Speaker 1: Welcome. This is Marsha for Radio I, and today I
Speaker 1: will be reading National Geographic Magazine dated May twenty twenty five,
Speaker 1: which is donated by the publisher. As a reminder. RADIOI
Speaker 1: is a reading service intended for people who are blind
Speaker 1: or have other disabilities that make it difficult to read
Speaker 1: printed material. Please join me now for the continuation of
Speaker 1: the article I began last time, entitled Paddling America's Grandest
Speaker 1: Water Trail by Freddie Wilkinson. As the river wound through
Speaker 1: farm country and the smell of manure filled the air,
Speaker 1: the effects of the summer's drought became obvious. Water levels plunged,
Speaker 1: and river bottom rocks covered in slippery algai were exposed
Speaker 1: to foot and canoe alike. Just before the border with Canada,
Speaker 1: I said farewell to Francis and then quit the river myself.
Speaker 1: After several weeks at home, I thought I would return
Speaker 1: to the NFCA refreshed, ready to take on the last
Speaker 1: three hundred some miles that awaited me in Maine. But
Speaker 1: the trail's final miles hold hurdles that have been doubled
Speaker 1: paddlers for centuries. One morning in the summer of eighteen
Speaker 1: fifty seven, Joe Polis set out across the Mud Pond Carrie,
Speaker 1: a nearly two mile stretch of land connecting mainz Umbazukous
Speaker 1: Lake to Mud Pond. A guide from the Panabscat nation,
Speaker 1: Polis was leading the row and his friend ed Hor
Speaker 1: As immortalized in the main woods. At some point, Polis,
Speaker 1: hauling the group's canoe, hustled ahead while the pair of
Speaker 1: Americans dawdled through the forest guideless. The Roe and hor
Speaker 1: missed a turn and soon found themselves wandering a maze
Speaker 1: of overgrown logging roads. After reaching Mud Pond, Polis, guessing
Speaker 1: at what must have happened, doubled back and saved the
Speaker 1: men from an uncomfortable night lost in the woods. The
Speaker 1: Mud Pond Carrie is no less humbling today. It's far
Speaker 1: too narrow for portage wheels, so I had to relay
Speaker 1: my equipment in two loads, turning almost two miles in
Speaker 1: two more than five. It was a theme of the
Speaker 1: main stretch of the NFCT, which took me two trips
Speaker 1: to complete. On my second, frustrated and a little desperate,
Speaker 1: I enlisted the company of someone with as intimate a
Speaker 1: knowledge of these waters as there is. Jason Pardia is
Speaker 1: a river guide and elected Panobscot Council member. He is
Speaker 1: also Polus's great grandnephew. As I set out on the
Speaker 1: a Lagosh River with Pardia, I found he would rather
Speaker 1: talk about currents than his ancestors. I'm related to a
Speaker 1: bunch of cool Panobscots, but I always feel weird telling
Speaker 1: their stories, he said. I don't mind being recognized for
Speaker 1: my skills, but I don't want to be out there
Speaker 1: being that guy. Yet, for Pardia, reading rivers has always
Speaker 1: been second nature. I didn't realize how much I knew
Speaker 1: til I started guiding, and other people just didn't see
Speaker 1: the things that I saw. Mardia and I were joined
Speaker 1: by James Eric Francis Senior, the Panobscot historian, and river
Speaker 1: guides Jennifer Neptune and Ryan Ranco Kelly, also members of
Speaker 1: the Panobscot nation. Where many times faced removal and disconnection
Speaker 1: from their lands and waters, the Panobscot have held on
Speaker 1: to their place along their namesake river and continued their
Speaker 1: legacy of canoe guiding. Water is freedom. Neptune said, we
Speaker 1: weren't removed, we were just pushed onto the islands. In
Speaker 1: our river as our territory shrunk down. But in a
Speaker 1: way it was perfect because it allowed us that freedom
Speaker 1: to still have our culture, to get in a canoe
Speaker 1: and take off. That's what our people did. We just
Speaker 1: took off that summer. The Alagasha's water table had been
Speaker 1: reduced to a trickle by the month's long drought, and
Speaker 1: in shallow water a paddle loses its efficiency. To compensate,
Speaker 1: the river people of the Northeast use long spruce poles
Speaker 1: to guide themselves through skinny water. Poling makes upstream travel
Speaker 1: vastly more efficient, a necessary scale for a community that
Speaker 1: had to think in terms of round trip canoe journeys,
Speaker 1: not simply downstream travel. Soon after we started down the river,
Speaker 1: Pardia stowed his paddle, picked up a fourteen foot spruce pole,
Speaker 1: skinned free of bark and fitted with a copper end cap,
Speaker 1: stood up and began easing his canoe around rocks and strainers,
Speaker 1: downed trees that can be assert us to boaters. It's
Speaker 1: the original stand up paddle board, he said, with a chuckle.
