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<v Speaker 1>Preface of tin Common Trees. This is a LibriVox recording.

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<v Speaker 1>All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more

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<v Speaker 1>information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording

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<v Speaker 1>by Larry Wilson. Ten Common Trees by Susan Stokes preface.

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<v Speaker 1>Most of us have a general idea of what trees are,

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<v Speaker 1>but few have real acquaintance with them. It is hoped

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<v Speaker 1>that the following pages will lead to a number of

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<v Speaker 1>simple nature lessons on trees and result in more definite

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<v Speaker 1>impressions of what they are and how they live. Leaves

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<v Speaker 1>and fruits are best adapted for these lessons. The flowers

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<v Speaker 1>are often too complex. The teachers should provide leafy twigs

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<v Speaker 1>and the fruits and can easily obtain from the children's

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<v Speaker 1>simple descriptions of them. A description of the leaf should

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<v Speaker 1>include its position, the arrangement, opposite or alternate size, shape, color,

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<v Speaker 1>time of appearance, and use. The fruits may be treated

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<v Speaker 1>in a similar way. The descriptions should be accompanied by

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<v Speaker 1>a simple drawing of leaf or fruit. This makes vivid

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<v Speaker 1>the impression upon the child's mind and gives to the

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<v Speaker 1>lesson an invaluable touch of reality. The substance of the

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<v Speaker 1>material in this book first appeared in a series of

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<v Speaker 1>articles in primary education. The drawings were made by mister E. H. Estmond.

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<v Speaker 2>End of preface, Chapter one of Ten Common Trees. This

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<v Speaker 2>is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the

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<v Speaker 2>public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit

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<v Speaker 2>LibriVox dot org. Recording by John van stan Savannah, Georgia.

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<v Speaker 2>Ten Common Trees by Susan Stokes. Chapter one, Black Willow.

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<v Speaker 2>It was one cold morning in Mark. Black Willow looked

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<v Speaker 2>down on her cousin Pussy, who grew in the shade

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<v Speaker 2>of her branches, and said, Pussy, Pussy, what have you done.

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<v Speaker 2>You have taken the scales from your winter buds. This

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<v Speaker 2>wind is as cold as can be now. Pussy was

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<v Speaker 2>just a shrub, not nearly so old as the big

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<v Speaker 2>tree by her side. She had a dozen or more

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<v Speaker 2>branches coming from near the ground altogether, while the big

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<v Speaker 2>tree had one big trunk about two feet around. But

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<v Speaker 2>she did not feel cold, so she said, I am

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<v Speaker 2>not cold. Just see the gray wool with which my

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<v Speaker 2>buds are covered. That will protect my flowers from the cold.

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<v Speaker 2>And as for my leaves, they will not be out

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<v Speaker 2>for some time to come. Black Willow saw that the

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<v Speaker 2>shrubby willow was covered with short, furry stems, like the

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<v Speaker 2>tip of a kitten's tail, but that no leaves were

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<v Speaker 2>to be seen. This was strange, for black Willow was

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<v Speaker 2>not accustomed to show her catkins until the leaves were

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<v Speaker 2>also ready. Not until then did she drop the single

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<v Speaker 2>brown hood from her winter buds. It is better to

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<v Speaker 2>wait until later, said she. My flowers get all the

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<v Speaker 2>sunshine this way was Pussy's reply, And my seed children

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<v Speaker 2>have a nice start before fall. In spite of what

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<v Speaker 2>Pussy had said, Black Willow found April a better time

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<v Speaker 2>to begin. She had always waited for the south wind

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<v Speaker 2>to come. Then showers of rain fall, warm and welcome.

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<v Speaker 2>Plants lift up their heads, rejoicing back onto their lakes

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<v Speaker 2>and marshes. Come the wild goose and the heron homeward

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<v Speaker 2>shoots the arrow. We swallow sings, the blue bird and

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<v Speaker 2>the robin. All the meadows wave with blossoms, all the

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<v Speaker 2>woodlands ring with music, All the trees are dark with foliage.

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<v Speaker 2>If Pussy were right, then the pussy willows ought to live,

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<v Speaker 2>to be as old as the black willows do, but

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<v Speaker 2>there are very few of them that are strong enough

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<v Speaker 2>to develop even into small trees. Black willows live a

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<v Speaker 2>long time. They grow tall and have long, drooping branches

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<v Speaker 2>high above the heads of the pussy willows. So black

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<v Speaker 2>willow drew a quantity of water up into her trunk

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<v Speaker 2>and twigs. Her roots went down under the stream, which

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<v Speaker 2>was filled with melting snows. One day, when the sun

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<v Speaker 2>was warm, the flat brown hoods covering her buds slipped off,

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<v Speaker 2>and some scaly catkins pushed out. They were covered with

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<v Speaker 2>tiny green scales, fitting over one another like the shingles

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<v Speaker 2>on a roof. There were some small leaves below. The

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<v Speaker 2>twigs were not red as pussies had been, and the

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<v Speaker 2>catkins were scarcely furry at all. When these were a

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<v Speaker 2>little older, the scales pulled apart, and a sweet odor

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<v Speaker 2>was carried by the breeze all around. The bees came

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<v Speaker 2>looking everywhere for the honey, And where do you think

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<v Speaker 2>they found it? Under the green scales. They had just

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<v Speaker 2>been across the stream to another willow and looked exactly

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<v Speaker 2>like our tree, but for its flowers. The catkins on

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<v Speaker 2>that tree were bright yellow, and numbers of little yellow

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<v Speaker 2>balls stood out from under its scales. Those balls had

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<v Speaker 2>been covered with a bright gold colored dust called pollen.

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<v Speaker 2>The bees had put a little of the pollen into

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<v Speaker 2>some baskets on their hind legs. Then they sipped the

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<v Speaker 2>honey at the base of the scale and started off

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<v Speaker 2>to find some more. They traced the sweet odor to

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<v Speaker 2>our black willow on the other side of the stream,

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<v Speaker 2>and found the honey under the scales of the catkins,

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<v Speaker 2>But they did not find any of the golden dust,

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<v Speaker 2>which they liked to carry home to feed to the

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<v Speaker 2>bee babies. Instead of the stamens with their yellow anthers,

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<v Speaker 2>they found a tiny green bottle with a sticky summit,

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<v Speaker 2>which is called a stigma. They crawled all over the catkin,

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<v Speaker 2>their dusty legs brushed against the sticky stigma, and some

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<v Speaker 2>of the golden dusk stuck fast. But that was right

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<v Speaker 2>for the tree on the other side had sent the

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<v Speaker 2>pollen to our tree and had paid the bee with

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<v Speaker 2>honey for carrying it. Would you like to know what

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<v Speaker 2>black willow does with this gold dust. It uses it

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<v Speaker 2>to help make seed. Down in the bottom of each

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<v Speaker 2>green bottle or the pistol, there are some very young

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<v Speaker 2>seeds waiting to grow, and after they get the pollen

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<v Speaker 2>they do grow. On the inside of each seed is

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<v Speaker 2>a willow baby. It is a very tiny baby, but

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<v Speaker 2>the mother tree has given it a little jacket with

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<v Speaker 2>a tuft down. There are a great many of these

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<v Speaker 2>babies and jackets in the green pistol, and to hold

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<v Speaker 2>them all. As they grow, it gets bigger and bigger,

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<v Speaker 2>until by and by it bursts and the downy seeds

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<v Speaker 2>pop out. The wind catches them and away they fly.

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<v Speaker 2>Some of the willow babies did not reach the ground.

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<v Speaker 2>They were carried off by a yellow bird that was

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<v Speaker 2>building in the tree across the stream, and were used

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<v Speaker 2>to make a soft and downy lining for the young

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<v Speaker 2>bird's nest. Although pussy willow had bloomed so much earlier

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<v Speaker 2>than black willow, her leaves were not out much sooner.

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<v Speaker 2>Black willow unfolded hers at the same time that the

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<v Speaker 2>catkins were lengthening. The two were alike in great many ways.

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<v Speaker 2>They were of about the same size and shape, with

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<v Speaker 2>very many delicate veins forming a network. They also grew

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<v Speaker 2>in alternate order, that is, there was one on one

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<v Speaker 2>side and then one on the other side of the stem.

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<v Speaker 2>Black willows were longer and narrower than pussy willows, and

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<v Speaker 2>they tapered to both ends. At the base of each leaf,

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<v Speaker 2>just where it joined the stem, were usually two black dots.

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<v Speaker 2>These mark the place from which the stipules fell. The

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<v Speaker 2>stipules look quite different in different parts of the tree.

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<v Speaker 2>On the later shoots that spring from near the ground,

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<v Speaker 2>they are often large and form two leaflike ears on

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<v Speaker 2>either side of the base of the leaf. On the

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<v Speaker 2>later branches, they are often so small that you might

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<v Speaker 2>think they were not there at all. In these cases,

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<v Speaker 2>they are small and hair like and fall early, leaving

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<v Speaker 2>a small scar. Willow leaves are so much alike that

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<v Speaker 2>you must look very closely if you were to tell

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<v Speaker 2>which willow you have. Some of them have smooth edges,

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<v Speaker 2>and some of them have tiny teeth. Black willow has

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<v Speaker 2>the toothed margin, and its undersurface is silvery. There is

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<v Speaker 2>a vein near the margin which runs all the way around.

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<v Speaker 2>The leaves are used to make food. They have a

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<v Speaker 2>heavy coat on the upper side to shed the rain

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<v Speaker 2>and prevent the leaf from drying out when the sun

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<v Speaker 2>shines upon it. This coat is so tough that it

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<v Speaker 2>is necessary to have places where the air can get through.

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<v Speaker 2>The gateways are small openings through the cuticle or wall.

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<v Speaker 2>There is a guard cell on either side, and they

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<v Speaker 2>are found on the underside of the leaf. They are

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<v Speaker 2>so very tiny that we use a powerful lens to

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<v Speaker 2>study them. Through these poores, the air passes in and

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<v Speaker 2>the water, which the tree no longer needs, is thrown off.

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<v Speaker 2>They are called breathing pores. Willows drink a large amount

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<v Speaker 2>of water. For this reason, they live on the banks

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<v Speaker 2>of streams, where their roots help to hold the soil

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<v Speaker 2>when the melting snows fill the stream and threaten to

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<v Speaker 2>wash everything away. They are also frequently found in soils

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<v Speaker 2>which hold a large amount of water. Much of it

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<v Speaker 2>is drawn into the tree and thrown off through the leaves.

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<v Speaker 2>This helps to make new clouds. Black willows are often

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<v Speaker 2>planted in parks along sidewalks, and they grow in all

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<v Speaker 2>parts of the United States. The western form differs slightly

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<v Speaker 2>from the eastern. Both have rough, dark bark, and the

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<v Speaker 2>leaf stem or pettiole is smooth. You must not think

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<v Speaker 2>that the black willow is the only tree willow. The

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<v Speaker 2>white willow is another. It has yellow twigs and silvery

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<v Speaker 2>white or gray leaves. The leaf petioles are somewhat spotted,

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<v Speaker 2>with little bodies called glands. The crack willow is a

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<v Speaker 2>tall tree with very brittle twigs. The young leaves are

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<v Speaker 2>green above and waxy beneath. The poplars and cottonwoods are

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<v Speaker 2>near relatives of the willows. The leaves are much broader

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<v Speaker 2>and the buds better protected. The staminate flowers are less crowded.

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<v Speaker 2>Some day you may compare them with the willow. A

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<v Speaker 2>tiny gall gnat sometimes sting the ends of the twigs

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<v Speaker 2>and stems of willows. This causes them to swell, and

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<v Speaker 2>the buds, instead of growing in the twigs, form leafy cones,

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<v Speaker 2>which might be mistaken for the fruit. The young of

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<v Speaker 2>the gnat develop in these cones. The shoots of many

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<v Speaker 2>willows are grown for basket work. They are planted close,

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<v Speaker 2>and when they have grown tall and slim, they are cut.

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<v Speaker 2>The bark is then stripped off, and the wood is

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<v Speaker 2>used in the making of baskets and chairs. End of

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<v Speaker 2>chapter one. Recording by John vanstan Savannah, Georgia, Chapter two

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<v Speaker 2>of Ten Common Trees. This is a LibriVox recording. All

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<v Speaker 2>LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information

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<v Speaker 2>or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by

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<v Speaker 2>John Vanstan Savannah, Georgia. Ten Common Trees by Susan Stokes,

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<v Speaker 2>Chapter two, The American Elm. Did you ever think what

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<v Speaker 2>a fine old teacher Winter is? You would like to

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<v Speaker 2>be in his school? I know, for he teaches such

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<v Speaker 2>interesting things. There are clouds learning to snow, brooks building roofs,

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<v Speaker 2>partridges coloring their feathers, and bluebirds being sent south. There

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<v Speaker 2>are oaks and elms learning how not to be cold,

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<v Speaker 2>and pines thickening their needles. How does he do it?

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<v Speaker 2>He began with our elm, when it was only a straight,

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<v Speaker 2>slim wand growing in the rich soil of a meadow.

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<v Speaker 2>He came around in the early fall. The elm still

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<v Speaker 2>had its pretty green leaves. He said, listen to me,

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<v Speaker 2>I shall be coming soon. You should cover the ends

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<v Speaker 2>of your twigs. It will soon be too cold for them.

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<v Speaker 2>The little elm heard and stretched the scales around the

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<v Speaker 2>bud so that they covered it all over. Where too

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<v Speaker 2>came together, it put another over the place. You can

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<v Speaker 2>see what they looked like, and the figures on page seventeen.

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<v Speaker 2>Winter came again with a colder snap than before this time,

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<v Speaker 2>he said, you should drop your leaves. It will be

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<v Speaker 2>warmer without them. And again the little elm heard, and

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<v Speaker 2>it dropped its leaves and found it warmer without. When

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<v Speaker 2>winter finally came to stay, he could not get in,

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<v Speaker 2>for the doors were safely barred. So he said, well done.

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<v Speaker 2>That is the way they ought to be. There were

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<v Speaker 2>others that did not so well, and with them he

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<v Speaker 2>was severe. He nipped the ends of their twigs so

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<v Speaker 2>that they did not grow again. That is the way

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<v Speaker 2>trees are made hardy. Only the strongest can live. It

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<v Speaker 2>is really strange that a slender twig, scarcely larger than

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<v Speaker 2>a straw, can keep alive in weather that will freeze

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<v Speaker 2>a foot of ice on the pond. There are very

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<v Speaker 2>many that do not. A large number do not survive

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<v Speaker 2>the first year. All winter long, the little elm was

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<v Speaker 2>just as still as could be. It rested and waited

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<v Speaker 2>until the days grew longer and the nights were not

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<v Speaker 2>very cold. Then the sap began the flow. The twigs

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<v Speaker 2>back of the buds filled up. The warm sun shone,

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<v Speaker 2>and the elm loosened the scales a little. Then the

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<v Speaker 2>leaves came out. They were of a pale gray color,

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<v Speaker 2>folded and plaited, and covered with down. The veins ran

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<v Speaker 2>from the mid drib to the margin very evenly. These

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<v Speaker 2>leaves grew longer and wider. They had a pointed tip

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<v Speaker 2>and a saw toothed edge. The leaf stem or pettiole,

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<v Speaker 2>was quite short, and one half of the oval blade

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<v Speaker 2>was smaller than the other. They were about three inches long.

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<v Speaker 2>The twigs and buds were bare and smooth, and the

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<v Speaker 2>early leaf down was soon shed. The leaves spread out

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<v Speaker 2>on either side of the stem like a feather. In

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<v Speaker 2>this way, the little elm showed that it was a

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<v Speaker 2>white or American elm. Later its branches spread out like

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<v Speaker 2>a great vase, and that is also a feature of

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<v Speaker 2>the American elm. All summer long, it kept on growing.

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<v Speaker 2>It pushed out its tip and added leaves, first one

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<v Speaker 2>on one side of the stem and then one on

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<v Speaker 2>the other. It started some twigs from the angles of

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<v Speaker 2>last year's leaves, and looked much more like a tree

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<v Speaker 2>than it had the year before. When the winter came,

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<v Speaker 2>the elm had a stout heart and a warm bark.

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<v Speaker 2>It made winter buds through which the frost could not pierce.

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<v Speaker 2>Then too, it was in a sheltered place, and the

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<v Speaker 2>wind did not sweep through its branches. In this way

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00:13:38.120 --> 00:13:41.000
<v Speaker 2>it grew. In the spring, it stretched its twigs into

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<v Speaker 2>long branches. The rain washed it, the winds fanned it,

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<v Speaker 2>and the earth fed it, and it became a tall,

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<v Speaker 2>slender tree with graceful spreading arms. When the elm was

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<v Speaker 2>several years old, it flowered for the first time. It

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<v Speaker 2>was in April, when spring cometh over the hills, her

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<v Speaker 2>garments with morning sweet, the breath of a thousand rills

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00:14:00.519 --> 00:14:04.559
<v Speaker 2>making music before her feet. This year, when the buds opened,

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<v Speaker 2>it was not leaves that came out, but purplish tufts

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<v Speaker 2>of tiny bells. Some of the bells had several clappers apiece.

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<v Speaker 2>Some of them had none, but had instead two hairy arms,

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<v Speaker 2>purple in color. Some of them had both. These were

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<v Speaker 2>the flowers.

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<v Speaker 3>Of the elm.

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<v Speaker 2>The purplish cup or bell was the cloak or calyx.

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<v Speaker 2>The clappers the anthers filled with golden pollen dust. The

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00:14:27.840 --> 00:14:30.559
<v Speaker 2>hairy arms were the stigmas, held up to catch the

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<v Speaker 2>pollen born by the wind from another tree. People who

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<v Speaker 2>have studied plants and trees for many years have found

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<v Speaker 2>that the seed which grows when the flower uses its

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00:14:39.600 --> 00:14:42.519
<v Speaker 2>own pollen are weaker than the seed which grow when

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<v Speaker 2>the pollen comes from another plant of the same kind

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<v Speaker 2>and not from the flower's own anthers. They think that

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<v Speaker 2>is the reason the elm flowers before the leaves come out.

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<v Speaker 2>Can you see that the leaves would keep the wind

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<v Speaker 2>from carrying in the other pollen. After the stigmas have

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<v Speaker 2>caught the pollen, the fruit begins to grow. The fruit

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<v Speaker 2>is the seed with whatever cloak may be wrapped about

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<v Speaker 2>them in the elm. This cloak is flat and round

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<v Speaker 2>and green. It looks like a green leaf, with a

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00:15:08.279 --> 00:15:10.559
<v Speaker 2>notch in the outer end and a fringe of hairs

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00:15:10.600 --> 00:15:13.279
<v Speaker 2>around the edge. The tiny cup of the flower is

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00:15:13.399 --> 00:15:15.799
<v Speaker 2>just below it, and the slender pedicil is about an

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00:15:15.840 --> 00:15:19.360
<v Speaker 2>inch long. In the center is a thickened part. Within

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<v Speaker 2>this is the seed, and in the seed is the

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<v Speaker 2>baby elm. Now can you tell me why it should

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<v Speaker 2>have a wing a sail? It is that the wind

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00:15:28.039 --> 00:15:30.600
<v Speaker 2>may carry it away and plant it outside the shade

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00:15:30.639 --> 00:15:33.720
<v Speaker 2>of the mother tree. The white elms are among the

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<v Speaker 2>most beautiful of the forest trees. They are often planted

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<v Speaker 2>along streets and their long branches meeting overhead form arches.

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<v Speaker 2>There are several such streets in Newhaven, which is called

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<v Speaker 2>the City of Elms. There are also many historic elms.

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<v Speaker 2>The Washington Elm at Cambridge and the Old Elm at Pittsfield,

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<v Speaker 2>Massachusetts are two of these. There is another near Philadelphia

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<v Speaker 2>known as Penn's Treaty elm? Why do you think that

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00:16:00.120 --> 00:16:03.639
<v Speaker 2>receive that name? A long time ago, before the Druids

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00:16:03.720 --> 00:16:06.399
<v Speaker 2>chose to worship only the oak, people would plant to

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<v Speaker 2>birth trees when the child was born, and the tree

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00:16:09.159 --> 00:16:12.480
<v Speaker 2>became a sort of household god. It was thought that

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<v Speaker 2>bad luck would come to the child if anything happened

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<v Speaker 2>to the tree. The elm was one of the favorite

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<v Speaker 2>trees planted in this way. It was also planted in

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<v Speaker 2>front of the churches. Almost all of the old churches

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<v Speaker 2>in France have an elm. So planted the people thought

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<v Speaker 2>that they brought good luck. There are other elm trees

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00:16:29.879 --> 00:16:32.399
<v Speaker 2>which are somewhat like the white elm. You may know

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00:16:32.480 --> 00:16:35.320
<v Speaker 2>them by their alternate leaves, one side of which is

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00:16:35.360 --> 00:16:38.000
<v Speaker 2>smaller than the other, and by the veins which stand

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00:16:38.039 --> 00:16:41.360
<v Speaker 2>out like branching ridges. They have also a round, flat

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00:16:41.399 --> 00:16:44.159
<v Speaker 2>winged fruit. One of these is the bread elm or

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<v Speaker 2>slippery elm, which grows in rich soil on river banks

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00:16:47.320 --> 00:16:50.679
<v Speaker 2>or hillsides, but is also planted in cities. It looks

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00:16:50.679 --> 00:16:52.960
<v Speaker 2>as if it had once lived in a colder place,

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00:16:53.279 --> 00:16:56.600
<v Speaker 2>for its bud scales are lined with rusty wool, Its

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00:16:56.639 --> 00:16:59.639
<v Speaker 2>flowers and seeds are wooly, and even its twigs are downy.

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<v Speaker 2>The leaves are from for to eight inches long. The

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<v Speaker 2>inner bark is sticky when wet, giving it the name

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<v Speaker 2>slippery elm. Some have a very thick, corky bark. The

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00:17:10.279 --> 00:17:13.359
<v Speaker 2>cork elm is of this kind. Its branches are not

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00:17:13.480 --> 00:17:17.400
<v Speaker 2>smooth and round, but swell out in a strange, irregular shapes.

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<v Speaker 2>The winged elm has the cork arranged as a wing

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00:17:20.680 --> 00:17:23.359
<v Speaker 2>on either side of the stem. Its leaves are much

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<v Speaker 2>shorter than those of the other elms. You will also

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<v Speaker 2>find a great many Scotch and English elms. Neither of

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<v Speaker 2>these are tall and erect like the American elm. The

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00:17:32.720 --> 00:17:36.440
<v Speaker 2>Scotch elm has spreading or drooping branches. The fruit has

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<v Speaker 2>a shallow notch. It is not a native, though frequently planted.

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<v Speaker 2>The English elm is hardly so flat topped as the last,

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00:17:44.000 --> 00:17:47.519
<v Speaker 2>but it branches more abruptly than the American elm. Its

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<v Speaker 2>leaves are much smaller and of a darker color. If

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<v Speaker 2>you look closely at an elm, you will find that

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<v Speaker 2>it has insect guests. Some of them may be fat

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<v Speaker 2>little grubs with white bodies, black dots and a black stripe.

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<v Speaker 2>These are later transformed into white and green leaf beetles.

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<v Speaker 2>The kanker worms are of several colors, but each has

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<v Speaker 2>a yellowish stripe on the side and two white bands

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<v Speaker 2>on the head. They often eat the tree quite bare.

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<v Speaker 2>There are also some very large green caterpillars with saw

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00:18:16.559 --> 00:18:19.240
<v Speaker 2>like teeth down the back and white lines on the side.

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<v Speaker 2>These become hawk balls later in the fall. Elms are

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<v Speaker 2>subject to the attacks of web worms. The birds are

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<v Speaker 2>a protection against the insects, and are on this account

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00:18:29.759 --> 00:18:33.319
<v Speaker 2>friends of the trees. The Baltimore oriole is especially fond

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00:18:33.319 --> 00:18:35.839
<v Speaker 2>of the elm, and its hanging nests is more often

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<v Speaker 2>seen in that tree than in others. End of chapter

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<v Speaker 2>two recording by John van stan Savannah, Georgia.

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<v Speaker 4>Chapter three of Ten Common Trees. This is a LibriVox recording.

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<v Speaker 4>All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more

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00:18:58.640 --> 00:19:04.400
<v Speaker 4>information or to voluntier, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording

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<v Speaker 4>by Kimberly Sassen. Ten Common Trees by Susan Stokes, Chapter three,

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<v Speaker 4>The apple tree. Have you plucked the apple blossoms in

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<v Speaker 4>the spring? In the spring and caught their subtle odors

349
00:19:18.920 --> 00:19:23.839
<v Speaker 4>in the spring? Pink buds pouting at the light, crumpled petals,

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<v Speaker 4>baby white, just to touch them a delight in the spring,

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<v Speaker 4>William Martin. If you live in a large city, you

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<v Speaker 4>may not know the apple tree. In winter it is

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<v Speaker 4>a short, reddish tree with a flat or rounded top.

