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<v Speaker 1>Hello, and welcome to Western SIV, Episode four hundred and

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<v Speaker 1>forty seven, The New World Exploited. It's been a while

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<v Speaker 1>since we've talked about the original discovery of the New World,

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<v Speaker 1>and so before we start to dig back into some

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<v Speaker 1>more memorable colonial experiments today, let's give a quick rehash

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<v Speaker 1>and bring ourselves up to date about what the colonial

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<v Speaker 1>system was really like between fourteen ninety two and the

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<v Speaker 1>year sixteen hundred. Now, of course, mostly when we're talking

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<v Speaker 1>about that time period and the New World, we're really

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<v Speaker 1>talking about Spain. Spain's colonial efforts in the America between

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<v Speaker 1>fourteen ninety two and sixteen hundred were ambitious, expensive, and

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<v Speaker 1>often ruthless. Driven by a combination of religious zeal, economic ambition,

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<v Speaker 1>and imperial competition, these efforts reshaped the Americas, leading to

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<v Speaker 1>the establishment of one of the largest empires in history.

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<v Speaker 1>Of course, Spain's colonial colonization began with Christopher Columbus's voyages

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<v Speaker 1>under the sponsorship of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. Columbus's

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<v Speaker 1>arrival in the Caribbean in fourteen ninety two marked the

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<v Speaker 1>beginning of European contact. We're not counting the vikings in

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<v Speaker 1>Newfoundland Following his expeditions, Spain moved quickly to claim vast territories,

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<v Speaker 1>motivated by the promise of wealth and the spread of Christianity.

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<v Speaker 1>The early decades of Spanish colonialization focused on the Caribbean islands,

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<v Speaker 1>including Hispaniola, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. These islands served as

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<v Speaker 1>bases for further exploration and conquest. Indigenous populations such as

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<v Speaker 1>the Taiano and Aruak were quickly subjugated through violence, forced labor,

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<v Speaker 1>and disease. Spanish settlers established and comiendes, a system that

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<v Speaker 1>granted colonists control over indigenous communities and their labor in

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<v Speaker 1>exchange for the promise of Christianization, a promise which often

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<v Speaker 1>never was kept. The most dramatic phase of Spanish expansion

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<v Speaker 1>occurred with the conquests of the Aztec and Incan empires.

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<v Speaker 1>In fifteen nineteen, Pranan Cortes led an expedition into Mexico

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<v Speaker 1>with fewer than six hundred men. He formed alliances with

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<v Speaker 1>indigenous groups resentful of Aztec dominance, such as the Taclacans,

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<v Speaker 1>using their superior weaponry, military tactics, and of course, a

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<v Speaker 1>devastating smallpox outbreak that weakened the Aztecs cort Has captured

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<v Speaker 1>Tenoshti Klon in fifteen twenty one, dismantling the empire and

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<v Speaker 1>claiming its wealth for Spain. Similarly, Francisco Pizzaro's conquest of

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<v Speaker 1>the Inca Empire in Peru between fifteen thirty two and

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<v Speaker 1>fifteen thirty three followed a comparable pattern. Pizaro exploited internal

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<v Speaker 1>divisions caused by a civil war between the Inca brothers

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<v Speaker 1>Atta Julpa and Huascar, capturing and executing Atta Juelpa. The

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<v Speaker 1>conquest though, if you'll recall from the episodes, there were

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<v Speaker 1>quite a few rebellions and a lot of back and

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<v Speaker 1>forth here, but ultimately it gave Spain access to the

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<v Speaker 1>immense wealth hidden beneath the Andes, including the silver mines

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<v Speaker 1>of Patassi, which became a cornerstone of the Spanish colonial economy. Now,

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<v Speaker 1>most of this we've already discussed on the show, but

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<v Speaker 1>it's time to talk a little bit more about Spain's

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<v Speaker 1>administration of its overseas empire. So to manage these vast holdings,

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<v Speaker 1>Spain established a colonial administration centered on viceroys and voice royalties.

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<v Speaker 1>And these are essentially, if you want to think about them,

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<v Speaker 1>like large Roman style provinces, each who have a vice

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<v Speaker 1>royalty governor that's in charge of them. So there's a couple.