Speaker 1: We later portage around Olagash Falls and the landscape started
Speaker 1: to change once again. The frisky brook trout disappeared, the
Speaker 1: spruce thinned, and then quite suddenly there was a paved
Speaker 1: road running alongside the river, the first we had seen
Speaker 1: in one hundred miles. As we pushed on, the Allagash
Speaker 1: unceremoniously emptied us into the Saint John River that night.
Speaker 1: Finally it rained the next morning, with Pardia Francis Signior
Speaker 1: and Neptune bowing out due to the weather. Rank O'Kelly
Speaker 1: and I put down an extra cup of coffee before
Speaker 1: departing for my final day on the water. The end
Speaker 1: of the Northern Forest Canoe Trail can feel strangely abrupt,
Speaker 1: for all the effort one puts in to get there.
Speaker 1: We glided down riffles of swift water, the current rushing
Speaker 1: us against great gravel bars. Then we round, did a
Speaker 1: corner and spy the Friendship Bridge between Maine and Quebec,
Speaker 1: and just beyond at the boat ramp at Fort Kent,
Speaker 1: the eastern terminus of the trail. I might have missed
Speaker 1: the cobblestone landing altogether if not for our friends standing
Speaker 1: in the rain waiting for us to complete our journey.
Speaker 1: The cumulative fatigue from days spent canoeing against gravity and
Speaker 1: hauling my boat and gear sometimes for miles, had taken
Speaker 1: its toll most evenings. I fell asleep shortly after nightfall,
Speaker 1: and I'd come to savor peanut butter by the spoonful
Speaker 1: direct from the jar. At some point during my many
Speaker 1: trips that summer, I had begun to think of the
Speaker 1: trail not as a series of twists and turns one
Speaker 1: might expect from a river, but a series of steps,
Speaker 1: some long and smooth, some short and steep, but always
Speaker 1: either rising or falling, fighting the current upstream or flowing
Speaker 1: down hill. Our path on the NFC Tee followed the water,
Speaker 1: and the water flowed according to the shape of the land.
Speaker 1: As the row wrote in the main Woods, wherever there
Speaker 1: is a channel for water, there is a road for
Speaker 1: the canoe. On the beach, Rank O'Kelly and I paused
Speaker 1: for a couple of quick photos, then pulled our canoe
Speaker 1: ashore and drained the rain water from its belly. We
Speaker 1: slashed up the muddy track past the old Fort Kent
Speaker 1: blockhouse to the parking lot beyond, carrying our canoe together.
Speaker 1: Paddling the Northern Forest. Two plus decades ago, a group
Speaker 1: of paddlers and hikers hatched a bold plan to create
Speaker 1: the Appalachian Trail of canoeing. Backed by federal grants, they
Speaker 1: mapped the seven hundred forty mile Northern Forest Canoe Trail,
Speaker 1: which runs from New York to Maine. Inspired by waterways
Speaker 1: long used by indigenous communities for trade, the route flows
Speaker 1: through small towns and rugged back country. Next unbeatable beetles,
Speaker 1: These resilient, soil dwelling flesh eaters might have a few
Speaker 1: things to teach humans. The American bur burying beetle is
Speaker 1: much like an underground undertaker, typically feasting on small rodents
Speaker 1: and birds. North America's largest carrion eating beetles usually work
Speaker 1: in pairs to sniff out a carcass, remove its fur
Speaker 1: or feathers, tunnel under it to draw it into the dirt,
Speaker 1: and coat it in oral and anal secretions, preserving the
Speaker 1: meal for later. In January, scientists reported something else surprising
Speaker 1: about the nocturnal insects, which have received protections under the
Speaker 1: Endangered Species Act since nineteen eighty nine. They're strangely resilient
Speaker 1: to insecticides called neo nononicotinoids. Despite appearing near death after exposure,
Speaker 1: many bounced back within twenty four hours, suggesting a remarkable
Speaker 1: ability to detox. The team of researchers suspects that exposure
Speaker 1: to bacteria and fungi of decaying animals keeps the beetles hearty.
