WEBVTT 1 00:00:01.000 --> 00:00:08.119 Chapter two of History of Egypt. This is a LibriVox recording. 2 00:00:09.119 --> 00:00:13.439 All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more 3 00:00:13.480 --> 00:00:20.920 information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording 4 00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:29.320 by Rick VENA History of Egypt by F. C. H. Wendel, 5 00:00:31.160 --> 00:00:36.479 Chapter two The Old Empire from the union of the 6 00:00:36.600 --> 00:00:41.240 Upper and Lower countries to the close of the sixth 7 00:00:41.320 --> 00:00:47.320 Dynasty about thirty two hundred through twenty four hundred BC. 8 00:00:49.520 --> 00:00:57.679 Section one the First Dynasty Mayna thirty two hundred BC. 9 00:00:59.119 --> 00:01:03.520 The great king who first united Upper and Lower Egypt 10 00:01:03.960 --> 00:01:09.040 into one country, lived not later than thirty two hundred 11 00:01:09.200 --> 00:01:14.040 b C. How many years earlier he lived, we have 12 00:01:14.319 --> 00:01:18.359 no means of saying. He may have lived five hundred 13 00:01:18.840 --> 00:01:23.280 or even a thousand years earlier, But until we can 14 00:01:23.319 --> 00:01:27.840 assign him an accurately correct date, it is best to 15 00:01:27.879 --> 00:01:34.359 retain the one here given. Naturally, he occupies a high 16 00:01:34.400 --> 00:01:39.319 place in Egyptian tradition, being regarded as the first human 17 00:01:39.439 --> 00:01:44.480 king of the country. His birthplace was the small town 18 00:01:44.640 --> 00:01:52.599 of Tenny, Greek, this near Abydos. This town was, not, however, 19 00:01:53.079 --> 00:01:58.280 favorably located for the capital of a great empire. Somna 20 00:01:58.519 --> 00:02:02.400 left it and moved the seat of the government to 21 00:02:02.480 --> 00:02:06.760 the city of Memphis, which lay on the Nile, a 22 00:02:06.799 --> 00:02:09.960 little to the south of the apex of the Delta. 23 00:02:11.439 --> 00:02:15.000 This city was the home of the god Ta, who 24 00:02:15.080 --> 00:02:20.639 thus became the official head of the Egyptian pantheon. The 25 00:02:20.680 --> 00:02:23.520 site of this city was on the left bank of 26 00:02:23.599 --> 00:02:27.599 the Nile, a little above the modern city of Cairo, 27 00:02:28.759 --> 00:02:32.719 at the modern village of Mitraheen. A few mounds of 28 00:02:32.879 --> 00:02:37.960 rubbish and some scattered ruins still mark the place where 29 00:02:38.000 --> 00:02:42.000 once stood one of the greatest and richest cities of 30 00:02:42.080 --> 00:02:47.360 all antiquity. The Egyptian name of the city was Menapher, 31 00:02:48.240 --> 00:02:52.639 the good or beautiful abode, from which the Greek name 32 00:02:53.159 --> 00:02:58.919 Memphis by which we designate the city was derived. Every 33 00:02:59.039 --> 00:03:03.919 city of ancient Egypt had two names, a common or 34 00:03:04.120 --> 00:03:09.759 profane name and a sacred name, derived either from the 35 00:03:09.840 --> 00:03:14.840 name of its god or from some mythological event located 36 00:03:14.960 --> 00:03:21.400 at it. The sacred name of Menapher was Hetka Ta, 37 00:03:22.360 --> 00:03:27.120 the abode of the spirit of Ta. It was defended 38 00:03:27.159 --> 00:03:33.199 by a citadel called Ambuhitch the White Wall. The city 39 00:03:33.240 --> 00:03:37.360 itself was probably far older than the time of Mena, 40 00:03:38.080 --> 00:03:41.800 but in transferring the capital to it. The king naturally 41 00:03:42.240 --> 00:03:46.639 greatly enlarged it and came to be considered first its 42 00:03:46.759 --> 00:03:52.039 benefactor and later on its founder. What we know of 43 00:03:52.120 --> 00:03:56.039 this king has come to us through the Greek historians 44 00:03:56.560 --> 00:04:00.960 and Manetho. All that is usually a scribed to the 45 00:04:00.960 --> 00:04:06.560 founders of empire is ascribed to him. The legends related 46 00:04:06.639 --> 00:04:10.560 of him are mostly absurd. He is said to have 47 00:04:10.639 --> 00:04:14.759 founded the Temple of ta At Memphis, which was the 48 00:04:14.800 --> 00:04:20.439 first Egyptian temple, to have first organized the temple ritual, 49 00:04:21.240 --> 00:04:24.720 and to have introduced the cult of the APIs Bull, 50 00:04:25.680 --> 00:04:31.240 all of which stories are alike incredible. As above noted, 51 00:04:31.839 --> 00:04:37.519 Memphis and its cult existed long before Mena's time. He 52 00:04:37.600 --> 00:04:41.639 is also said to have invented the alphabet. The most 53 00:04:41.680 --> 00:04:46.800 absurd story is that told by Diadorus, who relates that 54 00:04:46.839 --> 00:04:50.720 the king had once upon a time, when pursued by 55 00:04:50.759 --> 00:04:55.839 his own hounds, fled into Lake Maurus, and had been 56 00:04:55.879 --> 00:05:01.000 brought to shore by a crocodile, and, ingratitude for this rescue, 57 00:05:01.480 --> 00:05:06.680 he had built Crocodilopolis on the lake shore, had instituted 58 00:05:06.879 --> 00:05:12.240 the crocodile cult, and given over the lake to these Saurians. 