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Prices 11 00:00:29.239 --> 00:00:29.879 very and express. 12 00:00:30.440 --> 00:00:33.759 Oh hi, it's your Internet Uncle Ali Ward back with 13 00:00:33.880 --> 00:00:36.960 facts and science and stories and the second ever episode 14 00:00:36.960 --> 00:00:39.840 of Somologies, which is a new spin off of Quick 15 00:00:40.119 --> 00:00:44.200 Distilled Ologies episodes that we've shrunk down and de filthed 16 00:00:44.359 --> 00:00:47.000 so you can listen in a classroom or on a 17 00:00:47.039 --> 00:00:49.000 road trip with your in laws. I don't know what 18 00:00:49.039 --> 00:00:50.880 your in laws vibes are, but maybe you need a 19 00:00:50.920 --> 00:00:53.560 clean version. Also, if you want the full version of 20 00:00:53.600 --> 00:00:56.679 this episode, it's linked in the show notes, and there 21 00:00:56.719 --> 00:01:00.640 are also bleeped full versions available, but smologies are small, 22 00:01:01.000 --> 00:01:03.520 and they'll show up right in this feed every other 23 00:01:03.719 --> 00:01:07.319 Thursday now. As usual, regular brand new full length episodes 24 00:01:07.359 --> 00:01:10.280 of Ologies come out on Tuesdays. We're just launching this 25 00:01:10.359 --> 00:01:13.879 double on a Tuesday because I got married to your 26 00:01:13.920 --> 00:01:17.120 pod mom and Jared Sleeper last Saturday, and I'm taking 27 00:01:17.159 --> 00:01:19.280 this week off to go see family in Montana, my 28 00:01:19.319 --> 00:01:21.920 first vacation in nine years. I'm very excited. Okay, this 29 00:01:22.000 --> 00:01:25.439 intro is already too long. Let's get to fossils, Dino digs, 30 00:01:25.719 --> 00:01:31.359 Bronto sources, Titanosauri, flim flam, Jurassic Park, what does a 31 00:01:31.439 --> 00:01:35.519 dinosaur taste like? Museum secrets, and more in this episode 32 00:01:35.560 --> 00:01:41.359 two of Smologies with paleontologist Michael Hibib Smology. 33 00:01:49.040 --> 00:01:54.719 Blogies smologies. 34 00:01:57.840 --> 00:02:03.040 Small jeez. Now you study movement of animals, and that's 35 00:02:03.159 --> 00:02:06.000 kind of how you got into paleontology. What is is 36 00:02:06.040 --> 00:02:09.919 paleontology only about fossils or is it just about living 37 00:02:09.960 --> 00:02:10.639 things of that era? 38 00:02:11.400 --> 00:02:15.560 So paleontology it doesn't necessarily have to be about fossils, 39 00:02:15.599 --> 00:02:18.759 but it historically it kind of was. It was considered 40 00:02:18.759 --> 00:02:21.319 to be the study of fossils essentially, although it more 41 00:02:21.319 --> 00:02:23.840 literally is just the study of life in the past, 42 00:02:24.280 --> 00:02:27.319 and you mostly do that through fossils. I'm one of 43 00:02:27.360 --> 00:02:29.039 those paleontologists who does play a fossils. 44 00:02:29.080 --> 00:02:32.280 Before we go much further, let's define super quick what 45 00:02:32.319 --> 00:02:35.719 a fossil actually is. I didn't know this until just now. 46 00:02:36.159 --> 00:02:39.879 Fossils are any trace or remains like a cast or 47 00:02:39.879 --> 00:02:43.319 an impression or a substitution with rock, or even the 48 00:02:43.319 --> 00:02:46.680 thing itself of something that was once alive. They have 49 00:02:46.759 --> 00:02:48.680 to be at least ten thousand years old to be 50 00:02:48.719 --> 00:02:50.879 considered a fossil. I don't know what they're called if 51 00:02:50.879 --> 00:02:53.879 they're younger than that, to be honest. And the word 52 00:02:53.919 --> 00:02:58.000 fossil comes from the Latin for obtained by digging, which 53 00:02:58.039 --> 00:03:01.919 is that kind of adorable picture people digging around being 54 00:03:01.919 --> 00:03:05.879 like I obtained this by digging. It's a fossil. What 55 00:03:06.280 --> 00:03:08.680 amount of time do you spend in the field as 56 00:03:08.680 --> 00:03:10.639 a paleontologist, and how much of that is back in 57 00:03:10.639 --> 00:03:14.599 a lab or looking at spreadsheets or measuring fossil densities 58 00:03:14.639 --> 00:03:15.080 and stuff. 