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<v Speaker 1>The Vice Royalty of New Spain, which was established in

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<v Speaker 1>fifteen thirty five, included Mexico, all of Central America, and

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<v Speaker 1>the entirety of the Caribbean. These are going to develop

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<v Speaker 1>over time, by the way. Then there's the Vice Royalty

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<v Speaker 1>of Peru, which governed South America. Local governance was handled

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<v Speaker 1>by audiencias, which were royal courts and governors ensured that

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<v Speaker 1>the crown maintained centralized control. We've talked talked about all

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<v Speaker 1>of this before, but Spain was, in a lot of

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<v Speaker 1>ways when the exploration of the New World went into place,

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<v Speaker 1>still kind of a medieval kingdom and a kingdom still

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<v Speaker 1>focused on the idea of the reconquista, and in a

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<v Speaker 1>lot of ways, Spain simply takes that idea and circumplants

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<v Speaker 1>it all over the New World. Clearly, it's a woeful

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<v Speaker 1>inadequate structure for any sort of governance that's going to

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<v Speaker 1>accomplish anything other than what the main goal of the

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<v Speaker 1>Spanish is, which is extract as much wealth, ideally gold

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<v Speaker 1>and silver from the New World as humanly possible at

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<v Speaker 1>the lowest cost possible to the Spanish crown. Because remember,

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<v Speaker 1>throughout this period, even though the gold and silver, particularly

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<v Speaker 1>silver of the New World is flowing into Madrid, the

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<v Speaker 1>crown in that same kingdom is still hemorrhaging money as

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<v Speaker 1>a result of all the endless wars that the Spanish

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<v Speaker 1>crown finds itself embroiled in. So it's amazing that even

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<v Speaker 1>though they get this huge influx of wealth, the Spanish

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<v Speaker 1>monarchs are never able to turn a positive budget. Now,

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<v Speaker 1>a lot of that has to do with inflation and

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<v Speaker 1>the fact that when you bring in millions of pounds

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<v Speaker 1>of silver, the price of silver's going to plumme it.

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<v Speaker 1>But this wasn't something that medieval Spain, or even New

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<v Speaker 1>World Spain and New World Europe in general, really understood

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<v Speaker 1>at this point about how economies functioned. The other thing

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<v Speaker 1>I want to point out, though, is remember that from

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<v Speaker 1>the perspective of other European kingdoms, Spain's real economic situation

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<v Speaker 1>didn't really matter that much. What mattered was the perspective

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<v Speaker 1>or the belief that Spain had this atm called the

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<v Speaker 1>New World that it could just draw on endlessly that's

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<v Speaker 1>what countries like, at least initially England, France, the patchwork

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<v Speaker 1>kingdoms in Italy, the Holy Roman Empire. That's what they believed.

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<v Speaker 1>It wasn't true, but it's what they believed, and a

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<v Speaker 1>lot of that gets packed into the idea of the

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<v Speaker 1>unbeatable Spanish juggernaut, which the Thirty Years War is the

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<v Speaker 1>event that finally just pulls the wool down from everyone's

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<v Speaker 1>eyes and there and behold, the Emperor has no clothes. Now.

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<v Speaker 1>Of course, Spanish colonization extended beyond Mexico and Peru. Explorers

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<v Speaker 1>ventured into Florida, the American Southwest, and the Rio de

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<v Speaker 1>la Plata in modern day Argentinia. These efforts faced resistance

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<v Speaker 1>from indigenous groups that often led to violent clashes. The

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<v Speaker 1>Spanish also explored the Pacific, with expeditions reaching the Philippines

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<v Speaker 1>and establishing a trans Pacific route via the Manila Galleons. Essentially,

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<v Speaker 1>the Spanish economy that was in the New World between

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<v Speaker 1>fourteen ninety two and roughly sixteen hundred was shaped by

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<v Speaker 1>the goals of the Spanish monarchy, the exploitation of indigenous

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<v Speaker 1>African labor and the extraction of wealth, particularly precious metals.

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<v Speaker 1>It was a highly regulated system designed to benefit Spain

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<v Speaker 1>operating under mercantilist principles. First, we should note that, as

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<v Speaker 1>I mentioned, Spain followed a mercantilist policy, which essentially was

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<v Speaker 1>the idea that you accumulate well through a favorable balance

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<v Speaker 1>of trade. Mercantilism is an idea that's going to dominate

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<v Speaker 1>throughout the early colonial period. Mercantilism if you think about

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<v Speaker 1>it from the perspective of the colonies, the colonies are

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<v Speaker 1>there really for two purposes. One, they're there to serve

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<v Speaker 1>as a source of raw materials for the home or

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<v Speaker 1>mother country. Two, it's there to serve as a market

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<v Speaker 1>for the mother country to export finished goods. And that's

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<v Speaker 1>exactly what was the case here for Spain. The colonies