59 00:05:13.600 --> 00:05:16.720 Then he had built a pyramid here for his tomb, 60 00:05:17.360 --> 00:05:23.279 and had founded the celebrated labyrinth. In reality, the lake 61 00:05:23.600 --> 00:05:27.959 did not yet exist in these early times, having been 62 00:05:28.000 --> 00:05:35.920 built by Amenhetep the Third, almost two thousand years later Crocodilopolis. 63 00:05:36.399 --> 00:05:42.560 The pyramid and the labyrinth were built by this same pharaoh. Footnote. 64 00:05:42.800 --> 00:05:46.279 The word pharaoh, which was taken over into the modern 65 00:05:46.399 --> 00:05:52.079 languages from the Bible, is derived from the Egyptian word pereea. 66 00:05:52.839 --> 00:06:00.519 The great house, a common designation of the king and footnote. 67 00:06:00.759 --> 00:06:04.240 Almost as absurd is the legend that he was an 68 00:06:04.279 --> 00:06:08.959 effeminate king devoted to the pleasures of the table, and 69 00:06:09.040 --> 00:06:13.040 had first taught his subjects to take a reclining posture 70 00:06:13.240 --> 00:06:17.839 while eating. In the first place, founders of empire are 71 00:06:17.879 --> 00:06:21.319 not made of such stuff, and in the second place, 72 00:06:21.920 --> 00:06:25.560 the custom in Egypt was not to recline, but to 73 00:06:25.680 --> 00:06:30.399 sit at table. The king is also represented as a 74 00:06:30.399 --> 00:06:35.759 patron of poets. More trustworthy is what Manetho tells us 75 00:06:35.759 --> 00:06:40.079 of this king. He was a mighty warrior who campaigned 76 00:06:40.120 --> 00:06:45.399 in Libya and was killed by a hippopotamus. This agrees 77 00:06:45.439 --> 00:06:49.240 well with what we would expect of a founder of empire. 78 00:06:50.279 --> 00:06:54.000 He was a warlike ruler and was killed while hunting. 79 00:06:55.040 --> 00:07:02.279 According to Manetho, he ruled about sixty years. Teta, whom 80 00:07:02.279 --> 00:07:08.360 the Greek writers called Atathus the First, succeeded Mena. According 81 00:07:08.439 --> 00:07:13.319 to the extract from Manetho made by Africanus, he ruled 82 00:07:13.519 --> 00:07:18.560 fifty seven years. According to that made by Eusebius, he 83 00:07:18.639 --> 00:07:23.839 reigned only twenty seven. Manetho relates that he built a 84 00:07:23.920 --> 00:07:29.600 citadel of Memphis and wrote a work on anatomy. This 85 00:07:29.800 --> 00:07:34.480 latter notice is to some extent confirmed by a passage 86 00:07:34.519 --> 00:07:39.519 of the medical papyrus Ebers, in which a hair restorer 87 00:07:40.120 --> 00:07:43.439 is said to have been invented by Shesh, the mother 88 00:07:43.720 --> 00:07:48.319 of our ruler. A two headed crane is said to 89 00:07:48.399 --> 00:07:52.920 have appeared in his reign, a phenomenon that presaged a 90 00:07:53.079 --> 00:08:00.759 long period of prosperity of Atte Atathus the second, whom 91 00:08:00.800 --> 00:08:06.199 Manetho called Cancnnies. Nothing is known beyond the fact that 92 00:08:06.319 --> 00:08:10.639 he ruled thirty two years. In the reign of Attah 93 00:08:11.360 --> 00:08:17.160 the Oenephaes of Manetho, who ruled twenty three years, a 94 00:08:17.240 --> 00:08:21.240 great famine prevailed in Egypt. He is said to have 95 00:08:21.279 --> 00:08:28.480 erected a pyramid at Cochome near Sakara. Hesepti the usa 96 00:08:28.480 --> 00:08:34.159 Faides of Manetho, who ruled twenty years, is quite a 97 00:08:34.200 --> 00:08:39.879 literary character among these kings. A remedy for leprosy, which 98 00:08:39.960 --> 00:08:45.000 was afterward copied in a medical papyrus preserved in Berlin, 99 00:08:45.720 --> 00:08:50.120 and in the papyrus Ebers, is said to date from 100 00:08:50.159 --> 00:08:55.919 his reign. Numerous copies of the sixty fourth chapter of 101 00:08:56.000 --> 00:08:59.840 the Book of the Dead assert that this chapter was 102 00:09:00.240 --> 00:09:05.320 discovered in his reign and not in that of Myceerenos, 103 00:09:05.720 --> 00:09:09.720 while all copies agree that the one hundred and thirtieth 104 00:09:09.799 --> 00:09:17.480 chapter dates from this reign. Merbapin the Miebidos of Manetho 105 00:09:17.919 --> 00:09:23.000 reigned nineteen years. He must have been quite an important ruler, 106 00:09:23.600 --> 00:09:27.519 for the list of kings discovered at Sakara begins with 107 00:09:27.679 --> 00:09:36.320 his name. Sementa. The Semempsis of Manetho ruled eighteen years. 