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00:19:39.000 --> 00:19:43.680
<v Speaker 4>Its stout, thick branches are irregular and rigid. In spring

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<v Speaker 4>it is a white tree. Its large clusters of white

356
00:19:47.240 --> 00:19:50.559
<v Speaker 4>and pink flowers look like short stemmed bouquets, with a

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<v Speaker 4>margin of leaves below. In the fall it is a

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<v Speaker 4>green tree. That is the season we like it best,

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00:19:57.000 --> 00:19:59.599
<v Speaker 4>for then it bears its apples of red and gold.

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<v Speaker 4>The poet Bryant has written the following upon planting the

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<v Speaker 4>apple tree. He says, what plant we in the apple tree?

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<v Speaker 4>Buds which the breath of summer days shall lengthen into

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<v Speaker 4>leafy spray boughs, where the thrush with crimson breast shall

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<v Speaker 4>haunt and sing and hide her nest. We plant upon

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<v Speaker 4>the sunny lee a shadow for the noontide hour, a

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<v Speaker 4>shelter from the summer shower. When we plant the apple tree,

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<v Speaker 4>I will show you first its twigs. They are marked

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<v Speaker 4>with the scars of last year's leaves. Just where they

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00:20:38.240 --> 00:20:41.839
<v Speaker 4>join the branch are some circular scars very close together.

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<v Speaker 4>They mark the place of last year's bud scales Figures

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<v Speaker 4>one and two. Last year it grew from the circular

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<v Speaker 4>scars to the bud. If you look farther back on

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<v Speaker 4>the stem, you will find some more scars like these.

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<v Speaker 4>Each set marks the place of a winter bud, and

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<v Speaker 4>you can tell the age of the branch by caunting

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<v Speaker 4>from winter bud to winter bud a year for each space.

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<v Speaker 4>The buds are of two kinds, leaf buds and flower buds.

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<v Speaker 4>The leaf buds are usually single, the flower buds in clusters.

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<v Speaker 4>They are no larger than the stem. The scales cover

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<v Speaker 4>the end of the twig. They are short scales, and

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00:21:20.640 --> 00:21:23.640
<v Speaker 4>around the edge of each is soft fine wool to

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00:21:23.720 --> 00:21:27.400
<v Speaker 4>keep the tender inner part warm. The twigs are also

383
00:21:27.559 --> 00:21:32.160
<v Speaker 4>downy with the warm air. Come the apple blossoms budding,

384
00:21:32.359 --> 00:21:37.599
<v Speaker 4>blowing in the soft may air, cups with sunshine, overflowing

385
00:21:38.319 --> 00:21:44.680
<v Speaker 4>flakes of fragrance, drifting, snowing, showering everywhere. Let us see

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00:21:44.720 --> 00:21:47.680
<v Speaker 4>what these flowers can tell us. They will speak to

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00:21:47.759 --> 00:21:52.079
<v Speaker 4>our eyes, not our ears. Fig. Three. Here is a flower.

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<v Speaker 4>It says, I have a round white face. I have

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<v Speaker 4>a yellow center. Look behind and you will see that

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00:21:59.079 --> 00:22:02.000
<v Speaker 4>I am attached to the tree by a slender stalk

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00:22:02.720 --> 00:22:05.480
<v Speaker 4>where it joins the flower. It is thick and round,

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00:22:05.559 --> 00:22:09.400
<v Speaker 4>like a bud. The calyx will say, I am the

393
00:22:09.440 --> 00:22:13.359
<v Speaker 4>outside part of my flower. I help to keep it warm.

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<v Speaker 4>I have five green sepals covered with down. They are

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<v Speaker 4>closed over the whole flower in the bud. My petals

396
00:22:21.680 --> 00:22:25.279
<v Speaker 4>help too, says the corolla. They keep the stamens and

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<v Speaker 4>pistols warm in the bud and tell the bees where

398
00:22:28.279 --> 00:22:31.279
<v Speaker 4>to come for honey. They are broad and white on

399
00:22:31.359 --> 00:22:34.000
<v Speaker 4>the inside, but red as a rose on the outside,

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00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:38.599
<v Speaker 4>And then the stamens. We stand in a circle. There

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00:22:38.680 --> 00:22:41.519
<v Speaker 4>are about thirty of us. Each of us has a

402
00:22:41.599 --> 00:22:45.039
<v Speaker 4>slender body and a yellow head. The head is full

403
00:22:45.039 --> 00:22:49.200
<v Speaker 4>of pollen. What is pollen? Pollen is a yellow powder,

404
00:22:49.200 --> 00:22:52.640
<v Speaker 4>which helps to make the seed grow. Just in the

405
00:22:52.720 --> 00:22:56.440
<v Speaker 4>center are five green arms with sticky tips. What can

406
00:22:56.480 --> 00:23:00.279
<v Speaker 4>they tell us we catch the pollen, we are of

407
00:23:00.319 --> 00:23:05.200
<v Speaker 4>the pistol. The pistol holds the seed. Where down under

408
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<v Speaker 4>the flower it has five little rooms. In each are

409
00:23:09.440 --> 00:23:12.359
<v Speaker 4>some very young seeds which will grow when they get

410
00:23:12.359 --> 00:23:16.279
<v Speaker 4>the pollen Figures four and five. Down at the base

411
00:23:16.319 --> 00:23:18.920
<v Speaker 4>of the stamens and style, there is some honey for

412
00:23:18.960 --> 00:23:22.079
<v Speaker 4>the bees. The bees visit the trees for this honey,

413
00:23:22.359 --> 00:23:25.519
<v Speaker 4>bringing in pollen from other flowers and taking some away.

414
00:23:26.400 --> 00:23:28.799
<v Speaker 4>In this way, the flowers do not always use their

415
00:23:28.799 --> 00:23:31.880
<v Speaker 4>own pollen. But I think the leaf tells the best

416
00:23:31.920 --> 00:23:35.960
<v Speaker 4>story of all. This is what it says. All winter

417
00:23:36.039 --> 00:23:38.599
<v Speaker 4>long I lived in the bud. There were a great

418
00:23:38.680 --> 00:23:41.279
<v Speaker 4>many of us, and we were so closely packed that

419
00:23:41.319 --> 00:23:44.799
<v Speaker 4>it was warm and cozy. One day the scales about

420
00:23:44.880 --> 00:23:47.759
<v Speaker 4>us loosened and a whiff of fresh air reached us.

421
00:23:48.440 --> 00:23:51.119
<v Speaker 4>It was so good we all crowded out and stretched

422
00:23:51.160 --> 00:23:54.279
<v Speaker 4>into the light. Then I found out what I was like.

423
00:23:54.920 --> 00:23:58.680
<v Speaker 4>I had a broad green blade, a slender stem, and

424
00:23:58.799 --> 00:24:03.359
<v Speaker 4>at the base of that too little ears stipules. My

425
00:24:03.440 --> 00:24:05.920
<v Speaker 4>blade was fine and crisp, for it had a great

426
00:24:05.960 --> 00:24:09.039
<v Speaker 4>many veins to hold it out. One in the middle

427
00:24:09.200 --> 00:24:12.200
<v Speaker 4>was the mid rib, and there were several to each side.

428
00:24:12.880 --> 00:24:15.240
<v Speaker 4>Did you know that these veins bring me water from

429
00:24:15.279 --> 00:24:18.960
<v Speaker 4>the ground. I use the water and make starch and sugar.

430
00:24:19.519 --> 00:24:21.559
<v Speaker 4>Then I send some of the sugar back to the

431
00:24:21.640 --> 00:24:25.079
<v Speaker 4>roots in return for the water they send me. They

432
00:24:25.119 --> 00:24:27.400
<v Speaker 4>are always in the ground and never get out to

433
00:24:27.440 --> 00:24:30.160
<v Speaker 4>look at the sun or feel the wind. If the

434
00:24:30.240 --> 00:24:34.079
<v Speaker 4>leaves did not send them food, they would starve. We

435
00:24:34.160 --> 00:24:37.440
<v Speaker 4>make the food in the apple too. The wind is

436
00:24:37.559 --> 00:24:40.559
<v Speaker 4>very cold when I first come out, so the underside

437
00:24:40.559 --> 00:24:44.039
<v Speaker 4>of my blade is covered with yellow wool that keeps

438
00:24:44.079 --> 00:24:47.759
<v Speaker 4>the cold air from entering at my breathing holes. Leaves

439
00:24:47.799 --> 00:24:50.160
<v Speaker 4>need air just as you do, and they take it

440
00:24:50.200 --> 00:24:52.960
<v Speaker 4>in through tiny holes on the underside of the leaf.

441
00:24:54.079 --> 00:24:57.519
<v Speaker 4>After the pollen falls upon the sticky stigmas, the round

442
00:24:57.559 --> 00:25:01.240
<v Speaker 4>part below the flower begins to grow, and it grows

443
00:25:01.279 --> 00:25:04.319
<v Speaker 4>into an apple. But you know apples so well that

444
00:25:04.400 --> 00:25:06.359
<v Speaker 4>you will be able to tell me all about them.

445
00:25:07.599 --> 00:25:10.519
<v Speaker 4>They have a smooth skin and are sunk at both ends.

446
00:25:11.279 --> 00:25:13.440
<v Speaker 4>The stem is at one end and the remains of

447
00:25:13.480 --> 00:25:15.359
<v Speaker 4>the calyx at the other. Fig.

448
00:25:15.559 --> 00:25:15.880
<v Speaker 2>Six.

449
00:25:17.039 --> 00:25:19.559
<v Speaker 4>There are still five rooms in the center with the seed.

450
00:25:20.839 --> 00:25:23.319
<v Speaker 4>The walls of the rooms are tough, and the mother

451
00:25:23.440 --> 00:25:26.240
<v Speaker 4>tree has stored away a lot of food. Between these

452
00:25:26.279 --> 00:25:29.839
<v Speaker 4>walls and the skin, you see the apple is intended

453
00:25:29.920 --> 00:25:33.400
<v Speaker 4>to be a winter home for the seed. When spring comes,

454
00:25:33.440 --> 00:25:36.200
<v Speaker 4>the apples have become soft and the seed have a

455
00:25:36.279 --> 00:25:39.839
<v Speaker 4>nice place to begin to grow. Wild apples do not

456
00:25:39.960 --> 00:25:43.400
<v Speaker 4>have so much food stored in the wall. The food

457
00:25:43.480 --> 00:25:46.400
<v Speaker 4>also attracts birds so that they carry the seed away.

458
00:25:47.440 --> 00:25:50.680
<v Speaker 4>Each seed contains a baby apple tree and has a

459
00:25:50.720 --> 00:25:54.240
<v Speaker 4>brown and shiny coat. You do not find the tree.

460
00:25:54.799 --> 00:25:58.240
<v Speaker 4>The hard white kernel is the young tree. How do

461
00:25:58.319 --> 00:26:01.440
<v Speaker 4>we know by the fact that the kernel swells up

462
00:26:01.599 --> 00:26:05.400
<v Speaker 4>and grows into a little tree. The coat cracks and

463
00:26:05.440 --> 00:26:08.240
<v Speaker 4>the two leaves are pushed out, while the short stem

464
00:26:08.319 --> 00:26:11.960
<v Speaker 4>is lengthened into a root. The young plant packed away

465
00:26:12.000 --> 00:26:16.000
<v Speaker 4>in the sea is called an embryo. Shall I tell

466
00:26:16.000 --> 00:26:19.119
<v Speaker 4>you the story of some wonderful apples, the apples of

467
00:26:19.160 --> 00:26:22.759
<v Speaker 4>the garden of Eden. There was once a beautiful garden.

468
00:26:23.400 --> 00:26:26.680
<v Speaker 4>It was away to the east. All sorts of fruits

469
00:26:26.720 --> 00:26:30.039
<v Speaker 4>and flowers grew in this garden, and there lived in

470
00:26:30.079 --> 00:26:33.880
<v Speaker 4>it a man Adam and his wife there was one

471
00:26:33.960 --> 00:26:37.240
<v Speaker 4>tree of the fruit of which they were forbidden to eat.

472
00:26:37.680 --> 00:26:40.559
<v Speaker 4>If they did, they would surely die. It stood in

473
00:26:40.599 --> 00:26:43.799
<v Speaker 4>the middle of the garden. There was also in the

474
00:26:43.839 --> 00:26:48.000
<v Speaker 4>garden a beautiful but an evil serpent. It told Eve

475
00:26:48.119 --> 00:26:51.039
<v Speaker 4>that if she ate, she would not die, but would

476
00:26:51.079 --> 00:26:54.880
<v Speaker 4>be as the gods were, knowing good from evil. Then

477
00:26:55.039 --> 00:26:58.559
<v Speaker 4>Eve ate of the fruit, and Adam also ate, and

478
00:26:58.680 --> 00:27:01.640
<v Speaker 4>they knew good from evil. But the one who had

479
00:27:01.640 --> 00:27:04.759
<v Speaker 4>placed them in the garden was angry and drove them forth.

480
00:27:05.440 --> 00:27:07.640
<v Speaker 4>And he placed at the east of the garden of

481
00:27:07.799 --> 00:27:12.200
<v Speaker 4>Eden cherubim and flaming sword, which turned every way to

482
00:27:12.279 --> 00:27:16.079
<v Speaker 4>keep the way of the Tree of life up. In

483
00:27:16.200 --> 00:27:19.440
<v Speaker 4>Norway and Iceland, Theirs told the story of Iduna and

484
00:27:19.519 --> 00:27:23.319
<v Speaker 4>her golden apples. Duna was a beautiful goddess who had

485
00:27:23.400 --> 00:27:26.799
<v Speaker 4>charge of some wonderful apples, apples that made all who

486
00:27:27.000 --> 00:27:30.799
<v Speaker 4>ate of them young and happy. The gods ate of

487
00:27:30.839 --> 00:27:34.319
<v Speaker 4>these apples and remained young, and the earth was always green.

488
00:27:35.279 --> 00:27:38.680
<v Speaker 4>But there was one, the evil god Loki, who thought

489
00:27:38.720 --> 00:27:41.119
<v Speaker 4>he would like to see the world grow cold and old.

490
00:27:42.000 --> 00:27:44.599
<v Speaker 4>He persuaded Iduna to go with him to see some

491
00:27:44.720 --> 00:27:49.119
<v Speaker 4>wonderful apples that grew outside the city gate. There she

492
00:27:49.240 --> 00:27:53.440
<v Speaker 4>was stolen away by a giant from Jodenheim. Then the

493
00:27:53.480 --> 00:27:57.400
<v Speaker 4>world grew cold and the gods grew gray. They mourned

494
00:27:57.400 --> 00:28:00.519
<v Speaker 4>for Iduna. If you do not bring her back, we

495
00:28:00.599 --> 00:28:03.880
<v Speaker 4>will kill you, said they to Loki. So he went

496
00:28:03.960 --> 00:28:07.200
<v Speaker 4>to the home of the giant and rescued her. When

497
00:28:07.240 --> 00:28:11.240
<v Speaker 4>Aduna came back, winter was driven away. The gods ate

498
00:28:11.319 --> 00:28:14.599
<v Speaker 4>once more of the golden apples and grew young. The

499
00:28:14.680 --> 00:28:19.119
<v Speaker 4>earth was fair, and the flowers bloomed again. When the

500
00:28:19.200 --> 00:28:22.400
<v Speaker 4>children of Greece lay in the shade, resting from their games,

501
00:28:22.799 --> 00:28:27.559
<v Speaker 4>they were told the story of the golden apples of Hesperdes. Hercules,

502
00:28:27.680 --> 00:28:30.799
<v Speaker 4>the strong son of Jupiter, was commanded to bring them

503
00:28:30.839 --> 00:28:34.200
<v Speaker 4>to his cousin, whom he served. The apples had been

504
00:28:34.240 --> 00:28:37.119
<v Speaker 4>given to Hera, the Queen of Heaven, at the time

505
00:28:37.160 --> 00:28:40.279
<v Speaker 4>of her marriage to Zeus. They were guarded by the

506
00:28:40.359 --> 00:28:43.400
<v Speaker 4>daughters of Atlas, he who bore the weight of the

507
00:28:43.440 --> 00:28:47.400
<v Speaker 4>heavens on his shoulders. Hercules sought them far and wide.

508
00:28:48.039 --> 00:28:51.440
<v Speaker 4>At last he came to Atlas in Africa. He thought

509
00:28:51.440 --> 00:28:54.440
<v Speaker 4>that Atlas must know where they were. If anyone did so,

510
00:28:54.559 --> 00:28:57.240
<v Speaker 4>he sent him to seek the apples, and took upon

511
00:28:57.279 --> 00:29:00.279
<v Speaker 4>his own shoulders the burden. This was one of the

512
00:29:00.359 --> 00:29:04.480
<v Speaker 4>seven labors of Hercules. You observe that the apple is

513
00:29:04.519 --> 00:29:08.119
<v Speaker 4>a fleshy fruit with the seed in horny cavities. Such

514
00:29:08.119 --> 00:29:11.799
<v Speaker 4>a fruit is called a pom. There are other fleshy

515
00:29:11.799 --> 00:29:14.720
<v Speaker 4>fruits which have a single bony stone in the center,

516
00:29:15.279 --> 00:29:18.759
<v Speaker 4>like the peach and cherry. They are then called droopes.

517
00:29:19.799 --> 00:29:23.440
<v Speaker 4>The nearest relatives of the apple bare palms. Many of

518
00:29:23.480 --> 00:29:26.799
<v Speaker 4>the others bear droopes. In this way we can divide

519
00:29:26.839 --> 00:29:30.400
<v Speaker 4>them into two groups. Those which bear poems are the pear,

520
00:29:30.759 --> 00:29:34.720
<v Speaker 4>quince and crab apple. The wild crab apple tree is

521
00:29:34.839 --> 00:29:39.000
<v Speaker 4>small and has beautiful pink blossoms. The fruit is small

522
00:29:39.079 --> 00:29:42.119
<v Speaker 4>and sour. It is sunken at both ends and is

523
00:29:42.160 --> 00:29:45.799
<v Speaker 4>about an inch in diameter. The pear tree differs from

524
00:29:45.799 --> 00:29:48.640
<v Speaker 4>the apple tree in not being flat topped and in

525
00:29:48.720 --> 00:29:52.240
<v Speaker 4>being taller than broad. The flowers are white with purple

526
00:29:52.279 --> 00:29:56.680
<v Speaker 4>anthers and are without scent. The pears are sunken at

527
00:29:56.680 --> 00:30:00.200
<v Speaker 4>one end only, and the stem end is smaller. The

528
00:30:00.240 --> 00:30:04.440
<v Speaker 4>trees are often thorny. The quint's tree has broader leaves.

529
00:30:05.000 --> 00:30:08.240
<v Speaker 4>The flowers are not in clusters, but solitary and of

530
00:30:08.279 --> 00:30:11.839
<v Speaker 4>a white or rose color. The large yellow fruit is

531
00:30:11.920 --> 00:30:15.000
<v Speaker 4>hard and sour and is sunken at the flower end

532
00:30:15.720 --> 00:30:19.559
<v Speaker 4>Figure eight. There are many seeds in each cavity, and

533
00:30:19.599 --> 00:30:23.400
<v Speaker 4>these become covered with jelly when soaked in water. The

534
00:30:23.440 --> 00:30:27.640
<v Speaker 4>tree has a crooked stem with rambling branches. The trees

535
00:30:27.680 --> 00:30:31.640
<v Speaker 4>which bear droops are the peach, plum, and cherry. Peach

536
00:30:31.680 --> 00:30:34.519
<v Speaker 4>trees are thought to have been derived from almond trees

537
00:30:34.920 --> 00:30:38.680
<v Speaker 4>and to have been changed by cultivation. They bloom early,

538
00:30:39.640 --> 00:30:43.839
<v Speaker 4>ere ever the first bee, hummoth or woodland wild flower blows.

539
00:30:45.119 --> 00:30:49.200
<v Speaker 4>They have large pink flowers, long narrow leaves, a downy fruit,

540
00:30:49.400 --> 00:30:53.839
<v Speaker 4>and a wrinkled stone. The plum trees usually have smaller flowers,

541
00:30:53.920 --> 00:30:56.519
<v Speaker 4>and the fruit has a bloom that is, a thin

542
00:30:56.720 --> 00:31:00.599
<v Speaker 4>wax coat which can be rubbed off. The stone is flattened.

543
00:31:01.200 --> 00:31:05.160
<v Speaker 4>The trees are often thorny. The pistol is single, with

544
00:31:05.240 --> 00:31:08.319
<v Speaker 4>a single room in the lower part. This is also

545
00:31:08.359 --> 00:31:12.640
<v Speaker 4>the case with the cherry and plum Fig nine. Cherry

546
00:31:12.640 --> 00:31:16.640
<v Speaker 4>trees have smooth fruits, without bloom and with a roundish stone.

547
00:31:17.319 --> 00:31:21.160
<v Speaker 4>The cherries are born in umbuls or in racemes, that is,

548
00:31:21.279 --> 00:31:26.319
<v Speaker 4>on an elongated axis for cherry blossoms Japan surpasses all

549
00:31:26.319 --> 00:31:30.240
<v Speaker 4>other places. The cherry trees are cultivated for the flowers,

550
00:31:30.640 --> 00:31:33.039
<v Speaker 4>and when the trees are in bloom, people go long

551
00:31:33.119 --> 00:31:36.480
<v Speaker 4>distances to see the finest groves. It is called the

552
00:31:36.519 --> 00:31:40.440
<v Speaker 4>Festival of the cherry blossoms. Both the apple and the

553
00:31:40.519 --> 00:31:43.920
<v Speaker 4>cherry have many cousins, one which you know well. The

554
00:31:44.000 --> 00:31:47.119
<v Speaker 4>wild rose, has given its name to the whole family.

555
00:31:47.880 --> 00:31:49.759
<v Speaker 4>Look at this figure and see if you can tell

556
00:31:49.799 --> 00:31:53.440
<v Speaker 4>why the apple belongs to the rose family. Fig. Ten.

557
00:31:55.119 --> 00:31:58.160
<v Speaker 4>It is because it has broad petals and many stamens,

558
00:31:58.559 --> 00:32:00.680
<v Speaker 4>all of which are born in a circle upon the

559
00:32:00.720 --> 00:32:04.440
<v Speaker 4>green outer cup or calyx. Do you know of any

560
00:32:04.480 --> 00:32:07.079
<v Speaker 4>family to which we owe more than to the rose family?

561
00:32:08.519 --> 00:32:15.000
<v Speaker 4>References the wild apples, the row peach blossoms, Bayard Taylor

562
00:32:16.200 --> 00:32:22.440
<v Speaker 4>apple blossoms, Lucy larcom planting of the apple tree, Bryant,

563
00:32:23.599 --> 00:32:30.039
<v Speaker 4>the little red apple tree, Riley apple blossoms. Alice E. Allen,

564
00:32:30.599 --> 00:32:36.920
<v Speaker 4>Primary Education, May eighteen ninety nine. Three Trees, Charles crandall

565
00:32:37.559 --> 00:32:48.759
<v Speaker 4>Primary Education, April eighteen ninety eight, end of chapter three,

566
00:32:49.200 --> 00:32:53.240
<v Speaker 4>Chapter four of ten Common Trees. This is a LibriVox

567
00:32:53.279 --> 00:32:57.279
<v Speaker 4>recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For

568
00:32:57.400 --> 00:33:03.319
<v Speaker 4>more information or to volunteer, visit LibriVox dot org. Recording

569
00:33:03.359 --> 00:33:09.960
<v Speaker 4>by Kimberly Sassen. Ten Common Trees by Susan Stokes, Chapter four.

570
00:33:10.319 --> 00:33:14.640
<v Speaker 4>The horse chestnut under the greenwood tree, who loves to

571
00:33:14.720 --> 00:33:18.240
<v Speaker 4>lie with me and tuned his merry. Note unto the

572
00:33:18.279 --> 00:33:23.200
<v Speaker 4>sweet bird's throat, the horse chestnut is not an American tree.

573
00:33:23.480 --> 00:33:25.359
<v Speaker 4>Shall I tell you how it comes to be here?

