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Speaker 1: May I have your attention. Please, the situation is dire.

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At this time services have been temporarily disabled due to

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cost cutting measures. Please remain calm and have a safe day.

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Thank you.

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Speaker 2: I can don't.

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Speaker 1: We landed at the UH landed at the Houston Airport

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yesterday at like six in the morning. It was like five.

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It was like five in the morning, and the whole

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airport was just waking up. And I made it through

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customs with all my shit, you know, I had to

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I had to get another I had to pay for

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an extra bag because I had a bunch of books.

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I bought a bunch of books. You know, I collect

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these book you have like a little personal library. You

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never know when you're gonna need it, especially for a

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botanical literature. You know, you might end up there's gonna

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be reference texts you might use, you know, when you

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go back to that place. Because I fully intend on

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doing this for the rest of my life, you know,

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until I run out of steam or die or uh,

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you know, get some sort of terminal illness, which hopefully

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doesn't happen. Knock on, knock on. Fiberboard. I'm cheap Chinese

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made fiberboard. Uh and uh maybe with a little bit

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of melomanie. And and so I had a who I

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was carrying a bunch of bunch of shit, like my

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broken luggage too, and uh and so they just it

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just kind of spits you out into the terminal e

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of the Houston Airport. I had to make a necting flat.

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I had like six hours to catch And I've quit coffee,

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which is nice, at least for the time being. I

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just you know, Yerba mates all they have they don't

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do coffee. America is the only place that really does coffee.

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Like it's coffee per se, you know. The rest it's

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it's all like espressos. I don't like it. And I

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was knew I had to quit coffee anyways because I

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do it too much. I just overdo it. So I was,

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I was, I've been using a mate, you know, with

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a little straw, just make a glass jar. I don't

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use that stupid gord thing. That's not enough. And and

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uh and I make it the night before and cool it.

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So that's been nice. I been like, I cool the

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mate and then drink it the next day a room

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temperature or chillier with the straw. And so I got

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spit out into terminally of the Houston Airport and the

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whole you know, there wasn't very packed yet, the whole

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airport was just waking up. And there's you know, there's

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been all this shit in the news. There's been this

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ship in the news about you know, Trump's first couple

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of days, and it just it just looks bad. You know,

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what's happened and Reagan two point zero and it's going

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to be a complete assault on everything that I care about,

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you know, in terms of you know, wild lands, rampant development, deregulation,

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et cetera. And it was just, you know, this like

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this feeling of darkness. And then even more funny, the

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alarm is going off in the Houston Airport the whole time.

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This is for like twenty minutes, and this this wing

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of the Houston Airport and surely you know, it was

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contracted out to some shitbag company that I don't know.

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They had an ai female voice, you know, coming out

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over the loud speaker. You could barely hear it. The

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alarm was loud, but you could barely hear the voice,

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and it just said thank you for visiting Houston Airport.

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A situation has been triggered, investigate. We are investigating this

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situation like some shit like that, like totally just like

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don't panic. We're investigating the situation. Everyone's just ignoring it.

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And the thing goes on for like twenty or thirty minutes,

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and it's you know, the airport feels like a fucking mall.

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It feels like a shopping mall. And I'm just hit

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with the stark reminder that I'm in one of the

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unhappiest First world countries in the world. Like the degree

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of human misery that's evident here and just anxiety and

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hatred and divisiveness is so it's so pungent. And then

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I look and there's you know, it's just people shuffling

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about the walking dead, very unhappy people obviously unhappier, stressed,

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you know, paying twenty dollars for a cinnabon, trying to

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satiate the spiritual pain and alienation while the fire alarm

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is intermittently blaring in this AI voice you know, comes

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with a loud speaker, you know, to offer this half

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assed reassurance and that the situation is being investigated. And

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the whole time, I'm thinking, like Jesus Christ, you were

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just hanging out with Gad like two days prior. You know,

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it's it's as far as you can conceive him or

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her or they done, whatever the fuck it is it.

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You know, I like looking at these beautiful mountains, these

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steep slopes of volcanic rock and uh, maybe some intrusive

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ignius as well, but the Andes, of course are all

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volcanic and uh, you know, these mountains that are just

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making their way to the sea, slowly coming down, you know,

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against all all the best efforts to maintain the roadway.

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But you'd you'd be driving down the road and you'd

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see a spot where like the guardrail had been completely

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taken out by a giant boulder. There's rock falls everywhere.

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They had that large cable netting that just looked like

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a sagging bag, you know, like because it was so

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filled with rock, talus and rubble. You know, the pielines

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that hold it had been drilled into the side of

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a mountain, but this sagging bag was just holding this

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this It almost looked like liquid, you know, because there

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was so much talus and some of the incredible plants there,

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like these lineages, you know, and you go high into

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the andes you can reach places where there's none of

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the pine plantations or the eucalyptus plantations that you know,

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horrifically dot so much of Chile south of Santiago. And

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I was like, this is so you know, it's just

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so fucking mind blowing, like to be hanging out with

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like these giant alersee trees, the few that are left

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in the Patagonian temperate rainforest, and now you're in the

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Houston Airport in this monstrosity, this fucking dystopia. Uh, the

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whole situation felt so unreal. I couldn't I couldn't help

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but laugh at it. You got, you're gonna have to

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have a sense of humor going through all this shit,

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you know, less pearl clutching and more sense of dark comedy.

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And then I started listening. I put on Dead Kennedy's

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The Frankin Christ album because it just was so fitting.

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There was a forgueret which song it was, but it's

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the one about but you know, Elvis becoming worshiped as

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a god and people drinking out of these you know,

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plastic Elvis toats. It's like this satirical song about this

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dark and dystopic nature of like first world consumerism. It

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was fucking hilarious. It was just and it made it that,

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you know, hearing that that kind of that's such a

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great album to Franken Christ the one with the guys

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with the fees's driving around in the little mini cards

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with the Feza I think the Shriners on the cover,

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the one that got them in trouble with Tipper Gore

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for the obscene hr Giger painting that came with the record.

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In the eighties, it was like a big deal, like

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jellab Afron, you know, and Iced Tea were both remember

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they had him on Oprah. You could I think you

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can watch the video, like a grainy video of it

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on YouTube. But that's what got them in trouble with

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the Parents Music Resource Center, the PMRC, the Tipper Gore

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and all the pro censorship of the late eighties early nineties.

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But the whole fucking album is just the gem. It's amazing.

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It was. It's too smart for being punk rock, which

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is what it is. I wouldn't even call it that.

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It's like it's like theatrical. It's like a dystopic musical

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theater almost. The lyrics are just yeah, they're their way,

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they'd fly over the heads of of most you know,

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people that might have gotten into the dead Kennedy's in

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the early part of their musical career anyway. So yeah,

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So I just got back from Chile and I've got

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a whole bunch of shit to go through, videos to edit,

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rbarium specimens to catalog and of course, remember anytime you're traveling,

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as long as the herbarium collections are not of endangered

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plants and they're adequately dried and pressed and you can't

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be they can't be propagated. They're completely legal, uh, to

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take with you as long as you declare them. But

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you've got to get You've got to declare them, and

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then you've got to be ready to explain to a

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customs official, many of whom no offense to them are

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not that smart and if probably no idea what inarbarium

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is or why you would be pressing these things any

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you've got to be able to explain to them where

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they're going and they're going to be cataloged and you

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know their scientific specimens. They can't be propagated, et cetera.