59 00:03:15.680 --> 00:03:18.719 So in terms of the amount of time, like how 60 00:03:18.800 --> 00:03:21.120 much of the year I'm in the field, it's a 61 00:03:21.120 --> 00:03:23.639 good chunk of the summer. That's that's usually when I 62 00:03:23.639 --> 00:03:26.159 do all my field work, So basically July and August 63 00:03:26.439 --> 00:03:28.159 a good bit of it, I'll be in the field, 64 00:03:28.520 --> 00:03:29.520 mostly New Mexico. 65 00:03:30.000 --> 00:03:31.240 Was that a titanosaur? 66 00:03:31.400 --> 00:03:33.039 That's the Titanosaur project? Yeah? 67 00:03:33.319 --> 00:03:36.000 Can you can you reveal what you're working on with that? 68 00:03:36.520 --> 00:03:36.800 Sure? 69 00:03:36.960 --> 00:03:37.240 Sure? 70 00:03:37.520 --> 00:03:39.800 Obviously you actually basically whatever you find, it's not like 71 00:03:39.840 --> 00:03:42.159 you went out there and we're gonna find its. Actually 72 00:03:42.159 --> 00:03:43.400 we kind of went out there going I really kind 73 00:03:43.400 --> 00:03:45.800 of hope we don't find a titanosaur because really well, 74 00:03:45.879 --> 00:03:48.199 I mean not we were being BLib about it, which 75 00:03:48.240 --> 00:03:49.879 is what makes it funny, but like there was a 76 00:03:49.879 --> 00:03:50.919 part of us it was like, I really hope we 77 00:03:50.919 --> 00:03:53.360 won't find things super huge because then we feel compelled 78 00:03:53.360 --> 00:03:55.719 to excavate it and it's going to take forever. And 79 00:03:55.759 --> 00:03:59.599 of course what we found was two individuals of the 80 00:03:59.639 --> 00:04:02.400 group includes the largest land animals of all time. In fact, 81 00:04:02.719 --> 00:04:05.759 our one of our specimens may be the largest dinosaur 82 00:04:05.879 --> 00:04:09.599 from North America. That's huge. Literally, Yeah, So it's just 83 00:04:09.639 --> 00:04:11.639 I mean, the you know, these are animals that a 84 00:04:11.879 --> 00:04:14.919 mid sized titanosaur is like thirty tons plush, and a 85 00:04:14.919 --> 00:04:17.759 big one's like sixty tons plus how many feet the 86 00:04:17.839 --> 00:04:21.199 big guys you're looking at one hundred feet ish? 87 00:04:21.240 --> 00:04:21.680 Wow? 88 00:04:22.079 --> 00:04:25.199 How many times bigger than an elephant? Are these guys big? 89 00:04:25.680 --> 00:04:29.839 A big bull African elephant, which would be the largest 90 00:04:29.879 --> 00:04:33.480 living land animal. I think the record is like six 91 00:04:33.560 --> 00:04:36.120 point two tons or something that really averages more like 92 00:04:36.319 --> 00:04:41.120 five and change. Okay, So if a big titanosaur is 93 00:04:41.160 --> 00:04:44.639 regularly hitting sixty, that's twelve times. 94 00:04:45.000 --> 00:04:49.720 So these titanosaurs are like if twelve elephants stacked under 95 00:04:49.879 --> 00:04:53.079 one giant overcoat and pretended to be a person. So 96 00:04:53.319 --> 00:04:55.920 his work is kind of a big deal in every 97 00:04:55.959 --> 00:04:56.920 way possible. 98 00:04:57.519 --> 00:05:02.439 Who gets to name it, Well, that depends. We don't 99 00:05:02.560 --> 00:05:05.360 know whether or not we will be naming it because 100 00:05:05.759 --> 00:05:07.839 we don't know if it's a new species yet or not. 101 00:05:08.519 --> 00:05:11.480 There is a type of titanosaur from North America that 102 00:05:11.560 --> 00:05:13.480 is named just one, which is interesting because the rest 103 00:05:13.480 --> 00:05:15.639 of the world there's a ton of these things, like 104 00:05:15.800 --> 00:05:17.519 like what are the hot groups of dinosaurs to work 105 00:05:17.560 --> 00:05:19.399 on these days? Like we went from not knowing much 106 00:05:19.399 --> 00:05:21.560 about them twenty years ago, that's only this has been 107 00:05:21.560 --> 00:05:22.360 this explosion. 108 00:05:22.759 --> 00:05:27.120 So sauropods are those really long necked, kind of round 109 00:05:27.240 --> 00:05:30.839 bellied plant munch in cutie. Even if you don't get 110 00:05:30.839 --> 00:05:32.800 to name the species, you get to actually be like 111 00:05:32.839 --> 00:05:34.079 this one's Gary or whatever. 