574
00:33:26.400 --> 00:33:30.319
<v Speaker 4>Long ago, you know, America belonged to the Indians. They

575
00:33:30.359 --> 00:33:34.279
<v Speaker 4>built their wigwams, wore war paint and feathers, and wandered

576
00:33:34.319 --> 00:33:38.599
<v Speaker 4>wherever they liked. There were native plants and animals as

577
00:33:38.599 --> 00:33:42.279
<v Speaker 4>well as native Indians, and they too, spread everywhere over

578
00:33:42.359 --> 00:33:46.200
<v Speaker 4>hill and vale. The beaver built in many brooks, and

579
00:33:46.279 --> 00:33:49.839
<v Speaker 4>the wild grass perfumed the air. But when the Englishmen

580
00:33:49.960 --> 00:33:53.160
<v Speaker 4>and the Frenchmen came over, they brought with them grains

581
00:33:53.160 --> 00:33:57.200
<v Speaker 4>and fruits and domestic animals. So the Indian pink and

582
00:33:57.240 --> 00:34:00.599
<v Speaker 4>the wild flower were plowed under that the white man

583
00:34:00.839 --> 00:34:04.559
<v Speaker 4>might have a wheat field. The murmuring pines and the

584
00:34:04.599 --> 00:34:08.159
<v Speaker 4>hemlocks made whey for apple and vine, and the tame

585
00:34:08.239 --> 00:34:12.679
<v Speaker 4>duck swam in the wild ducks pools now. Only those

586
00:34:12.719 --> 00:34:15.920
<v Speaker 4>trees are native, which were growing here before the white

587
00:34:15.920 --> 00:34:20.880
<v Speaker 4>men came. All the others are introduced. The horse chestnut

588
00:34:20.920 --> 00:34:23.559
<v Speaker 4>is one of these. It is thought it came to

589
00:34:23.599 --> 00:34:26.920
<v Speaker 4>Europe from Asia. There its nuts have been used as

590
00:34:26.960 --> 00:34:30.800
<v Speaker 4>food for horses, as they still are in Turkey. On

591
00:34:30.840 --> 00:34:34.199
<v Speaker 4>this account, and because they look like the sweet brown chestnuts,

592
00:34:34.639 --> 00:34:38.039
<v Speaker 4>they are called horse chestnuts. In southern Europe they are

593
00:34:38.079 --> 00:34:41.719
<v Speaker 4>fed to sheep, cattle and poultry, while in Ireland they

594
00:34:41.760 --> 00:34:44.880
<v Speaker 4>are used in the bleaching of linen. So you see,

595
00:34:44.880 --> 00:34:48.480
<v Speaker 4>the horse chestnut may be a very useful tree, although

596
00:34:48.519 --> 00:34:51.880
<v Speaker 4>in America it is more often planted simply as an ornament.

597
00:34:52.639 --> 00:34:55.000
<v Speaker 4>The horse chestnut, like all the trees we have so

598
00:34:55.119 --> 00:34:58.559
<v Speaker 4>far studied, drops its leaves in the fall and spends

599
00:34:58.559 --> 00:35:02.079
<v Speaker 4>the winter in its trunk. When the cold wind howls

600
00:35:02.119 --> 00:35:06.159
<v Speaker 4>outside and says, ho, ho, are you there? Let me in,

601
00:35:07.119 --> 00:35:10.719
<v Speaker 4>the tree says no, No, don't you dare. You can't

602
00:35:10.760 --> 00:35:13.880
<v Speaker 4>come in, And he can't, for how could he make

603
00:35:13.920 --> 00:35:17.679
<v Speaker 4>his way through the rough, dark bark. The gateways are

604
00:35:17.719 --> 00:35:20.400
<v Speaker 4>through the winter buds. But the tree thought of that

605
00:35:20.480 --> 00:35:23.960
<v Speaker 4>when he made the buds. He said to himself. I'll

606
00:35:24.000 --> 00:35:26.199
<v Speaker 4>get all my leaves ready to come out at once

607
00:35:26.239 --> 00:35:30.480
<v Speaker 4>in the springtime Figure one. But how shall I keep

608
00:35:30.519 --> 00:35:34.119
<v Speaker 4>them from taking cold during the winter? So he thought

609
00:35:34.159 --> 00:35:36.480
<v Speaker 4>and thought, and then he wrapped them all together in

610
00:35:36.519 --> 00:35:39.599
<v Speaker 4>a thick coat of cotton, and over the outside put

611
00:35:39.840 --> 00:35:43.599
<v Speaker 4>oh so many scales. The inner ones were green, and

612
00:35:43.679 --> 00:35:47.760
<v Speaker 4>the outer ones brown and shiny, said the tree to himself,

613
00:35:48.199 --> 00:35:50.920
<v Speaker 4>I'll coat them with resins, so neither the snow nor

614
00:35:50.960 --> 00:35:53.920
<v Speaker 4>the rain can get in. And he coated them over

615
00:35:54.039 --> 00:35:57.480
<v Speaker 4>with shiny brown and laughed to think how cozy they'd be.

616
00:35:58.679 --> 00:36:01.960
<v Speaker 4>Then he dropped the leaflets one by one, and last

617
00:36:01.960 --> 00:36:04.519
<v Speaker 4>of all the stem to which they had clung on

618
00:36:04.599 --> 00:36:08.079
<v Speaker 4>the brown branch. Where they fell were deep scars, shaped

619
00:36:08.119 --> 00:36:10.880
<v Speaker 4>like a horseshoe, and with a row of dots around

620
00:36:10.880 --> 00:36:14.239
<v Speaker 4>the edge, like the nails of the shoe. Figure two.

621
00:36:15.599 --> 00:36:18.119
<v Speaker 4>He went to sleep now as snug as a bug

622
00:36:18.199 --> 00:36:21.239
<v Speaker 4>in a rug, and waked only when the wind shook

623
00:36:21.239 --> 00:36:24.840
<v Speaker 4>his head and threatened to tear him to pieces. When

624
00:36:24.920 --> 00:36:28.679
<v Speaker 4>spring drew near, the warm south wind came softly and

625
00:36:28.760 --> 00:36:32.800
<v Speaker 4>whispered in his ear, wake up, wake up, the robins

626
00:36:32.800 --> 00:36:37.840
<v Speaker 4>are here. So the horse chestnut loosened his buds Figure three,

627
00:36:38.239 --> 00:36:40.840
<v Speaker 4>and spread them out more and more till only the

628
00:36:40.920 --> 00:36:45.039
<v Speaker 4>last green cotton cover lid was left. Then he cracked that,

629
00:36:45.679 --> 00:36:47.559
<v Speaker 4>And what do you think? He pushed through the crack

630
00:36:48.360 --> 00:36:52.039
<v Speaker 4>a cluster of tiny wooly hands, just as welly as

631
00:36:52.079 --> 00:36:55.239
<v Speaker 4>they could be, softered in a baby's be it three

632
00:36:55.360 --> 00:36:57.960
<v Speaker 4>days old. Did he call them hands?

633
00:36:58.119 --> 00:36:58.360
<v Speaker 1>Oh?

634
00:36:58.400 --> 00:37:01.639
<v Speaker 4>No, he said, these are my leaves. I made them

635
00:37:01.719 --> 00:37:05.119
<v Speaker 4>last summer, after my flowers fell. But they had five

636
00:37:05.280 --> 00:37:08.719
<v Speaker 4>or seven fingers. They were flat and were folded over

637
00:37:08.960 --> 00:37:12.320
<v Speaker 4>and platted together like a fan. When they spread out,

638
00:37:12.360 --> 00:37:14.719
<v Speaker 4>you found that they were broader near the tip than

639
00:37:14.800 --> 00:37:15.440
<v Speaker 4>at the base.

640
00:37:15.880 --> 00:37:16.079
<v Speaker 1>Fig.

641
00:37:16.239 --> 00:37:21.239
<v Speaker 4>Four, and were very wooly underneath. They came out very quickly,

642
00:37:21.480 --> 00:37:24.280
<v Speaker 4>all at once, and turned the tree quite green in

643
00:37:24.360 --> 00:37:27.679
<v Speaker 4>a single day. When these grew larger, he didn't make

644
00:37:27.760 --> 00:37:30.760
<v Speaker 4>even another one, but began at once to make ready

645
00:37:30.800 --> 00:37:34.519
<v Speaker 4>for the next winter, making a new winter bud. It

646
00:37:34.639 --> 00:37:37.360
<v Speaker 4>must be that is the reason it's so large, growing

647
00:37:37.400 --> 00:37:40.920
<v Speaker 4>all summer long. There was something else in the bud,

648
00:37:41.280 --> 00:37:44.960
<v Speaker 4>just in the center, a great number of tiny green balls.

649
00:37:45.559 --> 00:37:48.400
<v Speaker 4>They grew and grew, and at last we knew they

650
00:37:48.480 --> 00:37:51.679
<v Speaker 4>must be flower buds. But they were so long coming out,

651
00:37:52.280 --> 00:37:55.480
<v Speaker 4>they were not ready till June, the month when every

652
00:37:55.559 --> 00:37:59.239
<v Speaker 4>clod feels a stir of might, an instinct within it

653
00:37:59.320 --> 00:38:03.519
<v Speaker 4>that reaches an towers and groping blindly above it for light,

654
00:38:04.159 --> 00:38:08.840
<v Speaker 4>climbs to a soul. In grass and flowers, out they came.

655
00:38:09.480 --> 00:38:13.039
<v Speaker 4>Each separate branch was crowned with a great spire of buds,

656
00:38:13.559 --> 00:38:17.199
<v Speaker 4>a giant nosegay. Some people even called it a hyacinth

657
00:38:17.280 --> 00:38:20.960
<v Speaker 4>tree because its blossoms were so close and so fragrant

658
00:38:21.440 --> 00:38:26.199
<v Speaker 4>page forty one. This great cone of flowers is called athyrsus.

659
00:38:27.159 --> 00:38:30.719
<v Speaker 4>The in flowers bloom first, said the tree, and then

660
00:38:30.800 --> 00:38:33.440
<v Speaker 4>the side buds push their way out beyond them and

661
00:38:33.559 --> 00:38:37.000
<v Speaker 4>take their turn in the sunlight. Of course, both my

662
00:38:37.079 --> 00:38:40.320
<v Speaker 4>flowers and leaves must get the sunshine. Have you seen

663
00:38:40.400 --> 00:38:43.239
<v Speaker 4>how my leaves peep out between each other, so that

664
00:38:43.360 --> 00:38:47.599
<v Speaker 4>none are in the shade. But oh, the flowers, they

665
00:38:47.639 --> 00:38:51.639
<v Speaker 4>were gorgeous. Each flower had a bright white party dress

666
00:38:51.639 --> 00:38:54.880
<v Speaker 4>of its own. On the outside, there was first a

667
00:38:54.920 --> 00:38:58.280
<v Speaker 4>little green cup, just a little spring jacket, you know,

668
00:38:58.480 --> 00:39:01.880
<v Speaker 4>to be worn in the springtime. Inside of this was

669
00:39:01.920 --> 00:39:05.840
<v Speaker 4>a dainty white dress dotted with yellow and purple it

670
00:39:05.880 --> 00:39:09.920
<v Speaker 4>had five deep scallops on the edge. Even Solomon, in

671
00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:12.760
<v Speaker 4>all his glory, was not arrayed like one of these.

672
00:39:14.199 --> 00:39:17.039
<v Speaker 4>Of course, everything that went by saw the beautiful white

673
00:39:17.119 --> 00:39:20.840
<v Speaker 4>dresses and wondered what they were. Four. But the tree knew,

674
00:39:21.119 --> 00:39:24.400
<v Speaker 4>for he had his invitations all ready for a great party.

675
00:39:25.239 --> 00:39:28.039
<v Speaker 4>He sent out a sweet odor on the breeze, and

676
00:39:28.199 --> 00:39:31.679
<v Speaker 4>every bee and bumblebee that passed knew that the tree

677
00:39:31.800 --> 00:39:35.000
<v Speaker 4>was saying, come to see me, Come to see me.

678
00:39:35.639 --> 00:39:39.280
<v Speaker 4>I have something for you. Come to see me here.

679
00:39:39.360 --> 00:39:43.519
<v Speaker 4>I am over here the tree with the white flowers,

680
00:39:43.559 --> 00:39:46.400
<v Speaker 4>And every one of them that received an invitation went

681
00:39:46.519 --> 00:39:49.800
<v Speaker 4>at once. Each flew to a flower and put his

682
00:39:49.920 --> 00:39:52.480
<v Speaker 4>tongue straight into a honeypot. Fig.

683
00:39:52.639 --> 00:39:52.920
<v Speaker 1>Five.

684
00:39:54.000 --> 00:39:56.679
<v Speaker 4>How did he find it? On each one of those

685
00:39:56.719 --> 00:40:00.599
<v Speaker 4>white petals, tiny lines and dots pointed to it, and

686
00:40:00.719 --> 00:40:04.360
<v Speaker 4>so the bee found it. They are called insect guides.

687
00:40:05.400 --> 00:40:08.079
<v Speaker 4>Do you see those stamens of mine? Said the tree.

688
00:40:08.800 --> 00:40:11.920
<v Speaker 4>They have pockets full of gold in their heads. When

689
00:40:11.920 --> 00:40:14.800
<v Speaker 4>the bees stood upon them, it jarred them a little,

690
00:40:15.199 --> 00:40:17.960
<v Speaker 4>and when they flew away they were just loaded with

691
00:40:18.079 --> 00:40:21.519
<v Speaker 4>pollen dust. But the bee did not mind. He flew

692
00:40:21.559 --> 00:40:25.119
<v Speaker 4>straight to another flower for more honey. As he lighted,

693
00:40:25.199 --> 00:40:27.519
<v Speaker 4>there was a little green bud standing out from a

694
00:40:27.559 --> 00:40:31.320
<v Speaker 4>circle of stamens which held their heads low Figure six.

695
00:40:32.239 --> 00:40:34.440
<v Speaker 4>It was the head of a pistol, and of course

696
00:40:34.559 --> 00:40:37.960
<v Speaker 4>the bee bumped right into it. On he went after

697
00:40:38.000 --> 00:40:40.760
<v Speaker 4>the honey, but the pistol was left crowned with the

698
00:40:40.840 --> 00:40:44.880
<v Speaker 4>gold dust he carried. Then I looked closer and found

699
00:40:44.920 --> 00:40:48.480
<v Speaker 4>that wherever the pistol held its head high, the stamens

700
00:40:48.559 --> 00:40:51.760
<v Speaker 4>drooped theirs. And when the pistol had been crowned for

701
00:40:51.880 --> 00:40:56.039
<v Speaker 4>several days, then the stamens lifted up their heads, opened

702
00:40:56.039 --> 00:40:59.320
<v Speaker 4>their pockets, and scattered the dust for some other flour.

703
00:41:00.280 --> 00:41:03.519
<v Speaker 4>What's this, said I. Some of your flowers have no pistols.

704
00:41:04.360 --> 00:41:07.360
<v Speaker 4>Oh dear, no, said the tree. If I had as

705
00:41:07.400 --> 00:41:10.960
<v Speaker 4>many pistols as I have flowers, I should be overloaded

706
00:41:10.960 --> 00:41:14.400
<v Speaker 4>with burrs in the fall. I waited to see what

707
00:41:14.440 --> 00:41:17.599
<v Speaker 4>this could mean, and until the petals faded and fell

708
00:41:18.079 --> 00:41:21.599
<v Speaker 4>figure eight. And the tree was full and green, a

709
00:41:21.719 --> 00:41:25.360
<v Speaker 4>very dark green, with the broad leaf faces spread out

710
00:41:25.400 --> 00:41:27.719
<v Speaker 4>to the sun. When I looked, I found that the

711
00:41:27.760 --> 00:41:31.360
<v Speaker 4>wooly pistol had been growing larger and larger, and was

712
00:41:31.440 --> 00:41:35.320
<v Speaker 4>covered over with short prickles. Later, I saw it fall

713
00:41:35.360 --> 00:41:38.599
<v Speaker 4>to the ground a prickly burr it was. Be sure.

714
00:41:39.400 --> 00:41:42.280
<v Speaker 4>Some cattle sniffed it, but not one was brave enough

715
00:41:42.280 --> 00:41:45.400
<v Speaker 4>to try opening it. That's what the prickles are for,

716
00:41:45.719 --> 00:41:48.559
<v Speaker 4>said the tree, And he really thought the ugly hooks

717
00:41:48.599 --> 00:41:50.960
<v Speaker 4>were a pretty fine coat to make for his seed.

718
00:41:51.760 --> 00:41:54.480
<v Speaker 4>As it lay on the ground, the hard shell grew dry,

719
00:41:55.079 --> 00:41:58.719
<v Speaker 4>and then it popped open in three places, three doors,

720
00:41:58.760 --> 00:42:01.920
<v Speaker 4>to let out the shiny brow seed with its great eye.

721
00:42:02.559 --> 00:42:05.679
<v Speaker 4>It looks so like the yellow eyed chestnuts that I

722
00:42:05.719 --> 00:42:08.119
<v Speaker 4>was tempted to eat it, but I didn't, for I

723
00:42:08.199 --> 00:42:09.320
<v Speaker 4>knew it was very bitter.

724
00:42:10.079 --> 00:42:10.280
<v Speaker 1>Fig.

725
00:42:10.519 --> 00:42:14.599
<v Speaker 4>Nine. Although the horse chestnut is not a native of America,

726
00:42:15.079 --> 00:42:18.880
<v Speaker 4>it has some native cousins, which are called buckeyes. The

727
00:42:18.880 --> 00:42:23.440
<v Speaker 4>Ohio buckeye is well known. It has a very disagreeable odor.

728
00:42:24.039 --> 00:42:27.719
<v Speaker 4>The leaves are opposite and palmate. There are from five

729
00:42:27.800 --> 00:42:31.159
<v Speaker 4>to seven leaflets, which are broadest near the middle, and

730
00:42:31.239 --> 00:42:34.800
<v Speaker 4>its birr is prickly. The greenish flowers are not so

731
00:42:34.920 --> 00:42:38.559
<v Speaker 4>handsome as those of the horse chestnut. The yellow buckeye

732
00:42:38.679 --> 00:42:41.559
<v Speaker 4>or sweet buckeye is so called because it does not

733
00:42:41.679 --> 00:42:45.519
<v Speaker 4>have the disagreeable odor. Common to the others. It grows

734
00:42:45.519 --> 00:42:49.400
<v Speaker 4>from thirty to ninety feet high. The leaflets are broadest

735
00:42:49.480 --> 00:42:52.559
<v Speaker 4>near the middle, and the long, narrow flowers are yellow

736
00:42:52.760 --> 00:42:56.159
<v Speaker 4>with a deep green cup at the base. The burr

737
00:42:56.239 --> 00:43:01.239
<v Speaker 4>is rough but not prickly. Figures ten, A, B, C,

738
00:43:01.440 --> 00:43:08.480
<v Speaker 4>and D references something in a pastoral line Lowell the

739
00:43:08.559 --> 00:43:15.679
<v Speaker 4>horse chestnut, Harper's Magazine, Volume seventy four. Fertilization of Flowers Miller,

740
00:43:17.199 --> 00:43:26.400
<v Speaker 4>end of chapter four, Chapter five of Ten Common Trees.

741
00:43:27.199 --> 00:43:31.000
<v Speaker 4>This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in

742
00:43:31.039 --> 00:43:35.559
<v Speaker 4>the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please

743
00:43:35.639 --> 00:43:41.480
<v Speaker 4>visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Kimberly Sawsen. Ten Common

744
00:43:41.519 --> 00:43:47.280
<v Speaker 4>Trees by Susan Stokes, Chapter five The birch tree. At

745
00:43:47.320 --> 00:43:50.159
<v Speaker 4>first it was only a tiny tree with two little

746
00:43:50.199 --> 00:43:54.000
<v Speaker 4>leaves lifted up to the light. They were very little leaves,

747
00:43:54.159 --> 00:43:57.159
<v Speaker 4>but they sifted the sunlight, made food for the roots

748
00:43:57.559 --> 00:44:00.000
<v Speaker 4>and gave back to the clouds the water the roots

749
00:44:00.159 --> 00:44:03.840
<v Speaker 4>had found in the soil. Of course, the sunlight helped them,

750
00:44:04.239 --> 00:44:06.880
<v Speaker 4>and so when the breeze passed by, they would sing

751
00:44:07.039 --> 00:44:13.039
<v Speaker 4>in rustling voices, Oh Sun, Sun, beautiful sun. When the

752
00:44:13.079 --> 00:44:15.480
<v Speaker 4>sun sank behind the hills in the west, and the

753
00:44:15.519 --> 00:44:19.239
<v Speaker 4>stars came out. The little tree went to sleep, and

754
00:44:19.320 --> 00:44:22.239
<v Speaker 4>an owl in the great tree near by kept watch,

755
00:44:22.400 --> 00:44:27.519
<v Speaker 4>saying hoo hoo. One morning the sky was gray and

756
00:44:27.599 --> 00:44:31.159
<v Speaker 4>the rain fell in torrents. Oh, what can the matter be?

757
00:44:31.639 --> 00:44:35.639
<v Speaker 4>What is all this? Said the little tree. This, this

758
00:44:35.800 --> 00:44:38.840
<v Speaker 4>is rain. We need it said the big tree, and

759
00:44:38.960 --> 00:44:42.880
<v Speaker 4>his leaves slip slipped against each other. Then the sun

760
00:44:42.920 --> 00:44:45.880
<v Speaker 4>came out, and the leaves worked so busily that the

761
00:44:45.920 --> 00:44:50.039
<v Speaker 4>little tree grew apace. After a while it grew so

762
00:44:50.239 --> 00:44:54.039
<v Speaker 4>cold that the young tree shivered. Why is it so cold,

763
00:44:54.320 --> 00:44:58.239
<v Speaker 4>it asked of the tall tree. Winter is coming. Drop

764
00:44:58.280 --> 00:45:01.679
<v Speaker 4>your leaves, said the great tree. Then there came a

765
00:45:01.760 --> 00:45:05.960
<v Speaker 4>gust of wind which carried away the young trees leaves. Oh,

766
00:45:06.000 --> 00:45:10.119
<v Speaker 4>my leaves, my pretty leaves, Where are they going? It cried.

767
00:45:11.000 --> 00:45:13.920
<v Speaker 4>But soon it found it was warmer without the leaves,

768
00:45:14.280 --> 00:45:17.519
<v Speaker 4>and so it did not regret them. Fortunately, it was

769
00:45:17.599 --> 00:45:21.559
<v Speaker 4>not very cold there at the willow's feet. When spring

770
00:45:21.639 --> 00:45:24.920
<v Speaker 4>came again, it put out some more leaves. The bark

771
00:45:25.039 --> 00:45:28.159
<v Speaker 4>upon the stem grew smooth and shiny, and was marked

772
00:45:28.199 --> 00:45:32.840
<v Speaker 4>with short horizontal lines, without any knots or uneven places.

773
00:45:33.480 --> 00:45:36.199
<v Speaker 4>Near the tip. It was downy, as is the way

774
00:45:36.239 --> 00:45:40.639
<v Speaker 4>with birches. One day a tall young Indian passed by.

775
00:45:41.400 --> 00:45:43.760
<v Speaker 4>He was straight as an arrow, and tall like the

776
00:45:43.800 --> 00:45:47.159
<v Speaker 4>pine tree. He crossed over to a big tree, saying,

777
00:45:47.840 --> 00:45:51.119
<v Speaker 4>give me of your bark, o birch tree, of your

778
00:45:51.199 --> 00:45:55.000
<v Speaker 4>yellow bark, O birch tree growing by the rushing river,

779
00:45:55.440 --> 00:45:59.480
<v Speaker 4>tall and stately in the valley. I a light canoe

780
00:45:59.480 --> 00:46:03.280
<v Speaker 4>will build me build a swift chiemund for sailing, that

781
00:46:03.360 --> 00:46:07.039
<v Speaker 4>shall float upon the river like a yellow leaf in autumn,

782
00:46:07.679 --> 00:46:11.599
<v Speaker 4>like a yellow water lily. Then the tree made answer,

783
00:46:12.280 --> 00:46:17.400
<v Speaker 4>take my cloak, o Hiawatha. Then Hiawatha stripped the tree

784
00:46:17.440 --> 00:46:20.440
<v Speaker 4>of its smooth, tough bark, and in the valley by

785
00:46:20.480 --> 00:46:24.599
<v Speaker 4>the river, made his birch canoe and launched it. Then

786
00:46:24.639 --> 00:46:28.199
<v Speaker 4>he came again, this time from his pouch, he took

787
00:46:28.280 --> 00:46:32.320
<v Speaker 4>his colors, took his paints of different colors on the

788
00:46:32.360 --> 00:46:36.920
<v Speaker 4>smooth bark of a birch tree, painted many shapes and figures.