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So I've got a bunch of stuff to do, and

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then I'm head of the Ecuador in a week getting

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flown down there for some sort of it's a tour.

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It's a tour that that Alan Rockefeller and Mandy Cork

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put together for Mycena, which is like their tour thing.

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I don't know. They want to drag me along, so

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I don't know, you know, I don't know what. I

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don't know what's about. I just said, yes, it's it's

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for work. I'm going down there. But there's so much

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to talk about with with Chile and with basically you know.

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We landed in Santiago and then drove straight straight towards

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Valdivia and Porto mont which are in the southern half

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of the country, very high rainfall, upwards of six to

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nine feet of rain a year, if not more. Some

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areas of that Patagonian temperate rainforest get upwards of twenty

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feet of rainy year. These are very wet areas, and

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we were going down there because it was We went

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down there first just blazing by all this other shit

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because it was as hard as it was, because it

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was supposed to start raining there in a few days.

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This is like peak Chilean summer. It's mid January. Start

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ran in there in a few days, and so we

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figured we'd catched a few days of sunlight and then

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head back north and that that actually, that was a

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very good idea. I'm glad we did that. So we

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just just fucking blaze as far south as possible because

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closer to Santiago. Santiago, of course, being the first major city,

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the first major area to be settled in Chile, got

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destroyed very quickly. All the beautiful Chilean wine palms, Jubeat chilensis.

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That's what the Nacho was telling me that there was

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he I guess he found out old map from sixteen

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hundred when the Spanish first got there, and the map

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shows this drawing. You know, it's like a look like

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a like the it looks like the first Zelda game

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from the eighties. It's drawn like that, you know, like

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the map from the fucking uh yeah, everybody played Nintendo,

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didn't you? Maybe not? Now? Would you? Would your parents

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give you a slinky fucking glue to sniff? I don't

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know anyway, So it was a drawing that looked like

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that and showed these huge Jubeia chilensis Chilean wine palms there,

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which is our fucking enigmatic, uh, emblematic excuse me, emblematic

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trees of the region. They're gorgeous. They got a couple

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of uc b that's the first time I saw it.

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You see Botanic Gardens in Berkeley. They have a great

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Chilean collection. Actually a bunch of these plants. You'll you know,

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you'll know already if you go there. Kuilaja Sapan area,

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which is like the equivalent of the coast live oak.

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It's in the order for Bailey's. It's in the family

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Kila Hasey produces these beautiful fruits, these five carpoled fruits

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that have a bunch of tiny winged seeds inside. But uh,

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but you know, Santiago area was destroyed first to build

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a city. I guess there's a burgeoning native plant awareness there,

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which is cool. Met up with my friend Michel, who

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does Outlast Nativa, which is a cool He's got an

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Instagram page. He makes these guides for native plants there.

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And the last day I went to UH on Michel's suggestion,

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actually went to UH Libro Verde, which is a cool

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little bookstore, and and then there was another bookstore too.

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There's actually a bunch of shit in Libro Verde had

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a whole bunch of fucking books, great books, like more

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so than I saw in Brazil. Like Brazil, it seems,

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and I talked about this in the podcast with Nico

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very Brazil seems behind Chile in terms of the amount

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of popular consciousness that makes room for plants. You know

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that for native plants, you know, it's still stuck on it,

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like horticultural atrocity ship. The way that that all First

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World countries are kind of viewing plants for the first

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for the last you know, one hundred years, is like

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this this archaic uh, you know, ideas of beauty or crops,

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you know, anthropocentric uses that are totally disconnected from ecology

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evolution in place, right, like the fucking the European garden style.

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Everywhere I go in the world that ship, the same

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shit gets planted, the same garbage. But but Chile there's

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like a growing awareness for these native plants. And you

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see it in other places too, like New Zealand, where

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they've got you know, native plants of a place in

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the popular culture. There's art about them, and they're on

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the currency maybe whatever the fuck. So uh, you know,

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you want to spend too much time in Santiago. The

236
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thing that was nice about Santiago and we did. I

237
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filmed some you know in vas. I think one of

238
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my little you know, urban botany exploration things like I

239
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did on the train tracks in Oakland. The fucking La

240
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River wherever I did that. The last last day, me,

241
00:13:51,799 --> 00:13:53,600
Matt and Nacho went down into the river. You can

242
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climb down into the Mapocho River, and which is like

243
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the equivalent to the La River, but there's more water

244
00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:03,759
in it, and it's fed by glaciers and ice and

245
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snowmelt and a much higher mountain range that is right

246
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outside the city, you know, the Andes. And that river

247
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was flowing and it was filled with pink silt and

248
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pink sediment. I mean, it just looked like it was

249
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filled with volcanic sentment. Then looked like it was filled

250
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with human shit, which was nice, but it was certainly

251
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cluttered with It's a concreted up, you know river that

252
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runs through downtown Santiago, and there's graffiti all over the walls,

253
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and it's really nice. It's like, if you're a teenager,

254
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that's a great spot to hang out. Also if you're

255
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a bummy, that's a great spot to hang out. Some

256
00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:39,639
guy came out. He was living in a little shack

257
00:14:39,720 --> 00:14:42,559
and when we were climbing out of it, via this

258
00:14:42,960 --> 00:14:45,320
this sketchy pair of pants that's some like pair of

259
00:14:45,440 --> 00:14:47,879
jeans that someone had made a makeshift rope out of

260
00:14:48,480 --> 00:14:52,399
and dangled from the from the metal railing. As we

261
00:14:52,480 --> 00:14:55,080
were claiming out, this bummy came out and he was

262
00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:58,360
like holding a shank like a screwdriver. But he wasn't

263
00:14:58,399 --> 00:15:00,120
threatening at all. I think he just you know, know,

264
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he was just protecting himself. But certainly, you know, it

265
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was it gets a little weird there. You know, there's

266
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a fuck fucking decent amount of homelessness there too, nothing

267
00:15:12,039 --> 00:15:16,200
like the United States, but there's certainly, you know, people

268
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sleeping on the streets, human shit, et cetera. Just the

269
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I mean, it's the kind of you know, inequality and uh,

270
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you know, people falling through the nets you'd expect in

271
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any first world capitalist city. But the thing that was

272
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nice about Chile, all of Chile, was there were no billboards.

273
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Supposedly they're legal, but I didn't see any. And you

274
00:15:40,039 --> 00:15:44,159
don't realize how nice it feels, you know, until you

275
00:15:44,279 --> 00:15:48,440
haven't seen you know, shit eating grins of personal injury

276
00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:52,519
attorneys or stock photos of you know, the stock photos

277
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of smiling assholes that's used in selling consumer products, and

278
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all the garbage, the fucking bright colors, the the plastic signs,

279
00:16:02,200 --> 00:16:04,639
like there was none of that. There's no billboards in Chile.

280
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The billboards add such a dystopic effect. I don't know

281
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what it is.

282
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Speaker 2: Man.

