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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to the I Can't Sleep Podcast. Why I help

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<v Speaker 1>you drift off one fact at a time. I'm your host,

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<v Speaker 1>Benjamin Boster, and today's episode is about constellations. A constellation

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<v Speaker 1>is an area on the celestial sphere in which a

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<v Speaker 1>group of visible stars forms of perceived pattern or outline,

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<v Speaker 1>typically representing an animal, mythological subject, or inanimate object. The

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<v Speaker 1>first constellations were likely defined in prehistory. People use them

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<v Speaker 1>to relate stories of their beliefs, experiences, creation, and mythology.

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<v Speaker 1>Different cultures and countries invented their own constellations, some of

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<v Speaker 1>which lasted into the early twentieth century before to day's

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<v Speaker 1>constellations were internationally recognized. The recognition of constellations has changed

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<v Speaker 1>significantly over time. Many changed in size or shape. Some

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<v Speaker 1>became popular only to drop and to obscurity. Some were

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<v Speaker 1>limited to a single culture or nation. Naming constellations also

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<v Speaker 1>helped astronomers and navigators identify stars more easily. Twelve or

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<v Speaker 1>thirteen ancient constellations belonged to the Zodiac, straddling the ecliptic,

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<v Speaker 1>which the sun, moon, and planets ultraverse. The origins of

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<v Speaker 1>the Zodiac remain historically uncertain. Its astrological divisions became prominent

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<v Speaker 1>circa four hundred BC in Babylon or Chaldean astronomy. Constellations

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<v Speaker 1>appear in Western culture via Greece, and are mentioned in

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<v Speaker 1>the works of Hesiod, Eudoxus, and Aratus. The traditional forty

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<v Speaker 1>eight constellations consisting of the zodiac and thirty six more

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<v Speaker 1>now thirty eight following the division of Argonavus into three constellations,

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<v Speaker 1>are listed by Ptolemy, a Greco Roman astronomer from Alexandria, Egypt,

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<v Speaker 1>and his almagist. The formation of constellations was the subject

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<v Speaker 1>of extensive mythology, most notably in the metamorphoses of the

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<v Speaker 1>Latin poet Ovid Constellations in the far southern sky were

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<v Speaker 1>added from the fifteenth century until the mid eighteenth century,

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<v Speaker 1>when European explorers began traveling to the southern hemisphere. In

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<v Speaker 1>nineteen twenty two, the International Astronomical Union IAU formerly accepted

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<v Speaker 1>the modern list of eighty eight constellations, and in nineteen

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<v Speaker 1>twenty eight adopted official constellation boundaries that together cover the

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<v Speaker 1>entire celestial sphere. Any given point in a celestial coordinate

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<v Speaker 1>system lies in one of the modern constellations. Some astronomical

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<v Speaker 1>naming systems include the constellation, where a given celestial object

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<v Speaker 1>is found to convey its approximate location in the sky.

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<v Speaker 1>The flamsty designation of a star, for example, consists of

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<v Speaker 1>a number and the genitive form of the constellation's name.

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<v Speaker 1>Other star patterns or groups called asterisms, are not constellations

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<v Speaker 1>under the formal definition, but are also used by observers

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<v Speaker 1>to navigate the night sky. Asterisms may be several stars

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<v Speaker 1>within a constellation, or they may share stars with more

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<v Speaker 1>than one constellation. Examples of asterisms include the Teapot within

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<v Speaker 1>the constellation Sagittarius or the Big Dipper in the constellation

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<v Speaker 1>of Ursa Major. The word constellation comes from the Late

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<v Speaker 1>Latin term constellatio, which can be translated as set up stars.

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<v Speaker 1>It came into use in Middle English during the fourteenth century.

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<v Speaker 1>The Ancient Greek word for constellation is astron These terms

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<v Speaker 1>historically referred to any recognizable pattern of stars whose appearance

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<v Speaker 1>was associated with mythological characters or creatures, earth bound animals,

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<v Speaker 1>or objects. Over time, among European astronomers, the constellations became

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<v Speaker 1>clearly defined and widely recognized in the twentieth century, the

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<v Speaker 1>International Astronomical Union recognized eighty eight constellations, each of which

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<v Speaker 1>has a Latin name. A constellation or star that never

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<v Speaker 1>sets below the life horizon when viewed from a particular

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<v Speaker 1>latitude on Earth, is termed circumpolar. From the north pole

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<v Speaker 1>or south pole, all constellations south or north of the

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<v Speaker 1>celestial equator are circumpolar. Depending on the definition, Equatorial constellations