789
00:46:37.440 --> 00:46:39.760
<v Speaker 4>Of course, our young tree could not know their meaning,

790
00:46:40.239 --> 00:46:42.079
<v Speaker 4>but it would have liked to have him put upon

791
00:46:42.119 --> 00:46:45.159
<v Speaker 4>its bark some songs of war and songs of hunting

792
00:46:46.320 --> 00:46:48.800
<v Speaker 4>across the river from the little tree, there stood a

793
00:46:48.800 --> 00:46:52.840
<v Speaker 4>great birch tree. In the spring, its branches were tipped

794
00:46:52.840 --> 00:46:56.519
<v Speaker 4>with long, drooping tails. In the winter there were brown

795
00:46:56.639 --> 00:47:00.400
<v Speaker 4>cones upon its bare boughs. The young birch wish to

796
00:47:00.440 --> 00:47:03.239
<v Speaker 4>have some of these strange fruits, so it asked the

797
00:47:03.280 --> 00:47:06.320
<v Speaker 4>old tree what it should do. You must begin in

798
00:47:06.360 --> 00:47:09.760
<v Speaker 4>the fall, said the old tree. Make some long cone

799
00:47:09.960 --> 00:47:13.400
<v Speaker 4>like winter buds. In the spring they will open and

800
00:47:13.519 --> 00:47:17.920
<v Speaker 4>become these drooping yellow tails. The young tree listened, and

801
00:47:18.000 --> 00:47:21.719
<v Speaker 4>in the fall it made some great long buds Figure one,

802
00:47:22.400 --> 00:47:27.400
<v Speaker 4>and covered them over with thick scales bracts. Under each

803
00:47:27.480 --> 00:47:31.519
<v Speaker 4>heavy scale there were several thin scales. In each of

804
00:47:31.599 --> 00:47:35.360
<v Speaker 4>these were two small balls full of yellow powder. They

805
00:47:35.400 --> 00:47:39.360
<v Speaker 4>were fastened in place by a filament which forked Fig.

806
00:47:39.559 --> 00:47:40.400
<v Speaker 5>Two.

807
00:47:40.599 --> 00:47:44.440
<v Speaker 4>During April's sunny days, the tail like buds grew long

808
00:47:44.519 --> 00:47:48.519
<v Speaker 4>and feathery, and the yellow pollen floated away, But still

809
00:47:48.559 --> 00:47:51.880
<v Speaker 4>there were no black cones. Again, the young tree asked,

810
00:47:52.400 --> 00:47:55.519
<v Speaker 4>what shall I do that I may have cones. The

811
00:47:55.639 --> 00:47:58.840
<v Speaker 4>old tree replied, oh, you can make these in the spring.

812
00:47:59.400 --> 00:48:02.639
<v Speaker 4>Instead of making so many large leaves. Take some of

813
00:48:02.679 --> 00:48:04.880
<v Speaker 4>your buds and do with them as I tell you.

814
00:48:05.840 --> 00:48:08.639
<v Speaker 4>So the young birch took some young twigs, such as

815
00:48:08.719 --> 00:48:11.840
<v Speaker 4>it had been making into leaves on a stem not

816
00:48:12.000 --> 00:48:16.480
<v Speaker 4>more than an inch long. Figure three B. It crowded

817
00:48:16.519 --> 00:48:20.760
<v Speaker 4>almost a hundred tiny, three lobed bracts Figure four A.

818
00:48:21.880 --> 00:48:25.400
<v Speaker 4>In front of each one were three little bodies, nearly

819
00:48:25.519 --> 00:48:29.039
<v Speaker 4>round and quite flat, for they were crowded. These were

820
00:48:29.079 --> 00:48:32.599
<v Speaker 4>the pistols. Each had two curved arms at the top.

821
00:48:33.360 --> 00:48:36.119
<v Speaker 4>They caught the yellow pollen dust which the wind carried

822
00:48:36.119 --> 00:48:40.760
<v Speaker 4>about Figure four B. It made them grow, not very large,

823
00:48:41.079 --> 00:48:44.440
<v Speaker 4>but as large as the bract back of them. Figure

824
00:48:44.480 --> 00:48:48.400
<v Speaker 4>four C. What shall I do now, asked the young tree.

825
00:48:49.039 --> 00:48:52.039
<v Speaker 4>Wait until winter, then shake them out, and the wind

826
00:48:52.079 --> 00:48:56.480
<v Speaker 4>will carry them away and plant them. What four Have

827
00:48:56.599 --> 00:48:59.559
<v Speaker 4>you forgotten that you were once a tiny seed, and

828
00:48:59.599 --> 00:49:02.079
<v Speaker 4>that the wind when dropped you among the willows there

829
00:49:02.719 --> 00:49:05.800
<v Speaker 4>you fell from one of my cones. Was not the

830
00:49:05.880 --> 00:49:08.719
<v Speaker 4>little tree? Glad to know this, Glad to have been

831
00:49:08.760 --> 00:49:12.400
<v Speaker 4>a part of that great and beautiful tree. Her cones

832
00:49:12.440 --> 00:49:13.800
<v Speaker 4>grew larger and thicker.

833
00:49:14.440 --> 00:49:14.679
<v Speaker 1>Fig.

834
00:49:14.920 --> 00:49:15.199
<v Speaker 5>Five.

835
00:49:16.039 --> 00:49:19.199
<v Speaker 4>The little seeds were strong and healthy, and when they

836
00:49:19.199 --> 00:49:22.760
<v Speaker 4>were ripe, the wind scattered them far and wide. Would

837
00:49:22.760 --> 00:49:24.760
<v Speaker 4>you like to be a birch tree, and learn to

838
00:49:24.800 --> 00:49:28.800
<v Speaker 4>make soft catkins and winged seed. How may you tell

839
00:49:28.840 --> 00:49:32.639
<v Speaker 4>the birches apart? You must look at the bark, the leaves,

840
00:49:32.800 --> 00:49:35.840
<v Speaker 4>and the droop of the branches. They are alike in

841
00:49:35.880 --> 00:49:38.880
<v Speaker 4>their flowers and fruit. Have you seen a tree with

842
00:49:38.960 --> 00:49:42.960
<v Speaker 4>white bark and long hanging branches, a tree with branches

843
00:49:43.039 --> 00:49:47.840
<v Speaker 4>so slender that they scarcely cast a shadow? This airy tree,

844
00:49:48.119 --> 00:49:50.960
<v Speaker 4>with its flicker of green and white, is a gray

845
00:49:51.199 --> 00:49:56.039
<v Speaker 4>or white birch Figure six. Its bark has the horizontal

846
00:49:56.079 --> 00:50:00.440
<v Speaker 4>markings peculiar to the birches. There are dark spots below

847
00:50:00.480 --> 00:50:04.360
<v Speaker 4>the leaf scars, and the leaf is notched. The notches

848
00:50:04.400 --> 00:50:07.280
<v Speaker 4>are not so deep, however, as those of its relative,

849
00:50:07.559 --> 00:50:12.239
<v Speaker 4>the European white birch Fig. Seven. The yellow birch is

850
00:50:12.320 --> 00:50:16.000
<v Speaker 4>easily recognized by the yellow hue of the bark, But

851
00:50:16.039 --> 00:50:18.039
<v Speaker 4>it was not from the bark of the yellow birch

852
00:50:18.119 --> 00:50:21.800
<v Speaker 4>that canoes were made. The paper or canoe birch has

853
00:50:21.920 --> 00:50:25.159
<v Speaker 4>bark that easily separates in layers, and it was from

854
00:50:25.199 --> 00:50:28.840
<v Speaker 4>this that the Indians made their canoes. The white color

855
00:50:28.880 --> 00:50:31.599
<v Speaker 4>of the trunk is more conspicuous than that of the

856
00:50:31.599 --> 00:50:35.159
<v Speaker 4>gray birch, but it lacks the brown patches, and the

857
00:50:35.199 --> 00:50:38.719
<v Speaker 4>branches do not droop. The white birch is not a

858
00:50:38.800 --> 00:50:42.639
<v Speaker 4>tall tree. The paper birch frequently becomes tall, and its

859
00:50:42.719 --> 00:50:46.440
<v Speaker 4>bark is unbroken for some distance upon the trunk. The

860
00:50:46.559 --> 00:50:50.280
<v Speaker 4>leaf is shown in Figure eight. The western birch, from

861
00:50:50.320 --> 00:50:53.719
<v Speaker 4>which the drawings were taken is a small tree. Its

862
00:50:53.760 --> 00:50:57.239
<v Speaker 4>twigs are very glandular, that is, they are rough and sticky.

863
00:50:57.880 --> 00:51:00.800
<v Speaker 4>This character it shares with some of the east stern forms.

864
00:51:01.440 --> 00:51:05.519
<v Speaker 4>The young stems are often downy. The alders are closely

865
00:51:05.559 --> 00:51:09.519
<v Speaker 4>related to the birches. The leaves and cones look much alike.

866
00:51:09.800 --> 00:51:13.400
<v Speaker 4>The difference is in the stamens. The little stock holding

867
00:51:13.400 --> 00:51:16.920
<v Speaker 4>the anther is forked in the birches, but is distinct

868
00:51:16.960 --> 00:51:21.880
<v Speaker 4>to the base in the alders. References Song of Hiawatha

869
00:51:22.400 --> 00:51:30.760
<v Speaker 4>Longfellow Hiawatha's sailing picture writing the birch Tree Lowell, an

870
00:51:30.800 --> 00:51:35.679
<v Speaker 4>Indian summer Reverie Lowell, end of chapter five.

871
00:51:41.320 --> 00:51:45.320
<v Speaker 6>Chapter six of Ten Common Trees. This is a LibriVox recording.

872
00:51:45.920 --> 00:51:49.239
<v Speaker 6>All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more

873
00:51:49.280 --> 00:51:54.519
<v Speaker 6>information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording

874
00:51:54.559 --> 00:52:00.239
<v Speaker 6>by Jennifer Dolman. Ten Common Trees by Susan Stokes. The

875
00:52:00.360 --> 00:52:04.599
<v Speaker 6>white Oak? What is a tree? Is it only a

876
00:52:04.599 --> 00:52:09.320
<v Speaker 6>wooden trunk with wooden branches, a bark and leaves. There

877
00:52:09.400 --> 00:52:12.719
<v Speaker 6>is something more. Let me tell you about it today.

878
00:52:13.280 --> 00:52:16.880
<v Speaker 6>It is the spirit of the tree. There is something

879
00:52:16.880 --> 00:52:20.360
<v Speaker 6>about it, the shape of the head, the color of

880
00:52:20.400 --> 00:52:23.679
<v Speaker 6>the leaves, the outline of the trunk, which tells a tale.

881
00:52:24.199 --> 00:52:28.239
<v Speaker 6>The tree has an expression. Elms toss their long branches

882
00:52:28.280 --> 00:52:31.960
<v Speaker 6>and are dainty. Birches are the most shy and ladylike

883
00:52:32.039 --> 00:52:35.679
<v Speaker 6>of trees. What is the character of the oak? The

884
00:52:35.760 --> 00:52:40.199
<v Speaker 6>short trunk, holding its immense weight of branches, says I

885
00:52:40.280 --> 00:52:44.519
<v Speaker 6>am strong. The great broad head of leaves says I

886
00:52:44.559 --> 00:52:49.119
<v Speaker 6>am wise. The whole tree seems to say, trust me,

887
00:52:50.199 --> 00:52:54.679
<v Speaker 6>you can depend upon me. Its wood has shown the strength.

888
00:52:55.280 --> 00:52:57.559
<v Speaker 6>The heart of the oak has been used for hundreds

889
00:52:57.559 --> 00:53:00.440
<v Speaker 6>of years in the building of ships, and it will

890
00:53:00.440 --> 00:53:04.199
<v Speaker 6>bear enormous strains. There needs no crown to mark the

891
00:53:04.239 --> 00:53:08.320
<v Speaker 6>forest's king. The poet Keats saw that they looked wise

892
00:53:08.400 --> 00:53:13.039
<v Speaker 6>and dignified. He calls them those green robed senators of

893
00:53:13.239 --> 00:53:16.599
<v Speaker 6>mighty woods. If you had lived in England about two

894
00:53:16.639 --> 00:53:20.679
<v Speaker 6>thousand years ago, you would probably have worshiped the oak trees.

895
00:53:21.280 --> 00:53:24.719
<v Speaker 6>At that time there were great forests of oaks, and

896
00:53:24.840 --> 00:53:28.519
<v Speaker 6>people saw in them such good qualities. They were so hearty,

897
00:53:28.840 --> 00:53:31.880
<v Speaker 6>they rustled like giants with the wind and storm, and

898
00:53:32.000 --> 00:53:35.400
<v Speaker 6>lived to be so old that the people and their priests,

899
00:53:35.440 --> 00:53:40.039
<v Speaker 6>the druids, worshiped them. In southern Europe about the same time,

900
00:53:40.320 --> 00:53:42.960
<v Speaker 6>you would have been told about the dryads or maidens

901
00:53:42.960 --> 00:53:46.719
<v Speaker 6>who lived in trees. Sometimes they were even seen. A

902
00:53:46.840 --> 00:53:50.159
<v Speaker 6>young Greek returning from the chase would tell the tale.

903
00:53:50.760 --> 00:53:53.599
<v Speaker 6>I started a stag on the mountain and followed him

904
00:53:53.719 --> 00:53:57.039
<v Speaker 6>until I was weary. Then I threw myself on the

905
00:53:57.079 --> 00:54:01.119
<v Speaker 6>ground beneath some great oak trees. I heard the lisping

906
00:54:01.239 --> 00:54:05.119
<v Speaker 6>of the leaves, and then a sweet voice singing. It

907
00:54:05.199 --> 00:54:10.159
<v Speaker 6>almost sounded like the crooning of birds. Rest you rest you,

908
00:54:11.039 --> 00:54:15.840
<v Speaker 6>Green boughs shade you kind when sing you soothe you,

909
00:54:16.400 --> 00:54:21.840
<v Speaker 6>soothe you sleep you sleep you. No bee hums near you,

910
00:54:22.199 --> 00:54:26.519
<v Speaker 6>no bird flits above you. Dream you dream you. And

911
00:54:26.559 --> 00:54:30.199
<v Speaker 6>then there slipped out of the trees some merry, misty maidens,

912
00:54:30.320 --> 00:54:34.079
<v Speaker 6>and they danced and danced. I half raised my head,

913
00:54:34.519 --> 00:54:37.920
<v Speaker 6>and they vanished like a flash, so you see. The

914
00:54:37.920 --> 00:54:41.599
<v Speaker 6>Greeks also recognize the spirit of the tree. Some of

915
00:54:41.639 --> 00:54:44.320
<v Speaker 6>the country people would even place food under the trees

916
00:54:44.360 --> 00:54:47.400
<v Speaker 6>for the merry dryads. Nowadays we do not see the

917
00:54:47.400 --> 00:54:50.639
<v Speaker 6>sprite that lives in the tree, but we examine her

918
00:54:50.639 --> 00:54:54.280
<v Speaker 6>house very closely. If it is a white oak, we

919
00:54:54.440 --> 00:54:58.119
<v Speaker 6>find a white trunk with a great dome shaped roof.

920
00:54:58.760 --> 00:55:02.320
<v Speaker 6>This roof is upheld by stout many curved arms and

921
00:55:02.480 --> 00:55:07.239
<v Speaker 6>is covered over with leaves, bright green above and pale below.

922
00:55:07.760 --> 00:55:11.000
<v Speaker 6>They have deep, blunt notches and are arranged so that

923
00:55:11.079 --> 00:55:14.679
<v Speaker 6>every leaf may get some sunshine. The strangest thing about

924
00:55:14.679 --> 00:55:17.360
<v Speaker 6>this roof is that it is only used in summer.

925
00:55:17.760 --> 00:55:20.880
<v Speaker 6>In the fall, it becomes a deep red. The twigs

926
00:55:20.920 --> 00:55:23.880
<v Speaker 6>cover their tips with the brown scales and begin to

927
00:55:23.920 --> 00:55:28.559
<v Speaker 6>prepare new leaves for next summer's new roof. The leaves

928
00:55:28.599 --> 00:55:31.400
<v Speaker 6>then fall, and the oak is ready for winter storms.

929
00:55:32.440 --> 00:55:37.000
<v Speaker 6>These past the buds unfold and wooly pink leaves appear.

930
00:55:37.400 --> 00:55:40.960
<v Speaker 6>With warm weather, they turn green and the oak's new

931
00:55:41.039 --> 00:55:44.559
<v Speaker 6>roof is complete. The oak bears two kinds of flowers

932
00:55:44.599 --> 00:55:47.599
<v Speaker 6>on the same tree. Early in the year, the stamenant

933
00:55:47.599 --> 00:55:51.559
<v Speaker 6>flowers grow in catkins, there are eight stamens and tiny,

934
00:55:51.719 --> 00:55:55.159
<v Speaker 6>many lobed calys, and there are many flowers and the catkin.

935
00:55:56.519 --> 00:56:00.039
<v Speaker 6>The stamens provide the pollen. It is stored away in

936
00:55:59.800 --> 00:56:03.480
<v Speaker 6>the two pockets of the anthers. These flowers are easily

937
00:56:03.480 --> 00:56:06.960
<v Speaker 6>found in april or may. The other kind. The pistolate

938
00:56:07.079 --> 00:56:11.119
<v Speaker 6>flowers will escape you if you are not careful. They

939
00:56:11.199 --> 00:56:13.960
<v Speaker 6>do not look at all like flowers, but like tiny

940
00:56:13.960 --> 00:56:16.920
<v Speaker 6>pink knobs on the tender young shoots. All you can

941
00:56:16.960 --> 00:56:19.639
<v Speaker 6>see is three or four pink lips peeping out of

942
00:56:19.679 --> 00:56:23.079
<v Speaker 6>a tiny cup. The pollen falls upon these lips, and

943
00:56:23.159 --> 00:56:25.480
<v Speaker 6>both the cup and the pistol within begin to grow.

944
00:56:26.360 --> 00:56:28.960
<v Speaker 6>The pistol becomes the nut of the acorn, and the

945
00:56:29.000 --> 00:56:31.480
<v Speaker 6>cup becomes the cap of the nut. The cap is

946
00:56:31.519 --> 00:56:34.840
<v Speaker 6>interesting for it represents a branch of the tree, a

947
00:56:34.880 --> 00:56:38.159
<v Speaker 6>branch which, instead of growing out and unfolding its leaves,

948
00:56:38.239 --> 00:56:41.440
<v Speaker 6>has been cut short and hardened that it might help

949
00:56:41.519 --> 00:56:44.079
<v Speaker 6>take care of the new oak, the baby that is

950
00:56:44.119 --> 00:56:46.840
<v Speaker 6>to become the lord of the forest. For each one

951
00:56:46.880 --> 00:56:50.559
<v Speaker 6>of her many acorn children, the mother Oak provides several things.

952
00:56:51.000 --> 00:56:53.199
<v Speaker 6>She makes it a cap from a twig and a

953
00:56:53.239 --> 00:56:56.239
<v Speaker 6>coat from the wall of the pistol. This horny coat

954
00:56:56.360 --> 00:56:58.840
<v Speaker 6>keeps out the frost in the snow. In its two

955
00:56:59.079 --> 00:57:02.559
<v Speaker 6>seed leaves, she stores food enough to last through the winter,

956
00:57:02.840 --> 00:57:05.119
<v Speaker 6>and she gives it a tiny root, so it only

957
00:57:05.199 --> 00:57:08.039
<v Speaker 6>has to keep on growing. The white oaks drop the

958
00:57:08.079 --> 00:57:11.039
<v Speaker 6>acorns at the end of about six months, but the

959
00:57:11.079 --> 00:57:13.480
<v Speaker 6>red oaks and the black oaks do not shed their

960
00:57:13.519 --> 00:57:16.119
<v Speaker 6>acorns until they are a year and a half old.

961
00:57:16.400 --> 00:57:19.320
<v Speaker 6>One windy day in October, an acorn fell from the

962
00:57:19.360 --> 00:57:22.159
<v Speaker 6>top of the big white oak. It had been growing

963
00:57:22.199 --> 00:57:25.000
<v Speaker 6>there since May. At that time it had been so

964
00:57:25.159 --> 00:57:28.920
<v Speaker 6>small that you could hardly have seen it at all. Still,

965
00:57:28.960 --> 00:57:31.719
<v Speaker 6>it held its six little brothers all together in the

966
00:57:31.840 --> 00:57:35.159
<v Speaker 6>room at the bottom of the pistol. One of these

967
00:57:35.199 --> 00:57:37.800
<v Speaker 6>had grown so fast that there was no room for

968
00:57:37.840 --> 00:57:40.480
<v Speaker 6>the others. And at last it had the hole of

969
00:57:40.480 --> 00:57:43.280
<v Speaker 6>the horny shell by itself. This was the baby oak

970
00:57:43.360 --> 00:57:46.280
<v Speaker 6>of whose fortune I'm going to tell you. As it

971
00:57:46.320 --> 00:57:49.159
<v Speaker 6>struck the ground, its cap fell off, and it rolled

972
00:57:49.199 --> 00:57:51.960
<v Speaker 6>down a hill. On and on it went, until it

973
00:57:52.079 --> 00:57:54.440
<v Speaker 6>lodged in a little hole near the foot of the hill.

974
00:57:54.679 --> 00:57:57.719
<v Speaker 6>The wind which had started it brought leaves and covered it.

975
00:57:57.760 --> 00:58:01.880
<v Speaker 6>Over here it was snugging quiet. Its cap was gone,

976
00:58:02.119 --> 00:58:04.360
<v Speaker 6>but it had the hard brown coat which its mother

977
00:58:04.440 --> 00:58:07.280
<v Speaker 6>tree had given it. There was a big round scar

978
00:58:07.639 --> 00:58:10.639
<v Speaker 6>which showed where it had been broken off. It lay

979
00:58:10.719 --> 00:58:13.519
<v Speaker 6>under the leaves for a long time. It did not

980
00:58:13.639 --> 00:58:16.079
<v Speaker 6>feel the cold, and it did not see the snow

981
00:58:16.119 --> 00:58:19.440
<v Speaker 6>that covered the ground. But in the spring, the melting

982
00:58:19.599 --> 00:58:23.039
<v Speaker 6>snow soaked through the little tree's hard jacket. Then it

983
00:58:23.079 --> 00:58:27.079
<v Speaker 6>awoke and drank and drank until the jacket actually cracked

984
00:58:27.159 --> 00:58:30.119
<v Speaker 6>and split into three parts. Out of the rent crept

985
00:58:30.159 --> 00:58:34.280
<v Speaker 6>a little root, which turned and pushed down. Down From

986
00:58:34.280 --> 00:58:37.800
<v Speaker 6>between the two thick white seed leaves came a stem

987
00:58:37.960 --> 00:58:41.000
<v Speaker 6>which grew up, but which kept its head bent over

988
00:58:41.400 --> 00:58:43.960
<v Speaker 6>until it had pushed its way through the soil. Above

989
00:58:44.400 --> 00:58:47.800
<v Speaker 6>it was a slender, ruddish stem with pairs of scaly

990
00:58:47.880 --> 00:58:50.559
<v Speaker 6>leaves that did not look at all like leaves usually do.

991
00:58:51.280 --> 00:58:53.679
<v Speaker 6>After a while, it began to have leaves that were

992
00:58:53.800 --> 00:58:56.639
<v Speaker 6>like those of the white oak. They were no longer

993
00:58:56.719 --> 00:59:00.800
<v Speaker 6>in pairs and were green in color. These leaves made food,

994
00:59:00.920 --> 00:59:03.880
<v Speaker 6>which was carried to the root and helped to feed it.

995
00:59:04.159 --> 00:59:06.360
<v Speaker 6>By this time, all the food which had been stored

996
00:59:06.400 --> 00:59:09.719
<v Speaker 6>and the seed leaves had been used during the summer

997
00:59:09.760 --> 00:59:12.360
<v Speaker 6>it grew to be a stout little tree, and in

998
00:59:12.400 --> 00:59:15.159
<v Speaker 6>the fall it dropped its leaves and made ready for winter.

999
00:59:16.079 --> 00:59:19.159
<v Speaker 6>The next summer it grew again and rested through the winter.

1000
00:59:20.239 --> 00:59:24.199
<v Speaker 6>In this way it became strong and hardy. Its branches thickened,

1001
00:59:24.280 --> 00:59:27.199
<v Speaker 6>and the hole had a sturdy look. The winds blew

1002
00:59:27.280 --> 00:59:30.119
<v Speaker 6>upon it, but it did not bend. The snows loaded

1003
00:59:30.159 --> 00:59:34.000
<v Speaker 6>its branches, but it broke not. The hail pelted it,

1004
00:59:34.599 --> 00:59:37.480
<v Speaker 6>and the clouds wept over it, and it still held

1005
00:59:37.519 --> 00:59:40.519
<v Speaker 6>its head to the storm and never weakened. As it

1006
00:59:40.559 --> 00:59:43.920
<v Speaker 6>grew older, it made flowers, and upon its branches were

1007
00:59:43.960 --> 00:59:47.800
<v Speaker 6>born other acorns. The wild birds nested in its branches.