283
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Speaker 1: It's like you go to Monterrey, Mexico, the billboards are

284
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fucking terrible, like horrible, and it's like all these like glitzy, pasty,

285
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too much makeup, smiling shit eating faces. It just feels

286
00:16:26,559 --> 00:16:31,720
like every nineteen eighties dystopic sci fi movie, like Total

287
00:16:31,759 --> 00:16:37,000
Recall and fucking Blade Runner, all this bleak shit. It's like, yeah,

288
00:16:37,080 --> 00:16:40,200
so you feel like those those kinds of movies. Whoever

289
00:16:40,320 --> 00:16:41,960
did the set design for those you got to give

290
00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,679
a shadow because they really nailed it. What it's gonna

291
00:16:44,720 --> 00:16:47,919
be like, you know, the most bottom of the brain stem,

292
00:16:48,120 --> 00:16:53,759
primal ape hoarding, greedy, materialistic impulses will be first in

293
00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:59,360
front and center, first and foremost in the coming dystopia,

294
00:17:00,080 --> 00:17:02,639
especially now that we're going through with Reagan two point zero.

295
00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:09,400
It's you know, it's it's so fucking funny how this happened.

296
00:17:09,440 --> 00:17:12,720
I mean, it's extremely dark too, but it's uh again.

297
00:17:12,799 --> 00:17:16,200
I can't help but partially blame the American left, the

298
00:17:16,359 --> 00:17:21,359
identitarians for what happened, you know, the academic left, the not,

299
00:17:21,519 --> 00:17:24,359
the not, the the work actual working class left, if

300
00:17:24,359 --> 00:17:26,920
there even is one anymore. It feels like the working

301
00:17:26,960 --> 00:17:29,119
class has mostly been captured by the right. This all

302
00:17:29,119 --> 00:17:31,799
I say about political shit. I'm not gonna I'm not

303
00:17:31,920 --> 00:17:34,519
gonna delve deeper. I know it's fucking irrelevant, and I

304
00:17:34,640 --> 00:17:37,559
know there's not many, but there might be a handful

305
00:17:37,599 --> 00:17:39,799
of conservative listeners. I don't want to piss them off

306
00:17:39,839 --> 00:17:41,640
too much, because at the end of the day, I

307
00:17:41,640 --> 00:17:44,240
don't give a fuck with someone believes or what they're

308
00:17:44,640 --> 00:17:47,759
what they're you know, they're with their m always as

309
00:17:47,799 --> 00:17:49,880
long as I don't have to hear about it, and

310
00:17:50,039 --> 00:17:52,799
we can agree to disagree and just focus on plants

311
00:17:52,839 --> 00:17:57,119
and science and fun shit whatever. But I will say this,

312
00:17:58,240 --> 00:18:01,839
having lived in an area in the Bay Area where

313
00:18:01,880 --> 00:18:05,759
the quote academic left, you know again, as opposed to

314
00:18:05,839 --> 00:18:10,039
the working classlet was largely in charge. I saw how divisive, mean,

315
00:18:10,640 --> 00:18:14,759
and frankly mentally fucking ill it can be when they're

316
00:18:14,799 --> 00:18:17,319
in charge. They literally drove people to the other side

317
00:18:17,359 --> 00:18:20,839
through constant lecturing, shaming, shit talking, you know, trying to

318
00:18:20,920 --> 00:18:26,480
reinforce ideologies through fear of ostracization and social shaming. Which

319
00:18:26,559 --> 00:18:29,680
is what that which is what they did, not all

320
00:18:29,759 --> 00:18:31,519
of them. There's a very general statement, so take it

321
00:18:31,559 --> 00:18:34,920
with a grain of salt. But it's not an effective tool.

322
00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:38,880
Shaming people into agreeing with you is not an effective tool,

323
00:18:38,960 --> 00:18:41,759
and just being a dick and professionally online is not

324
00:18:41,839 --> 00:18:45,200
an effective tool. It's sloppy, it's lazy, and it's kind

325
00:18:45,200 --> 00:18:48,160
of productive, and not to mention, you know, these bozos

326
00:18:48,200 --> 00:18:50,759
are all constantly fighting with each other anyway, and trying

327
00:18:50,759 --> 00:18:53,799
to cancel each other and get other people to dislike

328
00:18:53,839 --> 00:18:56,400
each other. You know, half of them spend more time

329
00:18:56,960 --> 00:19:00,279
attacking each other than they do the other side. I mean,

330
00:19:00,359 --> 00:19:03,160
this is what the left became the last ten or

331
00:19:03,240 --> 00:19:06,839
fifteen years. And so what happens, what is this? Trump

332
00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:10,400
is a fucking natural result of this, and they're still

333
00:19:10,480 --> 00:19:12,079
not going to get it. I don't have any faith

334
00:19:12,519 --> 00:19:15,480
that people are gonna come around and chill out and

335
00:19:15,599 --> 00:19:18,359
not get it. But like the amount of left became

336
00:19:18,519 --> 00:19:21,920
the party of the fucking school marm, of the tight

337
00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:26,319
ass of the people that tone police and condescent to people.

338
00:19:27,119 --> 00:19:30,240
You know, the left used to be the party of

339
00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:33,960
people that didn't give a fuck and were rowdy and

340
00:19:34,119 --> 00:19:37,839
had fun and whatever, and that they they're not anymore.

341
00:19:37,920 --> 00:19:43,519
They're like the stiff, poudy faced, fucking mean generally from

342
00:19:43,559 --> 00:19:47,279
a wealthy background. Generally not always, but generally it's you

343
00:19:47,359 --> 00:19:50,200
gotta have that tone of elitism there to pull this shit,

344
00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:57,160
you know, and just just really fucking you know, god like,

345
00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:00,839
just trying too hard, you know, and they're clueless, they

346
00:20:00,839 --> 00:20:04,440
don't get it. But now they're not, you know, now

347
00:20:04,519 --> 00:20:07,279
that the fucking right has been able to brand itself

348
00:20:07,839 --> 00:20:11,559
is the party of rebellion. I don't know how. I

349
00:20:11,640 --> 00:20:14,599
don't know how, you know, because everything they do is

350
00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:19,960
rooted in nineteen fifties, you know, archaic cultural bullshit, and

351
00:20:20,039 --> 00:20:24,599
their sense of humor is so fucking whack. But somehow

352
00:20:24,640 --> 00:20:26,559
they've been able to do it. They did, and the

353
00:20:26,680 --> 00:20:29,640
left enabled it, the modern American left. The left isn't

354
00:20:29,720 --> 00:20:31,759
like this in other places, and so this is what

355
00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:34,240
we get. And the modern American left isn't gonna get

356
00:20:34,240 --> 00:20:37,000
it either, they're not. They're not gonna change, they're not

357
00:20:37,079 --> 00:20:40,480
gonna come around. You know. I remember listening to people

358
00:20:41,839 --> 00:20:44,119
on some program. I think it was Pod Save America.