Speaker 1: They're now studying the beetles and their secretions for potential
Speaker 1: human benefits, ranging from new antibiotics to food preservatives. This
Speaker 1: article by Kelsey Noahkowski. Next holp Penguins push the limits
Speaker 1: of their capabilities by Renee eversol Oh my god, this
Speaker 1: thing's going to die. That was the thought running through
Speaker 1: the mind of wildlife filmmaker Bertie Gregory when he saw
Speaker 1: the first juvenile Emperor penguin jump off a fifty foot cliff.
Speaker 1: The bird plummeted downwards, split into the frigid Southern Ocean.
Speaker 1: After a few suspendful seconds, it bobbed to the surface
Speaker 1: and then swam off toward the horizon. The National Geographic
Speaker 1: Explorer couldn't believe it. What came next was even more shocking.
Speaker 1: More penguins from the crowd of several hundred huddled at
Speaker 1: the edge of the towering ice shelf, plunged one by
Speaker 1: one into the sea. There was a moment when it
Speaker 1: was just raining penguins off this cliff, says Gregory, who
Speaker 1: captured rare footage of the event with a drone camera
Speaker 1: in Antarctica's at Kabay last year while filming Secrets of
Speaker 1: the Penguins, a new national geographic documentary series. It was
Speaker 1: one of the most extraordinary things I've ever seen. Some
Speaker 1: did graceful swan dives, others slipped and tumbled headlong into
Speaker 1: the waves. Miraculously, nearly all survived the leap. Normally, young
Speaker 1: penguins jump only a couple of feet from floating sea
Speaker 1: ice into the water when they fledge, says Michel LaRue,
Speaker 1: a conservation biologist at the University of cantab in Christchurch,
Speaker 1: New Zealand. The cliff diving chicks that Gregory observed may
Speaker 1: have been raised on the permanent ice shelf and likely
Speaker 1: took a wrong turn finding themselves in a tricky location
Speaker 1: for a water entry, while simultaneously motivated by hunger and
Speaker 1: an ocean brimming with fish beckoning below. The scene was
Speaker 1: the true demonstration of the penguin's fortitude. These fascinating birds
Speaker 1: have evolved over millions of years to survive on the coldest, windiest,
Speaker 1: driest continent on Earth. Across these pages, their exceptional adaptations
Speaker 1: and specialized behaviors that make them uniquely equipped for this
Speaker 1: desolate environment are on full display. Many of their most
Speaker 1: incredible traits can be seen during nesting season, which runs
Speaker 1: through the most challenging time of year. Female emperor penguins
Speaker 1: lay a single pear shaped egg early in the Antarctic winter,
Speaker 1: when temperatures can dip to minus fifty fifty degrees fahrenheit
Speaker 1: and winds can reach a hurricane. Needing to replenish their
Speaker 1: energy reserves, they quickly shuffle the eggs to their mates
Speaker 1: to assume caretaking while they trek out to the ocean
Speaker 1: to feed. Male emperor penguins spend the next two months
Speaker 1: incubating the eggs, balanced atop their webbed feet and shielded
Speaker 1: from the cold by a flap of the penguins abdominal
Speaker 1: skin that forms a pocket or rude pouch. The soon
Speaker 1: to be fathers will go nearly four months without food,
Speaker 1: losing roughly half their weight. During breeding season, eggs typically
Speaker 1: hatch by August, just as the females are returning to
Speaker 1: provide their young with a first meal. Then the chicks
Speaker 1: will be fed and warmed by their parents over the
Speaker 1: next five months. By mid December, as the Antarctic summer approaches,
Speaker 1: the chicks have started to shed their fluffy down for
Speaker 1: waterproof plumage. Soon they leave their colony and find food
Speaker 1: on their own. Juveniles like those Gregory film take a
Speaker 1: literal leap of faith into the sea. It is a
Speaker 1: pivotal moment when they begin their life in the ocean,
Speaker 1: where they'll spend an average of five years before returning
Speaker 1: to breed. Scientists do not think the cliff jumping incident
Speaker 1: was directly related to climate change, but at least one
Speaker 1: expert speculates that warming temperatures may force more emperors to
Speaker 1: breed on permanent ice shelves instead of sea ice, increasing
Speaker 1: the chances of juvenile's fledging from tall heights. This incident
Speaker 1: underscores a stark reality under some climate scenarios. Scientists predict
Speaker 1: eighty percent of Antarctica's emperor penguin colonies will disappear by
Speaker 1: the turn of the century. But LaRue remains hopeful about
Speaker 1: the emperor's ability to adapt, and she considers the recent
Speaker 1: high dive a testament to the penguin's hardiness. They're incredibly resilient.
