WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.080 --> 00:00:04.240 Bien Montma got boga o the heartnir the Holla, the 2 00:00:04.400 --> 00:00:09.759 Hayman ahead called ah ers Aslance La Dani the tain, 3 00:00:09.960 --> 00:00:13.960 Nudov Shoo will kill Nakatarhu La Hula shomparods on us 4 00:00:14.039 --> 00:00:19.000 as Lanse is phaser Latgun's throw, Tasha Tapa Sierra, nashka 5 00:00:19.079 --> 00:00:24.839 aga is FuGO more heyrick h i a punk i 6 00:00:24.960 --> 00:00:28.760 e is called on tudoros or raslnsea if we real 7 00:00:28.839 --> 00:00:29.679 this in the hearn. 8 00:00:30.359 --> 00:00:33.600 Oh hi, welcome to smologies. What are smologies? Okay? So 9 00:00:33.719 --> 00:00:35.280 these are shorter, kid. 10 00:00:35.240 --> 00:00:38.520 Friendly versions of classic episodes. So we took them and 11 00:00:38.640 --> 00:00:41.560 we took all the swears out, nothing too racy. You 12 00:00:41.640 --> 00:00:45.560 can listen around kids, you can listen around your grandparents, perhaps, 13 00:00:45.640 --> 00:00:48.119 work colleagues, whatever. If you want the full length version 14 00:00:48.119 --> 00:00:49.359 of this episode, though, of course it's going to be 15 00:00:49.439 --> 00:00:51.359 linked in the show notes. We also have more asmologies 16 00:00:51.439 --> 00:00:54.079 up at aliwar dot com slash smologies. 17 00:00:54.200 --> 00:00:54.920 Okay, enjoy. 18 00:00:55.840 --> 00:00:59.520 Oh hey, it's your wallet? Which if I'm so important 19 00:00:59.560 --> 00:01:01.759 to you, why do you lose me all the time? 20 00:01:02.079 --> 00:01:06.359 Ali Ward back with a watery historical episode of ologies. 21 00:01:06.560 --> 00:01:09.319 I've wanted to do this episode for so long. Truth 22 00:01:09.439 --> 00:01:12.599 be told I would love to revisit this ology again 23 00:01:12.680 --> 00:01:13.079 and again. 24 00:01:13.680 --> 00:01:15.200 Perhaps I will. Do you want that? 25 00:01:15.719 --> 00:01:18.040 I have a sinking feeling that you do. But first 26 00:01:18.239 --> 00:01:21.760 hear the episode. So this ologist is an ologite as well, 27 00:01:21.879 --> 00:01:25.000 and pitched the topic to me with such zeal and 28 00:01:25.159 --> 00:01:27.760 such passion that I just couldn't wait to dive in 29 00:01:28.280 --> 00:01:31.719 and hear all about it. She's so enthusiastic about the 30 00:01:31.799 --> 00:01:35.799 science and the culture, and her approach to what lost 31 00:01:35.959 --> 00:01:39.000 craft represent in terms of history and lives is really beautiful. 32 00:01:39.200 --> 00:01:41.879 I think you're going to dig this archaeologist, Okay, So 33 00:01:42.000 --> 00:01:46.280 maritime archaeology. Maritime archaeology comes from mare, which means sea 34 00:01:46.439 --> 00:01:50.280 in Latin, and archaeos, which is ancient in Greek. And 35 00:01:50.760 --> 00:01:55.640 there are very niche differences between marine archaeology, nautical archaeology, 36 00:01:55.799 --> 00:01:59.799 and maritime archaeology. But this guest is technically a maritime 37 00:01:59.879 --> 00:02:03.239 art archaeologist. And also this gives me an excuse to 38 00:02:03.319 --> 00:02:08.199 do more episodes on stuff that's underwater, So works for me. Now. 39 00:02:08.360 --> 00:02:11.240 She took a break from cleaning dive equipment and finishing 40 00:02:11.319 --> 00:02:13.319 up her master's thesis to hop on a call to 41 00:02:13.439 --> 00:02:18.360 chat about her love of the sea. The Bermuda, Triangle Atlantis, 42 00:02:18.759 --> 00:02:22.199 her favorite ship captain of all time, your new favorite 43 00:02:22.240 --> 00:02:25.879 ship captain, and the life that blooms around tragedy. So 44 00:02:26.400 --> 00:02:29.120 batten down your hatches and share your timbers for a 45 00:02:29.280 --> 00:02:51.759 chat with maritime archaeologist Chanel zaphyropolislogist, algy slogy knowlogies. 46 00:02:52.439 --> 00:02:54.400 Yes, a shipbreak expert. 47 00:02:55.400 --> 00:02:59.080 My name is Chanelle Zaphyropolis or zapp whatever is easier. 48 00:03:00.319 --> 00:03:03.759 And do you get seasick? I'm gonna guess no. 49 00:03:04.240 --> 00:03:08.240 I've been csick, oh like twice and once I'm pretty 50 00:03:08.240 --> 00:03:10.840 sure it was food poisoning ships. 