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<v Speaker 1>may include those that lie between declinations forty five degrees

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<v Speaker 1>north and forty five degrees south, or those that pass

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<v Speaker 1>through the declination range of the ecliptic or zodiac, ranging

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<v Speaker 1>between twenty three point five degrees north and twenty three

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<v Speaker 1>point five degrees south. Stars and constellations can appear near

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<v Speaker 1>each other in the sky, but they usually lie at

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<v Speaker 1>a variety of distance away from the Earth. Since each

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<v Speaker 1>star has its own independent motion, all constellations will change

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<v Speaker 1>slowly over time. After tens to hundreds of thousands of years,

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<v Speaker 1>familiar outlines will become unrecognizable. Astronomers can predict the past

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<v Speaker 1>or future constellation outlines by measuring common proper motions of

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<v Speaker 1>individual stars by accurate astrometry and their radio velocities by

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<v Speaker 1>astronomical spectroscopy. The eighty eight constellations recognized by the IAU,

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<v Speaker 1>as well as those by cultures throughout history, are imagined

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<v Speaker 1>figures and shapes derived from patterns of stars in the

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<v Speaker 1>observable sky. Many officially recognized constellations are based on the

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<v Speaker 1>imaginations of ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean mythologies. Some of

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<v Speaker 1>these stories seem to relate to the appearance of the constellations,

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<v Speaker 1>e g. The assassination of Orion by Scorpius their constellations

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<v Speaker 1>appearing at opposite times of year. Constellation positions change throughout

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<v Speaker 1>the year due to night on Earth occurring at gradually

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<v Speaker 1>different portions of its orbit around the Sun. As Earth

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<v Speaker 1>rotates towards the east, the celestial sphere appears to rotate west,

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<v Speaker 1>with stars circling counterclockwise around the Northern pole Star and

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<v Speaker 1>clockwise around the Southern Pole Star. Because of Earth's twenty

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<v Speaker 1>three point five degree axial tilt, the zodiac is distributed

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<v Speaker 1>equally across hemispheres along the ecliptic, approximating a great circle.

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<v Speaker 1>Zodiacal constellations of the northern sky or Pisces, Ares, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer,

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<v Speaker 1>and Leo in the southern sky are Virgo, Libra, Scorpius, Sagittarius, Capricornus,

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<v Speaker 1>and Aquarius. The ecliptic appears overhead from latitudes of twenty

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<v Speaker 1>three point five degrees north to twenty three point five

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<v Speaker 1>degrees south. In both hemispheres, the Zodiac appears low during

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<v Speaker 1>summer and high during winter, while due to the Earth

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<v Speaker 1>tilled it descends nightly during spring and ascends in autumn.

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<v Speaker 1>Due to the solar system sixty degree tilled. The galactic

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<v Speaker 1>plane of the Milky Way is inclined sixty degrees from

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<v Speaker 1>the ecliptic between Taurus and Gemini north and Scorpius and

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<v Speaker 1>Sagittarius south, and near the galactic center can be found.

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<v Speaker 1>The galaxy appears to pass through Aqula near the celestial

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<v Speaker 1>equator and northern constellations Signus, Cassiopia, Perseus, Ariga, and Orion

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<v Speaker 1>near Beetlejuice, as well as monoceras near the celestial equator

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<v Speaker 1>and southern constellations Pupus, Vela, Cariina, Crux, Centaurus, Triangula, Mastrilla,

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<v Speaker 1>and Ara Polaris. Being the north Star is the approximate

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<v Speaker 1>center of the northern celestial hemisphere. It is part of

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<v Speaker 1>Ursa Minor, constituting the end of the Little Dippers handle

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<v Speaker 1>from latitudes of around thirty five degrees north. In January,

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<v Speaker 1>Ursa Major containing the Big Dipper appears to the northeast,

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<v Speaker 1>Whilecasiopeiae is the northwest. To the west are Pi Seas

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<v Speaker 1>above the horizon and Aries to the southwest. Cetus is

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<v Speaker 1>near the horizon up high and to the south are

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<v Speaker 1>Orion and Taurus. To the southeast above the horizon is

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<v Speaker 1>Canus major, appearing above and to the east of Orion

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<v Speaker 1>is Gemini. Also in the Ea east and progressively closer

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<v Speaker 1>to the horizon are Cancer and Leo. In addition to

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<v Speaker 1>tous Perseus and Ariga appear overhead from the same latitude.

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<v Speaker 1>In July, Cassiopeia low in the sky, and Sephius appear

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<v Speaker 1>to the northeast. Ursa Major is now in the northwest.