Speaker 1: She says. They have been around for millions of years.
Speaker 1: They've seen lots of different changes in their environment. It's
Speaker 1: a question of how rapidly they're able to deal with
Speaker 1: the changes that are happening and how far they can
Speaker 1: be pushed, call her id. Emperor penguins can distinguished by
Speaker 1: their vocalizations. Each bird has a unique call that allows
Speaker 1: mates and chicks to recognize one another amid the noise
Speaker 1: of a bustling colony. Identifying their chicks whistles parents trumpet
Speaker 1: back until they find one another. Tuxedo torpedoes in the ocean,
Speaker 1: Emperor penguins can dive deeper than any other species, reaching
Speaker 1: depths of more than sixteen hundred feet. They also can
Speaker 1: remain submerged for over twenty minutes hard landing. When it's
Speaker 1: time for the penguins to return to the sea ice,
Speaker 1: they release air bubbles from their feathers. This reduces drag
Speaker 1: and allows them to accelerate out of the water. The
Speaker 1: icy impact can knock the wind out of them, sometimes
Speaker 1: producing a squeak. Cold brood, dense overlapping feathers, and a
Speaker 1: thick layer of insulating body fat shield. Emperor penguins from
Speaker 1: the biting and arctic cold. To defend against the extreme
Speaker 1: conditions while incubating eggs, hundreds of males huddle tightly together,
Speaker 1: slip and slide on land where their wabbling slows them
Speaker 1: down and for penguins often resort to tobogganing, sliding on
Speaker 1: their bellies while pushing with their flippers and feet. This
Speaker 1: efficient mode of transport allows them to cover vast distances
Speaker 1: across the icy expanse as they travel to and from
Speaker 1: the sea. How penguins superpowers really work specialized wings. Unlike
Speaker 1: flying birds, penguins create a strong thrust on both upstroke
Speaker 1: and downstroke. The chest muscle lifting the wing is more
Speaker 1: developed hips for swimming, penguins hip bones are elongated compared
Speaker 1: with flying birds. The sleek shape allows their muscles to
Speaker 1: pull back their feet like rudders from sky to sea.
Speaker 1: Around sixty million years ago, prehistoric flying birds evolved into
Speaker 1: today's remarkable penguins. The seabird's anatomy adapted to support an
Speaker 1: amazing dexterity for swimming so they could flourish in the ocean.
Speaker 1: Rigid flippers. Penguin's inflexible joints are optimized for the force
Speaker 1: of swimming. In contrast, flying birds wings bend at the
Speaker 1: elbow and wrist for agile flying compact bones. When penguins
Speaker 1: traded flying for swimming, their bones evolved from hollow to
Speaker 1: very dense, helping withstand the stress of moving through water.
