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Speaker 1: Deadlines. We all have them, and so we need to

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talk about them. Finish your homework by Friday, work hard

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until the weekend, and you can't have any fun unless

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you're done doing what you have to do. Bye, until

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and unless. Let's check it out.

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Speaker 2: Welcome to another Happy English podcast, coming to you from

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New York City. And here's your English teacher, Michael.

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Speaker 1: All right, thank you John, and thanks everyone. It's Michael

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here from Happy English and I help people speak English better.

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And this is Happy English Podcast Episode eight hundred. Wow

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deadlines with buye, until, and unless. We use the words by,

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until and unless to talk about a deadline, but the

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way we use these words can be a pain in

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the neck for a lot of English learners. Fear not,

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my friends. For today's English Lesson podcast, we're going to

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do a deep dive into these similar but tricky common

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vocabulary words. Let's start off with buy something finishes or

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ends by a certain time. When you finish something by

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a certain time, by a certain day, or by a

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certain date, you complete the action when that deadline comes.

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The key point that I want you to understand here

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is that we use by with verbs that show one

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time actions or verbs that mean finishing or ending, like

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you can finish by, end by, complete by, arrive by,

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start by, go by, and sw on. We use by

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with verbs like those followed by one point in time,

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like your boss might say, please complete that report by

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five o'clock on Friday, or you may ask a friend,

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can you finish work by six o'clock tonight? If so

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we can catch a movie, or if we arrive at

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the station by three pm, we can catch the express train.

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On the other hand, something continues or keeps going until

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a certain time. When you continue something until a certain time,

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until a certain day or until a certain date, you

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continue doing that action and then stopping when the deadline comes.

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In cases like these, we use until with verbs that

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show continuous actions, like you can continue until, stay until,

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work until, have until, and do something until a certain time.

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We use until with verbs like those followed by one

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point in time, like the boss might say, you have

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until Friday to complete that report, or you may tell

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a friend, Hey, I'm working until six tonight, so let's

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try to catch a movie after that, or we have

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until three pm to arrive at the station to catch

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the express train. Let's look at two of these examples

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the boss said, please complete that report by Friday, or

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the boss said you have until Friday to complete that report.

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Complete it by Friday, or you have until Friday. The

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basic meaning is the same. The deadline is Friday. The

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difference is that when you say by Friday, the emphasis

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is on the deadline, which is Friday. When you say

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you have until Friday, the emphasis is on the time

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between now and the deadline. That's the basic difference between

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by and until. It's all about the emphasis. By the way,

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you can also use until with a negative verb, like

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we can't start the meeting until the boss gets here,

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something can't happen until another thing happens. First, the repairman

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said that he can't finish this repair until the parts arrive.

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Or we won't start this new marketing plan until the

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boss tells us to do it. I remember when I

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was a kid and there were presents under the Christmas tree.

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My parents would tell us that we can't open them

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until Christmas morning. Using until with a negative verb like

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this tells us that we basically need to wait for

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something in order to do another thing. And finally, for today,

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and speaking of negative sentences, we have unless unless doesn't

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talk about a time deadline like until and by. We

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use unless to talk about a condition and a result.

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The condition needs to happen and if it doesn't, well,

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the result will not happen. Like I don't want to

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buy a new phone unless it has a long battery life.

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This means if the phone has a long battery life,

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I'll buy it. Otherwise no way. Here's another example. I

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won't go to the party unless you come with me.

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Donna is very careful about how she spends money. She

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said that she can't take a vacation unless she has

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enough money saved up for it. That's smart. Keep in

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mind the best way to remember English like this and

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any other word or phrase in English, is to take

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that word or phrase, write it in a sentence that's

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true for you or true in your world, and then

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memorize your sentences. Did you know You can get more

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practice using your English when you join my podcast Learner's

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Study Group. There you can make new friends, join us

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for live group lessons every week where we practice these

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podcasts lessons together. Plus you get access to the PDF

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transcript and audio download for every Happy English podcast in

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the past and in the future. And on top of that,

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Each episode has exercises where you can practice this English

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point with speaking and writing checked by me. To learn more,

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just visit Myhappy English dot com and check out podcast

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lesson eight hundred. Remember, learning another language is not easy,

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but it's not impossible, and I'm here to help you

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on your journey.

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Speaker 2: This podcast is brought to you by Happy English. Please

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visit Myhappy English dot com. Show your support for Happy

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