108 00:09:36.399 --> 00:09:40.000 It is related that many miracles took place in his 109 00:09:40.120 --> 00:09:45.120 reign and that a great plague almost depopulated the land 110 00:09:46.360 --> 00:09:51.960 of Kebhu. The Bienchies of Manetho we know only that 111 00:09:52.039 --> 00:10:00.879 he ruled twenty six years. Section two. The second dynasty Nedderbaou, 112 00:10:01.519 --> 00:10:05.399 the ret Ja'ou of the list of kings found at Abydos. 113 00:10:06.320 --> 00:10:13.679 The Boethos of Manetho reigned thirty eight years. Manetho relates 114 00:10:14.039 --> 00:10:18.919 that during his reign an earthquake at Bubastis swallowed up 115 00:10:19.200 --> 00:10:28.399 many people. Kakahu, the Kaichos of Manetho, reigned twenty nine years. 116 00:10:28.440 --> 00:10:32.799 According to Manetho, he introduced the cult of the APIs 117 00:10:32.879 --> 00:10:38.720 bull at Memphis, that of the Meneves Bull at Heliopolis, 118 00:10:39.480 --> 00:10:43.840 and that of the ram at Mendes. This legend is 119 00:10:43.919 --> 00:10:49.720 incredible and unhistorical. These cults were all as old as 120 00:10:49.799 --> 00:10:54.240 the cities in which they were practiced, and antedated the 121 00:10:54.399 --> 00:10:59.840 union of the two countries by many centuries. Bah and Neter, 122 00:11:00.559 --> 00:11:07.200 whom Manetho calls Benathrus, reigned forty seven years. He seems 123 00:11:07.240 --> 00:11:11.679 to have been an important lawgiver. If we can credit 124 00:11:11.840 --> 00:11:16.399 the account of Manetho, it was this pharaoh who first 125 00:11:16.480 --> 00:11:21.399 legalized the succession in the female line. This was of 126 00:11:21.440 --> 00:11:26.240 great importance throughout the course of Egyptian history, for according 127 00:11:26.240 --> 00:11:30.399 to this law, a woman could sit on the Egyptian throne, 128 00:11:31.039 --> 00:11:35.159 and many a dynasty based its right to the throne 129 00:11:35.639 --> 00:11:42.360 on the law of female succession of watchness. The Thlas 130 00:11:42.399 --> 00:11:48.720 of Manetho, we know only that he reigned seventeen years. Scent, 131 00:11:49.519 --> 00:11:55.399 called Sethhanus by Manetho, who ruled forty one years, is 132 00:11:55.440 --> 00:11:59.399 said to have revised a medical treatise written in the 133 00:11:59.440 --> 00:12:07.960 reign of Hessepti Perabsen, possibly the Chayras of Manetho reigned 134 00:12:08.120 --> 00:12:16.240 seventeen years. Nephrikara, the Nefercheres of Manetho, is said to 135 00:12:16.279 --> 00:12:21.879 have ruled twenty five years under him. Manetho says the 136 00:12:22.000 --> 00:12:30.440 Nile ran honey for eleven days. Maspero, following Mariette, places 137 00:12:30.480 --> 00:12:35.279 in this dynasty some monuments which are certainly older than 138 00:12:35.320 --> 00:12:39.679 the times of the Fourth dynasty. They are few in number, 139 00:12:40.279 --> 00:12:45.840 but show certain striking peculiarities which prove that they belong together. 140 00:12:46.919 --> 00:12:52.440 But we cannot fully verify this very plausible hypothesis until 141 00:12:52.480 --> 00:12:57.600 we have more of these monuments. For the present, it 142 00:12:57.679 --> 00:13:02.120 is certainly better not to ascribe them to any particular period, 143 00:13:02.720 --> 00:13:06.519 but to say merely that they are older than the 144 00:13:06.519 --> 00:13:11.039 times of the Fourth dynasty. The same may be said 145 00:13:11.200 --> 00:13:14.759 of the great Sphinx of Giza, the age of which 146 00:13:14.799 --> 00:13:23.000 is unknown. Section three the third dynasty. How the second 147 00:13:23.120 --> 00:13:26.879 dynasty came to an end and the third ascended the 148 00:13:26.919 --> 00:13:31.159 throne we do not know. In fact, our knowledge of 149 00:13:31.200 --> 00:13:35.360 the first three dynasties is limited to the names of 150 00:13:35.399 --> 00:13:41.480 the rulers and a few legends. Nephrkasokar was the first 151 00:13:41.600 --> 00:13:48.519 king of this dynasty. Manetho calls him Nacherofas and ascribes 152 00:13:48.600 --> 00:13:52.720 to him a reign of twenty eight years. The same 153 00:13:52.879 --> 00:13:57.879 historian relates that in this reign the Libyans revolted, but 154 00:13:57.919 --> 00:14:01.679 as the battle was about to begin, they became frightened 155 00:14:02.159 --> 00:14:07.519 at seeing the moon apparently greatly enlarged, and fled from 156 00:14:07.519 --> 00:14:15.879 the field. Tosorthos ruled twenty nine years. Manetho relates that 157 00:14:15.919 --> 00:14:19.519 he was a great builder and had perfected the system 158 00:14:19.559 --> 00:14:24.320 of writing. He was also a great physician, and for 159 00:14:24.399 --> 00:14:30.360 this reason had been identified with Asclepius by the Greeks. 