51 00:03:10.840 --> 00:03:11.479 So ahwai, let's go. 52 00:03:11.800 --> 00:03:15.719 Can you tell me a little bit about what maritime 53 00:03:15.800 --> 00:03:19.800 archaeologists do? Are they collecting samples? Do they raise the 54 00:03:20.000 --> 00:03:21.800 ships off of the seafloor? 55 00:03:21.960 --> 00:03:24.719 Or is that very verbotum? And it's like keep it there. 56 00:03:26.800 --> 00:03:28.360 Uh, You're gonna hate me, but I'm gonna say it 57 00:03:28.439 --> 00:03:32.759 depends very quick, explain his response. Institutions and governments have 58 00:03:32.919 --> 00:03:36.319 different practicing policies in different parts of the world, and 59 00:03:36.400 --> 00:03:39.039 then it also depends on your interests and your budget. 60 00:03:40.240 --> 00:03:42.280 But just a big thing. So there definitely have been 61 00:03:42.520 --> 00:03:47.120 wrecks that have been entirely surfaced. The mary Rose the 62 00:03:47.240 --> 00:03:48.400 Vasa is a big one. 63 00:03:48.919 --> 00:03:52.039 Just a quick aside some cliff notes. The mary Rose 64 00:03:52.280 --> 00:03:56.439 was a sixteenth century English tutor worship that capsized off 65 00:03:56.479 --> 00:03:58.919 the Isle of Right and was raised up in the 66 00:03:59.039 --> 00:04:03.000 nineteen seventy And the Vasa is a Swedish warship that 67 00:04:03.199 --> 00:04:07.000 sank in the Stockholm Harbor on its maiden voyage in 68 00:04:07.159 --> 00:04:11.039 sixteen twenty eight. Thousands of people had gathered to see 69 00:04:11.120 --> 00:04:16.759 her off and rounded a corner, hit some wind flooded sank. 70 00:04:17.160 --> 00:04:19.920 There are a lot of conservation issues even if you 71 00:04:20.319 --> 00:04:23.759 manage to raise the funds to raise the ship. 72 00:04:24.199 --> 00:04:26.120 And then it also like for me, there's the ethics 73 00:04:26.160 --> 00:04:28.560 of it. Some shipwrecks don't have a lot of marine 74 00:04:28.560 --> 00:04:32.319 life growth on it. They're not having a big ecological impact. 75 00:04:32.959 --> 00:04:35.879 So I'm like, okay, maybe you can surface it. Some 76 00:04:36.279 --> 00:04:38.759 have a negative impact, and so you're like, yes, do 77 00:04:39.000 --> 00:04:41.839 surface it. And then some is just no, it's doing 78 00:04:41.920 --> 00:04:44.360 more good where it is, like it serves a purpose 79 00:04:44.399 --> 00:04:47.480 where it is. Everything in archaeology has an equilibrium in 80 00:04:47.600 --> 00:04:50.519 terms of decay, So it's going to reach a certain 81 00:04:50.560 --> 00:04:53.160 point where it's no longer going to decay underwater and 82 00:04:53.959 --> 00:04:58.079 underwater actually, depending on the environment, might be better for 83 00:04:58.240 --> 00:05:00.439 it than anything we can do on land. So if 84 00:05:00.480 --> 00:05:03.199 it's not in harm by shipping lanes, it's not in 85 00:05:03.319 --> 00:05:05.319 a site where there's going to be like development, maybe 86 00:05:05.319 --> 00:05:08.240 you're going to put an offshore wind farm there, you 87 00:05:08.360 --> 00:05:10.279 might want to just leave it because it's going to 88 00:05:10.319 --> 00:05:13.680 cost a lot and it's you know, it's doing some 89 00:05:13.879 --> 00:05:17.720 good where it is. So yeah, it's definitely a mixed bag. 90 00:05:18.360 --> 00:05:22.480 Sunken treasure. Did one person find somenken treasure one time 91 00:05:22.759 --> 00:05:25.199 and then everyone's like a bunch of ships out there 92 00:05:25.199 --> 00:05:27.439 which rolled on it? Or was that an actual thing 93 00:05:27.519 --> 00:05:30.759 where their banks were like in the hull? 94 00:05:31.160 --> 00:05:34.480 I wish I knew. I wish I knew more about 95 00:05:34.480 --> 00:05:37.600 pirates and whatnot. I know a lot more about corsairs 96 00:05:37.639 --> 00:05:38.720 than I do about pirates. 97 00:05:38.920 --> 00:05:40.160 What's a corsairs? 98 00:05:40.160 --> 00:05:43.959 The corsairs are often called air quotes legal pirates, and 99 00:05:44.040 --> 00:05:48.079 that's not entirely true. Oh privateers, sorry, And then corsairs 100 00:05:48.879 --> 00:05:51.480 pirates do it for themselves, right, like they're the thieves 101 00:05:51.519 --> 00:05:54.279 of the high seat. They are looking after their own interests. 