359
00:20:44,160 --> 00:20:46,119
I tuned in for a minute and they were like,

360
00:20:46,279 --> 00:20:48,240
we need a leftist Joe Rogan. I like, no, you're

361
00:20:48,279 --> 00:20:51,720
not gonna get one, because whoever, no one, no one

362
00:20:51,759 --> 00:20:53,200
could be like that. You know, you would never have

363
00:20:53,279 --> 00:20:55,799
a leftist Trump and that because they'd be afraid of

364
00:20:55,920 --> 00:20:58,160
getting canceled. That's what you need. You're right, you do,

365
00:20:58,279 --> 00:21:00,440
but you're never gonna get one because they afraid of

366
00:21:00,519 --> 00:21:04,240
getting canceled or saying the wrong thing, or being criticized

367
00:21:04,279 --> 00:21:06,960
to death or put through the fucking filter or nitpicked.

368
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:10,519
Because that's what the modern American left us. Where did

369
00:21:10,559 --> 00:21:12,960
it come from? I don't know, but it seems to

370
00:21:13,039 --> 00:21:15,519
be last fifteen years. This is I don't know, is

371
00:21:15,559 --> 00:21:17,759
it the college kids take it over? College kids kind

372
00:21:17,759 --> 00:21:19,559
of live in a bubble. No offense to them, they

373
00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:21,079
live in a bubble. You get this way when you

374
00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:23,480
live in a bubble, When you live in an echo chamber,

375
00:21:23,559 --> 00:21:25,640
when you don't have to go wait for the fucking

376
00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:28,799
Western Avenue bus at two am, have a bad trip,

377
00:21:28,960 --> 00:21:31,759
eat some shit, you know, get punched in the face

378
00:21:31,799 --> 00:21:34,400
for mouth and off to somebody like happened to me

379
00:21:34,519 --> 00:21:37,319
when I was a kid, you know what I mean.

380
00:21:37,359 --> 00:21:40,640
I just I'm not going to get into it much longer.

381
00:21:40,680 --> 00:21:44,000
But I just I'm just sitting back and watching. It's

382
00:21:44,039 --> 00:21:46,839
like that George Carlin shit when he's like that that

383
00:21:47,359 --> 00:21:50,839
statement he said during his last few years before he croaked.

384
00:21:50,839 --> 00:21:53,119
He's like, I'm just here for the show now, you know,

385
00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:58,079
and I have no faith. It's like, anyway, all right, well,

386
00:21:58,119 --> 00:22:01,519
we're not going to get into it too much. I'll

387
00:22:01,599 --> 00:22:04,480
let that go. But uh, it is gonna be really bad.

388
00:22:04,799 --> 00:22:08,119
You know, it's gonna get bad. So you're gonna have

389
00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:10,599
to just find a way to cope, find a sense

390
00:22:10,640 --> 00:22:15,279
of humor, and stay offline unless you're researching stuff or

391
00:22:15,359 --> 00:22:18,519
trying to learn something, you know, go outside and focus

392
00:22:18,640 --> 00:22:21,880
on the fucking plants and the life forms. That's the

393
00:22:22,039 --> 00:22:25,559
antidote to all this shit, all this dark shit and

394
00:22:25,599 --> 00:22:27,839
the divisiveness and the infighting. But it was very nice

395
00:22:27,839 --> 00:22:29,200
to be out of it for two weeks. I will

396
00:22:29,279 --> 00:22:32,720
say that perfect welcome home. I wouldn't have had it

397
00:22:32,759 --> 00:22:35,039
any other way. Perfect welcome home. Though, coming home to

398
00:22:35,079 --> 00:22:37,400
the Euston Airport it was like a work of art.

399
00:22:37,759 --> 00:22:41,400
The fucking alarm in the background, the twenty dollars centabuns,

400
00:22:41,880 --> 00:22:46,599
the garbage food, the diabetic, angry, populous, pre diabetic. I

401
00:22:46,640 --> 00:22:50,799
don't want to assume anybody's medical status. They certainly looked

402
00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:55,119
unhealthy in every way physically, mentally, spiritually, and emotionally. That's

403
00:22:55,240 --> 00:22:59,039
us though, that's America right now. It doesn't matter what

404
00:22:59,279 --> 00:23:02,640
the political party you vote for or don't vote for,

405
00:23:02,799 --> 00:23:05,519
or whether you think you're an intersectional radical, or whether

406
00:23:05,599 --> 00:23:08,799
you think you're fucking you know, standing up against the

407
00:23:08,880 --> 00:23:11,240
woke mob. What you're all it's all part of the

408
00:23:11,319 --> 00:23:14,799
same disease. You're all a victim of the algorithm, and

409
00:23:14,920 --> 00:23:21,200
you're all very very unwell. So uh but I wasn't it.

410
00:23:21,279 --> 00:23:23,000
I didn't have to look at billboards for two weeks.

411
00:23:23,039 --> 00:23:25,799
It was fucking great that. Really the billboards really are

412
00:23:25,920 --> 00:23:28,000
like the turn on top of the ship heap is

413
00:23:28,119 --> 00:23:32,200
figuratively speaking, and not having to see them was so lovely. Okay,

414
00:23:33,079 --> 00:23:35,720
what was my favorite habitat down there that I got

415
00:23:35,799 --> 00:23:37,839
to see? I would have to see. I would have

416
00:23:37,920 --> 00:23:40,880
to say it was not well Buddha. How do you

417
00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:47,680
pronounce this? Not well, Buddha, Not well, Buddha, parka Nacio

418
00:23:47,759 --> 00:23:51,680
Now now well, Buddha. The Coastal Era carrier force in Chile,

419
00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:56,960
fucking incredible. That was my favorite spot by far. You

420
00:23:57,079 --> 00:24:01,079
had to drive through mile after mile, kaliometer after kilometer

421
00:24:01,440 --> 00:24:05,039
of pine and eucalyptus plantation to get there, all garbage

422
00:24:05,440 --> 00:24:08,640
that was incentivized by, of course, a nineteen seventy four

423
00:24:08,799 --> 00:24:13,680
law put in place by hashtag that asshole Pinochet, that

424
00:24:13,960 --> 00:24:17,799
pig dictator Pinochet, who killed thousands, who the United States

425
00:24:18,160 --> 00:24:20,960
helped install after they'd been trying to get rid of

426
00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:28,000
the democratically elected socialist Allende through nineteen seventy to nineteen

427
00:24:28,039 --> 00:24:30,240
seventy three. I think was finally when the coup happened.

428
00:24:30,440 --> 00:24:33,640
So there's some very interesting history podcasts about that. Pinochet

429
00:24:33,759 --> 00:24:35,880
was in power till nineteen ninety, never spent the day

430
00:24:35,920 --> 00:24:38,319
in jail. Hopefully someone goes and takes a shit on

431
00:24:38,400 --> 00:24:42,599
his grave, certainly worth doing. If you could send me

432
00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:44,960
a photo of a turd on a grave, preferably not

433
00:24:45,079 --> 00:24:47,480
up close. I don't want to see your shit, But

434
00:24:47,519 --> 00:24:49,279
if you could send me a picture of a turd

435
00:24:49,680 --> 00:24:53,039
from far back on his grave, or just dogshit. I'll

436
00:24:53,079 --> 00:24:57,440
send you some stickers. But anyway, now a Buddha is

437
00:24:58,880 --> 00:25:02,240
this incredible. I don't know how big it is. It

438
00:25:02,559 --> 00:25:05,680
didn't seem that big. It's oh, it's here right here.