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<v Speaker 1>Botes is high up in the west, Virgo is to

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<v Speaker 1>the west, with Libra southwest and Scorpius south Sagittarius and

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<v Speaker 1>Capricorn are southeast. Signus containing the northern Cross, is to

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<v Speaker 1>the east. Hercules is high in the sky along with Coronaborealis.

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<v Speaker 1>January constellations include Pictor and Reticulum near Hydras and Mensa, respectively.

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<v Speaker 1>In july Ara, adjacent to Triangula, Mostralla and Scorpius can

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<v Speaker 1>be seen. Constellations near the pole star include Cameleon, APIs

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<v Speaker 1>and Triangula Mostralla near Centaurus Pavo, Hydras and Mensa. Sigma

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<v Speaker 1>O Tantus is the closest star approximating a southern pole star,

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<v Speaker 1>but is faint in the night sky. Thus, the Pole

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<v Speaker 1>can be triangulated using the constellation Crux, as well as

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<v Speaker 1>the stars Alpha and Beta Centauri about thirty degrees clockwise

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<v Speaker 1>from Crux of the constellation Centaurus arching over Crux. It

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<v Speaker 1>has been suggested that the seventeen thousand year old cave

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<v Speaker 1>paintings in Lasco, southern France depict star constellations such as Taurus,

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<v Speaker 1>Orion's Belt and the Pleiades. However, this view is not

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<v Speaker 1>generally accepted among scientists. Inscribed stones and clay riding tablets

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<v Speaker 1>from Mesopotamia in modern Iraq dating to three thousand b C.

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<v Speaker 1>Provide the earliest generally accepted evidence for human kind's identification

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<v Speaker 1>of constellations. It seems that the bulk of the Mesopotamian

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<v Speaker 1>constellations were created within a relatively short interval from around

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<v Speaker 1>thirteen hundred to one thousand b C. Mesopotamian constellations appear

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<v Speaker 1>later in many of the classical Greek constellations. The oldest

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<v Speaker 1>Babylonian catalogs of stars and constellations date back to the

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<v Speaker 1>beginning of the Middle Bronze Age, most notably the Three

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<v Speaker 1>Stars Each texts and the Molopan, an expanded and revised

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<v Speaker 1>version based on more accurate observation from around one thousand PC. However,

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<v Speaker 1>the numerous Sumerian names in these catalogs suggest that they

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<v Speaker 1>built on older but otherwise unattested Sumerian traditions of the

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<v Speaker 1>Early Bronze Age. The Classic Zodiac is a revision of

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<v Speaker 1>Neo Babylonian constellations from the sixth century BC. The Greeks

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<v Speaker 1>adopted the Babylonia constellations in the fourth century BC. Twenty

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<v Speaker 1>eight Ptolemaic constellations or from the ancient Near East. Another

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<v Speaker 1>ten have the same stars but different names. Biblical scholar E. W.

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<v Speaker 1>Bullinger interpreted some of the creatures mentioned in the Books

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<v Speaker 1>of Ezekiel and Revelation as the middle signs of the

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<v Speaker 1>four quarters of the zodiac, with the lion as Leo,

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<v Speaker 1>the bull as Taurus, the man representing Aquarius, and the

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<v Speaker 1>eagles standing in for Scorpio. The Biblical Book of Job

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<v Speaker 1>also makes reference to a number of constellations, including Ayish

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<v Speaker 1>beer chessel fool kaima heap rendered as Arcturus O'Ryan and

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<v Speaker 1>Pleiades by the King James version, but Aeyish the Beier

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<v Speaker 1>actually corresponding to ursa major. The term mazarrath, translated as

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<v Speaker 1>a garland of crowns is ahoppax legamenum in Job thirty

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<v Speaker 1>eight thirty two, and it might refer to the zodiacal constellations.

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<v Speaker 1>There is only limited information on ancient Greek constellations, with

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<v Speaker 1>some fragmentary evidence being found in the works and days

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<v Speaker 1>of the Greek Poehesiod, who mentioned the heavenly bodies. Greek

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<v Speaker 1>astronomy essentially adopted the older Babylonian system in the Hellenistic era,

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<v Speaker 1>first introduced to Greece by Eudoxus of Nidis in the

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<v Speaker 1>fourth century BC. The original work of Eudoxus is lost,

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<v Speaker 1>but it survives as a versification by Aratus dating to

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<v Speaker 1>the third century BC. The most complete existing works dealing

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<v Speaker 1>with the mystical origins of the constellations are by the

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<v Speaker 1>Hellenistic writer termed pseudo Erasthenes and an early Roman writer