160 00:14:30.799 --> 00:14:34.360 Of the other rulers of this dynasty we know only 161 00:14:34.480 --> 00:14:41.399 the Nameshoni, the last of these kings, the curferess of Manetho, 162 00:14:41.759 --> 00:14:46.759 who ruled twenty six years, was the immediate predecessor of 163 00:14:46.960 --> 00:14:53.720 kings Nephru, the founder of the fourth dynasty. Section four. 164 00:14:54.679 --> 00:15:00.919 The fourth dynasty the Pyramid Builders about twenty eight thirty 165 00:15:01.519 --> 00:15:08.120 through twenty seven hundred b C. Snphru twenty eight thirty 166 00:15:08.679 --> 00:15:12.759 through twenty eight o six b C. The founder of 167 00:15:12.799 --> 00:15:18.000 the fourth dynasty, ascended the throne about twenty eight thirty 168 00:15:18.080 --> 00:15:22.559 b C. The change of dynasty seems to have been 169 00:15:22.679 --> 00:15:31.559 peaceably accomplished. Papyrus Priests, the only text that refers to it, remarks, quote, 170 00:15:31.799 --> 00:15:35.759 then King Hoon he died, and King Snphru became a 171 00:15:35.840 --> 00:15:41.799 beneficent ruler over the entire land end quote. He is 172 00:15:41.840 --> 00:15:45.720 the first king from whose reign monuments have come down 173 00:15:45.759 --> 00:15:50.440 to us. He and his successors built for their tombs 174 00:15:50.919 --> 00:15:56.440 great pyramids, forming a line miles in length from Giza 175 00:15:56.840 --> 00:16:01.759 on the north to Meidoum on the south. King s Nephru, 176 00:16:02.080 --> 00:16:06.519 in all probability, is buried in the pyramid of Meidoum, 177 00:16:07.360 --> 00:16:10.720 about which lie the tombs of many of his courtiers. 178 00:16:11.960 --> 00:16:16.120 The Egyptian name of the pyramid was Cheh, its builder 179 00:16:16.320 --> 00:16:20.679 was Henka. Of historical events of this reign we know 180 00:16:20.840 --> 00:16:26.960 but little. A legendary papyrus preserved in Saint Petersburg tells 181 00:16:27.200 --> 00:16:31.679 of an incursion of the Asiatic Bedouins known as Amu. 182 00:16:32.600 --> 00:16:36.759 To guard against these inroads, a line of forts was 183 00:16:36.879 --> 00:16:42.559 established stretching across the Egyptian part of the Isthmus of Suez. 184 00:16:44.159 --> 00:16:48.039 This string of forts is frequently mentioned in the texts, 185 00:16:48.440 --> 00:16:54.039 and its official name anbu Heku Wall of the Princes, 186 00:16:54.080 --> 00:16:58.240 gave rise to the mistaken impression that the Egyptians had 187 00:16:58.279 --> 00:17:04.160 built a wall across their eastern frontier. One of these forts, 188 00:17:04.279 --> 00:17:09.759 named after King Snphru Aa s Nephru, is mentioned in 189 00:17:09.839 --> 00:17:13.160 the memoirs of a noble who lived over a thousand 190 00:17:13.240 --> 00:17:17.680 years later. But King s Nephrew is not content with 191 00:17:17.839 --> 00:17:21.920 repelling the inroads of the Asiatics. He was bent on 192 00:17:22.079 --> 00:17:27.640 enlarging his empire. On the Sinai Peninsula, there were located 193 00:17:28.200 --> 00:17:33.440 rich copper and malachite mines, which the Egyptians worked in 194 00:17:33.640 --> 00:17:38.279 very early times. Whether Snphru was the first king who 195 00:17:38.400 --> 00:17:42.240 opened these mines, or whether they had been opened to 196 00:17:42.279 --> 00:17:46.440 the Egyptians by some previous king, we do not undertake 197 00:17:46.519 --> 00:17:50.119 to say. But it is a fact that he is 198 00:17:50.200 --> 00:17:53.920 the first king of whom monuments have been found on 199 00:17:54.000 --> 00:17:59.480 the peninsula. Inscriptions at both of the great mining camps 200 00:17:59.519 --> 00:18:05.039 at butt El Kadem and Wadi Maghara tell of the 201 00:18:05.119 --> 00:18:09.599 king's campaigns against the Bedouins of the region, who were 202 00:18:09.640 --> 00:18:14.680 called Mentius satt and who seem to have seriously resented 203 00:18:14.880 --> 00:18:19.400 the encroachment of the Egyptians. They were, of course beaten, 204 00:18:20.119 --> 00:18:24.160 but could never be wholly subdued, and gave much trouble 205 00:18:24.440 --> 00:18:29.799 in later reigns. S Nephru died after a prosperous reign 206 00:18:30.359 --> 00:18:36.279 of twenty four years Chufu twenty eight o six through 207 00:18:36.359 --> 00:18:41.079 twenty seven eighty two b c. When s Nephru died, 208 00:18:41.680 --> 00:18:45.640 he left to his oldest son and successor a great 209 00:18:45.799 --> 00:18:51.759 and flourishing kingdom. This king is the Cheops of Herodotus. 