102 00:05:55.040 --> 00:05:58.439 Corsairs are acting in the name of a country or 103 00:05:58.480 --> 00:06:01.600 a religion. Yeah, they do pillage other vessels, and they 104 00:06:01.639 --> 00:06:06.279 do attack other boats, and they do collect literal treasure. Yeah, 105 00:06:06.560 --> 00:06:09.199 but they also did do actual trade, so it might 106 00:06:09.279 --> 00:06:12.480 be like jewels and coins that they plundered from other 107 00:06:12.600 --> 00:06:15.360 vessels they came across. They might have been like, yeah, 108 00:06:15.759 --> 00:06:17.639 this load of pottery is going to fetch a pretty penny, 109 00:06:17.720 --> 00:06:21.399 we'll take that please. So it wasn't like all treasure, 110 00:06:21.519 --> 00:06:24.639 but definitely they did have literal treasure chests, and they 111 00:06:24.720 --> 00:06:27.839 had three keys to these treasure chests. The captain, I 112 00:06:27.879 --> 00:06:29.800 think it was the priest, and then the doctor all 113 00:06:29.879 --> 00:06:32.600 had one key, so you couldn't open unless you've had 114 00:06:32.639 --> 00:06:34.920 all three keys to make sure that the captain didn't 115 00:06:34.959 --> 00:06:36.879 steal from it, because that was partially going to be 116 00:06:36.920 --> 00:06:38.240 your wages as your crew. 117 00:06:38.480 --> 00:06:41.480 Did you know that Florida has a whole coast called 118 00:06:41.519 --> 00:06:46.120 the Treasure Coast because eleven Spanish galleons sank in a 119 00:06:46.439 --> 00:06:50.560 seventeen to fifteen hurricane. There's millions of dollars worth of 120 00:06:50.800 --> 00:06:54.959 incredibly shiny gold and silver coins out there, and sometimes 121 00:06:55.519 --> 00:07:00.279 they just wash ashore like Vegas jackpot style, only it's 122 00:07:00.399 --> 00:07:04.399 Florida and it's pirate treasure. Before if a vessel sinks, 123 00:07:04.800 --> 00:07:06.680 someone's like where is it, You're like, oh, it's in 124 00:07:06.720 --> 00:07:09.839 the ocean. But when did we actually start getting to 125 00:07:10.560 --> 00:07:13.639 study these shipwrecks? And by we I mean people like 126 00:07:13.759 --> 00:07:17.480 you definitely not me. But was it when we developed 127 00:07:17.560 --> 00:07:18.519 sonar radar? 128 00:07:18.639 --> 00:07:19.480 Like, how did it work? 129 00:07:19.839 --> 00:07:24.519 Great questions studying shipwrecks themselves. It's happened for a while, 130 00:07:24.680 --> 00:07:27.160 Like we've been doing it in some way, shape or 131 00:07:27.279 --> 00:07:31.319 form for a while. Definitely, the advent of scuba gear 132 00:07:31.639 --> 00:07:35.600 and sonar just escalated it like crazy, because we used 133 00:07:35.600 --> 00:07:37.720 to have diving bells. We used to have these like 134 00:07:37.800 --> 00:07:40.120 great bag canisters we could lower down into the water 135 00:07:40.279 --> 00:07:44.279 and with like piped air from the surface and people 136 00:07:44.319 --> 00:07:46.319 would work and that's how they would work on like bridges. 137 00:07:46.439 --> 00:07:49.639 So we did have wasys to explore underwater. Before self 138 00:07:49.680 --> 00:07:54.639 contained underwater breathing apparatus was a thing, it was very limited. Definitely, 139 00:07:54.759 --> 00:07:58.079 sonar makes it so much easier to locate things now. 140 00:07:58.279 --> 00:08:01.399 Sonar as we know it came about after nineteen eighteen. 141 00:08:01.480 --> 00:08:04.519 It was developed around World War One, but some early 142 00:08:04.680 --> 00:08:08.560 uses are said to be in the fourteen hundreds, when 143 00:08:08.639 --> 00:08:13.399 Leonardo da Vinci like screamed into an underwater tube. 144 00:08:13.680 --> 00:08:16.399 But back on topic, communications, I would say, is the 145 00:08:16.439 --> 00:08:18.680 other big thing we know where that Titanic went down 146 00:08:18.720 --> 00:08:21.040 because we knew exactly how far into its voyage it 147 00:08:21.199 --> 00:08:23.360 was when it sank. We knew exactly what sort of 148 00:08:23.480 --> 00:08:25.680 latitude it was supposed to be traveling at, and we 149 00:08:25.800 --> 00:08:31.399 had communications via telegram if it had deviated versus before that. Okay, 150 00:08:31.439 --> 00:08:33.279 a ship didn't make it to harbor. You didn't find 151 00:08:33.320 --> 00:08:35.840 out about that until months later when it was supposed 152 00:08:35.840 --> 00:08:37.279 to have come back, and it still hasn't. 153 00:08:37.440 --> 00:08:37.720 Okay. 154 00:08:37.759 --> 00:08:41.000 So it was supposed to go from England to New Hampshire, 155 00:08:41.840 --> 00:08:44.320 what latitude did it end up with? Did bad weather 156 00:08:44.519 --> 00:08:46.960 force it to take a farther selth trajectory? So it's 157 00:08:47.000 --> 00:08:50.639 like pretty much good luck trying, yeah, trying to figure 158 00:08:50.679 --> 00:08:51.000 that out. 159 00:08:51.440 --> 00:08:56.120 Well, Okay, the Titanic could send texts. Yes, So in 160 00:08:56.159 --> 00:08:59.960 the late eighteen hundreds, electromagnetic radiation was used to commune 161 00:09:00.039 --> 00:09:05.159 date Morse code wirelessly from ships and lighthouses, and it 162 00:09:05.240 --> 00:09:08.360 could travel about three hundred miles in the daytime, but 163 00:09:08.600 --> 00:09:12.440 double or triple after dark, so ships could send messages 164 00:09:12.480 --> 00:09:15.919 to each other. Another ship heard her calls and saved 165 00:09:16.000 --> 00:09:20.039 some of the seven hundred survivors, although fifteen hundred lives 166 00:09:20.200 --> 00:09:23.320 were lost to the sea off Newfoundland twelve thousand, six 167 00:09:23.480 --> 00:09:27.120 hundred feet deep and the world record for deepest dive 168 00:09:27.240 --> 00:09:30.879 of a human hits three hundred and thirty meters or 169 00:09:31.039 --> 00:09:34.559 around one thousand feet Hey twenty twenty three, Ali here, 170 00:09:34.720 --> 00:09:37.600 and with the recent shipwreck news, I thought this might 171 00:09:37.679 --> 00:09:40.200 be a good place to chime in about something that 172 00:09:40.399 --> 00:09:43.159 comes up a lot when we talk about being down 173 00:09:43.480 --> 00:09:47.000 where it's wetter, down where it's better under the sea, 174 00:09:47.279 --> 00:09:50.120 and that is pressure. Okay, So think about how heavy 175 00:09:50.240 --> 00:09:52.720 a pitcher of water is, right, which is probably less 176 00:09:52.840 --> 00:09:55.600 than a single gallon. Now, the deeper you go in 177 00:09:55.679 --> 00:09:58.639 the ocean, the more water is above you and around you, 178 00:09:58.799 --> 00:10:00.919 and all that water has a lot weight. So the 179 00:10:01.080 --> 00:10:03.440 deeper you go, the more weight is pressing on you, 180 00:10:03.559 --> 00:10:05.440 and the more pressure you feel. And pressure can be 181 00:10:05.480 --> 00:10:09.519 measured in what's called atmospheres. So one atmosphere measures fourteen 182 00:10:09.600 --> 00:10:13.679 point six pounds per square inch, and that's the amount 183 00:10:13.679 --> 00:10:15.919 of pressure we experience at the surface level of the 184 00:10:16.000 --> 00:10:19.440 Earth from air, just walking around, living our lives. For 185 00:10:19.600 --> 00:10:22.320 every ten meters below the surface of the water, the 186 00:10:22.399 --> 00:10:25.759 pressure increases by one atmosphere, and we can figure out 187 00:10:25.840 --> 00:10:29.200 how many atmospheres of pressure are at a given depth 188 00:10:29.519 --> 00:10:32.720 with some really simple division. So we take the depth 189 00:10:32.879 --> 00:10:35.960 of the meters and let's say the deepest a person 190 00:10:36.039 --> 00:10:39.279 can dive is a thousand feet. That's about three hundred meters. 191 00:10:39.559 --> 00:10:41.879 So we divide that number by ten. So three hundred 192 00:10:42.000 --> 00:10:45.399 divided by ten is thirty atmospheres of pressure. So can 193 00:10:45.480 --> 00:10:48.399 you figure out how many atmospheres of pressure you'd feel 194 00:10:48.440 --> 00:10:51.279 at the bottom of the ocean where the Titanic is, 195 00:10:51.399 --> 00:10:55.360 which is twelve thousand, six hundred feet underwater. You can 196 00:10:55.440 --> 00:10:57.879 divide that by ten. But don't forget to convert to 197 00:10:58.000 --> 00:11:01.440 meters first. So converted to meters by dividing by three 198 00:11:01.799 --> 00:11:05.440 and then divide that by ten. Okay, did you get it? Cool? 199 00:11:05.879 --> 00:11:08.080 Most ship wrecks do. 200 00:11:08.159 --> 00:11:13.840 They happen because of weather running around icebergs. 201 00:11:13.960 --> 00:11:16.639 What is sinking most of these vessels. 