Speaker 1: Underwater vision. Compared with humans, penguins have flatter corneas and
Speaker 1: rounded lenses, which assist their ability to see above and
Speaker 1: below water. Salt filters, law large glands above their eyes
Speaker 1: help excrete excess salt from prey through their nostrils. S
Speaker 1: shaped neck. The neck retracts during diving, keeping the birds
Speaker 1: shape streamlined anti frostbite veins. Blood vessels in penguin's wings,
Speaker 1: especially close to their shoulders, exchange heat between the arteries
Speaker 1: and veins. Constricted blood vessels lower feathers to the body
Speaker 1: and insulate ice proof feathers. Penguins feathers have barbs and
Speaker 1: tiny hooks that break up accumulating ice. These features also
Speaker 1: allow penguins to easily shed water by keeping it in
Speaker 1: droplet form. Water result water repellant feathers. Penguins have a
Speaker 1: eurobigial gland that continuously secretes oil. The birds spread it
Speaker 1: to waterproof their feathers so they stay warm thermal grit.
Speaker 1: Some penguin species prosper in cold climates, while others do
Speaker 1: well in warmer environments. It all comes down to specially
Speaker 1: adaptations by habitat that help penguins maintain their optimal internal
Speaker 1: body temperature two sets of feathers. Once a year, most
Speaker 1: penguins lose and replace all their feathers in a process
Speaker 1: called molting, but Galopagus penguins can molt twice a year posture.
Speaker 1: Galopicus penguins are the only species to live on the equator.
Speaker 1: To combat the heat, they spread their wings and hunch over,
Speaker 1: shading their feet and other exposed skin. Molting phase. When
Speaker 1: holding onto new and old feathers, penguins can't hunt, so
Speaker 1: they lose almost half their body weight. Pre molt phase.
Speaker 1: This is a time of weight gain. Some species add
Speaker 1: a third to their body mass. They also grow new
Speaker 1: feathers heat release spots. Living in warmer climates, Humboldt and
Speaker 1: Galopicus penguins adapted to have bare patches on their faces
Speaker 1: to help regulate their temperature. Remarkable voice calls thanks to
Speaker 1: separated sets of vocal tissues in the shrings. King penguins
Speaker 1: create a noise on two frequency bands, which is crucial
Speaker 1: for helping them identify each other in loud colonies. One
Speaker 1: of a kind coloring ten species, including those in the
Speaker 1: crested group, have a yellow pigment that is produced by
Speaker 1: an internal chemical process and signals good health, helping them
Speaker 1: attract mates. Breeding mastery. When it's time to settle down,
Speaker 1: these birds have interesting ways to signal their interest in
Speaker 1: courtship and whence they nest and raise young, They have
Speaker 1: useful trades to care for them. All these features help
Speaker 1: secure a future for the species. Four second naps. Chin
Speaker 1: straps take thousands of power naps a day to avoid
Speaker 1: egg predation and protect themselves against aggression from peers. They
Speaker 1: still get a total of eleven hours of sleep. Unique
Speaker 1: belly designs. African penguins rely on distinctive dot patterns on
Speaker 1: their bellies to recognize lifelong partners and colony members. Chin
Speaker 1: straps use rock piles to protect their eggs and chicks
Speaker 1: against getting wet from melting snow. Sensitive beaks, a newly
Speaker 1: discovered bill tip organ found in some penguin species, is
Speaker 1: made up of pits filled with touch sensitive receptors and
Speaker 1: likely helps with foraging and courtship. Next Secrets of the penguins,
Speaker 1: there are evolutionary marbles that survive some of the most
Speaker 1: inhospitable conditions on our planet. Now researchers are discovering new
Speaker 1: explanations for why, and finding that the incredible penguin has
Speaker 1: allowed to teach us about resilience in an ever changing world.
Speaker 1: Paw Penguins embrace their urge to explore by Hannah Nordhaus.
Speaker 1: When Pablo Poppy Borboro Glue first visited a remote stretch
Speaker 1: of shoreline along the eastern coast of Patagonia in two
Speaker 1: thousand and eight, the National Geographic Explorer was surprised to
Speaker 1: find penguins making a home there. The Argentine biologist was
Speaker 1: responding to a call from a nearby rancher who had
Speaker 1: seen several of the flightless birds in his proper. When
Speaker 1: he arrived, Booglue found trash, broken glass, abandoned cars, and
Speaker 1: burned out camphires on the ground. The place was a disaster,
Speaker 1: he recalls. It was full of garbage amid the squalor. However,
Speaker 1: under bushes and in small cave like burrows, he discovered
Speaker 1: something astonishing twelve Magellanic penguins living among the debris. Each
Speaker 1: sea bird was about one and a half feet tall,
Speaker 1: with a distinctive white band encircling its eyes and neck.