210 00:18:52.319 --> 00:18:54.839 He is the builder of the largest of the three 211 00:18:54.880 --> 00:18:59.799 great pyramids of Giza, the measurements of which are sai 212 00:19:00.160 --> 00:19:05.960 of square base originally seven hundred sixty four feet at 213 00:19:06.000 --> 00:19:13.519 present seven hundred forty six feet perpendicular height originally four 214 00:19:13.599 --> 00:19:19.720 hundred eighty feet now four hundred fifty feet in height 215 00:19:19.759 --> 00:19:26.079 of slope originally six hundred eleven feet at present five 216 00:19:26.200 --> 00:19:31.279 hundred sixty eight feet. Inside of this great mass of 217 00:19:31.440 --> 00:19:36.359 solid masonry, there is the chamber in which the sarcophagus 218 00:19:36.400 --> 00:19:40.960 of the king was deposited. This chamber is approached by 219 00:19:41.000 --> 00:19:46.400 a series of narrow passages, which were after the sarcophagus 220 00:19:46.480 --> 00:19:50.640 was in place, blocked up in a very ingenious manner. 221 00:19:51.720 --> 00:19:56.279 The Egyptian name of this pyramid was Chouot. I may 222 00:19:56.359 --> 00:20:00.519 here mention some general facts which hold goods good For 223 00:20:00.680 --> 00:20:05.240 all the pyramids of Giza, each one had connected with 224 00:20:05.359 --> 00:20:09.720 it a funereal temple dedicated to the memory of the 225 00:20:09.839 --> 00:20:14.359 king buried in the pyramid. All of the pyramids were 226 00:20:14.400 --> 00:20:19.640 built as planned, a fact that the recent measurements of W. 227 00:20:19.839 --> 00:20:26.079 Flinders Petrie have demonstrated beyond a doubt. Thus the old 228 00:20:26.200 --> 00:20:30.519 theory that every king, when he ascended the throne, began 229 00:20:30.599 --> 00:20:35.880 a pyramid of moderate proportions and gradually enlarged it as 230 00:20:35.880 --> 00:20:40.079 he found he had the time is exploded. The reader 231 00:20:40.119 --> 00:20:43.920 will find a full expose of these facts in mister 232 00:20:44.079 --> 00:20:50.240 Petrie's admirable book The Pyramids and Temples of Giza. About 233 00:20:50.240 --> 00:20:54.759 each pyramid lay a number of smaller pyramids, probably the 234 00:20:54.799 --> 00:20:58.880 tombs of the members of the royal families, as well 235 00:20:59.000 --> 00:21:01.880 as the tombs of the nobles that had lived at 236 00:21:01.880 --> 00:21:07.039 the court. This king was a great builder. The temple 237 00:21:07.160 --> 00:21:11.599 of the lady of the pyramids, Isis, and the foundation 238 00:21:11.839 --> 00:21:16.680 of the temple of Hathor at Denderah are attributed to him. 239 00:21:17.559 --> 00:21:24.279 Two cities, Menate Chufu, the modern Minya north of Hermopolis, 240 00:21:25.200 --> 00:21:31.079 and Chufu Keebet bear his name. Like his predecessor, he 241 00:21:31.200 --> 00:21:35.319 was compelled to make a campaign against the Mentius satt 242 00:21:35.880 --> 00:21:40.119 on the Sinai Peninsula, who it seems had again begun 243 00:21:40.160 --> 00:21:45.440 to molest the Egyptian miners. The classical accounts of this 244 00:21:45.640 --> 00:21:50.319 king are all unreliable. Herodotus gives him a reign of 245 00:21:50.400 --> 00:21:56.079 fifty years, and Manetho says he reigned sixty three, while 246 00:21:56.079 --> 00:22:00.240 we know from the Turin Papyrus that he ruled only 247 00:22:00.480 --> 00:22:05.920 twenty four years. The classical historians would also have him 248 00:22:05.960 --> 00:22:10.160 appear as a great tyrant who closed the temples in 249 00:22:10.319 --> 00:22:15.039 order that the Egyptians might all labor continuously at his pyramid, 250 00:22:15.799 --> 00:22:20.440 and who, when money failed him, prostituted his own daughter 251 00:22:20.920 --> 00:22:25.680 in order to raise funds. The chief responsibility for these 252 00:22:25.720 --> 00:22:31.799 stories rests on Herodotus. Manetho attempts