439
00:25:05,720 --> 00:25:09,519
It's consisted of six thousand. It consists of six eight

440
00:25:09,640 --> 00:25:12,000
hundred and thirty two hect there. It's about twenty four

441
00:25:12,119 --> 00:25:14,720
square miles. Yeah, that's not big, and it's surrounded by

442
00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:18,160
pine plantation. But it was probably one of the most

443
00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:23,720
incredible places I'd been to, and if only for it

444
00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:27,319
was a really it wasn't a thick forest that was

445
00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:29,960
relatively open the way that the light came through. It

446
00:25:30,079 --> 00:25:32,160
was a beautiful day when we were there. It wasn't raining.

447
00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:38,759
We'd been at the montane population of Ericaria aericana and

448
00:25:38,839 --> 00:25:42,839
beautiful Jurassic trees the day before, and it was it

449
00:25:42,960 --> 00:25:46,480
was missing and fogging, and it's all very volcanic there.

450
00:25:46,519 --> 00:25:50,119
I think the substrate here at now Buddha was looked

451
00:25:50,160 --> 00:25:54,119
to be metamorphic. There's like a big rocky outcrop looks

452
00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:56,519
like a not a glade. It looks like more of

453
00:25:56,640 --> 00:25:59,599
like a granitic knob, metamorphous granitic knob you can walk

454
00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:03,440
out on and overlooks these forests that were surely much

455
00:26:03,920 --> 00:26:09,119
much more extensive prior to being destroyed for pine plantations.

456
00:26:11,240 --> 00:26:14,440
But the fucking they were just incredible. And some of

457
00:26:14,519 --> 00:26:18,160
the I saw in eric Carria that was eight feet

458
00:26:18,319 --> 00:26:21,440
wide at the base and eric Carria Erkana. Some of

459
00:26:21,480 --> 00:26:23,640
these things can live for fifteen hundred years. If you're

460
00:26:23,680 --> 00:26:25,839
not familiar with the tree, I suggest you look them

461
00:26:25,920 --> 00:26:28,480
up A R A U C A R I A.

462
00:26:29,160 --> 00:26:32,720
They look like mushrooms. When they're fully grown, they have

463
00:26:33,759 --> 00:26:37,160
you know, they when they're fully grown, they lack branching

464
00:26:38,279 --> 00:26:40,599
on the bottom ninety percent of the tree and just

465
00:26:40,680 --> 00:26:43,240
to retain the branches up top. Eric Carria, but williid

466
00:26:43,279 --> 00:26:46,319
does the same thing, which is in Queensland, Australia, eric

467
00:26:46,359 --> 00:26:52,720
Carria and Gustafolia, which seems to take better to cultivation,

468
00:26:53,640 --> 00:26:56,720
and it is from Brazil. Eric Carria and Gustafoia does

469
00:26:56,799 --> 00:27:01,079
the same thing that mushroom look, and they're they're old.

470
00:27:01,279 --> 00:27:03,680
These trees are revered too. You go through a couple

471
00:27:03,680 --> 00:27:07,119
of Mapouche towns, which is the one of the indigenous

472
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:10,920
tribes down there. You go through these Mapouche. Try these

473
00:27:11,039 --> 00:27:14,960
Mapouche towns and the tree is everywhere. There's like, you know,

474
00:27:15,119 --> 00:27:17,680
sculptures of it, and the little all the little tourist

475
00:27:17,720 --> 00:27:22,440
shops and shit have Eric Carrier aer Kanda, you know,

476
00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:27,160
emblems and logos and ship really cool. I guess there's

477
00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:32,400
a flora of of the region two that one of

478
00:27:32,440 --> 00:27:34,440
the universities put out. I would have loved to buy it.

479
00:27:34,559 --> 00:27:40,839
I wasn't able to find it. Melipuco is near Congio

480
00:27:40,960 --> 00:27:45,400
National Park, which is in the UH Parknasil Congile, which

481
00:27:45,519 --> 00:27:49,240
is like the er Carria population in the mountains, which

482
00:27:49,240 --> 00:27:53,240
I guess was glaciated, and the Eric Carry is there,

483
00:27:53,839 --> 00:27:57,119
you know, recolonized that after the glaciers took off. But

484
00:27:57,200 --> 00:27:59,279
to the west across the valley. You know, think of

485
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:02,799
Chile like California. It's this long strip. You got the

486
00:28:02,839 --> 00:28:04,799
coastal mountains, you got a valley in between, and then

487
00:28:04,839 --> 00:28:09,279
you got the and these or of Sierra Nevada equivalent

488
00:28:09,440 --> 00:28:12,920
California to the east, but you get this valley in between.

489
00:28:13,559 --> 00:28:18,799
So now now Albuddha is UH is the coastal the

490
00:28:18,839 --> 00:28:21,599
more like the coastal mountains still mountains, elevation there was

491
00:28:21,640 --> 00:28:26,240
like forty five hundred maybe five thousand feet in places,

492
00:28:26,599 --> 00:28:28,640
But that's the coastal range. Now a Buddha and then

493
00:28:28,720 --> 00:28:33,559
Kungio is further inland, and that's basically on volcanics, like

494
00:28:33,759 --> 00:28:37,720
very new volcanics, like nine thousand year old volcanics. You know,

495
00:28:37,799 --> 00:28:41,200
you see these these expanses of pummice. There was an

496
00:28:41,240 --> 00:28:46,400
area where it was just all fucking pummice beneath them,

497
00:28:46,640 --> 00:28:50,599
beneath these these trees and some of this, you know,

498
00:28:50,720 --> 00:28:54,480
these volcanics hadn't even been colonized by pioneer species of

499
00:28:54,519 --> 00:28:57,720
plants yet. There was a species of bacars that was everywhere.

500
00:28:58,680 --> 00:29:01,519
But and that was in Geo, in the volcanic area

501
00:29:01,839 --> 00:29:05,440
that was supposedly glaciated, and then where the erak carrias

502
00:29:05,440 --> 00:29:08,559
had to recolonize after the glaciers habsided. But now well Buddha,

503
00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:10,680
I mean, both places are amazing, But now well Buddha

504
00:29:10,839 --> 00:29:14,519
was this open canopy. There was na tho vegas there,

505
00:29:15,400 --> 00:29:19,920
There was a budleya globosa, this shrub BUDLEYA tons of

506
00:29:20,039 --> 00:29:25,480
mutissias there. It sounded like there were probably cicadas up

507
00:29:25,519 --> 00:29:30,400
in the trees. It was the na Tho vegas are everywhere,

508
00:29:30,559 --> 00:29:33,279
so you know, the southern beaches order Fagali, the same

509
00:29:33,440 --> 00:29:36,160
order as oaks, but they're in Nato Fagaesi. This is

510
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:38,640
another Gondwanan plant family. This was a theme that we

511
00:29:38,799 --> 00:29:43,000
kept seeing everywhere was Gondwana relics of Gondwana. You know,

512
00:29:43,160 --> 00:29:49,039
plants genera, lineages, genera and families that you get in

513
00:29:49,119 --> 00:29:53,000
the southern hemisphere, in both southern Australasia, Australia and New Zealand,

514
00:29:53,119 --> 00:29:57,519
maybe New Caledonia, as well as in South America, far

515
00:29:57,839 --> 00:30:01,079
South America. And surely they all these things were growing

516
00:30:01,119 --> 00:30:03,599
on Antarctica before it started to freeze over thirty million

517
00:30:03,720 --> 00:30:07,319
years ago. And I think when did Antarctica fully freeze over,

518
00:30:07,359 --> 00:30:09,519
I think last five million years. I think there's not

519
00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:13,640
though vegas, pollen, microfossils up until two or three million

520
00:30:13,720 --> 00:30:15,920
years ago when it finally fucking iced over. But I'm

521
00:30:15,920 --> 00:30:17,759
sure it was a shitty and cold place to live

522
00:30:18,240 --> 00:30:21,359
for you know, ten to twenty million years before that.