202 00:11:16.960 --> 00:11:19.720 Depends, So in some parts of the world icebergs are 203 00:11:19.879 --> 00:11:21.759 definitely more of a concern than they are in other 204 00:11:21.840 --> 00:11:25.480 parts of the world. Newfoundland, where I did my undergrad 205 00:11:25.600 --> 00:11:29.720 definitely has a lot more concern with icebergs. In Newfounland, 206 00:11:29.759 --> 00:11:33.759 you also have crazy fog, so that's definitely another weather condition. 207 00:11:33.799 --> 00:11:36.159 And there have been reports of vessels that just got 208 00:11:36.360 --> 00:11:39.279 lost in fog for days and couldn't navigate. And when 209 00:11:39.320 --> 00:11:41.399 you have this heavy fog, you don't have wind, so 210 00:11:41.519 --> 00:11:45.120 if you're relying on wind power, you can't really get anywhere. 211 00:11:45.200 --> 00:11:47.799 If you're relying on oil, if you happen to be 212 00:11:47.840 --> 00:11:50.080 going in the wrong direction, you're just going farther away 213 00:11:50.120 --> 00:11:55.200 from land. A lot of wrecks happen in zones of convergence. 214 00:11:55.480 --> 00:11:58.679 The channels things narrow out and you have to go 215 00:11:58.960 --> 00:12:02.200 through a potentially dangerous area. A lot of recks happen 216 00:12:02.240 --> 00:12:05.200 because of other recks. So some thing to say too, 217 00:12:05.559 --> 00:12:08.440 like really goes down. Yeah, Like if you if you 218 00:12:08.480 --> 00:12:11.399 think back to when ship's had masks, like one ship 219 00:12:11.480 --> 00:12:14.200 goes down because you navigated wrong or whether or whatever. 220 00:12:14.879 --> 00:12:19.240 You now don't have five meters beneath you till the rocks. 221 00:12:19.279 --> 00:12:23.120 You have a few meters before the mass, the superstructure, 222 00:12:23.200 --> 00:12:24.039 all of that stuff. 223 00:12:24.279 --> 00:12:27.080 I have so many questions from listeners, there so many, 224 00:12:27.159 --> 00:12:32.240 and they're such good questions. Can I lob some patren questions? 225 00:12:32.279 --> 00:12:36.799 At you in the lightning round. Yes, absolutely, but before 226 00:12:36.840 --> 00:12:39.480 we do a quick word about sponsors of the show. 227 00:12:39.519 --> 00:12:41.240 They let us donate to a good cause each week 228 00:12:41.279 --> 00:12:45.080 and the Chanelle shows Diving with a Purpose DWP, and 229 00:12:45.200 --> 00:12:50.919 DWP educates and empowers traditionally disenfranchised people as community scientists, 230 00:12:51.279 --> 00:12:54.240 and they started with members of the National Association of 231 00:12:54.320 --> 00:12:58.000 Black Scuba Divers and they train young divers between the 232 00:12:58.039 --> 00:13:01.559 ages of sixteen and twenty three from diverse backgrounds as 233 00:13:01.720 --> 00:13:05.360 underwater archaeology advocates. So to find out more, you can 234 00:13:05.440 --> 00:13:08.080 go to Diving with a Purpose dot org. A donation 235 00:13:08.360 --> 00:13:11.279 to them was made possible by some sponsors of ologies. 236 00:13:12.879 --> 00:13:14.120 Okay, back to. 237 00:13:14.279 --> 00:13:19.039 Underwater Nautical Inquisition, A lot of folks all wanted to 238 00:13:19.159 --> 00:13:22.279 know what's the number one wreck you wish you could 239 00:13:22.360 --> 00:13:26.360 freely explore but you can't. Ruby asked, is there an 240 00:13:26.440 --> 00:13:29.519 El Dorado of shipwrecks? The mythical ship that has yet 241 00:13:29.600 --> 00:13:32.600 to be discovered? Is there one out there that people 242 00:13:32.639 --> 00:13:33.600 are like, where is it? 243 00:13:34.360 --> 00:13:36.879 Oh? My gosh. I feel like every ship is that 244 00:13:37.080 --> 00:13:39.799 until it becomes discovered, and like the thing is even 245 00:13:39.840 --> 00:13:41.720 when we discover a shipwreck, A lot of times we 246 00:13:41.799 --> 00:13:45.600 don't know exactly what ship it is until like years 247 00:13:45.639 --> 00:13:49.159 of study, right, really super cool. Oh yeah, it's not 248 00:13:49.279 --> 00:13:51.159 like when a flight goes missing. You've got the black 249 00:13:51.200 --> 00:13:53.720 box like radar for the last place. We don't have 250 00:13:53.879 --> 00:13:56.919 that for like older ships, So you do all this 251 00:13:57.080 --> 00:13:59.720 detective work