to reconcile history and 253 00:22:32.000 --> 00:22:37.400 legend by relating that the king, whom he calls Sophis 254 00:22:37.440 --> 00:22:40.680 had repented in his old age and had written a 255 00:22:40.720 --> 00:22:47.240 book that was regarded as sacred. Radidef twenty seven eighty 256 00:22:47.240 --> 00:22:52.480 two through twenty seven fifty nine b C, the son 257 00:22:52.720 --> 00:22:57.759 and successor of Chufu, who ruled twenty three years, did 258 00:22:57.759 --> 00:23:01.759 not build the pyramid. Why he departed from the custom 259 00:23:02.079 --> 00:23:08.200 begun by his two predecessors we cannot say. Perhaps the 260 00:23:08.240 --> 00:23:14.680 forces and resources of the kingdom were otherwise employed. We know, however, 261 00:23:15.160 --> 00:23:23.079 absolutely nothing of this comparatively long reign. Chafra twenty seven 262 00:23:23.160 --> 00:23:30.720 fifty eight through twenty seven fifty BC, the chefren of Herodotus, 263 00:23:30.799 --> 00:23:34.000 is the builder of the second Great Pyramid of Giza, 264 00:23:34.880 --> 00:23:39.680 the Egyptian name of which is O'er the Great One. 265 00:23:40.079 --> 00:23:44.839 This s pyramid is somewhat smaller than that of Chafra's father, Chufu, 266 00:23:45.640 --> 00:23:50.039 but it is still of respectable size. Its dimensions are 267 00:23:51.400 --> 00:23:57.440 length of side of square base originally seven hundred seven 268 00:23:57.559 --> 00:24:05.240 feet now six hundred ndred ninety feet, perpendicular height originally 269 00:24:05.720 --> 00:24:11.359 four hundred fifty four and one quarters feet now four 270 00:24:11.480 --> 00:24:18.720 hundred forty seven feet inclined height originally five hundred seventy 271 00:24:18.759 --> 00:24:25.240 two feet at present five hundred sixty three feet. Like 272 00:24:25.359 --> 00:24:29.039 all the other pyramids of Giza, this one is built 273 00:24:29.079 --> 00:24:33.599 of blocks of limestone taken from the quarries of Tura 274 00:24:34.440 --> 00:24:39.079 Egyptian name Roeu, in the hills on the east bank 275 00:24:39.200 --> 00:24:44.920 of the Nile opposite Memphis. All the pyramids were built 276 00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:48.960 so that their sides resembled the great steps, and then 277 00:24:49.039 --> 00:24:53.559 these steps were filled in with granite blocks, so placed 278 00:24:54.000 --> 00:24:59.759 that they formed a smooth, continuous, inclined surface. Part of 279 00:24:59.759 --> 00:25:03.319 this coating of granite is still left on the upper 280 00:25:03.319 --> 00:25:08.319 part of this pyramid. Before this pyramid, a little to 281 00:25:08.400 --> 00:25:11.920 the south of the Great Sphinx, there stands a large 282 00:25:12.000 --> 00:25:17.200 temple built of granite and alabaster, which was most probably 283 00:25:17.240 --> 00:25:22.039 erected at Chafra's order. The fact that it stands in 284 00:25:22.119 --> 00:25:26.880 front of his pyramid proves conclusively that it was built 285 00:25:27.119 --> 00:25:32.039 after that structure. In a well in the interior of 286 00:25:32.119 --> 00:25:37.720 this temple were found the fragments of nine exquisitely wrought 287 00:25:38.160 --> 00:25:42.359 diorite statues of the king. Seven of these are at 288 00:25:42.400 --> 00:25:46.599 present in the museum of Bulach, one of them being 289 00:25:46.680 --> 00:25:51.279 almost unharmed. How these statues got in the well we 290 00:25:51.400 --> 00:25:55.680 do not know. The temple itself is also a mystery. 291 00:25:56.519 --> 00:26:01.079 It may have been Schafra's funereal temple, but it may 292 00:26:01.279 --> 00:26:04.680 just as well have been erected to the sphinx, the 293 00:26:04.720 --> 00:26:10.440 image of Reharmachus, or to any other deity of him. Also, 294 00:26:10.960 --> 00:26:14.759 the classical historians relate that he was a great tyrant 295 00:26:15.480 --> 00:26:19.799 who systematically oppressed his subjects in order to be able 296 00:26:19.880 --> 00:26:24.039 to complete his great pyramid, but there is absolutely no 297 00:26:24.160 --> 00:26:29.200 foundation for these stories. He died after a reign of 298 00:26:29.279 --> 00:26:36.160 only eight years Mencare twenty seven forty nine through twenty 299 00:26:36.200 --> 00:26:44.240 seven twenty four b c. The Mysarinos of Herodotus succeeded Chafra. 