Speaker 1: While Magellanic penguins are known to breed in and around
Speaker 1: South America on rocky sandy beaches before migrating each winter
Speaker 1: to the open oceans as far north as Brazil and Peru,
Speaker 1: the nearest established colony was located more than eighty miles south.
Speaker 1: Yet these intrepid travelers had arrived and coupled up, a
Speaker 1: sign that they were breeding on a beach teeming with hazards.
Speaker 1: Borbooglue worked quickly assessing the condition of the colony and
Speaker 1: freeing one bird that was entangled in plastic, and began
Speaker 1: the law longer process of painstakingly cleaning and securing the area.
Speaker 1: The emerging colony not only survived, but raised chicks returning
Speaker 1: the next spring. Scientists have various theories as to why
Speaker 1: a so called founder group like this ventures beyond familiar
Speaker 1: nesting grounds. But for borbo Glue, who went on to
Speaker 1: create the Global Penguin Society, an international conservation group, the
Speaker 1: new colony exemplifies the adaptability and resilience of all eighteen
Speaker 1: penguin species, which inhabit some of nature's harshest environments, even
Speaker 1: as they continue to face new challenges in our changing world.
Speaker 1: They are so brave and determined, he says of penguins
Speaker 1: as a whole, They're amazing. Penguins are indeed amazing creatures.
Speaker 1: They're comical, waddle, tuxedo like appearance and endearing parental instincts
Speaker 1: make them quintessential conservation icons. But these same characteristics also
Speaker 1: point to some of the ways they've evolved to confront
Speaker 1: extreme conditions with remarkable adaptability and grit. The first penguins
Speaker 1: appeared roughly sixty million years ago on what is now
Speaker 1: New Zealand. Some scientists believe the absence of natural predators
Speaker 1: allowed the birds to evolve away from flight and toward
Speaker 1: more agility in the ocean. Over time, they developed ample
Speaker 1: sources of fat and a dense, impermeable layer of feathers
Speaker 1: to withstrand the cold, stunted wings serving as flippers to
Speaker 1: propel them under water with stunning speed and efficiency, and
Speaker 1: distinctive black and white feather patterns to confuse predators. Early
Speaker 1: penguins rode the currents across oceans, adapting to the new
Speaker 1: places where they landed. Emperor and a daily penguins, for instance,
Speaker 1: settled in the unforgiving climate of Antarctica, and they have
Speaker 1: a thicker layer of body fat, scale like feathers, and
Speaker 1: claw like feet, especially suited to gain traction on the ice.
Speaker 1: Galapagus penguins ended up on a chain of islands off
Speaker 1: the coast of Ecuador, becoming the only species found at
Speaker 1: the equator. They now have smaller frames and thinner layers
Speaker 1: of plumage, which serve them well in the warmer climate. Historically,
Speaker 1: Magellanic penguins lived on islands off the coast of South America,
Speaker 1: but after sheep ranchers eradicated mainland predators such as pumas
Speaker 1: and foxes, the birds established colonies there too. Penguins vote
Speaker 1: with their feats, as National Geographic Explorer D. Boorsma, a
Speaker 1: renowned penguin expert at the University of Washington, they go
Speaker 1: where the food is, but no matter how far they roam,
Speaker 1: many of the animals now face the same issues. About
Speaker 1: half the world's penguins are threatened with extinction, and last
Speaker 1: year the African penguin became the first to be classified
Speaker 1: as critically endangered. Today, the threats come from sea and
Speaker 1: land alike. In the ocean, penguins must run a gauntlet
Speaker 1: of oil spills, algal blooms, fishing nets, and plastic pollution.