before you can dive down to it. And 252 00:14:00.080 --> 00:14:02.519 the LaBelle is a classic case of one where this 253 00:14:02.960 --> 00:14:05.799 Archieologos spent most of his career looking for it, and 254 00:14:06.000 --> 00:14:08.080 I think like the year before he retired was when 255 00:14:08.080 --> 00:14:11.519 he finally found it. So like one of my personal 256 00:14:11.600 --> 00:14:16.399 heroes is this Greek naval captain. She actually went on 257 00:14:16.519 --> 00:14:19.720 to be like the first female lieutenant in the Russian Navy. 258 00:14:20.200 --> 00:14:23.559 Her name is Laskarina Buberlina, and she fought during the 259 00:14:23.639 --> 00:14:25.360 Greek War of Independence. 260 00:14:25.120 --> 00:14:29.679 Admiral las Karina Bobolina. So this lady was born in prison, 261 00:14:30.159 --> 00:14:31.879 her father was a revolutionary. 262 00:14:32.240 --> 00:14:32.799 She grew up. 263 00:14:32.919 --> 00:14:36.200 She had a seafaring husband who was killed by pirates. 264 00:14:36.679 --> 00:14:40.240 She took over his shipping business and had more boats built, 265 00:14:40.559 --> 00:14:45.200 including a giant warship called Armageddon, which is not a 266 00:14:45.320 --> 00:14:48.440 subtle name, and she died in a gun battle with 267 00:14:48.559 --> 00:14:52.559 her in laws. Paintings of her look like the teacher 268 00:14:52.679 --> 00:14:55.879 in high school you're terrified of, who also taught you 269 00:14:55.960 --> 00:14:57.720 the most and you liked the most. 270 00:14:58.200 --> 00:14:59.679 Part of me is like I would love to find 271 00:15:00.039 --> 00:15:03.480 any wreck that's associated with her. Probably not going to happen, 272 00:15:03.919 --> 00:15:07.799 and that's okay. But basically because like wooden shipwrecks when 273 00:15:07.799 --> 00:15:11.639 they're damaged in conflicts, so there's a few ways that 274 00:15:11.720 --> 00:15:14.360 can happen. You either would try to damage their mast 275 00:15:14.639 --> 00:15:17.639 or their rudder so that they can't navigate, and then 276 00:15:17.679 --> 00:15:19.879 you try to board a vessel and then you claim it. 277 00:15:19.960 --> 00:15:23.600 Because boats and the cannons on them are so expensive 278 00:15:23.679 --> 00:15:26.120 to make and so labor intensive. A good ship you 279 00:15:26.159 --> 00:15:28.720 can use for years on end, right, so you don't 280 00:15:28.759 --> 00:15:31.320 actually want to like just destroy it to smotherings, which 281 00:15:31.360 --> 00:15:35.159 you see in a lot of movies like Parts of 282 00:15:35.200 --> 00:15:35.679 the Caribbean. 283 00:15:35.799 --> 00:15:38.279 No, yeah, yeah. 284 00:15:38.759 --> 00:15:42.639 A ton of people asked about age of shipwrecks, like 285 00:15:42.919 --> 00:15:44.399 how far back can we date them? 286 00:15:44.960 --> 00:15:48.759 Yeah, okay, so it depends on the wreck, definitely, That 287 00:15:48.879 --> 00:15:52.840 annoying typical scientists answer depends And we've got a lot 288 00:15:52.919 --> 00:15:55.879 of different materials at our disposal, like resources at our 289 00:15:55.919 --> 00:15:58.279 disposal to age them. And the one that everybody knows 290 00:15:58.399 --> 00:16:02.039 is carbon dating. Can carbon date shipwrecks some of them. 291 00:16:02.840 --> 00:16:05.159 Depending on the age, you will decide how accurate that 292 00:16:05.279 --> 00:16:08.200 carbon date is, which is still super cool. 293 00:16:08.600 --> 00:16:12.639 Quick aside chemistry fun fact, So organic matter has carbon 294 00:16:12.840 --> 00:16:17.320 and see fourteen. Dating is only applicable to organic and 295 00:16:17.440 --> 00:16:21.960 some inorganic materials, but not applicable to metals. What I 296 00:16:22.039 --> 00:16:24.240 didn't even realize that. But you can use it on 297 00:16:24.360 --> 00:16:28.600 things like wood and bones and leather and pottery and such. 298 00:16:28.960 --> 00:16:31.919 Typically we can carbon date, but that's only one source 299 00:16:31.960 --> 00:16:34.440 that we'll use, because carbon dating has a pretty big 300 00:16:35.039 --> 00:16:37.720 error factor like plus or minus so many years, and 301 00:16:37.799 --> 00:16:40.000 then plus you add onto that the fact that the 302 00:16:40.080 --> 00:16:42.559 carbon date is not the date that the ship sank, 303 00:16:42.720 --> 00:16:45.000 it's the date that the tree was cut down. So 304 00:16:45.360 --> 00:16:47.960 depending on where in the world the timber is from, 305 00:16:48.279 --> 00:16:52.600 they have different methodologies for building ships and for harvesting timber. 