523
00:30:22,599 --> 00:30:26,799
But these forests that at Nawa Buddha were just fucking incredible.

524
00:30:26,960 --> 00:30:29,759
I can't believe there's only twenty four square miles preserved.

525
00:30:29,799 --> 00:30:32,400
The rest is all just destroyed for shitty pine plantation,

526
00:30:32,559 --> 00:30:37,400
shitty radiot of pine and eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus, which I mean,

527
00:30:37,920 --> 00:30:41,079
what do you do with that that shitty would eucalyptus

528
00:30:41,240 --> 00:30:44,119
is pine. You can build some track housing out of it.

529
00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:47,119
Maybe it'll last a few decades, forty fifty years at most.

530
00:30:47,440 --> 00:30:52,839
You treat it with some some anti fungal, you pressure

531
00:30:52,920 --> 00:30:56,680
treat it, maybe it'll last a little bit longer. I

532
00:30:56,720 --> 00:30:58,920
don't know. But you generally built shitty lumber. There's all

533
00:30:58,960 --> 00:31:01,640
the shitty home depot lumber, you know, like that. I

534
00:31:01,720 --> 00:31:05,200
wonder how much of the lumber that's building America's tract

535
00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:09,960
housing and cul de sac communities, you know, for for

536
00:31:10,119 --> 00:31:12,799
our unhappy populace. I wonder how much comes from Chile.

537
00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:15,960
But there's so much pine plantations down there. I mean,

538
00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:19,160
there's it's a surplus. There's far more than the market

539
00:31:19,640 --> 00:31:24,880
would demand. But uh, anyway, but this now, well, Buddha

540
00:31:25,039 --> 00:31:26,279
was just fucking something else.

541
00:31:26,359 --> 00:31:26,480
Speaker 2: Man.

542
00:31:26,559 --> 00:31:28,839
Speaker 1: It was incredible. It was such a rich forest, it

543
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:31,279
was it felt so good to be there. The whole

544
00:31:31,359 --> 00:31:33,799
thing was alive. I'm sure on mushrooms it would feel incredible.

545
00:31:34,160 --> 00:31:37,559
There's beard liking draped on everything. The beard like in

546
00:31:37,599 --> 00:31:40,359
itself made the whole experience feel psychedelic. It wasn't a

547
00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:43,359
very dark forest. It was very open and lit up.

548
00:31:43,559 --> 00:31:48,960
Just the fucking gorgeous living piece of the fabric of

549
00:31:49,119 --> 00:31:51,200
the world. You know, it should be a fucking World

550
00:31:51,279 --> 00:31:54,599
Heritage Site if it's not already. And what was what

551
00:31:54,759 --> 00:31:57,039
I thought was really cool was that the the Eric

552
00:31:57,119 --> 00:31:59,519
Carrier there are so fucking big. I mean, they're just

553
00:31:59,599 --> 00:32:02,680
like these totem poles. The one that we saw it

554
00:32:02,839 --> 00:32:04,799
was a male because they're they're dioecious.

555
00:32:05,480 --> 00:32:05,599
Speaker 2: Uh.

556
00:32:05,759 --> 00:32:07,720
Speaker 1: The one that the largest one we saw, they got

557
00:32:07,799 --> 00:32:11,440
it staked out. You know, there's like a it's a

558
00:32:11,759 --> 00:32:14,160
they call it the Millinario. They got it staked out.

559
00:32:14,880 --> 00:32:15,000
Speaker 2: Uh.

560
00:32:15,319 --> 00:32:18,279
Speaker 1: And it's just like this eight foot wide totem pole

561
00:32:18,440 --> 00:32:20,720
looks like all elephant foot like at the at the

562
00:32:20,799 --> 00:32:24,359
base like the you know, like that wrinkly sagging bark

563
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:27,319
really fun to drop. But and it's got really thick

564
00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:30,920
bark too. All these trees, these old bastards have really

565
00:32:31,039 --> 00:32:34,519
thick bark, like five inches like five inch plates. They

566
00:32:34,640 --> 00:32:41,000
look like tortoise shell plastrons. They're just these fucking huge plates,

567
00:32:41,400 --> 00:32:44,640
which I guess is for fire resistance. I thought it

568
00:32:44,759 --> 00:32:47,759
was just for cold because it's hard to imagine those

569
00:32:47,799 --> 00:32:52,119
forest burning, but apparently they do, or they did. But

570
00:32:52,720 --> 00:32:54,640
it's like this. You're at the base of this thing.

571
00:32:54,680 --> 00:32:57,200
It's eight feet across, it's got to be one thousand,

572
00:32:57,440 --> 00:32:59,799
maybe fifteen hundred years old. And then it's just a

573
00:33:00,039 --> 00:33:02,200
otem pole that just shoots up for one hundred and

574
00:33:02,279 --> 00:33:04,880
twenty feet one hundred and fifty feet maybe was it

575
00:33:04,960 --> 00:33:08,759
fifty meters forty meters and then all the leaves are

576
00:33:08,759 --> 00:33:12,359
at the top. Those those you know, whorls of very

577
00:33:13,240 --> 00:33:19,039
thick plastic like sharp green leaves are just world that

578
00:33:19,119 --> 00:33:21,319
are just world around. The stem are all the way

579
00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:23,880
at the top, you know, and the branches of course

580
00:33:23,920 --> 00:33:26,000
are produced in these worlds too. We could see old

581
00:33:26,440 --> 00:33:28,920
dead logs at the basis, some of these that had

582
00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:32,119
the world branching. All the bark was gone. But uh,

583
00:33:32,880 --> 00:33:35,720
just incredible fucking place. Man. Like, you're in a place

584
00:33:35,839 --> 00:33:38,279
like that and you just want to take it all in,

585
00:33:39,079 --> 00:33:40,279
you know. That's what I try to do. I want

586
00:33:40,279 --> 00:33:41,799
to take it all in. So I have an anecdote

587
00:33:41,839 --> 00:33:44,599
when I'm in a place like the fucking Houston Airport.