300 00:26:45.200 --> 00:26:49.519 Herodotus tells us this pharaoh was celebrated for his great 301 00:26:49.599 --> 00:26:54.519 piety and righteousness, and the Egyptian monuments bear this out. 302 00:26:55.519 --> 00:26:58.759 They tell us that he sent out his son hord 303 00:26:58.880 --> 00:27:02.920 Death to inspect the temples of the land, and that 304 00:27:03.000 --> 00:27:07.319 while on this tour of inspection, the prince had discovered 305 00:27:07.839 --> 00:27:11.000 the sixty fourth chapter of the Book of the Dead 306 00:27:11.480 --> 00:27:17.720 at Hermopolis Schemunu. Some copies of the thirtieth chapter of 307 00:27:17.799 --> 00:27:22.279 the same compilation state that it also was found in 308 00:27:22.359 --> 00:27:29.079 this reign. Several later texts mention this prince. The celebrated 309 00:27:29.319 --> 00:27:34.039 Minstrel's song quotes one of his sayings and a letter 310 00:27:34.519 --> 00:27:38.400 written in the time of Rameses. The second speaks of 311 00:27:38.440 --> 00:27:44.400 the difficulty of understanding his writings. The story related by 312 00:27:44.440 --> 00:27:49.119 some Greek authors that the oracle of Bhutto had predicted 313 00:27:49.160 --> 00:27:52.000 to him that he would die young, and that he 314 00:27:52.079 --> 00:27:57.000 had consequently spent day and night in dissipation in order 315 00:27:57.079 --> 00:28:03.200 to double his life is utterly untrustworthy. His tomb is 316 00:28:03.240 --> 00:28:08.160 the third and smallest of the pyramids of Giza. Its 317 00:28:08.200 --> 00:28:14.359 dimensions are side of square base three hundred fifty four 318 00:28:14.440 --> 00:28:20.759 and a half feet perpendicular height originally two hundred eighteen 319 00:28:20.880 --> 00:28:28.119 feet now two hundred three feet, height of incline originally 320 00:28:28.480 --> 00:28:34.240 two hundred seventy eight feet now two hundred sixty one feet. 321 00:28:35.720 --> 00:28:39.039 The order to erect this structure and the account of 322 00:28:39.079 --> 00:28:44.240 the work are given in an unfortunately extremely mutilated inscription 323 00:28:45.000 --> 00:28:48.680 in one of the tombs of Giza. The name of 324 00:28:48.720 --> 00:28:53.880 the pyramid was Hairy. Although a systematic attempt to destroy 325 00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:57.920 this pyramid was made in eleven ninety six a d. 326 00:28:58.559 --> 00:29:02.359 It is the best preserved of all the pyramids of Giza. 327 00:29:03.640 --> 00:29:08.720 In the chamber viz. Found the stone, sarcophagus and fragments 328 00:29:09.200 --> 00:29:13.440 of the wooden mummy case of this king. The former 329 00:29:13.640 --> 00:29:17.359 was lost in a shipwreck. The latter are preserved in 330 00:29:17.440 --> 00:29:23.240 the British Museum. How long this pharaoh ruled we cannot say, 331 00:29:23.880 --> 00:29:27.160 as the Turin papyrus has a break at his name. 332 00:29:28.200 --> 00:29:32.599 We must, therefore, for the present take the years given 333 00:29:33.119 --> 00:29:37.920 by the most trustworthy of the classical writers, Manetho, who 334 00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:45.480 states the king ruled twenty five years Shepseskov twenty seven 335 00:29:45.640 --> 00:29:50.720 twenty three through twenty seven o one b c. Of 336 00:29:50.880 --> 00:29:55.240 this king we know very little. An interesting description was 337 00:29:55.319 --> 00:30:01.160 found in the tomb of his favorite, Tashepsis. This man 338 00:30:01.240 --> 00:30:05.279 was born in the reign of Minkaure and was educated 339 00:30:05.519 --> 00:30:10.240 together with the royal princes. His career as an official 340 00:30:10.400 --> 00:30:16.160 falls almost entirely within Shepseskov's reign. This king gave his 341 00:30:16.279 --> 00:30:22.240 favorite his daughter Mayache in marriage, and heaped honors upon him. 342 00:30:23.000 --> 00:30:27.119 It is a characteristic fact that neither in this biography, 343 00:30:27.799 --> 00:30:31.119 nor in any other inscription of this time, do we 344 00:30:31.279 --> 00:30:37.039 meet with any mention of warlike expeditions. The monuments, however, 345 00:30:37.680 --> 00:30:41.599 make frequent mention of the king's trips through the country 346 00:30:42.400 --> 00:30:48.720 of festivals and of buildings erected by the pharaoh. Herodotus 347 00:30:48.759 --> 00:30:53.960 tells us that the successor of Mysarinos, whom he calls Aceychus, 348 00:30:54.759 --> 00:30:59.200 built a pyramid of brick and enlarged the southern peristyle 349 00:30:59.480 --> 00:31:06.279 of the t Temple of Memphis. Deodorus, who calls him Sassichus, 350 00:31:06.319 --> 00:31:10.240 mentions him as one of the five great lawgivers of Egypt. 