and security of their second generation relay system.
The Tianlian program has a long history, beginning with China's
first Tanlian satellite, launched in two thousand and eight. The
earlier Tanlian I series satellites have now been moved to
graveyard orbits above the geostationary Belt, while the newer generation
continues active service. Like earlier satellites in the series. Tanlian
two zero four was developed by the China Academy of
Space Technology, a major spacecraft making institute under CASCI. This
launch marks China's fifteenth orbital mission of twenty twenty five,
demonstrating the country's increasingly ambitious space program. With expanded spaceport capabilities,
ongoing Mega constellation projects, and new launch vehicles set to debut,
China could potentially target around one hundred or more launches
this year, far exceeding their previous national record of sixty
eight launches set last year. The country's space agenda remains
packed with other major upcoming missions, including the Shenzho twenty
and twenty one crude flights to the Tiangong Space Station
and the chian Win two Near Earth asteroid sample return
mission expected to launch around May. Let's move a bit
further out into space now, looking ahead to one of
NASA's most anticipated deep space missions. New research presented at
the twenty twenty five Lunar and Planetary Science Conference has
revealed how the Europa Clipper will help identify potential landing
sites for a future mission. To Jupiter's icy moon. This
strategic reconnaissance capability could prove crucial for the next phase
of exploring this ocean world. The Europa Clip, scheduled to
reach the Jovian System in April twenty thirty, will follow
a complex orbital pattern around Jupiter, performing forty nine close
flybys of Europa. Unlike Mars orbiters that follow relatively simple
circular paths, the clipper can't orbit Europa directly due to
Jupiter's intense radiation environment, which would damage the spacecraft. Instead,
it will follow carefully designed looping orbits that minimize radiation
exposure while still allowing close study of the moon. Planetary
geologist Jennifer Scully and her team at NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory have carefully assessed which of these flybys would be
most suitable for identifying future landing sites. They determined that
any reconnable flyby must meet three key requirements proper lighting
conditions with the surface in sunlight, specific incidence angles between
thirty and sixty degrees, and an altitude of approximately fifty
to one hundred kilometers to ensure appropriate image resolution without blurring.
Based on these criteria, the researchers identified twelve flybys as
fully reconnable and another thirteen as supporting. Most notably, a
flyby designated E nineteen stands out as particularly valuable for
landing site selection. Its ground track extends over seven hundred
kilometers and covers a fascinating transition between Europa's ridged planes
and a region called Powis Reggio, one of the Moon's
mysterious chaos terrains, where the surface appears jumbled and disrupted,
potentially offering clues about the ocean beneath. The Europa clippers.
Sophisticated Europa imaging system, with its narrow and wide angle cameras,
will collect crucial data for what's known as terrain relative navigation.
This is the same guidance system that allowed NASA's Perseverance
rover to safely navigate to its landing site on Mars.
A future Europa lander would use these detailed surface images,
combined with real time camera data to guide itself safely
to the surface. The researchers note that their current assessments
are based on older data from the Galilee omission, and
rankings will likely change once the Europa Clipper begins returning
high resolution images. Some potential landing areas haven't even been
photographed at high resolution yet, highlighting just how much we
still have to discover about this intriguing world. This research
provides a critical roadmap for mission planners as they prepare
for the Europa Clippers operations in the twenty thirties and
lay groundwork for what could eventually become humanity's first landing
on an ocean world beyond Earth. And that wraps up
today's episode of Astronomy Daily. From the Space Force certifying
ULA's Vulcan rocket to the upcoming partial solar eclipse, Web's
surprising discovery of ancient light, China's new data relay satellite,
and the Europa Clippers mission to scout landing sites on
Jupiter's ocean moon. We've journeyed across the Solar System and beyond.
I'm anna and it's been my pleasure to bring you
these fascinating stories from across the cosmos. Whether you're a
seasoned astronomer or just curious about what lies beyond our atmosphere,
I hope you've enjoyed today's cosmic update. Visit our website
at Astronomydaily dot io, where you can sign up for
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Until next time, keep looking up start starzon