306 00:16:53.200 --> 00:16:56.679 You might have trees going into building a ship from 307 00:16:57.080 --> 00:17:00.919 fifteen different seasons, like fifteen different years. And then on 308 00:17:01.000 --> 00:17:02.639 top of that, you might have wood that sort of 309 00:17:02.799 --> 00:17:06.440 sits in a shipyard or it gets seasoned for X 310 00:17:06.599 --> 00:17:08.880 number of years before it actually gets built, and then 311 00:17:08.920 --> 00:17:11.200 the ship gets used for so many years before it 312 00:17:11.279 --> 00:17:14.480 actually sinks, so the date that you get might be 313 00:17:14.920 --> 00:17:18.519 one hundred years before the date that it actually sank. Anyways, 314 00:17:19.319 --> 00:17:21.599 So then there's all these other methods that we use, 315 00:17:22.039 --> 00:17:23.599 and so one of the big things would be looking 316 00:17:23.640 --> 00:17:27.960 at what's actually on the shipwreck, whatever was in the hull, 317 00:17:28.079 --> 00:17:32.480 the materials it was carrying. So things like amphoras and 318 00:17:32.680 --> 00:17:36.720 bottles and coins all have like very stylistic changes that 319 00:17:36.799 --> 00:17:40.119 are very unique to different places and time periods, and 320 00:17:40.240 --> 00:17:42.039 that's one way that we can track the age of 321 00:17:42.640 --> 00:17:45.240 a shipwreck. And then you get what I'm doing. So 322 00:17:46.359 --> 00:17:50.799 sea creatures, especially hard shelled sea creatures, grow at set rates, right, 323 00:17:50.880 --> 00:17:53.880 They've got sort of growth rings in their own shells, 324 00:17:54.480 --> 00:17:57.519 and so this is called sclerochronology. And this isn't exactly 325 00:17:57.599 --> 00:18:00.200 what I'm doing, but it feeds into that. So if 326 00:18:00.240 --> 00:18:04.759 there's this idea that the coral reef or the ecosystem 327 00:18:04.799 --> 00:18:09.279 that's growing on the shipwreck can help indicate how long 328 00:18:09.440 --> 00:18:12.359 it's been there for, we can sort of backdate it. 329 00:18:13.039 --> 00:18:15.359 So my site, I know it's only been there for 330 00:18:15.480 --> 00:18:19.119 seventy five years. I know that I have a rough 331 00:18:19.279 --> 00:18:22.559 estimate of the growth rate factors for all those organisms, 332 00:18:23.680 --> 00:18:24.920 you know, divide by seventy five. 333 00:18:24.880 --> 00:18:28.599 Years, so maybe the wreck is two hundred years old. 334 00:18:28.680 --> 00:18:31.839 But the coral is a spry fifty so she can 335 00:18:31.920 --> 00:18:35.000 find a shipwreck at a similar depth and compare notes 336 00:18:35.079 --> 00:18:38.119 on the living critters to get a rough estimate, kind 337 00:18:38.119 --> 00:18:41.279 of like a wreck detective a rectective. 338 00:18:41.720 --> 00:18:43.920 So you'll typically look at all these different factors as 339 00:18:43.960 --> 00:18:48.279 many as you can and crunch them together to figure out, like, 340 00:18:48.759 --> 00:18:51.519 you know, where as much overlap as possible within all 341 00:18:51.559 --> 00:18:53.519 your different dates is. And then that gives you a 342 00:18:53.599 --> 00:18:56.240 more narrow time period for the ship's actual sinking. 343 00:18:56.759 --> 00:18:59.440 Ooh, that's some detective work. Okay. 344 00:18:59.599 --> 00:19:03.240 A lot of people had a question about what is 345 00:19:03.880 --> 00:19:10.240 the most interesting find on a shipwreck in your opinion, 346 00:19:10.559 --> 00:19:14.079 So Amanda Chris says, first time question asker, longtime listener, 347 00:19:14.279 --> 00:19:17.720 what is the most fascinating discovery or item on a shipwreck? 348 00:19:17.839 --> 00:19:18.799 And why is it? 349 00:19:19.079 --> 00:19:20.960 The anti kathy or a mechanism? 