112 00:05:34.160 --> 00:05:36.720 Oh sure, so yes, so you can get nicknames. So yeah, 113 00:05:36.759 --> 00:05:38.639 so they're naming process. So if this thing's up being 114 00:05:38.639 --> 00:05:40.360 a new species, we will give a new technical name 115 00:05:40.399 --> 00:05:42.160 in a publication and I'll be myself and my colleagues 116 00:05:42.199 --> 00:05:44.279 will name it. But in terms of nicknames, in terms 117 00:05:44.319 --> 00:05:47.759 of nicknames, those kind of just happen organically, okay, and 118 00:05:47.959 --> 00:05:51.319 archie titanosaurs actually have nicknames. Oh whatever, they are Daisy 119 00:05:51.319 --> 00:05:55.160 and Duke. A look at that, and it's usually the 120 00:05:55.240 --> 00:05:57.079 students didn't naming these things. 121 00:05:57.360 --> 00:05:58.920 Where did they come up with Daisi and dukes? It's 122 00:05:58.920 --> 00:06:01.000 not It has nothing to do with shorts, does it? 123 00:06:01.040 --> 00:06:04.480 Like Daisy dukes? Daisy dukes, for those unfamiliar, are a 124 00:06:04.600 --> 00:06:09.680 type of micropant fashioned from truncated denim trousers. They are 125 00:06:09.759 --> 00:06:13.439 beneficial in warm climates. So when might Daisy and Duke 126 00:06:13.560 --> 00:06:16.680 make their museum debut, please put shorts on them. Here's 127 00:06:16.680 --> 00:06:19.560 the deal with museums. It's actually like the shoe department 128 00:06:19.639 --> 00:06:21.480 at J. C. Penny. What you see on the floor 129 00:06:21.600 --> 00:06:24.680 is a representative fraction of what they got in the back. 130 00:06:24.920 --> 00:06:26.519 So you may see a cool dinosaur or like a 131 00:06:26.560 --> 00:06:29.160 weird old knife or a clay jug. But the museum 132 00:06:29.240 --> 00:06:33.399 has literally millions of specimens on site archived for research. 133 00:06:33.519 --> 00:06:36.600 The only County natural history museum, for example, has thirty 134 00:06:36.800 --> 00:06:39.879 five million artifacts in storage. How much money does it 135 00:06:39.920 --> 00:06:41.959 cost to dig up a dinosaur? This is the most 136 00:06:42.040 --> 00:06:43.199 fun game I've ever played. 137 00:06:44.399 --> 00:06:46.079 Let's let's have fun with this. How long? How much 138 00:06:46.079 --> 00:06:47.839 do you think a field season for us costs? 139 00:06:48.120 --> 00:06:50.199 Oh? Gosh, Well, it depends on if you have interns. 140 00:06:50.319 --> 00:06:52.560 We have a combination of paid employees for the museum 141 00:06:52.879 --> 00:06:56.959 as well as volunteers. Okay, let's just look at just 142 00:06:56.959 --> 00:06:59.439 the field season. Let's assume that salaries for the museum 143 00:06:59.439 --> 00:07:02.079 employees is part of their yearly bark and everything. So 144 00:07:02.160 --> 00:07:05.360 just the additional money for the supplies, the trucks to 145 00:07:05.399 --> 00:07:07.720 get people out there, to feed them and keep them safe, 146 00:07:08.040 --> 00:07:10.759 make the jackets, get transport the specimens. 147 00:07:11.040 --> 00:07:14.399 I would say eight hundred thousand dollars, four million dollars, 148 00:07:14.879 --> 00:07:16.120 a billion dollars. 149 00:07:16.480 --> 00:07:17.800 I' less than ten thousand year. 150 00:07:17.879 --> 00:07:18.600 You're kidding me? 151 00:07:18.879 --> 00:07:18.959 No? 152 00:07:19.879 --> 00:07:22.279 Are you kidding me? So you can't you could buy 153 00:07:22.759 --> 00:07:26.000 a Toyota camri used or a dinosaur expedition. 154 00:07:26.160 --> 00:07:26.519 That's right. 155 00:07:26.560 --> 00:07:30.079 What kind of a world is this? I haven't Why 156 00:07:30.079 --> 00:07:32.920 haven't we all done this? Side note? I got married 157 00:07:32.959 --> 00:07:35.160 last weekend and I can tell you should have folded 158 00:07:35.160 --> 00:07:37.240 it in with a dig. But yes, that's one of 159 00:07:37.319 --> 00:07:41.160 my favorite ologies facts. Maybe ever. Oh, speaking of faves, 160 00:07:42.120 --> 00:07:43.600 So do you have a favorite dinosaur? 