351 00:31:11.279 --> 00:31:16.359 One of his alleged laws is mentioned by Herodotus allowing 352 00:31:16.400 --> 00:31:20.319 a debtor to pawn his father's mummy. In case the 353 00:31:20.400 --> 00:31:24.200 mummy were not redeemed, he would lose for himself and 354 00:31:24.440 --> 00:31:30.400 family the right of burial. Deodorus also states that this 355 00:31:30.640 --> 00:31:35.880 pharaoh regulated the ritual and invented the geometry and the 356 00:31:36.000 --> 00:31:40.839 art of observing the stars. Of these stories, it is 357 00:31:40.880 --> 00:31:45.079 safe to accept only what relates to the building operations 358 00:31:45.119 --> 00:31:52.119 of the king. According to Manetho, he ruled twenty two years. 359 00:31:52.720 --> 00:31:58.960 Two kings, Seberches and Tempthis, are mentioned by Manetho as 360 00:31:59.039 --> 00:32:03.279 belonging to this dynasty, but their names have not yet 361 00:32:03.359 --> 00:32:10.240 been found on the Monuments Section five. The Fifth dynasty 362 00:32:11.160 --> 00:32:17.759 twenty seven hundred through twenty five sixty BC. The change 363 00:32:17.799 --> 00:32:22.599 of dynasty seems to have impeaceably accomplished, for we find 364 00:32:22.680 --> 00:32:26.839 that men who had held office under the preceding dynasty 365 00:32:27.400 --> 00:32:31.680 were retained by the kings of the new house. Possibly 366 00:32:32.200 --> 00:32:35.799 the direct male line had died out and the new 367 00:32:35.920 --> 00:32:40.079 line came to the throne by the right of female succession. 368 00:32:41.759 --> 00:32:47.039 Userkov twenty seven hundred through twenty six ninety three BC. 369 00:32:48.359 --> 00:32:52.400 The first king of this dynasty was the immediate successor 370 00:32:52.559 --> 00:32:58.240 of Shepseskov, as is proved by the inscription of Setchem Kare, 371 00:32:58.920 --> 00:33:07.119 who held official positions under kings Chafra Minkare, Shepseskaf, Userkaf 372 00:33:07.480 --> 00:33:11.960 and Sahure. All we know of this pharaoh is that 373 00:33:12.039 --> 00:33:15.799 he ruled seven years and was buried in a pyramid 374 00:33:15.920 --> 00:33:22.640 called Abbasu. Sahure twenty six ninety two through twenty six 375 00:33:22.799 --> 00:33:27.480 eighty b C. Had to repel in roads of the 376 00:33:27.519 --> 00:33:32.079 Mentiu Satt, who had again begun to molest the Egyptian 377 00:33:32.160 --> 00:33:36.599 miners on the Sinai Peninsula. He founded the city of 378 00:33:37.000 --> 00:33:42.039 Persahure north of Esne, and built a temple to the 379 00:33:42.079 --> 00:33:48.440 goddess Sochet, the wife of Ta in Memphis. His pyramid, 380 00:33:48.720 --> 00:33:57.559 Cheba lies north of Abusir. Sahure ruled twelve years Neferarkare 381 00:33:58.279 --> 00:34:02.519 twenty six seventy nine through twenty six seventy two b C. 382 00:34:03.799 --> 00:34:08.039 The successor of Sahure is called Kakah in the list 383 00:34:08.079 --> 00:34:12.840 of Abydos. He died after a reign of seven years 384 00:34:13.360 --> 00:34:18.960 and was buried in a pyramid called Bah of Shepseskare 385 00:34:19.519 --> 00:34:24.199 twenty seven sixty one through twenty seven fifty nine b C. 386 00:34:25.159 --> 00:34:30.400 We know only that he reigned twelve years. Of ates 387 00:34:30.719 --> 00:34:38.400 we know nothing. Nepherbare reigned probably ten years. Akauhor is 388 00:34:38.480 --> 00:34:43.599 another ruler of whom we know absolutely nothing, an whose 389 00:34:43.639 --> 00:34:48.320 pronomon was Userenra was the first king to adopt a 390 00:34:48.480 --> 00:34:53.079 throne name. Hitherto, the kings had kept the names they 391 00:34:53.079 --> 00:34:57.159 had borne as princes, but now the kings took a 392 00:34:57.199 --> 00:35:01.880 new name on ascending the throne. This name was always 393 00:35:01.920 --> 00:35:05.880 compounded with the name of the god Ra, and was 394 00:35:05.920 --> 00:35:09.400 the official name of the ruler by which he was 395 00:35:09.480 --> 00:35:14.519 designated in all state documents. The name of Ra was 396 00:35:14.639 --> 00:35:19.639 chosen in all probability because this god was considered as 397 00:35:19.679 --> 00:35:24.920 the first divine king of Egypt. The king, however, retained 398 00:35:24.960 --> 00:35:29.920 his old name, placing before it the title sa Ra, 399 00:35:31.199 --> 00:35:37.320 son of Ra. Thus An's name now was King of 400 00:35:37.519 --> 00:35:43.960 Upper and Lower Egypt, User and Ra the son of ra. An. 401 00:35:45.480 --> 00:35:49.599