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<v Speaker 1>were expected to provide raw materials to Spain and to

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<v Speaker 1>serve as markets for Spanish manufactured goods. The Casa de

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<v Speaker 1>la Contracion the House of Trade, was established in fifteen

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<v Speaker 1>oh three the control trade between Spain and the Americas,

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<v Speaker 1>enforcing monopolies and regulating commerce strictly. This was not free

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<v Speaker 1>market principles. Please keep that in mind. Now. The other

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<v Speaker 1>hallmark of Spanish colonial administration was the extraction of precious metals,

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<v Speaker 1>and I really mean mining, mining, particularly silver, was the

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<v Speaker 1>backbone of the Spanish colonial economy. The Spanish discovered vast

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<v Speaker 1>silver deposit in Patoisse in present day Bolivia in fifteen

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<v Speaker 1>forty five and Zacatecas in present day Mexico in fifteen

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<v Speaker 1>forty eight. These minds provided immense wealth funding Spain's military

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<v Speaker 1>and empire building efforts throughout Europe. And now, how did

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<v Speaker 1>they get the people to work in the minds? And

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<v Speaker 1>the answer is, really, especially when we talk about Pataca

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<v Speaker 1>and Bolivia, is what we call the meta system. The

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<v Speaker 1>meta system was actually a system that was inherited from

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<v Speaker 1>the Inca and then adapted by the Spanish. It was

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<v Speaker 1>a means of forced indigenous labor. Indigenous people were compelled

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<v Speaker 1>to work in minds under harsh conditions. Now, the crown

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<v Speaker 1>got wealthy through all of this through what we call

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<v Speaker 1>the Quinto Real. The Quinto real is a twenty percent

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<v Speaker 1>tax on all precious metals collected by the crown. And

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<v Speaker 1>so it's important to point out that the thing I

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<v Speaker 1>mean you have to keep in mind here is that

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<v Speaker 1>Spain was trying to do all of this as cheaply

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<v Speaker 1>as humanly possible. So what the Spanish crown endeavored to

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<v Speaker 1>do was to grant a monopoly on the extraction of

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<v Speaker 1>silver in a given region, the control of the mines

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<v Speaker 1>to a given company or to a given individual, and

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<v Speaker 1>then that individual would turn over twenty percent of everything collected.

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<v Speaker 1>The Spanish crown didn't have to spend anything, and it

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<v Speaker 1>got a chunk of it in return, albeit a reduced

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<v Speaker 1>rate that it would have gotten had it just made

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<v Speaker 1>the investment itself. All of this went back and forth

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<v Speaker 1>from Spain to the Philippines, also in China by a

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<v Speaker 1>system that was called the Manila galleon trade. Essentially, in China,

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<v Speaker 1>the only import that China was interested in from Europe

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<v Speaker 1>was silver was highly valued, and so what Spain was

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<v Speaker 1>engaged in throughout this period, particularly if you take a

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<v Speaker 1>look at the mines in Bolivia and previous ink and

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<v Speaker 1>territory was you would extract the silver, you'd put it

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<v Speaker 1>onto galleons, get it over to China. We would trade

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<v Speaker 1>it for porcelain, silks, other desired luxury goods, and that

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<v Speaker 1>allowed China, quite frankly, to have the most favorable balance

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<v Speaker 1>of trading all of this, but Spain wasn't really competing

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<v Speaker 1>with China, so they didn't care. Now, the other way

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<v Speaker 1>that these colonies were able to produce for Spain was

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<v Speaker 1>through the encomenda system. The encomendo system was established in

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<v Speaker 1>the early fifteen hundreds and granted Spanish settlers and comienderos

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<v Speaker 1>the right to collect labor and tribute from the indigenous

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<v Speaker 1>people in exchange for quote unquote protecting them and converting

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<v Speaker 1>them to Christianity. Now, this system led to widespread abuse

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<v Speaker 1>and near slavery conditions. This system wasn't used as frequently

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<v Speaker 1>when it came to mineral extraction and mining. When you

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<v Speaker 1>think the encomenda system, you need to think mostly about

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<v Speaker 1>the production of food stuffs and then of course those

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<v Speaker 1>highly coveted crops things like sugar cane, that are going

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<v Speaker 1>to become such a hallmark of the Caribbean economy going forward. Now,

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<v Speaker 1>by the mid fifteen hundreds, the new labor laws of

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<v Speaker 1>fifteen forty two, promoted by Bartolome de las Casas, sought

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<v Speaker 1>to curb the worst abuses and phase out the encomendo system. However,