161 00:07:44.720 --> 00:07:47.519 Do I have a favorite dinosaur? Yes? I have a 162 00:07:47.600 --> 00:07:51.560 couple of favorite dinosaurs, depending on what kind of favoritism. 163 00:07:52.000 --> 00:07:53.040 Right one has in mind? 164 00:07:53.079 --> 00:07:55.199 The one that really has a place in your heart, Like, 165 00:07:55.240 --> 00:07:57.199 you know which one it is? There's one that you 166 00:07:57.240 --> 00:07:58.439 really like the most. 167 00:07:58.360 --> 00:08:01.319 Sure so growing up? So the one that makes me think, 168 00:08:01.360 --> 00:08:05.879 ah childhood is s thingus okay, which is very similar 169 00:08:05.920 --> 00:08:10.279 to Velociraptor of Draassic Park fame. Incidentally, the real velociraptor 170 00:08:10.720 --> 00:08:15.439 was about coyote sized and feathered, not giant and scaly. 171 00:08:16.160 --> 00:08:20.000 Dinoh enthusiasts love to note that the velociraptors in Jurassic 172 00:08:20.040 --> 00:08:25.160 Park were not historically Accurateicus, which means terrible Law was 173 00:08:25.279 --> 00:08:28.439 much closer to what was portrayed as a velociraptor, and 174 00:08:28.519 --> 00:08:31.079 I thought this was just someone sleeping on the job, 175 00:08:31.160 --> 00:08:35.639 but the confusion is said to have originated Fromicus originally 176 00:08:35.679 --> 00:08:39.559 being labeled as a subspecies of velociraptors. Either way, these 177 00:08:39.559 --> 00:08:42.679 things should have had feathers. So imagine a giant claude 178 00:08:42.679 --> 00:08:45.519 bird wanting to murder you. It's upsetting. It's not as 179 00:08:45.559 --> 00:08:48.080 upsetting to some people, though, as a movie getting facts wrong. 180 00:08:48.720 --> 00:08:50.399 Some of them are. I've seen some people get really 181 00:08:50.440 --> 00:08:52.519 upset about it. I just I don't get that upset 182 00:08:52.559 --> 00:08:54.360 about it. But yeah, I mean, it's essentially if they're 183 00:08:54.360 --> 00:08:57.159 sentially fancy creatures. Buticus was particularly interested. It was particularly 184 00:08:57.159 --> 00:09:01.519 important historically because it was one of the first dinosaurs 185 00:09:01.879 --> 00:09:05.879 that was specifically used in some of the what would 186 00:09:06.440 --> 00:09:08.960 some of the original hypotheses about the origes of birds 187 00:09:09.320 --> 00:09:10.559 and specially being dinosaurs. 188 00:09:10.559 --> 00:09:14.879 So, by the way, all birds are technically dinosaurs. And 189 00:09:14.879 --> 00:09:16.679 that may be a thing that you've accepted and you've 190 00:09:16.720 --> 00:09:19.480 processed in your heart or mind, but it still weirs me. 191 00:09:19.480 --> 00:09:22.559 Out Now these days, I might very well say and 192 00:09:22.600 --> 00:09:24.960 have said that my favorite might be changu. 193 00:09:24.720 --> 00:09:28.919 Raptor changa raptor. Now, who what a weird thing? First off, 194 00:09:28.960 --> 00:09:32.799 it's C. H. A n G y u raptor. To 195 00:09:32.840 --> 00:09:34.679 find it Google it. It took me a while. So 196 00:09:34.759 --> 00:09:39.440 this was a non bird flying dinosaur. It has four wings, 197 00:09:39.480 --> 00:09:42.639 four wings, and a tail that was like a foot long, 198 00:09:42.879 --> 00:09:43.679 big claws and. 199 00:09:43.639 --> 00:09:46.320 Teeth, which is not something you hear a lot about. Now. 200 00:09:46.919 --> 00:09:49.039 Now, Michael was on the team that first analyzed and 201 00:09:49.080 --> 00:09:53.360 published the paper naming this a new species, so you know, so. 202 00:09:53.279 --> 00:09:54.559 That one has a special place in my heart for 203 00:09:54.600 --> 00:09:55.000 that reason. 