1008
00:59:48.360 --> 00:59:52.039
<v Speaker 6>The squirrels filled their stores from its fruits. The woodpeckers

1009
00:59:52.079 --> 00:59:55.400
<v Speaker 6>also carried the acorns away, digging little holes into it,

1010
00:59:55.639 --> 00:59:59.079
<v Speaker 6>which they put them for safe keeping. The mistletoe clung

1011
00:59:59.119 --> 01:00:02.800
<v Speaker 6>to its branches green even in winter time, and the

1012
01:00:02.920 --> 01:00:05.960
<v Speaker 6>ivy wound its slender stems about its trunk. So you

1013
01:00:06.000 --> 01:00:08.440
<v Speaker 6>can see the little oak had become a power in

1014
01:00:08.480 --> 01:00:12.719
<v Speaker 6>the forest, and repaid the carrot had received some of

1015
01:00:12.760 --> 01:00:15.480
<v Speaker 6>the best known oaks. There are a great many different

1016
01:00:15.559 --> 01:00:17.679
<v Speaker 6>kinds of oaks would you like to be able to

1017
01:00:17.719 --> 01:00:20.960
<v Speaker 6>recognize a few of the common ones. The flowers are

1018
01:00:21.000 --> 01:00:23.960
<v Speaker 6>all very closely alike. The leaves are not always the

1019
01:00:24.000 --> 01:00:26.679
<v Speaker 6>same on the same tree, but the acorns and the

1020
01:00:26.719 --> 01:00:29.239
<v Speaker 6>acorn cups are so constant that we use them in

1021
01:00:29.320 --> 01:00:33.679
<v Speaker 6>distinguishing between the kinds. October or November is the best

1022
01:00:33.679 --> 01:00:36.440
<v Speaker 6>time to study them. Look sharply when you go to

1023
01:00:36.559 --> 01:00:39.679
<v Speaker 6>the woods or to the park, and bring in a

1024
01:00:39.719 --> 01:00:43.280
<v Speaker 6>few leaves and a twig with some acorns. Be sure

1025
01:00:43.320 --> 01:00:46.239
<v Speaker 6>to find out at the same time if the acorns

1026
01:00:46.280 --> 01:00:48.800
<v Speaker 6>fall at the end of the first year or at

1027
01:00:48.800 --> 01:00:51.960
<v Speaker 6>the end of the second, you will find the last

1028
01:00:52.039 --> 01:00:54.599
<v Speaker 6>on the tree during the winter. Those which fall the

1029
01:00:54.599 --> 01:00:58.559
<v Speaker 6>first year are called annual fruited. They have usually a

1030
01:00:58.599 --> 01:01:02.599
<v Speaker 6>sweet kernel. Those that fall the second year are called

1031
01:01:02.679 --> 01:01:06.880
<v Speaker 6>biennial fruited. They have a bitter kernel. We will suppose

1032
01:01:06.880 --> 01:01:08.639
<v Speaker 6>your acorn is one of the first and has a

1033
01:01:08.639 --> 01:01:11.760
<v Speaker 6>sweet kernel. It may either be a white oak or

1034
01:01:11.800 --> 01:01:15.199
<v Speaker 6>a chestnut oak, or a live oak. If it is

1035
01:01:15.280 --> 01:01:17.880
<v Speaker 6>either of the first two, the leaves will fall at

1036
01:01:17.920 --> 01:01:20.199
<v Speaker 6>the approach of winter, but if it is the last,

1037
01:01:20.360 --> 01:01:23.199
<v Speaker 6>they do not. The white oaks have very deeply notched

1038
01:01:23.239 --> 01:01:26.760
<v Speaker 6>leaves with blunt lobes, while the chestnut oaks have large

1039
01:01:26.840 --> 01:01:30.639
<v Speaker 6>leaves with coarsely toothed or wavy margins. Now there are

1040
01:01:30.679 --> 01:01:33.960
<v Speaker 6>several kinds of white oaks and several chestnut oaks, but

1041
01:01:34.079 --> 01:01:36.840
<v Speaker 6>only one of each is called white oak or chestnut oak.

1042
01:01:37.119 --> 01:01:39.519
<v Speaker 6>The white oak, which has received the name, has a

1043
01:01:39.599 --> 01:01:42.880
<v Speaker 6>rough acorn cup somewhat shorter than the acorn. It is

1044
01:01:43.000 --> 01:01:46.079
<v Speaker 6>at its best in the Alleghany Mountains. The mossy cup

1045
01:01:46.119 --> 01:01:49.440
<v Speaker 6>white oak has a fringed and scaly cup which nearly

1046
01:01:49.480 --> 01:01:52.679
<v Speaker 6>covers the acorn. It is more abundant in the prairie

1047
01:01:52.719 --> 01:01:56.360
<v Speaker 6>region east of the Mississippi River. It is also known

1048
01:01:56.400 --> 01:02:00.320
<v Speaker 6>as the bur oak or over cup oak. The chestnut oak,

1049
01:02:00.360 --> 01:02:03.599
<v Speaker 6>which receives the name, has leaves somewhat like the chestnut,

1050
01:02:03.800 --> 01:02:07.519
<v Speaker 6>but the teeth are not pointed. Its acorns are born

1051
01:02:07.639 --> 01:02:10.639
<v Speaker 6>on a stem shorter than the leaf stem are pettiole.

1052
01:02:10.920 --> 01:02:13.960
<v Speaker 6>The swamp white oak is classed with the chestnut oaks

1053
01:02:14.000 --> 01:02:16.800
<v Speaker 6>because their leaves are like those of the other chestnut

1054
01:02:16.880 --> 01:02:19.519
<v Speaker 6>oaks near the tip. They are, however, like the white

1055
01:02:19.559 --> 01:02:22.960
<v Speaker 6>oaks in being lobed near the base. The acorns are

1056
01:02:22.960 --> 01:02:26.039
<v Speaker 6>born on the stems longer than the leaf stems. The

1057
01:02:26.119 --> 01:02:29.320
<v Speaker 6>leaves of the live oak are not deciduous. They are

1058
01:02:29.480 --> 01:02:32.360
<v Speaker 6>thick and heavy, and the acorn cups taper to the

1059
01:02:32.360 --> 01:02:35.840
<v Speaker 6>peticolar stem. The Southern live oak is a tree highly

1060
01:02:35.920 --> 01:02:39.440
<v Speaker 6>valued for its timber. The cups nearly cover the acorns.

1061
01:02:39.920 --> 01:02:43.880
<v Speaker 6>The California live oak has long, slender nuts several times

1062
01:02:43.920 --> 01:02:47.480
<v Speaker 6>as long as the cups. The wood is brittle. If

1063
01:02:47.519 --> 01:02:50.239
<v Speaker 6>you should have an acorn with a bitter kernel, it

1064
01:02:50.360 --> 01:02:53.320
<v Speaker 6>is probably a red oak, a black oak, or a

1065
01:02:53.400 --> 01:02:57.320
<v Speaker 6>willow oak. Red oaks have a reddish wood. Their leaves

1066
01:02:57.320 --> 01:03:00.079
<v Speaker 6>are often deeply cut, with the lobes tipped with bristle.

1067
01:03:00.559 --> 01:03:04.119
<v Speaker 6>They turn brilliant red in autumn. The red oak has

1068
01:03:04.119 --> 01:03:07.000
<v Speaker 6>a shallow acorn cup and the leaves turn orange red

1069
01:03:07.000 --> 01:03:11.239
<v Speaker 6>in autumn. The scarlet oak has very ragged leaves, scarlet

1070
01:03:11.280 --> 01:03:15.280
<v Speaker 6>and autumn. The acorn cup is top shaped and rather deep.

1071
01:03:15.519 --> 01:03:18.599
<v Speaker 6>The kernel is white and bitter. The bark is gray

1072
01:03:18.679 --> 01:03:22.599
<v Speaker 6>without red within. The black oak is quite like the

1073
01:03:22.639 --> 01:03:25.559
<v Speaker 6>scarlet oak in many ways, but the bark is dark

1074
01:03:25.599 --> 01:03:29.159
<v Speaker 6>and rough and has an orange yewed lining. This oak

1075
01:03:29.239 --> 01:03:31.800
<v Speaker 6>is valuable for the tannin, which is used in the

1076
01:03:31.840 --> 01:03:35.599
<v Speaker 6>manufacture of leather. The willow oaks have simple leaves like

1077
01:03:35.639 --> 01:03:38.840
<v Speaker 6>those of a willow, but very tough. The acorns are

1078
01:03:38.960 --> 01:03:42.079
<v Speaker 6>round like a ball. End of chapter six.

1079
01:03:47.880 --> 01:03:52.840
<v Speaker 1>Chapter seven of Ten Common Trees. This is a LibriVox recording.

1080
01:03:53.480 --> 01:03:57.400
<v Speaker 1>All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more

1081
01:03:57.440 --> 01:04:01.679
<v Speaker 1>information or to volunteer, please vi at LibriVox dot org.

1082
01:04:03.440 --> 01:04:08.639
<v Speaker 1>Recording by Larry Wilson, Ten Common Trees by Susan Stokes

1083
01:04:09.800 --> 01:04:16.280
<v Speaker 1>Chestnut Trees. Have you ever hunted chestnuts? Then you must

1084
01:04:16.320 --> 01:04:19.599
<v Speaker 1>go to the country some day in October. A day

1085
01:04:19.639 --> 01:04:22.400
<v Speaker 1>in the woods in October is something almost better than

1086
01:04:22.440 --> 01:04:25.719
<v Speaker 1>a day in June. Some morning when the air is

1087
01:04:25.760 --> 01:04:28.920
<v Speaker 1>crisp and cool, when the frost is on the ground.

1088
01:04:29.440 --> 01:04:32.039
<v Speaker 1>Put some apples and cookies in your pocket, and a

1089
01:04:32.079 --> 01:04:34.760
<v Speaker 1>long stick with a crook at the end over your shoulder.

1090
01:04:35.559 --> 01:04:38.480
<v Speaker 1>As you run across the hard white ground, you can

1091
01:04:38.480 --> 01:04:41.760
<v Speaker 1>shout and sing to your heart's content. You can pass

1092
01:04:41.840 --> 01:04:44.760
<v Speaker 1>the corn in shock and tumble from the stack of straw.

1093
01:04:45.599 --> 01:04:48.079
<v Speaker 1>The chipmunk on the fence will listen to your whistle,

1094
01:04:48.440 --> 01:04:50.719
<v Speaker 1>and the red squirrel leap from tree to tree it

1095
01:04:50.960 --> 01:04:54.880
<v Speaker 1>your approach. In the woods, the maples will be scarlet

1096
01:04:55.400 --> 01:04:59.039
<v Speaker 1>the ash is purple. There will be winter green berries

1097
01:04:59.119 --> 01:05:03.000
<v Speaker 1>with red jackets and white pulp, but you need not

1098
01:05:03.159 --> 01:05:07.719
<v Speaker 1>stop for these. Find the yellow trees with long leaves

1099
01:05:07.800 --> 01:05:11.840
<v Speaker 1>saw toothed on the edge. On the grounds, scattered by

1100
01:05:12.000 --> 01:05:15.880
<v Speaker 1>last night's wind are some long tailed nuts and some

1101
01:05:16.000 --> 01:05:20.039
<v Speaker 1>prickly burrs. These burrs are stiff and covered with sharp

1102
01:05:20.119 --> 01:05:24.159
<v Speaker 1>branched thorns. They open in four parts when tweaked by

1103
01:05:24.159 --> 01:05:27.679
<v Speaker 1>the frost. The wind helps pull them from the tree.

1104
01:05:28.320 --> 01:05:30.480
<v Speaker 1>If they should not have fallen, take your crook and

1105
01:05:30.559 --> 01:05:34.239
<v Speaker 1>shake them down. When your pockets are full of chestnuts,

1106
01:05:34.639 --> 01:05:37.440
<v Speaker 1>when you have filled the salt sack you brought from home,

1107
01:05:38.159 --> 01:05:41.559
<v Speaker 1>when you have eaten apples with chestnuts and chestnuts with cookies,

1108
01:05:42.119 --> 01:05:44.480
<v Speaker 1>you can hide your sack of nuts while you explore

1109
01:05:44.480 --> 01:05:47.079
<v Speaker 1>a little. You can climb the tree and peep at

1110
01:05:47.119 --> 01:05:50.719
<v Speaker 1>the gray squirrel's stock. He is a thrifty little fellow,

1111
01:05:50.760 --> 01:05:53.840
<v Speaker 1>for he puts by only the kernels. You would not

1112
01:05:54.000 --> 01:05:57.559
<v Speaker 1>think of robbing him. The chipmunk too has a store,

1113
01:05:57.639 --> 01:06:01.280
<v Speaker 1>but they are underground. Once in a while he puts

1114
01:06:01.320 --> 01:06:04.920
<v Speaker 1>a few together under some leaves. But you have found them,

1115
01:06:05.079 --> 01:06:07.800
<v Speaker 1>and then you can go home home to pumpkin pie

1116
01:06:08.119 --> 01:06:11.960
<v Speaker 1>and dreams of chestnuts popping in the ashes. Here is

1117
01:06:12.000 --> 01:06:17.719
<v Speaker 1>a question for you, what are chestnuts? Yes, chestnuts are seeds,

1118
01:06:17.760 --> 01:06:21.599
<v Speaker 1>but they are also young trees, each packed away in

1119
01:06:21.679 --> 01:06:25.239
<v Speaker 1>a tough brown coat. Could you have looked in the

1120
01:06:25.239 --> 01:06:28.519
<v Speaker 1>burr in July, you would have found only some small

1121
01:06:28.599 --> 01:06:32.239
<v Speaker 1>white nuts. In June they would have been so small

1122
01:06:32.320 --> 01:06:34.960
<v Speaker 1>that they were really not nuts at all, but some

1123
01:06:35.119 --> 01:06:39.159
<v Speaker 1>long necked flowers. Even then, the three flowers had a

1124
01:06:39.199 --> 01:06:42.960
<v Speaker 1>prickly cup or in volucar. I have told you about

1125
01:06:42.960 --> 01:06:45.760
<v Speaker 1>the oaks and the cap they make for the young acorn.

1126
01:06:46.599 --> 01:06:49.679
<v Speaker 1>This cup of the young chestnut is not very unlike

1127
01:06:50.000 --> 01:06:53.119
<v Speaker 1>the cap of the acorn. It grows much larger, and

1128
01:06:53.199 --> 01:06:56.559
<v Speaker 1>it holds three flowers instead of one. But it shows

1129
01:06:56.599 --> 01:07:00.119
<v Speaker 1>that the chestnut is a relative of the oaks. Their

1130
01:07:00.199 --> 01:07:04.239
<v Speaker 1>staminate flowers show the same thing. In June, the chestnut

1131
01:07:04.280 --> 01:07:08.519
<v Speaker 1>tree has long catkins of whitish flowers. The catkin is

1132
01:07:08.559 --> 01:07:12.039
<v Speaker 1>made up of numerous clusters of tiny flowers. The birds

1133
01:07:12.039 --> 01:07:15.079
<v Speaker 1>are not born among these, but on separate peduncles, as

1134
01:07:15.239 --> 01:07:18.679
<v Speaker 1>in the oak. Chestnut trees are known to live, sometimes

1135
01:07:18.719 --> 01:07:23.079
<v Speaker 1>to an age of several hundred years. One on Mount

1136
01:07:23.119 --> 01:07:26.679
<v Speaker 1>Etna in Italy is one hundred and ninety feet around.

1137
01:07:27.440 --> 01:07:30.239
<v Speaker 1>It is called the tree of a hundred horses, for

1138
01:07:30.360 --> 01:07:34.039
<v Speaker 1>at once sheltered a queen with her followers. It is

1139
01:07:34.079 --> 01:07:38.320
<v Speaker 1>a Spanish or Italian chestnut. Other very old ones are

1140
01:07:38.320 --> 01:07:41.920
<v Speaker 1>found in England. They do not differ maturely from the

1141
01:07:41.920 --> 01:07:46.599
<v Speaker 1>American chestnut, but are frequently planted in America, for the

1142
01:07:46.719 --> 01:07:50.599
<v Speaker 1>nuts are larger. The American chestnut is smaller and sweeter.

1143
01:07:51.599 --> 01:07:55.199
<v Speaker 1>The chestnut has some relatives a little nearer than the oaks.

1144
01:07:55.679 --> 01:07:58.639
<v Speaker 1>They are the chin equipins. The leaves of these are

1145
01:07:58.719 --> 01:08:02.079
<v Speaker 1>much smaller than the chestnut that leaves. The edge is

1146
01:08:02.119 --> 01:08:06.320
<v Speaker 1>only slightly toothed, if at all, and the undersurface is downy.

1147
01:08:07.000 --> 01:08:09.480
<v Speaker 1>The birds are smaller, and there is but one nut

1148
01:08:09.559 --> 01:08:13.320
<v Speaker 1>instead of three. The nut is of course not flattened

1149
01:08:13.360 --> 01:08:17.039
<v Speaker 1>on the sides. One of the Jinequa pins is a

1150
01:08:17.119 --> 01:08:20.319
<v Speaker 1>native of the Pacific coast and is a tall tree.

1151
01:08:20.800 --> 01:08:23.439
<v Speaker 1>The other is southern, and the trees are quite small.

1152
01:08:25.880 --> 01:08:27.319
<v Speaker 1>End of chapter seven.

1153
01:08:33.399 --> 01:08:37.520
<v Speaker 4>Chapter eight of Ten Common Trees. This is a LibriVox recording.

1154
01:08:38.159 --> 01:08:41.640
<v Speaker 4>All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more

1155
01:08:41.680 --> 01:08:47.119
<v Speaker 4>information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot Org recording

1156
01:08:47.159 --> 01:08:53.640
<v Speaker 4>by Kimberly Sassen. Ten Common Trees by Susan Stokes, Chapter eight,

1157
01:08:54.239 --> 01:08:57.399
<v Speaker 4>The little walnut. Once upon a time there was a

1158
01:08:57.399 --> 01:09:00.840
<v Speaker 4>little nut. It lived in a greenhouse upon the top

1159
01:09:00.880 --> 01:09:05.119
<v Speaker 4>of a high tree. Figure one. The house was a

1160
01:09:05.159 --> 01:09:09.279
<v Speaker 4>sticky affair on the outside, and had neither door nor windows.

1161
01:09:09.720 --> 01:09:12.720
<v Speaker 4>Still it was cozy and warm, for as you see,

1162
01:09:13.079 --> 01:09:16.239
<v Speaker 4>it had a tough husk for an outer wall. Next

1163
01:09:16.239 --> 01:09:19.159
<v Speaker 4>to this was a bony shell, and clear inside was

1164
01:09:19.199 --> 01:09:23.680
<v Speaker 4>the little nut. Figure two. There were two rooms into

1165
01:09:23.720 --> 01:09:27.399
<v Speaker 4>which its two leaves fitted. Their walls were crumpled, and

1166
01:09:27.439 --> 01:09:29.760
<v Speaker 4>the little nut pressed out just as far as it

1167
01:09:29.800 --> 01:09:33.399
<v Speaker 4>could and filled all the crannies. This little nut was

1168
01:09:33.479 --> 01:09:36.319
<v Speaker 4>five months old, for it had arrived upon the tree

1169
01:09:36.399 --> 01:09:39.239
<v Speaker 4>in May. Now, if you will look at a walnut

1170
01:09:39.279 --> 01:09:41.840
<v Speaker 4>tree in May, you will find it has made ready

1171
01:09:41.880 --> 01:09:45.119
<v Speaker 4>a great many homes for nut babies. They don't look

1172
01:09:45.279 --> 01:09:47.960
<v Speaker 4>just like the full grown house, first because they are

1173
01:09:48.000 --> 01:09:51.079
<v Speaker 4>not any larger than a grain of rice, and second

1174
01:09:51.239 --> 01:09:54.560
<v Speaker 4>because they have two top knots. Perhaps we had better

1175
01:09:54.560 --> 01:09:57.600
<v Speaker 4>call them chimneys. Here is a group of these nut

1176
01:09:57.640 --> 01:10:01.359
<v Speaker 4>houses Fig. Three. You can find them in the tip

1177
01:10:01.399 --> 01:10:04.760
<v Speaker 4>of a branch just after the leaves unroll. The round

1178
01:10:04.760 --> 01:10:07.600
<v Speaker 4>part is sticky, but the chimneys are hairy, and if

1179
01:10:07.600 --> 01:10:09.920
<v Speaker 4>you look very closely, you can see that they have

1180
01:10:10.000 --> 01:10:12.960
<v Speaker 4>been dusted over with a yellow powder, and there is

1181
01:10:13.000 --> 01:10:14.520
<v Speaker 4>a slight frill at the neck.

1182
01:10:15.079 --> 01:10:15.279
<v Speaker 1>Fig.

1183
01:10:15.479 --> 01:10:19.439
<v Speaker 4>Four. I have sometimes cut down into the house through

1184
01:10:19.479 --> 01:10:22.119
<v Speaker 4>the chimney and found where the grains had made their

1185
01:10:22.159 --> 01:10:24.920
<v Speaker 4>way through the chimney into a little room. At the bottom.

1186
01:10:25.880 --> 01:10:28.720
<v Speaker 4>In the little room was an egg cell. When the

1187
01:10:28.760 --> 01:10:31.920
<v Speaker 4>pollen grain reaches it, the little egg cell wakes up

1188
01:10:32.000 --> 01:10:35.640
<v Speaker 4>and begins to grow. It grows and grows until it

1189
01:10:35.680 --> 01:10:38.720
<v Speaker 4>becomes the kernel of a nut. I think you would

1190
01:10:38.760 --> 01:10:41.560
<v Speaker 4>like to know where the little pollen grain the walnut's

1191
01:10:41.600 --> 01:10:45.399
<v Speaker 4>fairy prints came from. It was probably carried by the

1192
01:10:45.439 --> 01:10:48.960
<v Speaker 4>wind from another tree, although we find both stamens and

1193
01:10:49.039 --> 01:10:52.439
<v Speaker 4>pistols on the same tree. It came from a queer

1194
01:10:52.439 --> 01:10:55.520
<v Speaker 4>little flower that has thirty or forty pockets full of

1195
01:10:55.560 --> 01:10:59.439
<v Speaker 4>gold dust. The little flower doesn't look much like a flower.

1196
01:11:00.079 --> 01:11:02.359
<v Speaker 4>It seems to be a little shelf holding eight or

1197
01:11:02.399 --> 01:11:05.680
<v Speaker 4>ten little stamens, each of which has four pockets.

1198
01:11:06.079 --> 01:11:06.279
<v Speaker 5>Fig.

1199
01:11:06.479 --> 01:11:06.760
<v Speaker 3>Five.

1200
01:11:07.800 --> 01:11:12.439
<v Speaker 4>The little shelves grow in clusters in tail like catkins. Fig.

1201
01:11:12.680 --> 01:11:12.960
<v Speaker 2>Six.

1202
01:11:14.319 --> 01:11:17.000
<v Speaker 4>There are from twenty to forty flowers in a catkin,

1203
01:11:17.479 --> 01:11:20.399
<v Speaker 4>and a very great many catkins on a single tree.

1204
01:11:21.279 --> 01:11:23.920
<v Speaker 4>The catkins do not grow in the tip of the branch,

1205
01:11:24.399 --> 01:11:27.800
<v Speaker 4>but stand out from the sides farther back. They are

1206
01:11:27.800 --> 01:11:31.039
<v Speaker 4>always green in color and disappear after the wind carries

1207
01:11:31.079 --> 01:11:34.439
<v Speaker 4>away the pollen. They were very different from the little

1208
01:11:34.520 --> 01:11:37.560
<v Speaker 4>nuts high up in the tree. The little nuts kept

1209
01:11:37.600 --> 01:11:41.039
<v Speaker 4>on growing, the winds rock them to and fro the

1210
01:11:41.119 --> 01:11:44.720
<v Speaker 4>rains washed their sticky walls, and the mother tree kept

1211
01:11:44.760 --> 01:11:48.239
<v Speaker 4>adding to the food supply in the little leaves. By

1212
01:11:48.319 --> 01:11:51.520
<v Speaker 4>and by October came and with it a high wind

1213
01:11:51.880 --> 01:11:55.800
<v Speaker 4>which whisked down nut house and all down into a corner.

1214
01:11:56.600 --> 01:11:59.319
<v Speaker 4>But the same wind also carried the leaves about and

1215
01:11:59.359 --> 01:12:02.880
<v Speaker 4>covered the nutt with a warm blanket. Then the clouds

1216
01:12:02.880 --> 01:12:06.960
<v Speaker 4>gathered and the white snow fell. The little nut slept

1217
01:12:07.039 --> 01:12:10.159
<v Speaker 4>under the snow, but when the ground froze deep down,

1218
01:12:10.800 --> 01:12:14.600
<v Speaker 4>it cracked the nut's shell. After a while, the nut

1219
01:12:14.640 --> 01:12:17.359
<v Speaker 4>awoke and began to use the food the mother tree

1220
01:12:17.399 --> 01:12:21.039
<v Speaker 4>had put in its leaves. It was thirsty too, and

1221
01:12:21.159 --> 01:12:24.119
<v Speaker 4>was glad to drink the melting snow, so it ate

1222
01:12:24.399 --> 01:12:28.399
<v Speaker 4>and drank and began to grow. The two rooms of

1223
01:12:28.439 --> 01:12:31.479
<v Speaker 4>its house became too small for it, and it pushed

1224
01:12:31.479 --> 01:12:35.399
<v Speaker 4>out a tiny root, which turned into the ground. By

1225
01:12:35.479 --> 01:12:38.159
<v Speaker 4>and by. The little root was so busy getting water,

1226
01:12:38.600 --> 01:12:41.119
<v Speaker 4>and the little nut was so busy using it that

1227
01:12:41.199 --> 01:12:44.760
<v Speaker 4>a long green sprout sprang out from between the two leaves,

1228
01:12:45.279 --> 01:12:48.600
<v Speaker 4>pushed through the old leaves above out into the sunlight,

1229
01:12:48.920 --> 01:12:52.399
<v Speaker 4>where it opened out into a green leaf. It was

1230
01:12:52.439 --> 01:12:55.800
<v Speaker 4>a long green leaf made up of many separate leaflets,

1231
01:12:56.439 --> 01:12:59.199
<v Speaker 4>a great many pairs of them. Then it put out

1232
01:12:59.239 --> 01:13:02.159
<v Speaker 4>another at another, and you could see that it was

1233
01:13:02.199 --> 01:13:05.000
<v Speaker 4>going to be a walnut tree. If you would like

1234
01:13:05.079 --> 01:13:07.600
<v Speaker 4>to see one like it, look under the walnut trees.