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<v Speaker 1>new labor systems like the Ripartimiento continued to force indigenous labor,

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<v Speaker 1>with now the added benefit of some wage compensation, though very,

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<v Speaker 1>very very little. As the economy expanded, haciendas, which were

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<v Speaker 1>large estates developed in Mexico, Peru, and the Caribbean. These

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<v Speaker 1>were self sufficient agricultural estates producing goods like wheat, cattle,

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<v Speaker 1>and sugar. While originally worked by indigenous labors, increasingly African

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<v Speaker 1>slaves replaced them, particularly in sugar pre reducing regions like

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<v Speaker 1>the Caribbean and Brazil. Brazil, of course being run by Portugal,

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<v Speaker 1>we should point that out. With the decline of indigenous

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<v Speaker 1>populations due to disease and exploitation, the Spanish turned to

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<v Speaker 1>African slavery, particularly in sugar plantations and mining. As I

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<v Speaker 1>mentioned before, this was also something that Portuguese were highly involved,

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<v Speaker 1>and in fact Portuguese are going to be more involved

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<v Speaker 1>in the slave trade and for longer than the Spanish are.

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<v Speaker 1>By the late fifteen hundreds, the Transatlantic slave trade was

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<v Speaker 1>well established, with enslaved Africans arriving in Spanish colonies via

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<v Speaker 1>Portuguese and Spanish traders. So how did the trade and

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<v Speaker 1>commercial networks work and function then, Well, there's a couple

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<v Speaker 1>of things to point out. The first is what's called

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<v Speaker 1>the Floata system. Because not all of the silver is

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<v Speaker 1>going in the direction of China, some of it is

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<v Speaker 1>coming directly back to Spain, and Spain needs did a

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<v Speaker 1>way to get that silver back to Europe safely, and

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<v Speaker 1>so the flow to system was a fleet system in

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<v Speaker 1>which ships traveled in giant convoys to protect silver and

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<v Speaker 1>goods from pirates and privateers, notably the English and the Dutch.

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<v Speaker 1>Generally speaking, there were two convoys that would go back

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<v Speaker 1>and forth every single year, one in the spring and

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<v Speaker 1>then one in the fall. The crown also restricted colonial

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<v Speaker 1>trade to ensure only benefited Spain, using trade monopolies to

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<v Speaker 1>prohibit direct trade with other European nations. The last thing

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<v Speaker 1>that the Spanish did was to try to establish key

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<v Speaker 1>ports like Verta, Cruz, Havana, and Seville, which dramatically controlled

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<v Speaker 1>the flow of goods back and forth. So there wasn't

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<v Speaker 1>unlimited places that you could go if you wanted to

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<v Speaker 1>trade in the Spanish Empire. They restricted it to a

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<v Speaker 1>couple of key points, again allowing them to run this

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<v Speaker 1>whole system more efficiently and more cheaply. The Catholic Church

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<v Speaker 1>was deeply involved in economic activities religious orders owned vast lands,

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<v Speaker 1>rand missions, and controlled significant wealth. The Church also played

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<v Speaker 1>a role in lending money, collecting tithes, and acting as

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<v Speaker 1>a stabilizing force in colonial society. Overall, the Spanish colonial

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<v Speaker 1>economy was extractive, exploitive, and highly regulated. It relied on

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<v Speaker 1>forced labor systems, mining and agricultural to generate wealth for Spain. However,

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<v Speaker 1>its rigid structures, monopolistic practices and policies, and dependence on

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<v Speaker 1>enslaved labor created economic and social tensions that are going

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<v Speaker 1>to dramatically shape the later period. Next we will deal

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<v Speaker 1>with the Catholic Church and how its institutions helped to

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<v Speaker 1>shape the new world in conjunction with the Spanish crown,

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<v Speaker 1>but that will be right after this now. As you

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<v Speaker 1>might expect, the Catholic Church played a central role in

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<v Speaker 1>Spain's colonization up to the year sixteen hundred, serving as

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<v Speaker 1>both a spiritual and political force in the expansion of

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<v Speaker 1>Spanish rule across the Americas and eventually other territories. Its

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<v Speaker 1>influence was deeply intertwined with Spain's imperial ambitions, acting as

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<v Speaker 1>a means of cultural transformation, governance, and justification for conquest.