350 00:19:22.200 --> 00:19:25.480 Yes, okay, Chef's kiss to you. I knew somebody was 351 00:19:25.519 --> 00:19:29.720 going to ask them. So the antikit theater mechanism is 352 00:19:29.839 --> 00:19:34.799 like often called the world's first computer. It's basically like 353 00:19:35.640 --> 00:19:37.559 four o' clocks I think there was one that they 354 00:19:37.880 --> 00:19:41.640 think was every four years instead of every twelve hours, 355 00:19:41.680 --> 00:19:46.559 and so they speculated that it tracked the Olympics. I 356 00:19:46.720 --> 00:19:49.359 don't know the validity of that, but it also has 357 00:19:49.920 --> 00:19:55.200 like evidence that might be linked to astrological or astronomical dyslexic, 358 00:19:55.240 --> 00:19:58.759 so I get them confused. But so it was theoretically 359 00:19:58.839 --> 00:20:01.759 something that helped navigate because in order to track where 360 00:20:01.839 --> 00:20:04.519 you are at sea, you need to know the time 361 00:20:04.799 --> 00:20:07.200 and where you are if you're looking at the night sky, 362 00:20:07.240 --> 00:20:09.400 if you're navigating via the sky, you need to know 363 00:20:09.519 --> 00:20:12.319 the time because that's going to decide where in the 364 00:20:12.400 --> 00:20:16.119 night sky certain things are. And then so depending on 365 00:20:16.279 --> 00:20:19.000 it the angles that they're at compared to the horizon. 366 00:20:19.759 --> 00:20:21.400 And if you know the time, you know how far 367 00:20:21.480 --> 00:20:25.160 you've traveled from your origin. You get into like the 368 00:20:25.240 --> 00:20:28.319 quantum physics of like knowing space, time and everything else. 369 00:20:28.480 --> 00:20:29.480 How they figure. 370 00:20:30.279 --> 00:20:35.720 Picture a box with brassy cogs and wheels and astrological symbols, 371 00:20:36.000 --> 00:20:40.559 but corroded and fused into one rocky blob. So after 372 00:20:40.799 --> 00:20:44.960 its discovery by some sponge divers in nineteen oh one, 373 00:20:45.400 --> 00:20:47.599 it sat around for a few years because no one 374 00:20:47.720 --> 00:20:51.279 really knew or cared that this was possibly the first 375 00:20:51.480 --> 00:20:54.839 analog computer to predict eclipses and such. 376 00:20:55.319 --> 00:20:57.519 But yeah, so that's a very very cool mechanism. That's 377 00:20:57.599 --> 00:20:59.880 cool because it's the only one that we've found like it, 378 00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:03.599 and it's sort of standalone in space and time. The 379 00:21:03.799 --> 00:21:07.079 coolest things, I think are always the things that show 380 00:21:07.160 --> 00:21:09.440 us about their daily lives. It's always going to be 381 00:21:09.480 --> 00:21:12.160 the things that you don't expect, but anything that tells 382 00:21:12.200 --> 00:21:14.599 you about the daily life, because like as an archaeologist, 383 00:21:14.680 --> 00:21:17.880 we are interested in people's culture and like how they 384 00:21:17.920 --> 00:21:21.160 spend their time. So absolutely, like whatever the captain has, 385 00:21:21.279 --> 00:21:24.039 whatever fine china he might have in his cabin, is neat. 386 00:21:24.759 --> 00:21:29.039 But when you find gambling dice on a ship, like 387 00:21:29.119 --> 00:21:31.240 a shipwreck from a period and a time that you 388 00:21:31.359 --> 00:21:34.440 know that gambling was prohibited, that's pretty neat too. Yeah. 389 00:21:34.839 --> 00:21:38.319 Now, what about the Bermuda Triangle. I feel like it's 390 00:21:38.400 --> 00:21:41.480 not fair to Bermuda to be mostly associated with all 391 00:21:41.519 --> 00:21:44.119 this drama. What do you think about the Bermuda Triangle 392 00:21:44.240 --> 00:21:46.440 and all the ships that have disappeared there? Is it 393 00:21:46.519 --> 00:21:50.559 a magnetic force or is it aliens? Is it really dangerous? 394 00:21:52.039 --> 00:21:55.000 I don't know. I have theories. 395 00:21:55.440 --> 00:21:57.839 I like to entertain the idea of spookiness, so I 396 00:21:57.960 --> 00:22:00.880 read into it, and this terrifying thing that the area 397 00:22:00.960 --> 00:22:04.160 between Miami, Bermuda and Puerto Rico is a rerec magnet 398 00:22:04.480 --> 00:22:10.039 originated from nineteen fifty one Paranormal magazine. But experts say, nope, 399 00:22:10.200 --> 00:22:13.279 it's just a heavily trafficked shipping lane with the weather. 400 00:22:13.759 --> 00:22:16.440 It would be like saying a freeway interchange in a 401 00:22:16.519 --> 00:22:19.519