1235
01:13:07.600 --> 01:13:11.520
<v Speaker 4>In the spring Fig. Seven, after the young tree had

1236
01:13:11.520 --> 01:13:14.119
<v Speaker 4>put out several leaves, it took a rest, and when

1237
01:13:14.159 --> 01:13:16.720
<v Speaker 4>October came I found it with a hood on the

1238
01:13:16.840 --> 01:13:20.079
<v Speaker 4>end of the stem. The hood was made from leaves

1239
01:13:20.119 --> 01:13:23.520
<v Speaker 4>which did not grow long, but which remained short and dark.

1240
01:13:24.279 --> 01:13:27.199
<v Speaker 4>These were the bud scales, and they covered the winter bud.

1241
01:13:28.199 --> 01:13:30.159
<v Speaker 4>Then it dropped the leaves it had put out in

1242
01:13:30.199 --> 01:13:33.239
<v Speaker 4>the spring and passed the winter as a bare twig.

1243
01:13:34.119 --> 01:13:36.720
<v Speaker 4>In the spring, it dropped the bud scales and made

1244
01:13:36.800 --> 01:13:39.880
<v Speaker 4>some more green leaves, And then again it made a

1245
01:13:39.920 --> 01:13:43.680
<v Speaker 4>winter bud. Each year it added a few inches to

1246
01:13:43.760 --> 01:13:46.079
<v Speaker 4>its height and a few leaves to the ends of

1247
01:13:46.119 --> 01:13:49.840
<v Speaker 4>its branches. Each year it added a layer to its

1248
01:13:49.920 --> 01:13:53.880
<v Speaker 4>bark and made new winter buds. So it became a tall,

1249
01:13:53.960 --> 01:13:57.359
<v Speaker 4>young tree with strength to spare. And in the spring

1250
01:13:57.520 --> 01:14:01.039
<v Speaker 4>it fashioned houses for new nuts and as which should

1251
01:14:01.079 --> 01:14:04.920
<v Speaker 4>shed pollen dust. Just as the mother tree had stored

1252
01:14:04.920 --> 01:14:07.680
<v Speaker 4>food and its seed leaves, it now stored food in

1253
01:14:07.720 --> 01:14:11.039
<v Speaker 4>the leaves of its own seed children. The tree grew

1254
01:14:11.119 --> 01:14:14.880
<v Speaker 4>tall and beautiful in its forest home. Its umbrella like

1255
01:14:14.960 --> 01:14:18.920
<v Speaker 4>head was lifted some sixty feet into the bright sunshine.

1256
01:14:19.199 --> 01:14:21.880
<v Speaker 4>Its plume like leaves waved in the breeze for a

1257
01:14:22.000 --> 01:14:26.239
<v Speaker 4>hundred summers more. And then there came a change. On

1258
01:14:26.319 --> 01:14:29.000
<v Speaker 4>the edge of the forest. There sprang up a little town.

1259
01:14:29.920 --> 01:14:33.680
<v Speaker 4>The hum of the sawmill frightened away the birds by

1260
01:14:33.760 --> 01:14:36.880
<v Speaker 4>and by. The land was all cleared, and the daisies

1261
01:14:36.880 --> 01:14:41.199
<v Speaker 4>plowed under, And the tree I suspect it passed through

1262
01:14:41.199 --> 01:14:47.439
<v Speaker 4>the saw mill. The walnut family. The walnut tree whose

1263
01:14:47.479 --> 01:14:50.880
<v Speaker 4>story I have told is the American black walnut. It

1264
01:14:50.920 --> 01:14:53.720
<v Speaker 4>has been so highly valued for its beautiful dark wood

1265
01:14:54.159 --> 01:14:57.680
<v Speaker 4>that the forests, once very abundant in the Mississippi Valley,

1266
01:14:58.079 --> 01:15:02.279
<v Speaker 4>have almost entirely disappeared. Fortunately, it is now being planted

1267
01:15:02.319 --> 01:15:05.920
<v Speaker 4>and cultivated for future use, although it grows very slowly.

1268
01:15:06.720 --> 01:15:09.520
<v Speaker 4>It is distinguished from other walnuts by its long leaf

1269
01:15:09.960 --> 01:15:13.840
<v Speaker 4>with fifteen to twenty three leaflets, its dark wood, and

1270
01:15:13.880 --> 01:15:16.800
<v Speaker 4>the nut, which is nearly black with sharply cut ridges.

1271
01:15:18.159 --> 01:15:21.239
<v Speaker 4>The white walnut or butter nut is also prized for

1272
01:15:21.279 --> 01:15:24.399
<v Speaker 4>its wood, which is reddish in color, but not so

1273
01:15:24.520 --> 01:15:28.439
<v Speaker 4>desirable as black walnut. It has a shorter leaf with

1274
01:15:28.560 --> 01:15:32.319
<v Speaker 4>from nine to seventeen leaflets. The base of its fuzzy

1275
01:15:32.359 --> 01:15:36.359
<v Speaker 4>stem is shaped like a horseshoe. The nut is oblong

1276
01:15:36.439 --> 01:15:39.600
<v Speaker 4>and pointed at the tip, and the kernel is much valued.

1277
01:15:40.720 --> 01:15:44.479
<v Speaker 4>The English or European walnut is frequently cultivated in the

1278
01:15:44.520 --> 01:15:48.319
<v Speaker 4>mild portions of the United States. It has short leaves

1279
01:15:48.319 --> 01:15:52.640
<v Speaker 4>with five to nine leaflets. Fig. Eight. The thin shelled

1280
01:15:52.760 --> 01:15:56.720
<v Speaker 4>nut separates easily from the husk when dry. They are

1281
01:15:56.720 --> 01:16:00.199
<v Speaker 4>common in the market. The hickories are closely related to

1282
01:16:00.239 --> 01:16:03.640
<v Speaker 4>the walnuts by their leaves, flowers, and nuts with a

1283
01:16:03.640 --> 01:16:07.760
<v Speaker 4>bony partition. They are separated from the walnuts on account

1284
01:16:07.760 --> 01:16:11.159
<v Speaker 4>of the husk. The husk of the walnut is continuous

1285
01:16:11.439 --> 01:16:14.960
<v Speaker 4>of one piece. The husk of the hickory opens by

1286
01:16:15.000 --> 01:16:20.159
<v Speaker 4>four distinct valves. The shag bark or hickory is a tall,

1287
01:16:20.239 --> 01:16:24.000
<v Speaker 4>spreading tree with bark which breaks away in long strips

1288
01:16:24.359 --> 01:16:28.800
<v Speaker 4>and has light colored wood. The leaves have usually five leaflets,

1289
01:16:28.880 --> 01:16:33.640
<v Speaker 4>which are several inches in length. The nut is thin, walled, whitish,

1290
01:16:33.760 --> 01:16:37.520
<v Speaker 4>and slightly flattened. The big shell bark has a larger

1291
01:16:37.600 --> 01:16:41.079
<v Speaker 4>leaf with from seven to nine leaflets, which are downy

1292
01:16:41.199 --> 01:16:45.079
<v Speaker 4>on the underside. The young twigs are slightly orange colored.

1293
01:16:45.800 --> 01:16:49.840
<v Speaker 4>The nut is larger and pointed at both ends. The

1294
01:16:49.880 --> 01:16:53.239
<v Speaker 4>pecan is the species found in the south. It grows

1295
01:16:53.279 --> 01:16:56.640
<v Speaker 4>to a greater height than the northern forms. The leaves

1296
01:16:56.640 --> 01:17:00.159
<v Speaker 4>are longer, with from nine to fifteen pointed leaflets, and

1297
01:17:00.199 --> 01:17:04.199
<v Speaker 4>the husk is thin with yellowish threads. It opens by

1298
01:17:04.199 --> 01:17:07.840
<v Speaker 4>four valves, dropping the nut but not the husk. The

1299
01:17:07.920 --> 01:17:11.199
<v Speaker 4>nut is oblong, about an inch in length, smooth and

1300
01:17:11.319 --> 01:17:15.279
<v Speaker 4>thin shelled. The kernel is sweet and of excellent flavor.

1301
01:17:16.640 --> 01:17:24.760
<v Speaker 4>Reference Seed Babies, Margaret Morley Nuts Falling Foster in Child's

1302
01:17:24.760 --> 01:17:30.920
<v Speaker 4>Garden of Song. Succession of forest Trees the row end

1303
01:17:30.960 --> 01:17:31.920
<v Speaker 4>of chapter eight.

1304
01:17:37.199 --> 01:17:41.000
<v Speaker 3>Chapter nine of Ten Common Trees. This is a LibriVox recording.

1305
01:17:41.199 --> 01:17:44.279
<v Speaker 3>All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more

1306
01:17:44.279 --> 01:17:48.880
<v Speaker 3>information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Ten

1307
01:17:48.960 --> 01:17:55.319
<v Speaker 3>Common Trees by Susan Stokes The cone Bearers. At one

1308
01:17:55.399 --> 01:17:58.439
<v Speaker 3>time there was a great forest of pine trees. They

1309
01:17:58.479 --> 01:18:01.399
<v Speaker 3>covered the hillsides and the steam deep slopes of the mountains.

1310
01:18:02.119 --> 01:18:05.159
<v Speaker 3>They stood spear straight in the moss by the streams.

1311
01:18:05.840 --> 01:18:08.199
<v Speaker 3>They looked down from the cliffs, where they grew tall

1312
01:18:08.279 --> 01:18:11.520
<v Speaker 3>and strong, or clung ragged and stunted to the bare rocks.

1313
01:18:12.600 --> 01:18:15.680
<v Speaker 3>On the edge of this forest lived the Indians. Their

1314
01:18:15.680 --> 01:18:18.000
<v Speaker 3>young men grew up in the shade of the pines,

1315
01:18:18.039 --> 01:18:21.880
<v Speaker 3>and somehow they were alike. The trees were dark in summer.

1316
01:18:22.399 --> 01:18:26.039
<v Speaker 3>They cared not for summer nor winter. Neither were the

1317
01:18:26.079 --> 01:18:30.760
<v Speaker 3>Indians merry. They were fearless and hardy. No blast was

1318
01:18:30.800 --> 01:18:34.720
<v Speaker 3>too strong, and no cold too fierce. They trapped the

1319
01:18:34.760 --> 01:18:37.479
<v Speaker 3>beaver and followed the bear under the trees. And they

1320
01:18:37.479 --> 01:18:40.039
<v Speaker 3>listened to the winds when they whistled or moaned through

1321
01:18:40.079 --> 01:18:44.439
<v Speaker 3>the branches. When they danced and sung around their war fires.

1322
01:18:44.479 --> 01:18:47.800
<v Speaker 3>The pines echoed their voices, and so they came to

1323
01:18:47.840 --> 01:18:50.760
<v Speaker 3>feel that the trees were alive, that there was in

1324
01:18:50.800 --> 01:18:54.720
<v Speaker 3>the tree a spirit to which they could appeal. They

1325
01:18:54.760 --> 01:18:58.039
<v Speaker 3>also thought that some men had been changed into trees.

1326
01:18:59.319 --> 01:19:01.680
<v Speaker 3>Even now, there is in the Bitter Root Mountains a

1327
01:19:01.760 --> 01:19:05.399
<v Speaker 3>great medicine or peast tree. It is a pine and

1328
01:19:05.479 --> 01:19:09.359
<v Speaker 3>stands on the boundary between two tribes. Under it, they

1329
01:19:09.399 --> 01:19:13.319
<v Speaker 3>settled their disputes, and to it they bring offerings, which

1330
01:19:13.359 --> 01:19:17.000
<v Speaker 3>they hang on its branches. Shall I tell you some

1331
01:19:17.039 --> 01:19:19.319
<v Speaker 3>of the stories they used to tell about the pines.

1332
01:19:20.680 --> 01:19:23.319
<v Speaker 3>A long time ago, there were ten Indian boys living

1333
01:19:23.319 --> 01:19:27.039
<v Speaker 3>in a village. They were great friends. Every evening, at

1334
01:19:27.119 --> 01:19:29.840
<v Speaker 3>dusk they would meet and dance about one of their number,

1335
01:19:29.840 --> 01:19:33.359
<v Speaker 3>who was a sweet singer. Once they wanted to have

1336
01:19:33.399 --> 01:19:36.600
<v Speaker 3>a great feast, but their parents thought it was foolish

1337
01:19:36.640 --> 01:19:39.239
<v Speaker 3>and would not give them the things for which they asked.

1338
01:19:40.279 --> 01:19:42.960
<v Speaker 3>That night they came out and danced as usual. The

1339
01:19:43.039 --> 01:19:47.079
<v Speaker 3>singers sang more sweetly than ever before. As he sung,

1340
01:19:47.399 --> 01:19:51.600
<v Speaker 3>they danced faster and faster. Then the singer rose into

1341
01:19:51.640 --> 01:19:54.840
<v Speaker 3>the air, and still they whirled round and round him.

1342
01:19:55.840 --> 01:19:58.000
<v Speaker 3>Their mothers came out and called to them to come

1343
01:19:58.039 --> 01:20:01.399
<v Speaker 3>back and they might have what they wished. Still, there

1344
01:20:01.520 --> 01:20:05.880
<v Speaker 3>rose higher and higher, dancing around the singer. Only one

1345
01:20:05.920 --> 01:20:08.119
<v Speaker 3>of them looked back, and he fell to the earth

1346
01:20:08.159 --> 01:20:11.600
<v Speaker 3>and was changed into a pine tree. And so the

1347
01:20:11.680 --> 01:20:14.359
<v Speaker 3>pine trees still tell the fate of the boys who

1348
01:20:14.439 --> 01:20:17.800
<v Speaker 3>danced away into the clouds. The trunk is a singer,

1349
01:20:18.039 --> 01:20:21.119
<v Speaker 3>and its circles of branches are the boys who danced

1350
01:20:21.159 --> 01:20:21.840
<v Speaker 3>about him.

1351
01:20:24.560 --> 01:20:24.880
<v Speaker 6>Away.

1352
01:20:25.119 --> 01:20:26.880
<v Speaker 3>Up in the top of a pine tree, there is

1353
01:20:26.920 --> 01:20:29.479
<v Speaker 3>a tip like a feather, and this is a story

1354
01:20:29.520 --> 01:20:33.159
<v Speaker 3>they tell about it. Three men once went to the

1355
01:20:33.199 --> 01:20:38.079
<v Speaker 3>great spirit Glusgup to ask for favors. The first was

1356
01:20:38.079 --> 01:20:40.600
<v Speaker 3>a young Indian who wore bark and fur in his

1357
01:20:40.720 --> 01:20:44.600
<v Speaker 3>moccasins in order to appear tall. He also plastered his

1358
01:20:44.720 --> 01:20:49.199
<v Speaker 3>hair high and stuck in a turkey feather. What would

1359
01:20:49.279 --> 01:20:53.880
<v Speaker 3>you have, asked Glusgup. I wish to be taller than

1360
01:20:53.960 --> 01:20:58.399
<v Speaker 3>any Indian in the land, said he. Glusgub was not

1361
01:20:58.560 --> 01:21:03.319
<v Speaker 3>pleased and turned to the what will you have? He asked?

1362
01:21:04.399 --> 01:21:07.600
<v Speaker 3>The second wanted to live upon the earth forever that

1363
01:21:07.720 --> 01:21:12.640
<v Speaker 3>he might see its beauty. Grant that I may live

1364
01:21:12.680 --> 01:21:14.960
<v Speaker 3>to be very old, and that I may have good

1365
01:21:15.000 --> 01:21:19.520
<v Speaker 3>health to enjoy it, said the third Glusgab called his

1366
01:21:19.680 --> 01:21:21.640
<v Speaker 3>servant and told him to take the men to a

1367
01:21:21.680 --> 01:21:24.119
<v Speaker 3>hill near by and fasten their feet in the ground.

1368
01:21:24.760 --> 01:21:28.399
<v Speaker 3>This done, he changed them into pine trees. In this

1369
01:21:28.560 --> 01:21:32.079
<v Speaker 3>way each had his wish granted. If you will listen

1370
01:21:32.119 --> 01:21:34.600
<v Speaker 3>when you pass under the pines, you can hear their

1371
01:21:34.720 --> 01:21:39.920
<v Speaker 3>voices and see the turkey feather in the top. Some

1372
01:21:40.000 --> 01:21:43.000
<v Speaker 3>of the pine trees are very very tall. Would you

1373
01:21:43.159 --> 01:21:48.479
<v Speaker 3>like to hear how they became so? The great Manabosso

1374
01:21:48.920 --> 01:21:50.920
<v Speaker 3>had been hunting one day when he came to the

1375
01:21:51.039 --> 01:21:53.880
<v Speaker 3>edge of the forest. He saw the prince of the

1376
01:21:53.960 --> 01:21:56.960
<v Speaker 3>serpents lying on the sand by the big sea water.

1377
01:21:58.640 --> 01:22:01.840
<v Speaker 3>Mana Bosso remembered how much harm the serpents had done,

1378
01:22:02.159 --> 01:22:04.640
<v Speaker 3>and so he shot the magic arrow straight to its

1379
01:22:04.680 --> 01:22:08.800
<v Speaker 3>heart and killed it. Then he turned and ran. The

1380
01:22:08.880 --> 01:22:12.359
<v Speaker 3>serpent had given a loud cry, and the others, hearing it,

1381
01:22:12.439 --> 01:22:16.119
<v Speaker 3>came to him. When they saw that Manobosso had killed him,

1382
01:22:16.159 --> 01:22:20.079
<v Speaker 3>they started after him, crawling and leaping. They went so

1383
01:22:20.199 --> 01:22:22.880
<v Speaker 3>fast that they were soon upon him, and he could

1384
01:22:22.880 --> 01:22:26.039
<v Speaker 3>hear them hissing. He had run to the top of

1385
01:22:26.079 --> 01:22:28.279
<v Speaker 3>a mountain, and now he had just time to climb

1386
01:22:28.359 --> 01:22:31.840
<v Speaker 3>the tree. He found there, the serpents were about its space.

1387
01:22:33.000 --> 01:22:38.319
<v Speaker 3>Waters of Earth rise and save me, he cried. The

1388
01:22:38.359 --> 01:22:42.439
<v Speaker 3>waters came, roaring and splashing. They rose to the top

1389
01:22:42.479 --> 01:22:45.159
<v Speaker 3>of the mountain. They swallowed the serpents and crept higher

1390
01:22:45.199 --> 01:22:49.640
<v Speaker 3>and higher up the tree. They came about his feet. Tree, tree,

1391
01:22:49.720 --> 01:22:53.960
<v Speaker 3>stretch and save me, he cried. The tree was a pine.

1392
01:22:54.239 --> 01:22:57.159
<v Speaker 3>It stretched and stretched until it was several times as

1393
01:22:57.199 --> 01:23:01.720
<v Speaker 3>tall as before. And still the waters rose. They crept

1394
01:23:01.720 --> 01:23:04.399
<v Speaker 3>to his knees, to his waist, but when they reached

1395
01:23:04.399 --> 01:23:08.359
<v Speaker 3>his neck they stopped. He called to a passing loon

1396
01:23:08.439 --> 01:23:12.000
<v Speaker 3>to dive and bring up some earth. It dived but

1397
01:23:12.159 --> 01:23:17.479
<v Speaker 3>came up dead. Then a muskrat came floating by Manabosso

1398
01:23:17.560 --> 01:23:19.920
<v Speaker 3>called to it, muskrat, bring me some dirt from the

1399
01:23:19.960 --> 01:23:22.840
<v Speaker 3>ground below the water, and you shall have your choice

1400
01:23:22.840 --> 01:23:26.399
<v Speaker 3>of places on the new Earth I will build. The

1401
01:23:26.479 --> 01:23:29.199
<v Speaker 3>muskrat dived and brought up some dirt in its paws.

1402
01:23:29.880 --> 01:23:33.399
<v Speaker 3>It seemed to be dead, but Manabosso breathed into its

1403
01:23:33.399 --> 01:23:37.439
<v Speaker 3>nostrils and it came to life. So Manabosso made a

1404
01:23:37.479 --> 01:23:40.640
<v Speaker 3>new Earth, and ever since the pine trees have been

1405
01:23:40.680 --> 01:23:48.960
<v Speaker 3>taller than other trees the pine family. Almost all cone

1406
01:23:48.960 --> 01:23:51.399
<v Speaker 3>bearing trees are called pines by those who have not

1407
01:23:51.479 --> 01:23:55.119
<v Speaker 3>studied them. The pine family includes not only the true pines,

1408
01:23:55.399 --> 01:23:59.119
<v Speaker 3>but the firs and spruces, the hemlocks, larches, and cedars.

1409
01:24:00.079 --> 01:24:03.039
<v Speaker 3>They are also called evergreens, for they do not drop

1410
01:24:03.079 --> 01:24:05.880
<v Speaker 3>their leaves as do many of the other common trees.

1411
01:24:07.760 --> 01:24:10.279
<v Speaker 3>This does not mean that the leaves never drop at all,

1412
01:24:10.680 --> 01:24:12.840
<v Speaker 3>but that they do not fall at the same time

1413
01:24:13.159 --> 01:24:16.600
<v Speaker 3>or on the approach of winter. If you look under

1414
01:24:16.600 --> 01:24:19.159
<v Speaker 3>the trees, you can always find the dried needles that

1415
01:24:19.239 --> 01:24:23.119
<v Speaker 3>have fallen. They fall from the inner and older parts

1416
01:24:23.159 --> 01:24:28.319
<v Speaker 3>of the branches. Evergreen leaves do not look much like

1417
01:24:28.399 --> 01:24:31.279
<v Speaker 3>those of other trees. They are sometimes long and pointed,

1418
01:24:31.359 --> 01:24:34.680
<v Speaker 3>like needles. They may be narrow and flat. They may

1419
01:24:34.720 --> 01:24:38.479
<v Speaker 3>look like flattened scales on the branches, or they may

1420
01:24:38.520 --> 01:24:42.760
<v Speaker 3>be short and all like such. Leaves are much stiffer

1421
01:24:42.800 --> 01:24:45.159
<v Speaker 3>than other leaves and must have some way of protecting

1422
01:24:45.199 --> 01:24:50.319
<v Speaker 3>themselves against the cold. They are usually resinous. That is,

1423
01:24:50.960 --> 01:24:54.119
<v Speaker 3>there are in each leaf bodies which produce a thick,

1424
01:24:54.199 --> 01:24:58.479
<v Speaker 3>sticky gum, which we call balsam. This is sometimes fragrant,

1425
01:24:59.000 --> 01:25:03.319
<v Speaker 3>as in the furbals. The pines are much more like

1426
01:25:03.359 --> 01:25:05.279
<v Speaker 3>the trees that were growing on the earth at the

1427
01:25:05.319 --> 01:25:08.560
<v Speaker 3>time that the great coal beds were forming than are

1428
01:25:08.640 --> 01:25:12.920
<v Speaker 3>any of the deciduous trees. Their leaves are more like

1429
01:25:12.960 --> 01:25:18.239
<v Speaker 3>the leaves of the old club mosses. Their cones are

1430
01:25:18.239 --> 01:25:21.439
<v Speaker 3>also somewhat like those of the ancient mosses. In this

1431
01:25:21.560 --> 01:25:23.800
<v Speaker 3>way we know that the pines are much older in

1432
01:25:23.840 --> 01:25:28.800
<v Speaker 3>their form than the deciduous trees. The fruit of the

1433
01:25:28.840 --> 01:25:32.079
<v Speaker 3>pines is called a cone. You have all seen cones.