588
00:33:44,720 --> 00:33:47,240
Listening to the fire alarm at five in the morning,

589
00:33:47,319 --> 00:33:50,519
I'm watching people stuff their faces with twenty dollars cinnabuns

590
00:33:50,799 --> 00:33:53,160
to ease the pain of existence in that kind of world,

591
00:33:53,640 --> 00:33:56,799
you know, like, you know, you're in places like that

592
00:33:57,240 --> 00:34:00,359
so you can hold onto it, you know, and remember

593
00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:04,440
that those places exist. Well, you're also you know, trying

594
00:34:04,480 --> 00:34:08,199
to deal with the death cult. But but the the understory,

595
00:34:08,280 --> 00:34:10,119
the not the Vegas were all on the understory, Like

596
00:34:10,159 --> 00:34:12,960
the southern beaches were all on the understory, and it

597
00:34:13,079 --> 00:34:16,079
was like that in Congillo too. But we did see

598
00:34:16,119 --> 00:34:19,440
a massive uh pretty sure it was not the vegas DMBII.

599
00:34:19,559 --> 00:34:21,480
There was not the vegas. There's like four not the

600
00:34:21,599 --> 00:34:25,440
vegas species. In every somewhat intact force that you go

601
00:34:25,559 --> 00:34:30,199
to in Chile, they'll be maybe a pina. Maybe one

602
00:34:30,239 --> 00:34:33,000
of the coolest ones was Pumilio, which doesn't get that tall,

603
00:34:33,079 --> 00:34:37,840
but it's really beautiful leaves. Uh yeah, a glocca was

604
00:34:37,880 --> 00:34:41,679
another one, Obliqua. It was not the Vegas. Obliqua was

605
00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:44,199
the one that was in the eric eric Carria forest.

606
00:34:44,239 --> 00:34:46,719
But they're forming this understory. They're all cover everything's covered

607
00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:50,000
in this usnea beard like in the bark of the

608
00:34:50,159 --> 00:34:55,280
eric Carria is everything. The fucking birds sound incredible. It's

609
00:34:55,440 --> 00:34:59,000
just the whole like, the whole experience auditory, The whole

610
00:34:59,079 --> 00:35:04,280
sensory experience of that forest was incredible. Azara Microphila was

611
00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:07,199
another one. That's a Ozara a z a r A

612
00:35:07,480 --> 00:35:11,360
is a genus in the willow family Sla case. I'm

613
00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:13,960
sure the soil community was fucking incredible. There was duff

614
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:17,119
all over the ground. Maytinis boaria was there as well.

615
00:35:17,199 --> 00:35:20,719
Meetinis boaria. I think that's the one. Matinis is in

616
00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:24,719
the genus celestrace. We get one in South Texas as well.

617
00:35:25,199 --> 00:35:28,880
It's a dwarf one that likes brackish near shore environments.

618
00:35:30,719 --> 00:35:34,320
But I think Matinus booria is supposedly an antidote against

619
00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:40,079
Lithrea costico, which is a poison oak relative. But instead

620
00:35:40,119 --> 00:35:42,920
of producing you rush you all, it produces a compound

621
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:48,599
called litriol. I think uh or lithral lithriol. I forget

622
00:35:48,639 --> 00:35:51,400
I read a paper on it. But Maytinis is supposedly

623
00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:56,920
an antidote for the dermatitis caused by lithrea, and lithrea

624
00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:59,039
is like poison oak. It doesn't affect that everybody, but

625
00:35:59,119 --> 00:36:02,440
it affects a lot of people. But Lithrea was actually

626
00:36:02,880 --> 00:36:06,079
one of the cool volunteer pioneer species that we see

627
00:36:06,679 --> 00:36:12,119
saw growing along the the river, the Mapocho River, you know,

628
00:36:12,239 --> 00:36:15,800
which is in downtown Santiago. Like all of Santiago, is

629
00:36:15,920 --> 00:36:21,000
mostly invasives, but there's a couple like Vicelia constricta and

630
00:36:21,719 --> 00:36:26,440
that Metinis that are able to eke it out, you know,

631
00:36:26,559 --> 00:36:31,280
to just volunteer, but it's largely invasives. I saw a

632
00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:34,280
cool fidal lacca I think it was fidal Laca dioeca,

633
00:36:34,360 --> 00:36:37,519
which is a tree sized pokeweed. It's fucking crazy. It's

634
00:36:37,559 --> 00:36:40,440
from Argentina. It's not native to Chile, but they planted

635
00:36:40,480 --> 00:36:43,199
there is a street tree that was pretty cool to see.

636
00:36:43,320 --> 00:36:45,679
I mean, it's got poke weed fruits and flowers. It

637
00:36:45,760 --> 00:36:47,760
looks like a poke weed, except it's a fucking tree.

638
00:36:48,159 --> 00:36:49,960
Looks like a strangler fig to it. It's one of

639
00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:53,079
those they apparently grow very fast and they get those

640
00:36:53,239 --> 00:36:56,800
very ornate bases like the abase of one looked like

641
00:36:56,880 --> 00:37:01,920
an octopus. It just had these crazy flared buttress roots

642
00:37:01,960 --> 00:37:06,280
that spread out all over there. The shitty piss dampled concrete.

643
00:37:08,119 --> 00:37:11,960
But then then the next day, this is the next

644
00:37:12,079 --> 00:37:14,920
day after the river, I'm taking a break here. I'm

645
00:37:14,920 --> 00:37:17,559
talking about the coastal erik Carria Forest. I shouldn't say

646
00:37:17,599 --> 00:37:20,039
coastal because it's a coastal mountain range. The eric Carrier

647
00:37:20,119 --> 00:37:22,639
Forest is not coastal, But that was by far my

648
00:37:22,760 --> 00:37:27,159
favorite place to be there was There was does Mari

649
00:37:27,280 --> 00:37:29,559
metabolis in that forest as well, which is a cool

650
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:35,440
tropical missiletoe with those hummingbird pollinated flowers related to tristrix.

651
00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:42,119
But anyway, the last day we were there, and before

652
00:37:42,119 --> 00:37:43,880
we flew out we had to catch a flight later

653
00:37:44,119 --> 00:37:49,239
that night, we drove out to the hills outside the

654
00:37:49,320 --> 00:37:53,440
mountains outside of Santiago. Just keep going east from Santiago

655
00:37:53,519 --> 00:37:56,280
onto the hills, drive past a bunch of garbage, bunch

656
00:37:56,320 --> 00:38:00,800
of you know, through a rich neighborhood. I fucking this,

657
00:38:01,079 --> 00:38:04,960
Like rich lady was coming down and her Mercedes or

658
00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:06,760
whatever almost hit me. We were parked on the side

659
00:38:06,800 --> 00:38:13,079
of the road taking photos of Trichosiris chiloensis and spinal leva,

660
00:38:13,360 --> 00:38:16,559
which is a mutisseoid composite that forms this kind of

661
00:38:16,639 --> 00:38:20,039
small tree, beautiful white undersize of the leaves looks fucking wild,

662
00:38:20,760 --> 00:38:24,000
and this rich lady rolls up on me and just

663
00:38:24,280 --> 00:38:27,639
like really aggressively, and I'm like, I didn't have time

664
00:38:27,679 --> 00:38:28,960
to get out of the road. You know, I could

665
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:30,679
tell she was kind of irritated. I was in her

666
00:38:30,719 --> 00:38:35,159
way and we were parked on this narrow road on

667
00:38:35,239 --> 00:38:39,239
this sketchy mountain side, and so we're like face to face,

668
00:38:39,320 --> 00:38:41,639
like she rolls up and I'm like, could you just wait?