204 00:09:55.159 --> 00:09:58.120 Now, a little background on this. A paleontologist was trolling 205 00:09:58.120 --> 00:10:00.759 some amber markets in me and mar and saw this 206 00:10:00.919 --> 00:10:04.320 apricot sized piece of plant resin for sale. Is like 207 00:10:04.360 --> 00:10:07.679 a jewelry piece whatever the seller said there was like 208 00:10:07.799 --> 00:10:10.240 maybe a plant stuck in it. Yeah, no, it was 209 00:10:10.279 --> 00:10:14.279 actually a whole baby dinosaur tail feathered like the best 210 00:10:14.360 --> 00:10:18.639 episode of Antiques Roadshow ever. They named it Eva. Eva 211 00:10:18.799 --> 00:10:21.440 is ninety nine million years old and probably got her 212 00:10:21.440 --> 00:10:23.799 tail stuck in tree sap and died there, which is 213 00:10:23.840 --> 00:10:26.960 currently making want to cry. So rip little feathered buddy, 214 00:10:27.080 --> 00:10:29.039 and thank you for not ending up as a random 215 00:10:29.360 --> 00:10:30.240 chunky pendant. 216 00:10:31.360 --> 00:10:34.919 It's a really neat find. It is the beginning of 217 00:10:34.960 --> 00:10:38.240 what'll probably you'll be seeing more more things like that 218 00:10:38.840 --> 00:10:42.000 in the future, are we going to be cloning anything. No, 219 00:10:42.000 --> 00:10:43.840 you're not going to be cloning anything from this because 220 00:10:44.159 --> 00:10:46.879 while it while it more or less looks exactly like 221 00:10:46.919 --> 00:10:50.360 it just was preserved yesterday because the soft tissue is there. Wow, 222 00:10:50.519 --> 00:10:54.399 that doesn't mean that them like, their structure is completely unaltered. 223 00:10:54.679 --> 00:10:58.120 And DNA has a reasonably short half life, so you 224 00:10:58.159 --> 00:11:00.679 would just get doubled a gook out. You get DNA, 225 00:11:00.720 --> 00:11:04.200 but not it wouldn't mean anything. DNA doesn't have to 226 00:11:04.240 --> 00:11:06.399 break down much, and it would be very broken down 227 00:11:06.440 --> 00:11:07.720 in the stuff. You might not even get any but 228 00:11:07.759 --> 00:11:08.919 you might be able to get a small amount, but 229 00:11:08.919 --> 00:11:13.200 it wouldn't matter. DNA becomes incomprehensible very quickly because it 230 00:11:13.240 --> 00:11:15.919 only has a four letter alphabet. So if you only 231 00:11:15.919 --> 00:11:18.200 have four letters in your alphabet, your words, basically if 232 00:11:18.240 --> 00:11:21.120 you will have to be very lengthy. Right, So if 233 00:11:21.120 --> 00:11:23.320 you break them even a few times, it means nothing. 234 00:11:23.639 --> 00:11:28.039 So we can't blue bloop resurrect the Brontosaurus with fragments 235 00:11:28.159 --> 00:11:30.759 of a broken code. But wait, what is going on 236 00:11:30.919 --> 00:11:33.799 with Bronosaurus? What's the hot goss. 237 00:11:33.399 --> 00:11:39.639 On Bronosaurus aronosaurs? So so the short answer is Bronosaurus 238 00:11:39.679 --> 00:11:43.240 is a valid name. Again. The original material that was 239 00:11:43.360 --> 00:11:46.320 named brought Tosaurus was then later found that have been 240 00:11:46.440 --> 00:11:50.639 comprised of multiple animals of different species whoops. And so 241 00:11:50.919 --> 00:11:53.080 it was decided that brought the Saurus was not a 242 00:11:53.120 --> 00:11:56.720 valid name because well, it's all known stuff. You can't 243 00:11:56.720 --> 00:11:58.120 combine them and say that's a new animal. 244 00:11:58.279 --> 00:11:58.399 Right. 245 00:11:58.600 --> 00:12:02.840 Researchers recently went through that material again with better knowl 246 00:12:02.960 --> 00:12:04.600 and more data than we now have, because over time 247 00:12:04.639 --> 00:12:06.879 we get better and better knowledge of what's out there. 248 00:12:07.000 --> 00:12:08.519 The cross compared a bunch of stuff and what they 249 00:12:08.559 --> 00:12:11.200 found was that, yes, a lot of that material was 250 00:12:11.679 --> 00:12:15.879 already known species, but some of it didn't match anything 251 00:12:16.120 --> 00:12:20.720 and therefore was in fact new. So and that means 252 00:12:20.720 --> 00:12:22.000 the original name holds. 253 00:12:22.240 --> 00:12:25.399 That's some good breaking news on the bronosaurus front. 