1434
01:25:32.520 --> 01:25:35.920
<v Speaker 3>They are usually round or oval in shape, and consist

1435
01:25:36.000 --> 01:25:39.680
<v Speaker 3>of a central axis around which grow many hard, stiff,

1436
01:25:39.760 --> 01:25:45.000
<v Speaker 3>brown scales. Sometimes these scales are thin and flat, sometimes

1437
01:25:45.079 --> 01:25:48.479
<v Speaker 3>they are thick and rough. In the pines they overlap,

1438
01:25:48.640 --> 01:25:51.640
<v Speaker 3>but in the cypresses and in the cedars their edges

1439
01:25:51.720 --> 01:25:54.119
<v Speaker 3>may fit together, so that they are rather ball like

1440
01:25:54.239 --> 01:25:59.079
<v Speaker 3>and have hard ridges. If you could watch a cone grow,

1441
01:25:59.239 --> 01:26:01.880
<v Speaker 3>you would find them that it began as a twig begins.

1442
01:26:02.840 --> 01:26:05.640
<v Speaker 3>The part that in a twig grows into leaves in

1443
01:26:05.680 --> 01:26:09.479
<v Speaker 3>a cone flatten out and become the scales of the cone.

1444
01:26:09.640 --> 01:26:14.840
<v Speaker 3>The seed are borne on these scales, even in their seed.

1445
01:26:15.000 --> 01:26:18.039
<v Speaker 3>The pine family are quite different from the deciduous trees.

1446
01:26:18.479 --> 01:26:21.640
<v Speaker 3>A pine nut is smooth on the outside. Cut away

1447
01:26:21.640 --> 01:26:24.279
<v Speaker 3>the shell, and the kernel looks like a small egg

1448
01:26:24.760 --> 01:26:28.199
<v Speaker 3>with a small cap on one end. That cap is

1449
01:26:28.239 --> 01:26:32.520
<v Speaker 3>always found among the cone bearers. Now, if you cut

1450
01:26:32.560 --> 01:26:34.760
<v Speaker 3>the white kernel in two, you will find that the

1451
01:26:34.800 --> 01:26:37.640
<v Speaker 3>outside is food, and in the center of the food

1452
01:26:37.720 --> 01:26:40.760
<v Speaker 3>is a tiny little plant which may be green at

1453
01:26:40.840 --> 01:26:44.399
<v Speaker 3>one end. This is a young pine tree. This is

1454
01:26:44.439 --> 01:26:47.359
<v Speaker 3>a part which, when you plant the nut, cracks the

1455
01:26:47.359 --> 01:26:52.000
<v Speaker 3>shell and pushes its way out. These young plants are

1456
01:26:52.039 --> 01:26:56.640
<v Speaker 3>different from all other seedlings. You may find instead of

1457
01:26:56.680 --> 01:26:59.640
<v Speaker 3>one seed leaf like the corn, or two seed leaves

1458
01:26:59.680 --> 01:27:03.319
<v Speaker 3>like them, there are a circle of narrow leaves, usually

1459
01:27:03.359 --> 01:27:07.399
<v Speaker 3>about eight or ten. When the young tree begins to branch,

1460
01:27:07.680 --> 01:27:10.920
<v Speaker 3>buds form in a circle and become a circle of branches.

1461
01:27:11.479 --> 01:27:14.359
<v Speaker 3>But the middle bud is stronger than any of the others.

1462
01:27:14.840 --> 01:27:20.199
<v Speaker 3>It forms the trunk, which always exceeds the branches. The

1463
01:27:20.359 --> 01:27:23.359
<v Speaker 3>Norway spruce is the easiest to find of this group.

1464
01:27:24.000 --> 01:27:26.920
<v Speaker 3>It is cultivated in almost all the parts of this country.

1465
01:27:27.520 --> 01:27:30.760
<v Speaker 3>It is an evergreen tree with a straight, slender trunk

1466
01:27:31.239 --> 01:27:36.239
<v Speaker 3>and circles of slightly drooping branches. The sprays are flattened,

1467
01:27:36.239 --> 01:27:39.159
<v Speaker 3>and the stems covered with short needles of about an

1468
01:27:39.199 --> 01:27:45.119
<v Speaker 3>inching length. The needles are single, four sided, slightly curved,

1469
01:27:45.439 --> 01:27:48.520
<v Speaker 3>and occur on all sides of the stems. Their tips

1470
01:27:48.520 --> 01:27:52.079
<v Speaker 3>are pointed, but not sharp. The stems are marked with

1471
01:27:52.159 --> 01:27:55.560
<v Speaker 3>curious flat ridges or cushions from which the needles spring.

1472
01:27:56.640 --> 01:27:58.800
<v Speaker 3>If the tree is well grown, you may find it

1473
01:27:58.880 --> 01:28:02.960
<v Speaker 3>in flower In April or May. On the underside of

1474
01:28:03.000 --> 01:28:06.560
<v Speaker 3>the sprays will be found some dull yellow catkins of

1475
01:28:06.640 --> 01:28:10.000
<v Speaker 3>about an inchine length. They are not at all wooly

1476
01:28:10.279 --> 01:28:14.479
<v Speaker 3>and consists of overlapping scales. Each scale is supplied with

1477
01:28:14.560 --> 01:28:18.000
<v Speaker 3>two pockets from which the pollen is shed when ripe.

1478
01:28:18.760 --> 01:28:23.720
<v Speaker 3>These are the staminant catkins. The pistolate catkins or young

1479
01:28:23.760 --> 01:28:26.840
<v Speaker 3>cones are always higher up near the top of the tree.

1480
01:28:27.319 --> 01:28:30.479
<v Speaker 3>They are about an inchine length, of a deep red color,

1481
01:28:30.640 --> 01:28:34.439
<v Speaker 3>and hanged down. They too are made of flattened scales.

1482
01:28:34.439 --> 01:28:37.960
<v Speaker 3>At the base of each scale are two tiny oval bodies,

1483
01:28:37.960 --> 01:28:41.399
<v Speaker 3>which grow into seeds after they have been supplied with pollen.

1484
01:28:42.680 --> 01:28:46.159
<v Speaker 3>The mature cones are from four to six inches long

1485
01:28:46.199 --> 01:28:49.479
<v Speaker 3>and very regular in their shape. There is a central

1486
01:28:49.560 --> 01:28:53.680
<v Speaker 3>axis upon which the bracts or scales are arranged spirally.

1487
01:28:54.840 --> 01:28:58.119
<v Speaker 3>Figure six shows a cut through a cone, the bracts

1488
01:28:58.199 --> 01:29:00.640
<v Speaker 3>upon either side, and the seeds as they lie upon

1489
01:29:00.680 --> 01:29:04.279
<v Speaker 3>the bracts. Since the seed do not lie in a

1490
01:29:04.319 --> 01:29:08.680
<v Speaker 3>closed cavity, cone bearing trees are known as gymnosperms, or

1491
01:29:08.760 --> 01:29:13.359
<v Speaker 3>trees with naked seed. The seed are winged and fall

1492
01:29:13.399 --> 01:29:17.239
<v Speaker 3>out when the scales loosen in February. The true pines

1493
01:29:17.239 --> 01:29:20.680
<v Speaker 3>have flowers very much like these, but they are grouped differently.

1494
01:29:21.520 --> 01:29:24.600
<v Speaker 3>There is usually a cluster of the staminate catkins near

1495
01:29:24.640 --> 01:29:27.560
<v Speaker 3>the end of the lower branches. The young cones are

1496
01:29:27.640 --> 01:29:30.880
<v Speaker 3>higher up on older trees. They seem to take the

1497
01:29:30.880 --> 01:29:33.439
<v Speaker 3>place of a circle of young twigs on the branches.

1498
01:29:34.880 --> 01:29:39.000
<v Speaker 3>Great groups in the pine family. I am sure you

1499
01:29:39.079 --> 01:29:41.479
<v Speaker 3>will want to be able to distinguish the best known

1500
01:29:41.479 --> 01:29:44.560
<v Speaker 3>members of the pine family. This can be easily done

1501
01:29:44.680 --> 01:29:48.439
<v Speaker 3>if you answer the following questions. Is your cone bearer

1502
01:29:48.560 --> 01:29:52.520
<v Speaker 3>an evergreen? If not, it is probably a large or

1503
01:29:52.600 --> 01:29:58.119
<v Speaker 3>the southern cypress. If evergreen, others some thin dry bud

1504
01:29:58.159 --> 01:30:02.199
<v Speaker 3>scales about the base of the leaf. If so, it

1505
01:30:02.279 --> 01:30:05.520
<v Speaker 3>is a true pine. The leaves usually occur in groups

1506
01:30:05.520 --> 01:30:09.000
<v Speaker 3>from two to five, wrapped together and The cones are

1507
01:30:09.119 --> 01:30:12.800
<v Speaker 3>thick and woody. The scotch pine and yellow pine have

1508
01:30:12.840 --> 01:30:16.520
<v Speaker 3>the needles arranged in clusters of two. The pitch pine

1509
01:30:16.520 --> 01:30:19.880
<v Speaker 3>has the needles in groups of three. The white pines

1510
01:30:19.920 --> 01:30:22.960
<v Speaker 3>have five needles in a cluster. The bark is smooth

1511
01:30:23.119 --> 01:30:27.159
<v Speaker 3>and of a pale color. Are the leaves of your

1512
01:30:27.199 --> 01:30:31.239
<v Speaker 3>evergreen single and attached to little ridges on the stem?

1513
01:30:31.680 --> 01:30:34.880
<v Speaker 3>Do the cones group, then it is a spruce or

1514
01:30:34.880 --> 01:30:38.520
<v Speaker 3>a hemlock. The spruces have the needles arranged on all

1515
01:30:38.560 --> 01:30:41.760
<v Speaker 3>sides of the stems. Each needle is a little bit

1516
01:30:41.840 --> 01:30:45.920
<v Speaker 3>four sided. The cones fall as one piece. The black

1517
01:30:45.960 --> 01:30:49.359
<v Speaker 3>spruce of America and the white spruce have shorter cones

1518
01:30:49.399 --> 01:30:52.680
<v Speaker 3>than the one described. The first has dark bark and

1519
01:30:52.760 --> 01:30:55.920
<v Speaker 3>small cones. The second has light green foliage and a

1520
01:30:55.960 --> 01:30:59.000
<v Speaker 3>cone about two inches long. They both grow in that

1521
01:30:59.119 --> 01:31:02.000
<v Speaker 3>northern United is States and in Canada, where there are

1522
01:31:02.119 --> 01:31:07.199
<v Speaker 3>large forests. The Colorado spruce has sharp, pointed, pungent leaves

1523
01:31:07.560 --> 01:31:11.479
<v Speaker 3>and the branches incline upward. The hemlocks differ from the

1524
01:31:11.560 --> 01:31:14.840
<v Speaker 3>spruces in that the leaves are flattened and arranged in

1525
01:31:14.880 --> 01:31:18.600
<v Speaker 3>two rows on the stems, like a feather. This gives

1526
01:31:18.640 --> 01:31:23.479
<v Speaker 3>the tree a dainty, feathery spray, which droops decidedly. The

1527
01:31:23.600 --> 01:31:28.199
<v Speaker 3>staminate catkins are nearly round. Are the leaves of your

1528
01:31:28.199 --> 01:31:32.119
<v Speaker 3>evergreen single flattened and inclined to turn upward so that

1529
01:31:32.199 --> 01:31:35.319
<v Speaker 3>the under side of the stem is nearly bare. Then

1530
01:31:35.359 --> 01:31:39.159
<v Speaker 3>you have a fur. Observe that each leaf springs from

1531
01:31:39.199 --> 01:31:43.960
<v Speaker 3>a circular disc. The balsam firs are Native Americans and

1532
01:31:44.039 --> 01:31:48.640
<v Speaker 3>have served as Christmas trees for several centuries. The blisters

1533
01:31:48.720 --> 01:31:52.119
<v Speaker 3>upon their bark yield Canada balsam, and their leaves are

1534
01:31:52.239 --> 01:31:56.760
<v Speaker 3>very fragrant. Figure nine represents a twig of the northern

1535
01:31:56.920 --> 01:32:02.479
<v Speaker 3>balsam fir. The cones of the fir trees stand erect

1536
01:32:02.479 --> 01:32:05.319
<v Speaker 3>on the stems. When they open to shed the seed,

1537
01:32:05.720 --> 01:32:08.960
<v Speaker 3>the scales fall at the same time. This leaves the

1538
01:32:09.079 --> 01:32:14.159
<v Speaker 3>central axis standing. There are often conspicuous bracts between the scales.

1539
01:32:15.840 --> 01:32:18.479
<v Speaker 3>When the lower side of the leaves is marked with white,

1540
01:32:18.640 --> 01:32:22.800
<v Speaker 3>they are called silver firs. These are very handsome trees.

1541
01:32:24.000 --> 01:32:26.279
<v Speaker 3>The cedars may puzzle you at first, but if you

1542
01:32:26.359 --> 01:32:29.079
<v Speaker 3>look at them closely or get the cones, it will

1543
01:32:29.119 --> 01:32:33.600
<v Speaker 3>not be for long. The Lebanon cedars have needle like

1544
01:32:33.760 --> 01:32:38.439
<v Speaker 3>leaves arranged in tufts. The white cedars have flattened stems

1545
01:32:38.479 --> 01:32:42.319
<v Speaker 3>covered with four rows of overlapping scales. They are of

1546
01:32:42.359 --> 01:32:46.319
<v Speaker 3>two kinds, those having the flattened branches extending up and

1547
01:32:46.399 --> 01:32:49.760
<v Speaker 3>down the tree from top to bottom, and those in

1548
01:32:49.800 --> 01:32:53.560
<v Speaker 3>which the branches extend round the tree. The first are

1549
01:32:53.600 --> 01:32:58.279
<v Speaker 3>called arbor vita. The scales of the cones overlap the

1550
01:32:58.359 --> 01:33:02.800
<v Speaker 3>second are called cypress. The cones are round, like marbles.

1551
01:33:03.159 --> 01:33:07.640
<v Speaker 3>These are very common in California. The junipers or red

1552
01:33:07.640 --> 01:33:10.760
<v Speaker 3>cedars do not have a cone at all, but bear

1553
01:33:10.840 --> 01:33:15.520
<v Speaker 3>purple berries. The leaves are either scaleke or sharp and pointed,

1554
01:33:15.880 --> 01:33:32.680
<v Speaker 3>and the branches are horizontal. End of chapter nine.

1555
01:33:28.199 --> 01:33:32.840
<v Speaker 5>Chapter ten of Ten Common Trees. This is a LibriVox recording.

1556
01:33:33.159 --> 01:33:35.680
<v Speaker 5>All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more

1557
01:33:35.720 --> 01:33:39.960
<v Speaker 5>information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording

1558
01:33:40.000 --> 01:33:45.399
<v Speaker 5>by Miriann Spiegel. Ten Common Trees by Susan Stokes. Chapter ten,

1559
01:33:46.079 --> 01:33:51.880
<v Speaker 5>The red maple good news. Good news. Winter is going

1560
01:33:52.479 --> 01:33:56.279
<v Speaker 5>winter with his gloomy skies and whistling winds. Winter who

1561
01:33:56.319 --> 01:34:00.000
<v Speaker 5>gives the fields and the trees so old They are

1562
01:34:00.079 --> 01:34:04.079
<v Speaker 5>beards of icicle and snow there's not a robin to

1563
01:34:04.119 --> 01:34:07.119
<v Speaker 5>be seen, not a spring beauty peeping out of the snow.

1564
01:34:07.520 --> 01:34:09.920
<v Speaker 5>But down by the river I have found a tree,

1565
01:34:10.159 --> 01:34:14.119
<v Speaker 5>a beautiful red tree. It blooms earlier than the pussy willows,

1566
01:34:14.479 --> 01:34:18.159
<v Speaker 5>earlier than the crocuses. Sometimes it blooms so very early

1567
01:34:18.439 --> 01:34:21.399
<v Speaker 5>that the gray old king nips its buds and turns

1568
01:34:21.439 --> 01:34:25.239
<v Speaker 5>its twigs brown. There are no leaves yet on this tree,

1569
01:34:25.439 --> 01:34:27.640
<v Speaker 5>but you may know it by its shape, by the

1570
01:34:27.680 --> 01:34:31.960
<v Speaker 5>compact round head, low branches, sharp angles, and bushy twigs.

1571
01:34:32.680 --> 01:34:35.479
<v Speaker 5>The bark is thin, a grayish brown on the trunk,

1572
01:34:35.840 --> 01:34:39.079
<v Speaker 5>red on the twigs. It is smooth above, but down

1573
01:34:39.119 --> 01:34:42.840
<v Speaker 5>below it has cracked lengthwise. Let us see what kind

1574
01:34:42.880 --> 01:34:45.680
<v Speaker 5>of tree it is. Here On the twigs are the

1575
01:34:45.680 --> 01:34:49.000
<v Speaker 5>scars of last year's leaves, in pairs and v shaped.

1576
01:34:50.359 --> 01:34:52.520
<v Speaker 5>If there are three or four eyes in each scar,

1577
01:34:52.760 --> 01:34:56.239
<v Speaker 5>it is a maple. This one, with its red twigs

1578
01:34:56.279 --> 01:34:59.560
<v Speaker 5>and flowers, is the red maple. It grows wild along

1579
01:34:59.640 --> 01:35:03.319
<v Speaker 5>stream and in swamps. Sometimes we call it the swamp maple.

1580
01:35:04.399 --> 01:35:08.119
<v Speaker 5>The flowers are these bright red tufts. The poet Lowell

1581
01:35:08.520 --> 01:35:12.600
<v Speaker 5>calls them the maples corals. There are so many of

1582
01:35:12.640 --> 01:35:15.439
<v Speaker 5>them that they color the whole tree red. You must

1583
01:35:15.520 --> 01:35:19.159
<v Speaker 5>look closely to discover that there are two kinds. Some

1584
01:35:19.239 --> 01:35:21.840
<v Speaker 5>of them have little balls covered with yellow dust, while

1585
01:35:21.840 --> 01:35:24.760
<v Speaker 5>others have just two tiny red plumes in each flower.

1586
01:35:26.039 --> 01:35:27.960
<v Speaker 5>On this tree you find a great many of the

1587
01:35:28.000 --> 01:35:30.680
<v Speaker 5>balls and only a few of the plumes. But on

1588
01:35:30.720 --> 01:35:32.239
<v Speaker 5>some of the trees you will find a great many

1589
01:35:32.279 --> 01:35:35.960
<v Speaker 5>of the plumes with but very few balls. In some families,

1590
01:35:35.960 --> 01:35:39.079
<v Speaker 5>all the children are boys, in others girls, and in

1591
01:35:39.119 --> 01:35:42.640
<v Speaker 5>others there are boys and girls together. So with the maple,

1592
01:35:43.239 --> 01:35:47.039
<v Speaker 5>one tree may have balls or stamens alone, another plumes

1593
01:35:47.159 --> 01:35:50.680
<v Speaker 5>or pistols, and still another, though this kind is more rare,

1594
01:35:51.039 --> 01:35:55.000
<v Speaker 5>may have stamens and pistols together. Both the balls and

1595
01:35:55.039 --> 01:35:58.199
<v Speaker 5>the plumes grow in red cups. These help to keep

1596
01:35:58.239 --> 01:36:01.079
<v Speaker 5>them warm. It would not be safe for every tree

1597
01:36:01.079 --> 01:36:03.720
<v Speaker 5>to bloom at this season, but the red maple seems

1598
01:36:03.800 --> 01:36:07.000
<v Speaker 5>to be prepared for cold weather in several ways. First,

1599
01:36:07.159 --> 01:36:09.840
<v Speaker 5>the flowers grow in tufts that keeps out some of

1600
01:36:09.880 --> 01:36:14.159
<v Speaker 5>the wind, for they bloom just when wild march winds

1601
01:36:14.199 --> 01:36:18.800
<v Speaker 5>on their errands sing. Second, the buds are protected by scales.

1602
01:36:19.439 --> 01:36:22.319
<v Speaker 5>You will find them turned back just below the open flowers,

1603
01:36:22.760 --> 01:36:25.560
<v Speaker 5>but they show better. In the bud. Around the young flowers,

1604
01:36:26.439 --> 01:36:29.079
<v Speaker 5>there is a brown and shiny coat of resin, a

1605
01:36:29.119 --> 01:36:32.319
<v Speaker 5>waterproof to keep out the rain and snow. They are

1606
01:36:32.319 --> 01:36:35.119
<v Speaker 5>so small, these tiny flowers, that they do not need

1607
01:36:35.159 --> 01:36:37.840
<v Speaker 5>a waterproof for each, but are wrapped up three or

1608
01:36:37.880 --> 01:36:41.960
<v Speaker 5>four together. Third, when the bud scales turn back and

1609
01:36:42.039 --> 01:36:45.720
<v Speaker 5>the flowers push out on their pedicels, they have still

1610
01:36:45.840 --> 01:36:49.039
<v Speaker 5>two red cloaks or cups, which keep the inner parts warm.

1611
01:36:49.960 --> 01:36:52.840
<v Speaker 5>The outer of these is called a calyx, the inner

1612
01:36:52.960 --> 01:36:57.319
<v Speaker 5>a corolla. When the cup contains stamens, they may be

1613
01:36:57.439 --> 01:36:59.960
<v Speaker 5>from four to twelve in number, each with a tiny

1614
01:37:00.239 --> 01:37:03.560
<v Speaker 5>ball or anther. Each ball has four little pockets full

1615
01:37:03.600 --> 01:37:07.319
<v Speaker 5>of yellow dust called pollen. When the pollen falls upon

1616
01:37:07.319 --> 01:37:09.760
<v Speaker 5>the red plumes, it pushes its way into the urn

1617
01:37:09.760 --> 01:37:13.279
<v Speaker 5>shaped body at the base. This then begins to grow.

1618
01:37:13.760 --> 01:37:16.880
<v Speaker 5>Its shoulders enlarge, and each becomes a broad, flat wing

1619
01:37:17.039 --> 01:37:21.000
<v Speaker 5>or sail. Such a two winged fruit is a samara

1620
01:37:21.279 --> 01:37:25.000
<v Speaker 5>or key. You may remember seeing such keys late in

1621
01:37:25.000 --> 01:37:27.600
<v Speaker 5>the year, when the wind carries them about, whisking them

1622
01:37:27.600 --> 01:37:29.960
<v Speaker 5>into corners or dropping them in the shade of the

1623
01:37:30.000 --> 01:37:33.039
<v Speaker 5>mother tree. Some day you may open one and see

1624
01:37:33.039 --> 01:37:36.439
<v Speaker 5>what is within carefully cut away one wall of the

1625
01:37:36.479 --> 01:37:39.800
<v Speaker 5>thickened base, there are two little rooms, and in each

1626
01:37:39.840 --> 01:37:42.720
<v Speaker 5>one is a seed. Now cut off the seed wall.

1627
01:37:42.800 --> 01:37:47.880
<v Speaker 5>Also what you find two tiny baby maples twins. They

1628
01:37:47.920 --> 01:37:52.039
<v Speaker 5>are wrapped up and swung in a winged cradle. Each

1629
01:37:52.079 --> 01:37:55.039
<v Speaker 5>one has a tiny root and two little leaves. The

1630
01:37:55.159 --> 01:37:58.239
<v Speaker 5>root works down into the soil and gathers water with

1631
01:37:58.319 --> 01:38:02.079
<v Speaker 5>its velvety root hairs. The stem pushes up into the sunlight.

1632
01:38:02.880 --> 01:38:04.920
<v Speaker 5>The second pair of leaves differ in shape from the

1633
01:38:04.960 --> 01:38:08.319
<v Speaker 5>first or seed leaves, and the third are more perfect. Still,

1634
01:38:09.640 --> 01:38:12.399
<v Speaker 5>all summer long, the little maples grow adding to their

1635
01:38:12.439 --> 01:38:14.920
<v Speaker 5>crown of leaves, till in the fall they may be

1636
01:38:15.000 --> 01:38:18.720
<v Speaker 5>two feet tall. Then winter comes and the cold kills

1637
01:38:18.760 --> 01:38:22.439
<v Speaker 5>them off by the hundreds. The red maple blooms early,

1638
01:38:22.640 --> 01:38:25.439
<v Speaker 5>so that the children grow tall and strong before winter begins.

1639
01:38:26.119 --> 01:38:28.720
<v Speaker 5>The keys, falling as they do down upon the wet

1640
01:38:28.760 --> 01:38:31.800
<v Speaker 5>soil of marsh and river, could not live through the winter,

1641
01:38:31.960 --> 01:38:35.720
<v Speaker 5>but would decay. Fortunately, the swamp maple blooms in March

1642
01:38:35.960 --> 01:38:39.079
<v Speaker 5>and drops its keys in May. When this is done,

1643
01:38:39.079 --> 01:38:42.000
<v Speaker 5>the maple has summer before it, the long warm summer

1644
01:38:42.079 --> 01:38:45.720
<v Speaker 5>in which to work and build. After the flowers bloom,

1645
01:38:45.840 --> 01:38:48.840
<v Speaker 5>the winter buds unfold. The winter buds are at the

1646
01:38:48.960 --> 01:38:51.000
<v Speaker 5>end of the twigs and are darker in color than

1647
01:38:51.039 --> 01:38:54.680
<v Speaker 5>the flower buds. They too are covered with scales, coated

1648
01:38:54.720 --> 01:38:57.640
<v Speaker 5>with resin, and lined with wool. There are six or

1649
01:38:57.680 --> 01:39:00.399
<v Speaker 5>eight of them. Do you see a scar as below

1650
01:39:00.439 --> 01:39:03.640
<v Speaker 5>the flower buds on either side? The flower buds grew

1651
01:39:03.840 --> 01:39:06.479
<v Speaker 5>in the axle of the lowest scale, and it has

1652
01:39:06.520 --> 01:39:09.479
<v Speaker 5>fallen away and left a scar. The first leaves are

1653
01:39:09.520 --> 01:39:13.279
<v Speaker 5>not quite perfect, but seem to be half leaf half scale.

