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Speaker 1: Welcome back. Today. We're heading into the endocrine system and

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this one's going to be an interesting chapter. We'll read

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endocrine systems till we get to pharmaceuticals. So let's see

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what's going on here. The endocrine system contains the HPA

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access which links the brain and the body's stress response

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from threat perception to cortisol release. And remember, threat perception

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doesn't have to be physical. It could also be psychological,

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like having to speak in public and threaten and make

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us vulnerable. So what about cortisols. Look at some of

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the chemicals. Cortisol affects memory, immune function, and mood. Chronic

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elevation impairs the hippocampus. Thyroid hormones regulate energy, metabolism and

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mood hype. Both thyroidism mimics depression. We'll get more into

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that a little bit later on. So sex hormones, they

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influence emotional regulation, sexual behavior, and mood disorders. Oxytocin, which

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supports bonding, social trusts, and attachment. Low levels may relate

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to social drawl. Allostatic load refers to the commulative wear.

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It's the total wear and tear of chronic stress on

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the body and the brain. Remember the brain is different

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than the mind reminds the abstract component the brain is

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all the actual structures, the hippocampus, tomig less, so forth.

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Chronic stress alters immune function, increasing risk for depression, anxiety,

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and physical illness to body starts wearing down the endocrine system.

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What it does is it kind of speaks quietly. Its

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messages move slower than neurons and as fast as neurotransmission,

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but they also last longer. That's a difference. Instead of milliseconds,

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it's impact unfolds over minutes, hours, or even years. The

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difference between this and the nervous system is the nervous

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system delivers point to point signals. The endocrine system floods

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the blood stream with hormones. That's it's what method of

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travel is the blood stream and not neurons, So chemical

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messengers that travel through the body shaping behavior, mood, and cognition.

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That is what you can think of hormones as this

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is where psychology meets physiology. Understanding this system allows you

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to see how a thought, fear, single memory can go

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all over your body and affect every organ. You'll see

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an example now with the HPA axis and the stress response.

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The xphpa axis, as you remember, is the hypothalmus, peturitary

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gland and adrenal glands. The hypothalmus de text the threat,

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whether real or imagined, and releases CRH cortico trope and

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releasing hormone. Then cr signals to pituitary gland to release

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adrenal corticotropic hormone or ACT and then finally ACTCH travels

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to the adrenal cortex, which releases cortisol into the blood stream.

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This cascade takes just a few seconds. However are the effects,

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But as I mentioned before, it can last for hours

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and this can lead to alertness, energy, or attention. You

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see what critical does. It mobilizes glucose and it suppresses

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non essential functions like digestion and reproduction. This is the

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sympathetics nervous system being activated. Remember, the sympathetic nervous system

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is your fight or flight system. The parasympathetic nervous system

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is to calm you down, so it's a survival tool.

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When stress is acute, just what happened recently, the system

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is adaptive. When stress is chronic continues to happen, it

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becomes toxic. Cortisol doesn't just help you respond though it

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actually can't even rewire you. So high levels of quarters

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all over time can shrink the hippocampus, impairing learning and memory.

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So again, it can shrink the hippocampus, impairing memory and learning.

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I know some of you're saying, well, once the stress

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is over, do you recover the hippocampus growth. It varies

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depending on the frequency of the stress, the intensity of

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the stress, the person's personal background support system. If they

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have all these things and less severe intensity, less severe

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frequency of one time occurrence, and have a strong support system,

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there are studies that show the hippocampus can recover fully.

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If not, it can partially recover. All that depends again

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on the type of stress and you and the love

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of other factors. This matter clinically because patients with PTSD,

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chronic depression, or burnout are often shown hippocampal volume reduction.

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But again this is a cross sectional study that was

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done to look at one point in time they can repair.

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Most of the time, it does if you overcome the stress,

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whether it goes away the PTSD or you've overcome the

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chronic depression or the burnout. The biologies mark by trauma

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as clearly as their thoughts. The concept of allostatic load

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captures us wear and tear, and it's the cost of

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repeated activation of the stress response. Elevated blood pressure, insulin resistance,

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immune suppression, and emotional dysregulation are not just signs of stress.

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They are the physical evidence of prolonged strain. Cortisol and

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psychological function. Cortisol is the main body's main stress hormone.

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It does more than gets you out of danger. It

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influences memory. With acute cortisol boosts Acute cortisol boosts memory consolidation,

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especially emotional memories. Chronic exposure impairs hippocampal dependent memory, especially

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episodic and declarative. So I repeat that chronic exposure to

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stress or cortisol impairs hippocampal dependent memory, such as episodic

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and declarative memories. A lot of our emotional memories are

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linked into the amignalo the emotions. Elevated cortisol is associated

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with anxiety, irritability, and depression. Just regulated cortisol rhythms blunted

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in the morning elevated at night are common in mood

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disorders sleep. For instance, high night time cortisol interferes with

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deep sleep compounding stress and reducing cognitive function, so deep sleep,

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if I remember correctly, it could also affect your rem sleep.