254 00:12:25.679 --> 00:12:27.519 Yes, this is why. 255 00:12:27.279 --> 00:12:30.600 It's always a good idea to ask smart people seemingly 256 00:12:30.720 --> 00:12:33.799 silly questions. Right now, the more the merrier. Also, before 257 00:12:33.840 --> 00:12:35.799 we get to your questions, we will be donating to 258 00:12:35.919 --> 00:12:37.919 a related charity, and this week it's going to the 259 00:12:38.000 --> 00:12:41.080 Naturalistory Museum of La County, one of my favorite places 260 00:12:41.120 --> 00:12:44.000 in the world. Definitely stop in and wander next time 261 00:12:44.080 --> 00:12:47.159 you're near downtown, so a donation was made possible by 262 00:12:47.240 --> 00:12:48.879 some sponsors of the get value. 263 00:12:48.879 --> 00:12:52.039 You can't argue with Optesco with their amazing club card prices. 264 00:12:52.200 --> 00:12:54.639 Serve up something special with our finest mail deal for 265 00:12:54.679 --> 00:12:57.320 two starring one main two sites and deserved for only 266 00:12:57.360 --> 00:13:00.039 sixteen yeu row like succulent board be approved by I 267 00:13:00.080 --> 00:13:02.200 were shining to strip looid steaks with pepper corn butter 268 00:13:02.399 --> 00:13:06.120 or delicious firous chicken parmegama served with creamy potato gretam 269 00:13:06.279 --> 00:13:09.720 under a mix of rainbow root vegetables and enjoy Goozillionaire 270 00:13:09.840 --> 00:13:13.080 or Soldier caramel cheesecake. Can't argue with that shop in 271 00:13:13.120 --> 00:13:16.960 store or online Tesco. Every little helps available to most stores, 272 00:13:16.960 --> 00:13:18.080 prices very in express. 273 00:13:18.240 --> 00:13:23.159 Oh, okay, you're listener questions. I have some rapid fire 274 00:13:23.240 --> 00:13:25.840 questions for you for listeners. David wants to know any 275 00:13:25.840 --> 00:13:28.279 new thoughts on what color dinosaurs were, any. 276 00:13:28.120 --> 00:13:31.039 New thoughts of n It depends on how new you're 277 00:13:31.039 --> 00:13:33.720 looking at. But within the last handful of years, yes, 278 00:13:33.960 --> 00:13:37.720 there was a significant breakthrough in It's still a little 279 00:13:37.720 --> 00:13:41.039 bit controversial, but seems to be accurate in looking at 280 00:13:41.080 --> 00:13:45.879 the impressions of feathers in particular, because feathers store their pigments, 281 00:13:46.039 --> 00:13:48.519 some of their pigments in these little kind of little 282 00:13:48.519 --> 00:13:52.679 capsules basically that do preserve in some of these fossils. 283 00:13:52.720 --> 00:13:54.720 And these really well preserved fossils. You need a microscope 284 00:13:54.759 --> 00:13:58.000 to see them, but they are there. They're called milanosomes, 285 00:13:58.320 --> 00:14:01.679 and they store melanin or melanin's ahould say, which is 286 00:14:01.679 --> 00:14:03.919 a good family of different pigments. And of course the 287 00:14:03.960 --> 00:14:06.399 original pigment isn't in them anymore, but the shape and 288 00:14:06.559 --> 00:14:09.039 size of the blanosome tells you what kind of melanin 289 00:14:09.080 --> 00:14:13.559 it had in it. So they can use microscopy, advanced 290 00:14:13.600 --> 00:14:18.679 microssoeen imaging techniques to on those feathers to determine where 291 00:14:18.720 --> 00:14:20.080 certain melanins were located. 292 00:14:20.440 --> 00:14:24.639 Ooh, what is microscopy. It's just looking at things with 293 00:14:24.639 --> 00:14:26.120 a microscope. Okay. 294 00:14:26.600 --> 00:14:28.519 That means they can get some of the blacks, grays, 295 00:14:28.679 --> 00:14:32.039 dark browns, and reddish browns, but they can't get other colors. 296 00:14:32.480 --> 00:14:35.000 So we have some idea that some of these things, 297 00:14:35.159 --> 00:14:37.440 these had bold patterns, but we don't know how bold 298 00:14:37.440 --> 00:14:38.279 the colors were. 299 00:14:38.879 --> 00:14:41.799 Interesting, Okay, Tony wants to know if dinosaurs are the 300 00:14:41.799 --> 00:14:44.480 ancestors of modern birds. Does that mean that dinosaurs tasted 301 00:14:44.559 --> 00:14:44.960 like chicken? 