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Speaker 1: Hello again, Welcome to Astronomy Daily with Steve and Halle.

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It's the twenty eighth of April twenty twenty five. I

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mean your whole Steve, don't clear well, Welcome back to

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Astronomy Daily. It's great to be here and with me

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as always is my awesome digital pal. It's fun to

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be with Hello to you, Hallie.

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Speaker 2: Hi again human, Nice to be with you in the

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Australia studio.

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Speaker 1: You're very welcome.

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Speaker 2: What's with all this rain?

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Speaker 1: Oh? Yes, that crazy rain.

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Speaker 2: I thought Australia was a land of sweeping plans and

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ragged mountain ranges and wide red deserts.

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Speaker 1: Oh well, it is all wet.

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Speaker 2: It's all wet.

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Speaker 1: Oh, I know, Halle. I think somebody washed their car.

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Speaker 2: Oh that old wives tale? Was it? You? You?

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Speaker 1: Me?

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Speaker 2: Did you wash your car?

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Speaker 1: Oh? It might have been, you know, if you don't mind,

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I'd prefer not to talk about it on the air.

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It's been raining pretty hard and people might want something

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to blame, and you know someone, I'd like that person to,

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you know, not be me.

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Speaker 2: Steve washed his car. Steve washed his car?

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Speaker 1: Hey, Hallie, just kidding.

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Speaker 2: You are so easy, do you know that?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? Yeah, I do know that, but I also have

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a very clean car.

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Speaker 2: Funny. Now, are you going to tell us about today's lineup?

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Speaker 1: Okay, Halle, if your behave. Today's stories include the latest

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chapter for the Chang E five samples, which are about

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to go on tour in the United States visiting some universities.

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Speaker 2: Sounds good.

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Speaker 1: Also, the latest news out of Firefly Aerospace. Remember their

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amazing moon landing recently and that amazing video footage of

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the land of descending to the lunar surface that was spectacular. Well,

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Firefly Aerospace are not sitting on their hands.

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Speaker 2: You're a big fan of Firefly, that's me.

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Speaker 1: And the other tale today is from Fireflies to Dragonflies,

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is about the NASA Dragonfly helicopter that's under development, which

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is going somewhere special.

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Speaker 2: That's the one plan for Saturn moon Titan.

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Speaker 1: Satan's moon Titan. Oh wow, Yeah, it's an amazing piece

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of engineering.

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Speaker 2: Sofa, but exploring Titan.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's really out there, fantastic, I know, and you'll

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be bringing us that story as well.

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Speaker 2: Right, I've got it ready on my drive.

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Speaker 1: Okay, Well, let's get into it, Halle. Let's hit it.

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Speaker 2: O kis China has accepted a number of international applications

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to borrow small portions of moon samples collected by its

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Chungi five mission, including those from two US universities. The

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China National Space Administration CNSA announced the results of a

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latest round of international applications to borrow samples in Shanghai

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April twenty fourth, during a conference marking China's tenth annual

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Space Day. The event included a lunar Sample Loan agreement ceremony.

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Seven universities from six countries, the US, Japan, Germany, France,

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the United Kingdom and Pakistan had applications approved following a

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CNSA review in accordance with its sample management and cooperation rules.

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CNSA set in a statement the U s institutions are

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Brown University and Stony Brook University, both of which received

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NASA funding. The announcement comes amid US China trade tensions

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following the imposition of tariffs by the Trump administration, us

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barriers to bilateral cooperation on space and wider Chinese base

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diplomacy efforts. CNSA also announced the selection of a series

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of international projects to join its planned Chini eight Lunar

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South Pole Landing Mission. April twenty fourth. The selected projects

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featured countries involved in the International Lunar Research Station, a

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China led alternative to the US Artemis Lunar Framework. The

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agency also stated in Shanghai that its ti On one

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three Mars sample return mission, scheduled to launch late twenty

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twenty eight, is open to proposals for international payloads. The

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robotic Changi five mission collected one thousand, seven hundred and

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thirty one grams of material from a geologis young area

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of Oceanis pro Sellarum on the near side of the

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Moon using a scoop and a drill in late twenty twenty.

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The material was first made available to Chinese researchers and

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institutions before CNSA announced in August twenty twenty three that

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international applications for samples would be accepted. NASA stated in

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November that year that its researchers would exceptionally be allowed

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to apply to lone China's Chingi five samples, while still

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needing to follow long standing congressionally set rules which have

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sharply limited cooperation between the agency and Chinese state entities.

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The Wolf Amendment, introduced in twenty eleven, is a provision

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in annual NASA appropriations bills which heavily restricts by lateral

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cooperation with entities of the People's Republic of China. Any

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NASA funded individual or entity seeking to engage in bilateral

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activity would require a prior written request to and granted

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permission from Congress in advance, along with certification from the

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FBI that the activities would not pose a national security risk.