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<v Speaker 1>styled Pseudo Hygienus. The basis of Western astronomy as taught

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<v Speaker 1>during late Antiquity and until the early Modern period is

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<v Speaker 1>the Omagus by Ptolemy, written in the second century in

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<v Speaker 1>the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Native Egyptian tradition of anthropomorphic figures represented

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<v Speaker 1>the planets, stars, and various constellations. Some of these were

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<v Speaker 1>combined with Greek and Babylonian astronomical systems, culminating in the

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<v Speaker 1>zodiac of Dendra, the oldest known depiction of the zodiac,

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<v Speaker 1>showing all the now familiar constellations, along with some original

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<v Speaker 1>Egyptian constellations deacons, and planet It remains unclear when this occurred,

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<v Speaker 1>but most were placed during the Roman period between second

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<v Speaker 1>to four centuries a d. Ptolemy's amagist remained the standard

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<v Speaker 1>definition of constellations in the medieval period, both in Europe

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<v Speaker 1>and in Islamic astronomy. Ancient China had a long tradition

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<v Speaker 1>of observing celestial phenomena. Non specific Chinese star names later

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<v Speaker 1>categorized in the twenty eight mansions have been found on

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<v Speaker 1>oracle bones from Anyang dating back to the middle Shong dynasty.

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<v Speaker 1>Chinese constellations are among the most significant observations of the

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<v Speaker 1>Chinese sky, dating back to the fifth century b c e.

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<v Speaker 1>The Chinese system developed independently from the Greco Roman system,

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<v Speaker 1>although there may have been earlier mutual influence suggested by

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<v Speaker 1>parallels to ancient Babylonian astronomy. Three schools of classical Chinese

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<v Speaker 1>astronomy in the Han period are attributed to astronomers of

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<v Speaker 1>the earlier Warring States period. The constellations of the three

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<v Speaker 1>schools were conflated into a single system by Chen z Wo,

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<v Speaker 1>an astronomer of the third century the Three Kingdoms period.

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<v Speaker 1>Chenswoo's work has been lost, but information on his system

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<v Speaker 1>of constellation survives in Tang dynasty records, notably by A.

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<v Speaker 1>Gautama Sida in his nine Caesar's Canon, an Indo Chinese

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<v Speaker 1>resident of Chang'an. The oldest extant Chinese star chart dates

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<v Speaker 1>to that period and was preserved as part of the

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<v Speaker 1>Dunhuang manuscripts. Native Chinese astronomy flourished during the Song dynasty

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<v Speaker 1>and during the Yuan dynasty and the subsequent Ming Dynasty

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<v Speaker 1>became increasingly influenced by other Eastern and Western astronomers of

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<v Speaker 1>the medieval era. As maps were prepared during this period

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<v Speaker 1>on more scientific lines, they were considered as more reliable.

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<v Speaker 1>A well known map from the Song period is a

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<v Speaker 1>Suzio astronomical chart, which was prepared with carvings of stars

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<v Speaker 1>on the planisphere of the Chinese sky on a stone plate.

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<v Speaker 1>It is done accurately based on observations and it shows

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<v Speaker 1>the one thousand fifty four supernovae and tarus. Influenced by

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<v Speaker 1>European astronomy during the late Ming Dynasty, charts depicted more

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<v Speaker 1>stars but retained the traditional constellations. Newly observed stars were

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<v Speaker 1>incorporated as supplementary to old constellations in the southern sky,

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<v Speaker 1>which did not depict the traditional stars recorded by ancient

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<v Speaker 1>Chinese astronomers. Further improvements were made during the later part

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<v Speaker 1>of the Ming dynasty by Siou Kwang and Johann Adam

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<v Speaker 1>Schalfon bel the German Jesuit, and were recorded in Chungjen

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<v Speaker 1>Lishue Callindrical Treatise of Chungxen period sixteen twenty eight. Traditional

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<v Speaker 1>Chinese star maps incorporated twenty three new constellations with one

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<v Speaker 1>hundred and twenty five stars of the southern hemisphere of

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<v Speaker 1>the sky, based on the knowledge of Western star charts.

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<v Speaker 1>With this improvement, the Chinese sky was integrated with world astronomy. Historically,

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<v Speaker 1>the origins of the constellations of the northern and southern

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<v Speaker 1>skies are distinctly different. Most northern constellations state to antiquity,

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<v Speaker 1>with names based mostly on classical Greek legends. Evidence of

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<v Speaker 1>these constellations has survived in the form of star charts,

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<v Speaker 1>whose oldest representation appears on a statue known as the

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<v Speaker 1>Farnese Atlas, based perhaps on the star catalog of the

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<v Speaker 1>Greek astronomer Hipparchus. Southern constellations are more modern inventions, sometimes

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<v Speaker 1>as substitutes for ancient constellations. Some southern constellations had long

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<v Speaker 1>names that were shortened to more usable forms, e g.