302 00:14:45.840 --> 00:14:49.840 They probably did taste like chicken. Yeah, so you know, 303 00:14:50.840 --> 00:14:54.320 putting in it is birds are just weird dinosaurs, Yeah, 304 00:14:53.559 --> 00:14:56.360 and they probably did. I mean, keep in mind, the 305 00:14:56.879 --> 00:14:59.879 closest living relatives of birds are crocodilians. If you have 306 00:15:00.039 --> 00:15:02.200 a head alligator, it tastes a little bit like chicken too. 307 00:15:02.399 --> 00:15:02.919 So there you go. 308 00:15:03.200 --> 00:15:08.080 So there's what we call a phylogenetic bracket of tastiness 309 00:15:08.200 --> 00:15:11.360 there and technical about it. And yeah, so I imagine 310 00:15:11.399 --> 00:15:14.200 it would taste pretty much pretty much like chicken. Your 311 00:15:14.399 --> 00:15:17.799 typical dinosaur would probably be mostly more dark meat than 312 00:15:17.799 --> 00:15:18.679 white meat. 313 00:15:18.960 --> 00:15:20.960 Because they have more hemoglobin for. 314 00:15:21.639 --> 00:15:25.000 Moving, uh sort of. It's very close with what turns 315 00:15:25.039 --> 00:15:28.279 the dark meat dark is someone called myoglobin, which okays 316 00:15:28.320 --> 00:15:32.600 for storing oxygen in muscle, and that's used particularly in 317 00:15:33.000 --> 00:15:35.159 what we call aerobic muscle, so muscle that uses a 318 00:15:35.240 --> 00:15:37.159 lot of auction. It's high endurance muscle. 319 00:15:37.399 --> 00:15:41.759 So it's this oxygen storing protein myoglobin that makes dark 320 00:15:41.799 --> 00:15:44.440 meat dark, which is why legs which move around more 321 00:15:44.600 --> 00:15:47.320 are dark meat and chicken breast which just sits there, 322 00:15:47.360 --> 00:15:50.120 not flapping. Much is white, so good luck ever looking 323 00:15:50.159 --> 00:15:53.000 at a roasted dinosaur the same Adam has a question, 324 00:15:53.159 --> 00:15:55.799 how do you know when to switch brushes when you're 325 00:15:55.799 --> 00:15:56.960 digging out a fossil? 326 00:15:57.399 --> 00:15:59.360 How do you know when the switch brushes when the 327 00:15:59.399 --> 00:16:01.519 one you cur certainly have is unusable? 328 00:16:01.720 --> 00:16:03.240 And then you just do you have to get the 329 00:16:03.279 --> 00:16:05.919 finer and finer brushes when you're getting tiny grains of 330 00:16:06.000 --> 00:16:06.440 sand off. 331 00:16:07.279 --> 00:16:10.200 Uh, You don't usually have to reduce the brush size much, 332 00:16:10.240 --> 00:16:12.879 maybe a little bit. It's more things like chisel anything sharp, 333 00:16:12.960 --> 00:16:15.240 chisel sizes and things like that. If you're doing some 334 00:16:15.240 --> 00:16:17.039 more detailed work, you have to go to a smaller tool. 335 00:16:17.759 --> 00:16:21.639 Brushes any kind of broad soft paint brush will kind 336 00:16:21.639 --> 00:16:24.000 of do. Certain brissel types are better than others. But 337 00:16:24.039 --> 00:16:26.000 you know, it's you know, it's not You're not like 338 00:16:26.120 --> 00:16:28.000 it's not like painting. Where're going out to detail work. 339 00:16:28.039 --> 00:16:30.519 You're not taking off each individual grain of sandy. Just 340 00:16:30.600 --> 00:16:32.000 you have some loose stuff and then you brush out 341 00:16:32.000 --> 00:16:33.120 of the way, and you have some more loose stuff 342 00:16:33.120 --> 00:16:34.320 and you brush out the way. The key thing is 343 00:16:34.360 --> 00:16:35.600 to not to damage the fossil. 344 00:16:36.039 --> 00:16:38.559 I always picture you guys going down to like a 345 00:16:38.600 --> 00:16:42.960 water color two hairs on the brush, like delicately. It's 346 00:16:43.000 --> 00:16:44.440 good to know that you guys are just like, no, 347 00:16:44.639 --> 00:16:45.480 just get the dust up. 348 00:16:45.720 --> 00:16:49.360 I've used dental tools to etch stuff around a fossil 349 00:16:49.440 --> 00:16:51.799 be for that seems fun. It is for a while, 350 00:16:51.960 --> 00:16:54.200 and then it starts to become tedious, but it's mostly fun. Yeah, 351 00:16:54.279 --> 00:16:56.559 iouly love it, but yeah, we don't go to tiny brushes. 352 00:16:56.840 --> 00:16:58.679 TJ wants to know how many of the fossils on 353 00:16:58.720 --> 00:17:02.799 display museums are actual replicas casts. 