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Analyzes of the Changi five samples have led to discoveries,

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including in the new Mineral Change Site dash Y, evidence

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of a prolonged lunar dynamo, and allowed insights through comparison

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with the geologically older Apollo samples. China followed up the

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success of Changi five with a more complex sample mission

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to the lunar far side in twenty twenty four. The

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Chugi six mission collected one thousand, nine hundred and thirty

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five point three grams of material from Apollo Crater, located

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within the vast South Polate Can impact Basin, and the

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first ever collection of samples from the far side. The

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material has so far provided insights into the lunar near

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far side dichotomy, as well as validation of the lunar

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magma ocean hypothesis and calibration of lunar crater chronology, helping

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to refine comparative study of planetary surfaces across the Solar System.

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Chini six samples are so far only opened to applications

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to Chinese institutions. However, as with the Changi five samples,

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these will be made available to international applications at a

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later date. The lending of Changa samples reflects China's broader

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strategy of using space cooperation to build international partnerships, particularly

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as competition with the US over lunar exploration intensifies.

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Speaker 1: You're listening to Astronomy Daily Kid Steve Dunkley, thank you

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for joining us for this Monday edition of Astronomy Daily,

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where we offer just a few stories from the now

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famous Astronomy Daily newsletter, which you can receive in your

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email every day, just like Hallie and I do. And

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to do that, just visit our url Astronomy Daily dot

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io and place your email address in the slot provided.

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Just like that, you'll be receiving all the latest news

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about science, space, science and astronomy from around the world

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as it's happening. And not only that, you can interact

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with us by visiting at astro Daily pod on x

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or at our new Facebook page, which is of course

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Astronomy Daily on Facebook. See you there. Astronomy Derby with

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Steve and Harry Spice, Spice Signs and Astronomy.

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Speaker 2: NASA's pioneering Dragonfly mission has cleared a key hurdle, keeping

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it on track for a twenty twenty eight launch to

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Saturn's huge moon Titan. Dragonfly is a car sized nuclear

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powered rotorcraft designed to investigate Titan's potential to host life,

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and it has passed its critical design review, NASA announced

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on Thursday, April twenty fourth. Passing this mission milestone means

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that Dragonfly's mission, design, fabrication, integration, and test plans are

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all approved, and the mission can now turn its attention

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to the construction of the spacecraft itself. NASA reported. The

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three point three five billion dollar Dragonfly mission was first

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selected by NASA in twenty nineteen and is being designed

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and built under the direction of the JOHNS. Hopkins Applied

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Physics Laboratory in Maryland, with APL's Elizabeth Turtle as the

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principal investigator. The mission has been hit by delays and

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cost over on, but studying Titan is considered a high

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priority by scientists for its potential to harbor alien life.

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The mission is set to launch no earlier than July

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twenty twenty eight on a SpaceX Falcon heavy rocket from

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NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The spacecraft will then

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embark on an almost seven year long voyage through deep

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space to the Saturn System, with the goal of spending

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more than three years studying areas across Titan's frigid and

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diverse surface. Equipped with cameras, sensors, and samplers, Dragonfly will

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assess Titan's habitability, looking out for prebiotic chemistry as well

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as potential signs of life. Titan is Saturn's largest moon

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and the second largest in the Solar System behind Ganymede

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of Jupiter. It's thick, hazy atmosphere shrouds a surface featuring

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dunes of hydrocarbons and methane lakes. Beneath the moon's icy crust,

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scientists think there's a subsurface ocean of salty water, adding

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to the possibilities for Titan to harbor life. In two

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thousand and five, NASA's Cassini mission delivered the Houygens probe

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to Titan. The European Space Agency built Hoygens made a

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parachute assisted landing which provided profound insights into the giant Moon. Dragonfly,

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if successful, could revolutionize our understanding of how life might

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arise elsewhere in the Solar System.

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Speaker 1: Wads of that console. We are listen to Astarmi daily,

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the podcast. Firefly Aerospace is preparing its Alpha small satellite

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launcher for a flight from Vandenberg Space Force Space in California.

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The Alpha flt A zero zero six mission, named Message

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in a Booster, is scheduled to launch on Sunday, April

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twenty seven at six thirty seven am from Space Launch

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Complex to West at the start of a fifty two

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minute walk launch window. Message in a Booster will fly

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on a southern trajectory out of Vanderberg, carrying a Lockheed

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Martin LM four hundred satellite bus into polar orbit. With

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this mission serving as a demonstration flight. Lockheed Martin plans

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to offer the LM four hundred as a multi mission

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satellite bus for commercial, civil and military uses. This flight,

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Firefly's second Lockheed Martin is also the first of up

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to twenty five missions in Firefly's multi lauch agreement with

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Lockheed Martin that was reached in twenty twenty four. Powered

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by four Reaver engines, Alpha is capable of flying up

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to one thousand and thirty kilograms to low Earth orbit

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or six hundred and thirty kilos to a five hundred

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kilometer altitude Sun synchronous orbit. Lockheed Martin describes the LM

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four hundred as a mid size satellite bus with a

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volume cup comparable to that of a home refrigerator and

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the capability to host a one thousand, one hundred kilogram payload.