Speaker 1: While warming waters and overfishing deplete their prey on penguins
Speaker 1: mate and raise their chicks, they encounter hazards ranging from
Speaker 1: declining Antarctic sea ice to coastal development and introduced or
Speaker 1: resurgent predators. Over the past century, as penguin numbers faltered,
Speaker 1: the global conservation community and individual nations moved to safeguard
Speaker 1: the birds, banning egg harvesting and creating protected areas, allowing
Speaker 1: embattled populations a chance at continued survival. In the years since,
Speaker 1: conservationists like Borbora, Glue and Bourisma have lobbied to create
Speaker 1: more protected areas for nesting and regulate shipping routes to
Speaker 1: reduce penguin's potential exposure to oil spills. One startling finding
Speaker 1: among scientists is that penguins are no longer evolving as fast,
Speaker 1: limiting their ability to keep pace with the world around them.
Speaker 1: A recent study showed the penguins now have the slowest
Speaker 1: evolutionary rates of all birds. Still, some appear adept at
Speaker 1: leveraging their best trade and behaviors to continue pressing into
Speaker 1: new territory. Researchers have discovered that Emperor penguin colonies relocate
Speaker 1: when sea ice in one area is no longer reliable,
Speaker 1: and satellite imagery recently revealed previously unknown colonies in Antarctica. Meanwhile,
Speaker 1: king penguins, smaller cousins to the emperors, are in decline
Speaker 1: in Antarctica but growing in the sub Antarctic region, rebounding
Speaker 1: after decades of being harvested for oil, and gentoos closely
Speaker 1: related to a dailies are following available food as the
Speaker 1: southern ocean worms and sea ice clears, allowing them to
Speaker 1: move more easily and hunt and nest in new areas
Speaker 1: of the Antarctic peninsula. We're seeing new colonies established further
Speaker 1: and further south, says Gemma Glucos, a researcher with the
Speaker 1: Cornell Labor Lab of Ornithology. The handful of magellanic penguins
Speaker 1: that once popped up on the trash strewn beach in
Speaker 1: Patagonia appear to have inspired others to settle in the
Speaker 1: colony as Borborig. Glue worked with landowners and the local
Speaker 1: government to create a thirty five thousand acre wildlife refuge.
Speaker 1: More and more penguins arrived each year. Over eight thousand
Speaker 1: penguins now nest here. Its growth has been remarkable. He says,
Speaker 1: it shows that nature can thrive if given a chance.
Speaker 1: How penguins spread out from the icy shores of Antarctica
Speaker 1: to the warm coasts of Wicklopagus Islands, Penguins have shown
Speaker 1: an exceptional ability to breed in surprising places. Their secret
Speaker 1: they are superbly a climatate, acclimated to the marine cold,
Speaker 1: living feeding and breeding near branching currents that flow out
Speaker 1: of the southern Ocean. The eighteen species are uniquely adapted
Speaker 1: to their particular habitat Penguins on thin ice. Several penguins
Speaker 1: species depend on the annual cycle of freezing and thawing
Speaker 1: sea ice to breed successfully. But over the past thirty
Speaker 1: years Scienti subtract changes in ice coverage and concentration. The
Speaker 1: steepest decline has been along the western coast of the
Speaker 1: antark Peninsula, forcing chin strap, gentou and emperor penguins to
Speaker 1: work even harder to survive most endangered. For the past
Speaker 1: five years, African penguins have been in a steep decline
Speaker 1: because of warming waters and competition for prey with commercial fissures.
Speaker 1: Penguin Paradise. More than four point five million King Gentou,
Speaker 1: macaroni and Southern rock hopper penguins breed here. Emperors can
Speaker 1: swim at a sustained seven miles an hour. One traveled
Speaker 1: over twenty one hundred miles to the shores of southern
Speaker 1: Australia last year. The first penguins originated some sixty million
Speaker 1: years ago in what is today New Zealand. For more
Speaker 1: than sixty million years, penguins have been driven to reach
Speaker 1: beyond their boundaries. Today, they continue to surface in unlikely places.
Speaker 1: This concludes National Geographic Magazine for to Day, your reader,
Speaker 1: Husband Marshall, thank you for listening, Keep on listening and
Speaker 1: have a great day.