354 00:17:02.720 --> 00:17:05.680 Right, right, So it depends on what museum you're at, 355 00:17:05.920 --> 00:17:08.359 and it depends in a large part of what age 356 00:17:08.400 --> 00:17:11.079 the museum is, or that the exhibit is, in particular 357 00:17:11.119 --> 00:17:13.599 when it was built. If it's a really old exhibit, 358 00:17:13.839 --> 00:17:15.880 so you go say it hasn't been changed since the 359 00:17:16.000 --> 00:17:23.400 nineteen twenties, it's likely mostly original material. Oh, because during 360 00:17:23.440 --> 00:17:26.160 that time they didn't do as much casting. They didn't 361 00:17:26.160 --> 00:17:27.759 mind drilling through some of these things to put them 362 00:17:27.759 --> 00:17:30.079 on exhibit. And then as you got into the mid 363 00:17:30.119 --> 00:17:32.680 to late twentieth century, that fell out of favor because 364 00:17:32.680 --> 00:17:34.680 they didn't want to put holes in the research specimen. 365 00:17:34.839 --> 00:17:38.680 But now if it's a really recent exhibit, ironically enough 366 00:17:38.799 --> 00:17:41.279 you're going to see more original stuff on display again 367 00:17:41.680 --> 00:17:45.039 because we have better armatures now what we call cradle armatures. 368 00:17:45.720 --> 00:17:48.960 Armatures are the metal cradles that hold the bones in 369 00:17:49.000 --> 00:17:52.480 place externally, not lets you remove pieces of research and 370 00:17:52.480 --> 00:17:53.839 put them back do whatever. 371 00:17:54.079 --> 00:17:56.720 Now, what percentage of each of the specimen's original is 372 00:17:56.759 --> 00:17:59.960 a whole nother ballgame. You very rarely find a complete skeleton. 373 00:18:00.200 --> 00:18:02.079 There's a few different ways of ending up with a 374 00:18:02.119 --> 00:18:05.920 complete skeleton. For exhibit one is you create a composite 375 00:18:06.000 --> 00:18:08.440 from multiple originals of the same species that are all 376 00:18:08.480 --> 00:18:10.880 similar enough in age and size that it'll more or 377 00:18:10.920 --> 00:18:12.920 less work as an average individual. So what you're displaying 378 00:18:13.039 --> 00:18:15.160 isn't a single individual ever lived, but it's sort of 379 00:18:15.200 --> 00:18:17.359 an average of four or five app individuals that were 380 00:18:17.400 --> 00:18:18.000 very similar. 381 00:18:18.079 --> 00:18:19.279 So it's like a frank consort. 382 00:18:19.440 --> 00:18:21.519 It's like a Frank consort. Okay. And then if the 383 00:18:21.559 --> 00:18:23.880 thing's really incomplete, and this happens quite often, like you 384 00:18:24.200 --> 00:18:25.480 found that, you know, you do have enough to know 385 00:18:25.519 --> 00:18:26.880 what it is, you have enough to know it's a 386 00:18:26.960 --> 00:18:28.720 new animal, what have you. But you only have to say, 387 00:18:28.759 --> 00:18:31.200 fifteen percent of of the skeleton. You will then fill 388 00:18:31.200 --> 00:18:32.680 in the rest of casts. 389 00:18:32.480 --> 00:18:35.960 But the museums are trying their best. Yeah, so sometimes 390 00:18:35.960 --> 00:18:38.359 you don't have all the parts and pieces to a 391 00:18:38.400 --> 00:18:41.200 dead dino that you need. But that's why scientists and 392 00:18:41.279 --> 00:18:43.880 artists build it out for us, and that's why we 393 00:18:44.000 --> 00:18:46.200 love them. Well, what's your favorite thing about the gym? 394 00:18:46.839 --> 00:18:50.200 That one's hard, just because the job actually is super fun. 395 00:18:50.759 --> 00:18:54.799 I love fieldwork. I love opening drawers and new museums 396 00:18:54.799 --> 00:18:56.920 and the collections right good places to you know, travel 397 00:18:56.960 --> 00:19:00.319 to do research. I really do enjoy teaching a friends 398 00:19:00.400 --> 00:19:03.759 data up a social gathering. Karo tou Men said, give 399 00:19:03.759 --> 00:19:05.680 me a little bit of a hard time. And you 400 00:19:05.759 --> 00:19:10.240 guess so you're you're an academic, right, Yeah, what do 401 00:19:10.279 --> 00:19:12.480