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Given this flight's destination in a polar orbit, the LM

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four hundreds payload is going to be constrained, although it's

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likely to be the viest payload Alpha has launched to date.

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The l AND four hundred multi mission satellite bus is

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designed to operate in low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit,

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and geosynchronous orbit. The bus can be used in either

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single or multi satellite launch configurations, and will have the

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ability to be launched on multiple rockets. LM four hundred

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is designed to support up to six satellites with a

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single launch snack arranged in a configuration similar to Starlink

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satellites on SpaceX missions. This bus was also designed to

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support onboard data processing using a Lockheed Martin software to

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find satellite architecture that conforms to a modular open systems architecture.

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This enables interoperability with systems deployed by all United States

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military services. Lockheed Martin states that the LM four hundred

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can support various mission types, including remote sensing, imagery, radar observation,

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and communications, with the demo mission on Alpha featuring a

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communications payload. The company has also developed an electronically steered

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array that is compatible with this bus and will be

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flown on this mission. The L four hundred is designed

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for mass production in large numbers, and a rapid production

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line is being implemented at a two hundred and sixty

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six thousand square foot manufacturing facility in Waterton, Colorado, near Denver.

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The bus is being pitched as a solution for satellite constellations,

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with several contracts already secured, including one from the US

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Space Force for ITSMEO Missile Track Custody program. The US

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Department of Defense is moving toward operating constellations of smaller

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satellites a prime example of being starshield, a military constellation

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based on space exis starlink satellites for resilience and redundancy

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in the face of potential threats to satellites in orbit.

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Lockheed Martin is one one of the US's primary military contractors,

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and the LM four hundred, though capable of supporting civil

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and commercial missions, was really designed to support military standards.

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Message in a BOOSTA will serve as Alpha's first launch

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of twenty twenty five. Alpha's next flight, the yet to

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be named FLTAUB seven mission, is currently planned to be

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the first flight of Firefly's electra orbital vehicle. FLTAUB seven

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will also be a responsive space mission, meaning the time

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between the flight's order and launch will be accelerated to

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be as short as possible. Alpha launched the Victis Knotts

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responsive space mission in twenty twenty three, and Firefly has

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offered this capability to the DoD for similar flights. Although

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Alpha has only launched out of SLC TWOW at Vanderberg,

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other launch sites are being developed for the rocket. A

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launch facility at the Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island,

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Virginia is currently being developed to host Alpha flights. Flights

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from Wallops are scheduled to begin in twenty twenty six

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with NASA's Incas mission south of Wallop's Space Launch Complex

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twenty at the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida

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is another future launch site for Alpha. A facility is

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also being prepared in Esrange, Sweden to support missions for

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five flights European customers. The Esrange facility is also expected

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to be ready in twenty twenty six. Alpha has flown

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five flights so far, with its first flight failing to

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reach orbit. The four other flights have all reached orbit,

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with two full successes and two partial successes. The company

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has encountered issues with restarting its Lightning second stage engine

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in orbit. Message in a booster we'll see the Lightning

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complete only with a single burn during its ascent into orbit.

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As Alpha continues to fly mission, Firefly is working on

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its upcoming Medium Launch Vehicle Rocket in cooperation with Northrop Grumman,

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which is working on a new version of the Antaris

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launch vehicle that will utilize the mlv's first stage. Firefly

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currently has up to six missions planned for Alpha in

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twenty twenty five.

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Speaker 2: And there's another episode in the can. Thanks for joining

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us today everyone.

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Speaker 1: Yes, we covered cheny five samples, the Titan bound, Dragonfly

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helicopter development and more from Firefly Aerospace.

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Speaker 2: A colorful episode of Astronomy Daily.

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Speaker 1: And we know where to get our daily dose of

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all the news from orbit and beyond, don't.

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Speaker 2: We, halle We sure do. Just check out the websites

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you mentioned earlier and put.

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Speaker 1: Your email in the slop.

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Speaker 2: Provided you won't miss a thing.

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Speaker 1: Well said, And now it is that time so soon?

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Oh wow, that's okay, Hallie. I know you'll be heading

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off to the Astronomy Daily virtual studio with Anna.

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Speaker 2: Don't forget to catch Anna during the week with all

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the Astronomy Daily updates.

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Speaker 1: That's right, All the best from Anna and that's goodbye from.

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Speaker 2: You and so long from me Jerio bye

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Speaker 1: I mean your home, Steve, don't clut