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<v Speaker 1>Musca Australis became simply Musca. Some of the early constellations

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<v Speaker 1>were never universally adopted. Stars were often grouped into constellations

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<v Speaker 1>differently by different observers, and the arbitrary constellation boundaries often

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<v Speaker 1>led to confusion as to which constellation a celestial object

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<v Speaker 1>belonged before astronomer's delineated precise boundaries. Starting in the nineteenth century,

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<v Speaker 1>constellations generally appeared as ill defined regions of the sky.

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<v Speaker 1>To day, they now follow officially accepted designated lines of

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<v Speaker 1>right ascension and declination based on those defined by Benjamin

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<v Speaker 1>Gould and Equinox B one eight seven five Dodd zero

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<v Speaker 1>in his Star catalog ur A Armetria Argentina. The sixteen

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<v Speaker 1>o three Star Atlas ur Anometria of Johann Bayer assign

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<v Speaker 1>stars to individual constellations and formalize the division by assigning

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<v Speaker 1>a series of Greek and Latin letters to the stars

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<v Speaker 1>within each constellation. These are known today as Bayer designations.

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<v Speaker 1>Subsequent star atlases led to the development of today's accepted

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<v Speaker 1>modern constellations. Several modern proposals have not survived. The French

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<v Speaker 1>astronomers Pierre le Monnier and Joseph Lalone, for example, proposed

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<v Speaker 1>constellations that were once popular but have since been dropped.

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<v Speaker 1>The northern constellation quadrans Muralas survived into the nineteenth century,

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<v Speaker 1>but is now divided between Beauhodes and Draco. In nineteen

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<v Speaker 1>twenty two, Henry Norris Russell produced a list of eighty

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<v Speaker 1>eight constellations with three letter abbreviations for them. However, these

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<v Speaker 1>instellations did not have clear borders between them. In nineteen

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<v Speaker 1>twenty eight, the IAU formerly accepted the eighty eight modern

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<v Speaker 1>constellations with contiguous boundaries along vertical and horizontal lines of

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<v Speaker 1>right ascension and declination developed by Eugene da Porte, that

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<v Speaker 1>together cover the entire celestial sphere. This list was finally

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<v Speaker 1>published in nineteen thirty. Where possible, these modern constellations usually

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<v Speaker 1>share the names of their Greco Roman predecessors, such as Orion, Leo,

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<v Speaker 1>or Scorpius. The aim of this system is area mapping,

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<v Speaker 1>i e. The division of the celestial sphere into contiguous fields.

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<v Speaker 1>Of the eighty eight modern constellations, thirty six lie predominantly

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<v Speaker 1>in the northern sky, and the other fifty two predominantly

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<v Speaker 1>in the southern. The boundaries developed by deport used data

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<v Speaker 1>that originated back to Epic B one eight seven five zero,

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<v Speaker 1>which was when Benjamin A. Gould first made his proposal

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<v Speaker 1>to designate boundaries for the celestial sphere, a suggestion on

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<v Speaker 1>which Telport based his work. The consequence of this early

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<v Speaker 1>date is that, because of the procession of the equinoxes,

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<v Speaker 1>the borders on a modern star map such as Epic

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<v Speaker 1>J two thousand are already somewhat skewed and no longer

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<v Speaker 1>perfectly vertical or horizontal. This effect will increase over the

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<v Speaker 1>years and centuries to come. The constellations have no official symbols,

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<v Speaker 1>though those of the Ecliptic may take the signs of

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<v Speaker 1>the zodiac. Symbols for the other modern constellations, as well

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<v Speaker 1>as older ones that still occur in modern nomenclature, have

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<v Speaker 1>occasionally been published. The Great Rift, a series of dark

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<v Speaker 1>patches in the Milky Way, is most visible in the

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<v Speaker 1>southern sky. Members of the Inca civilization identified various dark

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<v Speaker 1>areas or dark nebulae in the Milky Way as animals,

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<v Speaker 1>and associated their appearance with the seasonal rains. Australian aboriginal

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<v Speaker 1>astronomy also describes dark cloud constellations, the most famous being

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<v Speaker 1>the Emu in the sky, whose head is formed from

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<v Speaker 1>the coulsac, a dark nebula instead of the stars. At