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<v Speaker 1>The Spanish monarchy, particularly under Ferdinand and Isabella, saw the

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<v Speaker 1>spread of Catholicism as a divine mission. The patronato reale

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<v Speaker 1>royal patronage, granted by the Pope, gave the Spanish crown

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<v Speaker 1>control over the appointment of clergy and religious oversight in

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<v Speaker 1>the colony. The fourteen ninety three Papal Bowls of Donation,

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<v Speaker 1>particularly the Interkita, issued by Pope Alexander the sixth, granted

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<v Speaker 1>Spain the right to conquer lands in the New World

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<v Speaker 1>under the condition that indigenous peoples were converted to Christianity.

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<v Speaker 1>Catholic missionary orders, including the Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, and later Jesuits,

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<v Speaker 1>played a significant role in evangelizing. These missions sought to

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<v Speaker 1>convert indigenous peoples to Christianity, often using a mix of persuasion, instruction,

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<v Speaker 1>and coercion. They established missions which functioned as centers of

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<v Speaker 1>religious instruction, economic production, and cultural assimilation, introducing European agricultural

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<v Speaker 1>techniques such as education and social organization. Indigenous religions were

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<v Speaker 1>systematically suppressed with idols, temples and rituals just simply destroyed,

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<v Speaker 1>oftentimes replaced with Christian churches just right on top of

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<v Speaker 1>them and Christian practices, the church was closely linked to

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<v Speaker 1>Spain's colonial administration. Bishops and clergy often served as advisors

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<v Speaker 1>to colonial officials and were sometimes involved in governing indigenous populations.

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<v Speaker 1>The encomenda system, which granted Spanish settlers control over indigenous

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<v Speaker 1>labor in exchange for christianizing them, was justified in part

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<v Speaker 1>by religious motivations. However, it often led to severe exploitation,

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<v Speaker 1>as I'm sure you guessed. While many clergy participated in

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<v Speaker 1>the oppression of indigenous peoples, there were some notable figures

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<v Speaker 1>who spoke out against abuses. The most famous of these

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<v Speaker 1>was Bartolemy delas Casas, a Dominican friar who advocated for

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<v Speaker 1>indigenous rights and criticized Spanish mistreatment in his work A

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<v Speaker 1>Short Account of the Destroyer of the Indies, published in

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<v Speaker 1>fifteen fifty two. His efforts contributed to the passage of

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<v Speaker 1>the so called New Laws of fifteen forty two, which

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<v Speaker 1>sought to regulate the incomendo system and reduce indigenous enslavement. Unfortunately, however,

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<v Speaker 1>enforcement of this legislation in far off Madrid was weak.

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<v Speaker 1>The church played a key role in education, founding the

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<v Speaker 1>first schools and universities in the Americas, such as the

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<v Speaker 1>University of Santo Tomas in Bogota and the Royal and

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<v Speaker 1>Pontifical University of Mexico, founded in fifteen fifty one, often

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<v Speaker 1>cited as the first university founded in the New World.

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<v Speaker 1>Missionaries developed indigenous language and grammars and dictionaries to facilitate conversion,

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<v Speaker 1>which helped to preserve native languages in written form, even

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<v Speaker 1>as they worked to replace indigenous religious traditions with Christianity.

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<v Speaker 1>The Church became one of the wealthiest institutions in Spanish America,

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<v Speaker 1>owning massive tracts of land and receiving donations, tribute, and

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<v Speaker 1>taxes from settlers and indigenous people. Religious orders operated plantations, ranches,

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<v Speaker 1>and mining enterprises, sometimes leading to conflicts with colonial officials

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<v Speaker 1>over economic power. Spain's colonial efforts had far reaching consequences.

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<v Speaker 1>The massive influx of wealth from the Americas transformed the

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<v Speaker 1>Spanish economy, funding the Crown's European ambitions, but also contributing

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<v Speaker 1>to inflation and economic instability. The forced labor systems and

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<v Speaker 1>diseases decimated indigenous populations, leading to demographic collapse. Culturally, Spanish

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<v Speaker 1>colonization imposed European language, religion, and customs on the Americas,

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<v Speaker 1>while also giving eyes to a unique blend of cultures

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<v Speaker 1>known as the Mestize, which combined Spanish, indigenous, and African elements.

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<v Speaker 1>The Spanish language and Catholicism both became defining features of

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<v Speaker 1>Latin America. By sixteen hundred, Spain had established a vast

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<v Speaker 1>colonial empire, stretching from modern day California to Argentina and

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<v Speaker 1>from the Caribbean to the Philippines, setting the stage for

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<v Speaker 1>centuries of Spanish influence in the Americas. Next week, we

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<v Speaker 1>turn our attention to the other main colonizing power on

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<v Speaker 1>the Iberian Peninsula, Portugal,