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Immune function control suppresses inflammation and immunity short term, however,

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but when it's chronic, you can't suppress your immunity system

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for that long and as well increases inflammation and leads

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the higher risk of illness and delayed healing. Clients with

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major depressive and sort of often show hyperactivity of the HPA,

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including with anxiety that can present just hypervigilance, fatigue, insomnia,

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and concentration problems similar to the same symptoms you have

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with anxiety or PTSD. Now to go to thyroid hormones

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and mood. Thyroid gland locating the neck produces hormones that

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regular metabolism. The ones you should know are T three

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and T four. T three is trio dithyronine and T

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four is thyroxine. T three and T four also the

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influence energy levels, cognitive function, mood regulation. These are really

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good to know because when you're working with clients a hypothyroid,

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you'll see it quite I've seen it probably about five

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or ten percent of the time. It has solved my

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client's issues because they have low thyroid to why because

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low thyroid hormone presents with low energy, slow thinking, weight gain,

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and a depressed mood. And it really does mimic depression.

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So most of the time of psychiatric evaluations that you

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have a thyroid panel. So if you miss this, you

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may misdiagnose the mistreat. I always ask my clients in

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the furry first visit, the initial visit, when's the last

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time you see a medical doctor. Did you get a

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thyroid panel, especially if I notice symptoms of depression. Right,

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So this is the case formulation when you start developing

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your case about your client and you're trying to get

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all the information you can h burn. Thyroidism, in contrast,

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can cause restlessness, anxiety, insomnia, and irritability. They can look

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like generalize anxiety or panic disorder. Thyroid imbalance may not

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cause a psychological condition, but it can amplify symptoms or

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complicate treatment. Let me go back for a second. When

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we talked about hippocampus and it say that it can

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impair hypocampus or reduce the side of it. Always make

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sure you follow up on that. Can it come back?

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Can it reheal up? This is going to be important.

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Same thing here, somebody says low thyroid, think of it

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the opposite too. What does high thyroid do? Because you

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need to have a balance. This is what you'll know.

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You'll learn in biology, the major religions, but everything about

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life really should be in a balance. You've heard the

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phrase too much of a good thing. Now, speaking of

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that would go to sex hormones Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone,

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so they govern reproduction, but they also shape the brain.

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Estrogen has a neuroprotective effect. It modulates serotonin, enhances mood stability,

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and improves verbal memory. Estigen levels fluctuate during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy,

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and menopause, explaining mood shifts and increased vulnerability to depression

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in women, especially doing postpartum and perimenopause. Progesterone promotes calm

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and sedation. Low levels are associated with anxiety and irritability.

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Testosterone influences dominant sexual behavior and aggression. Low testosterone tystosterone

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may contribute to depression, fatigue, and low motivation in men.

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So this is the same thing. You look for thyroid

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in your thyroid panel and for men. If you started

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noticing unexpected depression and there's no trigger nothing associated with it.

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I would definitely send them in for blood work. Sex

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hormones interact with neuro transmitter systems like dopamine and GABBA,

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meaning hormonal shifts can directly affect what well. Dopamine and

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GABBA are associated with motivation, reward sensitivity, and regulation. If

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you remember back then GABA is the primary brake system.

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It's this function is tied to anxiety. Dopamine influences reward movement,

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and psychosis, so it can interfere in different ways with

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these things. Oxytocin we talked about before, We'll bring it back.

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It's the bonding hormone. Is often called the love hormone,

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but that's only half the story. It's released during childbirth,

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rest feeding, especially touch, even if you're to adults, sex,

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and social connection. It enhances trust, empathy, and pair bonding

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and therapy. Oxytocin may play a role in therapeutic alliance,

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the client's ability to feel safe and connected with the clinician.

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It's also linked to reduced anxiety and social stress buffering.

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Disruptions in oxytocin systems are being studied in autism, spectrum disorder,

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and social anxiety. When bonding where bonding and social cognition

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are impaired. Low oxytocin may contribute to emotional detachment, blunted

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affect and difficulty with intimacy. And this is what they want.

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They're studying it in regards to autism, spectrum disorder, and

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social anxiety. Last, but not least, is chronic stress, immune function,

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and psychoaneuramineology. Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of how psychic psychology

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influences immune health. So cortisol suppresses T cell activity, making

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the body less responsive to infection. T cells are part

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of one of your immune cells. It reduces the production

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of cytokinds, delaying muscle I mean delaying tissue repair. Chronic

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stress can also cause what they call low grade inflammation,

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contributing to cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disorders, and chronic fatigue. It's

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basically like running your car in high RPMs for a long,

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extended period of time. You're going to worry down that engine.

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A lot of times. You'll see elevated levels of pro

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inflammatory cytokinds. With people who have depression, it's sort of

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a measurable thing. Their bodies are fighting battles that they

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can't name. When the immune system is over activated by stress.

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Overactivated by stress, it feeds back into the brain, disrupting neurotransmission,

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sleep and emotion regulation. So what this means clinically is

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that persistent fatigue, pain and illness, and anxious or depressed

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patients may not be somatic symptoms alone. They may be

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biological signs of chronic emotional strain. So when you sit

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with the client who's anxious, are exhausted, or emotionally flat,

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you're not just seeing a mood state. You're witnessing a

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system and overload. And this is where, of course, the

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case formulation is gonna come in handy, Right, You're going

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to have to look at everything that's going on. You

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don't want to just think that this just this does

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caused by stress. There's a lot of other disorders that

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could be associated with those behaviors. That's it for now,