1654
01:39:13.720 --> 01:39:16.039
<v Speaker 5>Having been wrapped up in the bud all winter, they

1655
01:39:16.079 --> 01:39:19.680
<v Speaker 5>never recover from the effects of the crowded position. Spread

1656
01:39:19.720 --> 01:39:21.600
<v Speaker 5>one of the later leaves out on your hand, and

1657
01:39:21.640 --> 01:39:24.840
<v Speaker 5>you will see why they are described as palmata, or

1658
01:39:24.920 --> 01:39:27.600
<v Speaker 5>five lobed. If you look at a number, you may

1659
01:39:27.600 --> 01:39:30.680
<v Speaker 5>find some with only three lobes. The margin is notched

1660
01:39:30.760 --> 01:39:34.119
<v Speaker 5>and the leaves are opposite. When they first unfold, the

1661
01:39:34.199 --> 01:39:37.119
<v Speaker 5>leaves are deep red in color. As they grow older

1662
01:39:37.119 --> 01:39:39.880
<v Speaker 5>and turn green, the maple uses them to prepare food.

1663
01:39:40.560 --> 01:39:42.520
<v Speaker 5>It takes the water from the soil and gas from

1664
01:39:42.520 --> 01:39:45.319
<v Speaker 5>the air, just such gas as you throw out of

1665
01:39:45.319 --> 01:39:48.720
<v Speaker 5>your lungs, and it mixes them there behind the green curtain.

1666
01:39:49.600 --> 01:39:52.359
<v Speaker 5>The curtain is of wonderful material. It does not let

1667
01:39:52.439 --> 01:39:55.119
<v Speaker 5>all the light through. That which passes is of a

1668
01:39:55.159 --> 01:39:57.600
<v Speaker 5>deep green color, and it turns the gas and water

1669
01:39:57.640 --> 01:40:01.640
<v Speaker 5>into starch and sugar. When October comes, the season for

1670
01:40:01.680 --> 01:40:04.479
<v Speaker 5>making food is over. Then the maple takes in the

1671
01:40:04.520 --> 01:40:07.720
<v Speaker 5>green curtains and puts up some of crimson and yellow

1672
01:40:07.720 --> 01:40:11.199
<v Speaker 5>and scarlet. This is the time when squirrels gather their

1673
01:40:11.279 --> 01:40:14.720
<v Speaker 5>nuts and farmers house their grain for winter use. The trees, too,

1674
01:40:14.760 --> 01:40:17.640
<v Speaker 5>are making ready for winter. They are storing sap away

1675
01:40:17.640 --> 01:40:21.479
<v Speaker 5>in the trunk. The beautiful colors are also useful. Though

1676
01:40:21.520 --> 01:40:25.600
<v Speaker 5>trees need sunlight, it may sometimes be too strong. The

1677
01:40:25.640 --> 01:40:28.199
<v Speaker 5>food which is carried in the sap might easily be

1678
01:40:28.279 --> 01:40:31.279
<v Speaker 5>hurt by the sunlight, but the bright colors turn back

1679
01:40:31.319 --> 01:40:33.479
<v Speaker 5>a part of the light so that the food reaches

1680
01:40:33.520 --> 01:40:37.159
<v Speaker 5>the trunk in safety. The young leaves are also red

1681
01:40:37.239 --> 01:40:39.800
<v Speaker 5>until they begin to produce the leaf green, which they

1682
01:40:39.880 --> 01:40:43.359
<v Speaker 5>use in making the food. When the food is safely stored,

1683
01:40:43.439 --> 01:40:45.840
<v Speaker 5>the tree has no further use for the leaves. They

1684
01:40:45.840 --> 01:40:48.239
<v Speaker 5>turn brown and fall to the ground, but they are

1685
01:40:48.239 --> 01:40:51.000
<v Speaker 5>not altogether lost, for the soil they fall upon is

1686
01:40:51.119 --> 01:40:55.960
<v Speaker 5>richer for the shower of leaves. There is something else

1687
01:40:55.960 --> 01:40:58.880
<v Speaker 5>which a maple makes during the sunny summer. It is wood,

1688
01:40:59.359 --> 01:41:02.039
<v Speaker 5>wood in which to keep warm when the wintry winds

1689
01:41:02.039 --> 01:41:05.159
<v Speaker 5>are blowing. The wood is somewhat pink in color, and

1690
01:41:05.279 --> 01:41:08.239
<v Speaker 5>is often used to make furniture, gun stocks, and other things.

1691
01:41:09.039 --> 01:41:12.199
<v Speaker 5>One kind, the bird's eye maple, is very handsome. You

1692
01:41:12.279 --> 01:41:15.439
<v Speaker 5>may look for it yourself some day. The wood extends

1693
01:41:15.439 --> 01:41:19.239
<v Speaker 5>out into the bark in very many minute prickles. When

1694
01:41:19.279 --> 01:41:21.359
<v Speaker 5>this is cut and polished, it is found to be

1695
01:41:21.439 --> 01:41:25.720
<v Speaker 5>marked with many circular grains the bird's eyes. Another kind

1696
01:41:25.800 --> 01:41:28.560
<v Speaker 5>is the curly maple. The woody fibers, which are usually

1697
01:41:28.640 --> 01:41:32.159
<v Speaker 5>quite straight, are sometimes wavy. When such wood is polished,

1698
01:41:32.159 --> 01:41:34.520
<v Speaker 5>it shows lights and shades like the folds of a

1699
01:41:34.560 --> 01:41:38.439
<v Speaker 5>satin gown, and is called curly maple. Did you ever

1700
01:41:38.479 --> 01:41:40.439
<v Speaker 5>think how long it takes a tree to build its

1701
01:41:40.439 --> 01:41:42.800
<v Speaker 5>house of wood? If you are small enough to go

1702
01:41:42.880 --> 01:41:45.720
<v Speaker 5>through all its rooms, you would find it a perfect palace.

1703
01:41:46.359 --> 01:41:49.199
<v Speaker 5>Every year new rooms are added, always between the wood

1704
01:41:49.199 --> 01:41:51.640
<v Speaker 5>and the bark. In this way a ring is added

1705
01:41:51.680 --> 01:41:54.119
<v Speaker 5>each year. We can tell the age of a tree

1706
01:41:54.119 --> 01:41:56.359
<v Speaker 5>by the number of rings in the wood. If there

1707
01:41:56.359 --> 01:41:59.439
<v Speaker 5>are a hundred rings, the tree is a hundred years old,

1708
01:42:00.000 --> 01:42:02.359
<v Speaker 5>which the tree has many friends. It is fixed in

1709
01:42:02.399 --> 01:42:04.479
<v Speaker 5>a single place, but the winds and the birds can

1710
01:42:04.520 --> 01:42:07.000
<v Speaker 5>come and go. The wind is a family friend of

1711
01:42:07.039 --> 01:42:09.560
<v Speaker 5>long standing, one that has been trusted by the family

1712
01:42:09.600 --> 01:42:12.840
<v Speaker 5>for generations. He carries the pollen from tree to tree

1713
01:42:12.960 --> 01:42:15.640
<v Speaker 5>and starts the children out into the world. He also

1714
01:42:15.760 --> 01:42:18.199
<v Speaker 5>drives the clouds to the hills and cools the leaves

1715
01:42:18.199 --> 01:42:21.680
<v Speaker 5>when the air is hot. As for others, the shyest

1716
01:42:21.720 --> 01:42:25.119
<v Speaker 5>birds sing in its branches. It shares their joys and sorrows,

1717
01:42:25.159 --> 01:42:28.199
<v Speaker 5>and protects them with its shade. Another good friend is

1718
01:42:28.279 --> 01:42:30.920
<v Speaker 5>Jack Frost, who warns it when winter is coming that

1719
01:42:31.039 --> 01:42:34.119
<v Speaker 5>it may be ready. But Jack is not the Maple's

1720
01:42:34.119 --> 01:42:37.840
<v Speaker 5>friend alone. He does many kind things for nature's other children.

1721
01:42:38.399 --> 01:42:41.439
<v Speaker 5>The wild geese must be driven southward. The gray partridge

1722
01:42:41.520 --> 01:42:43.840
<v Speaker 5>must be warned to put on her snow white feathers.

1723
01:42:44.399 --> 01:42:46.840
<v Speaker 5>He whispers to the brown bear to find a hollow tree,

1724
01:42:46.960 --> 01:42:49.600
<v Speaker 5>and invites the red squirrel to north hollow when he

1725
01:42:49.680 --> 01:42:52.920
<v Speaker 5>opens the farmer's chestnuts. How would you like to live

1726
01:42:52.960 --> 01:42:55.279
<v Speaker 5>a life like that? At the maple? You could never

1727
01:42:55.359 --> 01:42:57.439
<v Speaker 5>leave your house at all, but it would be warm

1728
01:42:57.439 --> 01:43:00.960
<v Speaker 5>and comfortable during the cold, hard winters. Sometimes the melting

1729
01:43:01.000 --> 01:43:03.560
<v Speaker 5>snows would swell the streams in the spring and would

1730
01:43:03.680 --> 01:43:06.039
<v Speaker 5>wash all the earth from your roots. Or the worms

1731
01:43:06.119 --> 01:43:08.840
<v Speaker 5>might eat the leaves from your branches, the sugar man

1732
01:43:08.920 --> 01:43:11.880
<v Speaker 5>might steal your sap, or the lumber man take your house.

1733
01:43:12.479 --> 01:43:15.359
<v Speaker 5>But think of the long days of sunshine under blue skies,

1734
01:43:15.359 --> 01:43:17.520
<v Speaker 5>when you could wave your leaves in the breeze, of

1735
01:43:17.560 --> 01:43:19.960
<v Speaker 5>the cool showers, and of the lofty nights with the

1736
01:43:20.000 --> 01:43:27.319
<v Speaker 5>moon and stars and crooning birds. Native maples, the red

1737
01:43:27.359 --> 01:43:29.600
<v Speaker 5>maple is found in the northern and eastern part of

1738
01:43:29.640 --> 01:43:32.640
<v Speaker 5>the United States. It is often planted along streets or

1739
01:43:32.680 --> 01:43:35.560
<v Speaker 5>in parks, but grows wild only in river bottoms and

1740
01:43:35.600 --> 01:43:38.720
<v Speaker 5>swampy places. It has a great many relatives which you

1741
01:43:38.760 --> 01:43:41.279
<v Speaker 5>may meet, and which you may know by their palmate,

1742
01:43:41.680 --> 01:43:45.199
<v Speaker 5>opposite leaves, and two winged fruit, although they may differ

1743
01:43:45.199 --> 01:43:48.520
<v Speaker 5>in other respects. The silver maple is a tall tree

1744
01:43:48.520 --> 01:43:51.359
<v Speaker 5>with a pale bark which flakes off in thin sheets.

1745
01:43:52.000 --> 01:43:54.399
<v Speaker 5>Like the red maple, it blooms early, but its tufts

1746
01:43:54.399 --> 01:43:57.039
<v Speaker 5>of flowers are much thicker and its buds more numerous.

1747
01:43:57.600 --> 01:43:59.520
<v Speaker 5>When the flowers come out. There is a single hairy

1748
01:43:59.560 --> 01:44:02.399
<v Speaker 5>green cup to keep the inner parts warm. Its leaves

1749
01:44:02.439 --> 01:44:06.720
<v Speaker 5>are silvery below with deep sharp notches. This tree is

1750
01:44:06.760 --> 01:44:09.359
<v Speaker 5>widely planted, for it grows very rapidly. The wood is

1751
01:44:09.399 --> 01:44:13.000
<v Speaker 5>soft and when burned, does not give much heat. The

1752
01:44:13.039 --> 01:44:15.720
<v Speaker 5>sugar maple is another relative and is well known for

1753
01:44:15.760 --> 01:44:19.279
<v Speaker 5>its sweet sap. It does not bloom early. The flowers

1754
01:44:19.279 --> 01:44:21.520
<v Speaker 5>and leaves come out together, and the keys are not

1755
01:44:21.560 --> 01:44:24.680
<v Speaker 5>shed until October. They fall on dry ground, however, and

1756
01:44:24.760 --> 01:44:27.319
<v Speaker 5>the seed leaves are filled with starch, so they wait

1757
01:44:27.359 --> 01:44:30.399
<v Speaker 5>till spring before they start to grow. The flower has

1758
01:44:30.439 --> 01:44:33.199
<v Speaker 5>a long pedicel and there is but one cup. The

1759
01:44:33.279 --> 01:44:36.720
<v Speaker 5>leaves are nearly round with a few large blunt notches.

1760
01:44:37.159 --> 01:44:39.520
<v Speaker 5>It is known as the hard maple for the wood

1761
01:44:39.600 --> 01:44:43.199
<v Speaker 5>is tough and clothes grained. The striped maple has light

1762
01:44:43.279 --> 01:44:46.399
<v Speaker 5>green bark striped with dark lines. The wood is hard

1763
01:44:46.439 --> 01:44:48.880
<v Speaker 5>and fine, but it does not grow very tall unless

1764
01:44:48.880 --> 01:44:51.119
<v Speaker 5>it is grafted upon a young tree of another kind

1765
01:44:51.159 --> 01:44:54.239
<v Speaker 5>of maple, when it may become sixty or seventy feet high.

1766
01:44:55.199 --> 01:44:58.920
<v Speaker 5>The mountain maple is shrubby. Also, its leaves appear before

1767
01:44:58.920 --> 01:45:01.319
<v Speaker 5>the flowers, which are occur in a long spike at

1768
01:45:01.319 --> 01:45:04.640
<v Speaker 5>the end of twigs. There are large numbers of keys

1769
01:45:04.680 --> 01:45:08.399
<v Speaker 5>in a cluster. The great leaved maple of California has

1770
01:45:08.479 --> 01:45:10.720
<v Speaker 5>leaves which are often a foot broad, and the scar

1771
01:45:10.880 --> 01:45:14.640
<v Speaker 5>is marked with seven eyes. Another the vine maple of Oregon,

1772
01:45:14.800 --> 01:45:18.159
<v Speaker 5>forms dense clumps. It divides near the base, and the

1773
01:45:18.199 --> 01:45:21.279
<v Speaker 5>long branches bend over by their own weight, taking root

1774
01:45:21.279 --> 01:45:24.520
<v Speaker 5>where they touch the ground. There are also many maples

1775
01:45:24.520 --> 01:45:27.920
<v Speaker 5>which have been brought over from Europe. The box elder

1776
01:45:27.960 --> 01:45:30.920
<v Speaker 5>closely resembles the maple, but its stamens and pistols do

1777
01:45:31.000 --> 01:45:34.319
<v Speaker 5>not occur on the same tree. Its leaves consist of

1778
01:45:34.359 --> 01:45:36.079
<v Speaker 5>from three to five leaflets.

1779
01:45:37.920 --> 01:45:47.720
<v Speaker 7>End of chapter ten, Chapter eleven of ten Common Trees.

1780
01:45:48.760 --> 01:45:52.439
<v Speaker 7>This is a liprivox recording. All liprivox recordings are in

1781
01:45:52.479 --> 01:45:56.359
<v Speaker 7>the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please

1782
01:45:56.439 --> 01:46:03.640
<v Speaker 7>visit liprivox dot org. Recording by AVAI in May twenty fifteen.

1783
01:46:03.840 --> 01:46:10.119
<v Speaker 7>Ten Common Trees by Susan Stokes, Chapter eleven. Forests and

1784
01:46:10.159 --> 01:46:16.319
<v Speaker 7>their Preservation. The forests of America have been rapidly depleted

1785
01:46:16.359 --> 01:46:19.760
<v Speaker 7>in the past century. At one time they were thought

1786
01:46:19.840 --> 01:46:23.640
<v Speaker 7>to be inexhaustible. This has been found not to be

1787
01:46:23.720 --> 01:46:27.239
<v Speaker 7>the case, the young timber does not grow so rapidly

1788
01:46:27.239 --> 01:46:31.159
<v Speaker 7>as to replace that which has been removed. This is

1789
01:46:31.199 --> 01:46:34.079
<v Speaker 7>in part due to the growth of industry and in

1790
01:46:34.239 --> 01:46:38.640
<v Speaker 7>part to the wasteful use of trees. The industries depending

1791
01:46:38.720 --> 01:46:41.600
<v Speaker 7>upon the products of trees are so numerous, and the

1792
01:46:41.680 --> 01:46:45.399
<v Speaker 7>necessity for renewing the trees so self evident, that the

1793
01:46:45.439 --> 01:46:50.600
<v Speaker 7>government has been obliged to study the subject thoroughly. Large

1794
01:46:50.680 --> 01:46:55.279
<v Speaker 7>quantities of timber are used in building, manufacturing, fencing, for

1795
01:46:55.399 --> 01:46:59.119
<v Speaker 7>railroad ties and fuels. The bark is used in the

1796
01:46:59.199 --> 01:47:03.439
<v Speaker 7>tanning of leather. Turpentine, pitches, and sugar are derived by

1797
01:47:03.479 --> 01:47:07.960
<v Speaker 7>tapping the trees. The most considerable waste is due to

1798
01:47:08.039 --> 01:47:11.319
<v Speaker 7>forest fires and the ruthless cutting of timber on the

1799
01:47:11.359 --> 01:47:15.920
<v Speaker 7>public lands. Charcoal is frequently burned without any attempt to

1800
01:47:15.960 --> 01:47:19.800
<v Speaker 7>preserve the gases which would be of value for illuminating purposes.

1801
01:47:21.439 --> 01:47:23.960
<v Speaker 7>One of the first effects of removing the forests in

1802
01:47:24.000 --> 01:47:27.119
<v Speaker 7>a neighborhood has been the necessity of bringing in lumber

1803
01:47:27.199 --> 01:47:32.680
<v Speaker 7>from other localities. This increases its price. It is, however,

1804
01:47:32.920 --> 01:47:36.199
<v Speaker 7>in its final effects upon a country that clearing the

1805
01:47:36.279 --> 01:47:40.680
<v Speaker 7>hills has proved most detrimental. It has been found that

1806
01:47:40.800 --> 01:47:44.000
<v Speaker 7>clearing districts are not so warm in winter as before

1807
01:47:44.039 --> 01:47:47.039
<v Speaker 7>the hills were bared. This has caused a failure in

1808
01:47:47.119 --> 01:47:52.000
<v Speaker 7>crops formerly successful. In northern Illinois, the climate was so

1809
01:47:52.159 --> 01:47:55.560
<v Speaker 7>altered by the removal of woods that the peach crops

1810
01:47:55.600 --> 01:48:00.199
<v Speaker 7>were seriously injured. Winter weed was killed in open field

1811
01:48:00.640 --> 01:48:05.399
<v Speaker 7>but was successful were protected by the woods. Thus, in winter,

1812
01:48:05.600 --> 01:48:09.479
<v Speaker 7>the trees break the winds and moderate the cold. In summer,

1813
01:48:09.520 --> 01:48:12.680
<v Speaker 7>they reduce the heat and lessen the danger from storms.

1814
01:48:14.079 --> 01:48:17.600
<v Speaker 7>Since the removal of trees, many localities which were formerly

1815
01:48:17.640 --> 01:48:21.399
<v Speaker 7>free from storms are visited by storms of great violence.

1816
01:48:23.039 --> 01:48:28.119
<v Speaker 7>Forests produce conditions leading to rain. The evaporation from the

1817
01:48:28.199 --> 01:48:32.319
<v Speaker 7>soil and leaves cools the atmosphere and tends to precipitate

1818
01:48:32.399 --> 01:48:35.880
<v Speaker 7>the moisture. This rain does not run off at once,

1819
01:48:36.000 --> 01:48:39.920
<v Speaker 7>as it often does in the open fields. The ground

1820
01:48:40.000 --> 01:48:43.600
<v Speaker 7>being meadllow and loose, it sinks and is gradually fed

1821
01:48:43.680 --> 01:48:47.520
<v Speaker 7>out to springs and streams. Snow is falling in the

1822
01:48:47.560 --> 01:48:50.920
<v Speaker 7>forest melt but slowly, and so a supply of water

1823
01:48:51.079 --> 01:48:56.039
<v Speaker 7>is maintained for the summer. Where woods have been replanted.

1824
01:48:56.239 --> 01:49:01.319
<v Speaker 7>The irregular rainfalls and frequent droughts observed since clear have disappeared,

1825
01:49:01.720 --> 01:49:06.880
<v Speaker 7>and more favorable conditions prevail. Birds too, are wont to

1826
01:49:06.960 --> 01:49:10.800
<v Speaker 7>nest in woods they desired. The clearings in such numbers

1827
01:49:10.920 --> 01:49:14.239
<v Speaker 7>that crops are injured by the insects they used to destroy.

1828
01:49:15.600 --> 01:49:18.319
<v Speaker 7>It is for these reasons that the government encourages the

1829
01:49:18.359 --> 01:49:22.279
<v Speaker 7>planting of trees. It has made favorable terms to settlers

1830
01:49:22.279 --> 01:49:26.560
<v Speaker 7>who cultivate trees. Various states are doing what they can

1831
01:49:26.680 --> 01:49:30.039
<v Speaker 7>to remedy the evils brought about by the indiscriminate cutting

1832
01:49:30.079 --> 01:49:34.560
<v Speaker 7>of trees. The strictest laws are issued to control the

1833
01:49:34.600 --> 01:49:38.159
<v Speaker 7>setting of fires in the woods and to prevent their spreading.

1834
01:49:38.960 --> 01:49:42.239
<v Speaker 7>The treeless character of the prairie regions is thought to

1835
01:49:42.279 --> 01:49:44.880
<v Speaker 7>be due to the burning of the trees by the Indians.

1836
01:49:46.760 --> 01:49:50.119
<v Speaker 7>The old timber culture laws were not an entire success,

1837
01:49:50.680 --> 01:49:54.039
<v Speaker 7>for trees were planted without care and without regard to

1838
01:49:54.119 --> 01:49:58.760
<v Speaker 7>their adaptability. This is now remedied so far as possible.

1839
01:50:00.000 --> 01:50:03.960
<v Speaker 7>Gagation has decided which trees are suitable in certain localities.

1840
01:50:05.520 --> 01:50:08.600
<v Speaker 7>There are in almost every place some parts which would

1841
01:50:08.600 --> 01:50:11.560
<v Speaker 7>be more profitable in trees than in the usual crop,

1842
01:50:12.399 --> 01:50:15.439
<v Speaker 7>but they must be cared for. They cannot be neglected

1843
01:50:15.479 --> 01:50:19.800
<v Speaker 7>as they have been in times past. Trees are also

1844
01:50:19.880 --> 01:50:23.520
<v Speaker 7>planted largely as wind breaks in prairie regions, and some

1845
01:50:23.640 --> 01:50:27.119
<v Speaker 7>experiments have been made to redeem certain beach tracts from

1846
01:50:27.199 --> 01:50:30.840
<v Speaker 7>the encroaching sands by planting trees which will resist the

1847
01:50:30.920 --> 01:50:35.880
<v Speaker 7>winds to prevent floods and shortage of water during the summer.

1848
01:50:36.319 --> 01:50:39.039
<v Speaker 7>The government has made laws which are designed to stop

1849
01:50:39.079 --> 01:50:43.680
<v Speaker 7>the cutting of trees upon public lands, except under definite regulations.

1850
01:50:44.600 --> 01:50:47.560
<v Speaker 7>These look to the preservation of the young trees and

1851
01:50:47.720 --> 01:50:50.800
<v Speaker 7>the ultimate recovering of the hills with a growth of trees.

1852
01:50:52.880 --> 01:50:59.920
<v Speaker 7>References reports upon Forestry, Department of Agriculture, Forests of northernma

1853
01:51:00.000 --> 01:51:06.319
<v Speaker 7>America C. S. Sergeant Government report. This gives fine maps

1854
01:51:06.319 --> 01:51:09.439
<v Speaker 7>of the wooded districts in each state, with the character

1855
01:51:09.520 --> 01:51:15.520
<v Speaker 7>of the trees found in each. End of chapter eleven,

1856
01:51:17.159 --> 01:51:24.760
<v Speaker 7>end of Ten Common Trees by Susan Stokes