669
00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:45,239
And the lady spoke full English too, and she's you know,

670
00:38:45,480 --> 00:38:49,480
of course got the full fucking like passive aggressive. I

671
00:38:49,639 --> 00:38:52,840
just date a turd face and I wasn't being aggressed.

672
00:38:52,880 --> 00:38:55,119
She spoke like perfect English, but with like a fucking

673
00:38:55,159 --> 00:38:59,159
europe like British or Dutch accident. Oh god, she was awful.

674
00:39:00,119 --> 00:39:02,159
I was just like, I wasn't being a grid I

675
00:39:02,280 --> 00:39:03,880
was like, lady, you like rolled up on me. I

676
00:39:03,880 --> 00:39:05,440
didn't even have time. I was going to move the

677
00:39:05,519 --> 00:39:07,800
car for you so you could get by. You didn't

678
00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:11,079
have to almost hit the guardrail or whatever. It was funny,

679
00:39:11,079 --> 00:39:12,599
and she just kind of put the fucking look on

680
00:39:12,679 --> 00:39:14,519
her face. I was like, oh my god, you are

681
00:39:14,679 --> 00:39:17,599
like you belong in like a wealthy neighborhood in southern

682
00:39:17,639 --> 00:39:20,880
California saying the exact same thing to me, you know,

683
00:39:21,079 --> 00:39:26,119
something belittling and mean. But the last day we went

684
00:39:26,159 --> 00:39:29,480
there and that was cool. The elevations, like I think

685
00:39:29,480 --> 00:39:31,440
it was like five thousand feet. The anties are so

686
00:39:31,519 --> 00:39:34,239
steep because they're relatively new. It's like last twenty million years.

687
00:39:34,239 --> 00:39:38,199
They've been uplifted due to the Nasca plate diving beneath

688
00:39:38,199 --> 00:39:41,159
the continent, you know, ramming into the South American continent,

689
00:39:41,239 --> 00:39:44,239
also subducting beneath. The same thing that causes the volcanism

690
00:39:44,599 --> 00:39:49,800
also causes the uplift from that continental collision or excuse me,

691
00:39:50,119 --> 00:39:54,519
oceanic plate, the continental collision boundary kind of, I don't

692
00:39:54,559 --> 00:39:58,440
plate collision battery. But they're very steep. They're constantly fucking

693
00:39:59,159 --> 00:40:02,360
falling apart. I mean, it's like an incredibly steep mountain range.

694
00:40:02,440 --> 00:40:05,800
Nothing analogous in California except maybe Cone Peaked down in

695
00:40:05,880 --> 00:40:09,360
Big Sir, maybe some places in the Sierra Nevada where

696
00:40:09,400 --> 00:40:14,519
it's exceptionally steep. But the plant community there was cool.

697
00:40:14,599 --> 00:40:19,559
Was Vicelia Constricta. It was We saw gog Nadia folio Losa,

698
00:40:19,599 --> 00:40:26,119
another cool composite from gognatioidi another you know, distinct flower

699
00:40:26,199 --> 00:40:30,079
morphology florith morphology to the flowers that are in the

700
00:40:30,159 --> 00:40:33,599
capitulum the flower head of this member of Astaasi, and

701
00:40:33,639 --> 00:40:34,960
a lot of them are I think almost all of

702
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:41,000
them are woody shrubs gock natti oidi. There was Trichocyrius chiluansis,

703
00:40:41,039 --> 00:40:44,320
which now that cactus nerds insisted should be called luco

704
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:47,280
steel I haven't read the paper yet with tristrex all

705
00:40:47,320 --> 00:40:50,760
over it. There was poorly area there, which is basically

706
00:40:50,880 --> 00:40:56,079
a Chilean guyacon. It's in guyacum angusta folium, which we

707
00:40:56,159 --> 00:41:00,280
get here in Texas, which is Zygopalasi to Kreas family.

708
00:41:02,440 --> 00:41:08,119
There was uh uh, I think there was Kaleia up there, Dyscaria,

709
00:41:09,239 --> 00:41:13,159
you know, a handful of Lithrea costica, a handful of basically,

710
00:41:13,239 --> 00:41:18,239
oh yeah, Kaganekia, which is another All these sclerophyll you

711
00:41:18,320 --> 00:41:23,920
know generally waxy leaves or mildly hersuit leaves of a

712
00:41:24,039 --> 00:41:30,800
Mediterranean climate. You know evergreen, you know, the kid climbed

713
00:41:31,039 --> 00:41:37,039
California has many analogs to this, like foothills of of Montane, California.

714
00:41:38,719 --> 00:41:40,800
Really cool to see. There was a there's a part

715
00:41:40,920 --> 00:41:44,559
in a Jessica Gorovitch's Ecologia Plants book. I think it

716
00:41:44,639 --> 00:41:48,880
was that one. Maybe it's Raven's textbook Biology of Plants,

717
00:41:49,280 --> 00:41:52,039
where there's you know, they've got all the Mediterranean regions

718
00:41:52,119 --> 00:41:56,159
and analogs, like the different species but fulfilling the same

719
00:41:56,239 --> 00:42:00,519
ecological role and also displaying the same morphollow g two,

720
00:42:00,719 --> 00:42:05,239
you know, and as an adaptation to this to the

721
00:42:05,320 --> 00:42:11,000
Mediterranean the constraints the ecological and climatic constraints of a

722
00:42:11,400 --> 00:42:15,280
Mediterranean climate. But yeah, also in that habitat was a

723
00:42:15,360 --> 00:42:19,199
Desmia confusa. Edesmia is in Fabaesi. It's another big genus,

724
00:42:19,320 --> 00:42:23,800
lots of really sticky glandular members, a lot of sticky

725
00:42:23,840 --> 00:42:28,400
glandular species in that genus. And uh, but Confusa is

726
00:42:28,760 --> 00:42:32,039
basically a shrub with photosynthetic stems. They've all got the

727
00:42:32,159 --> 00:42:35,360
typical you know, it's it's subfamily Phaboid, so it's got

728
00:42:35,599 --> 00:42:40,000
you know, pea flowers, but they've got all the Adesmias

729
00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:42,480
have are generally pretty sticky, and they've got these fruits

730
00:42:42,519 --> 00:42:45,000
that it looks like a bean but it breaks up

731
00:42:45,039 --> 00:42:48,119
into segments, really beautiful fruits, really cool and in this

732
00:42:48,239 --> 00:42:51,679
aidesmia like so many they were incredibly hairy, like it

733
00:42:51,760 --> 00:42:54,119
looked like it had like the fucking fruit the bean

734
00:42:54,199 --> 00:42:59,280
fruit was wearing a tupe, like ridiculously hairy. That was

735
00:42:59,360 --> 00:43:02,400
up there Malae Serbia, which is a genus in passive

736
00:43:02,440 --> 00:43:07,239
Flora ace, which is pretty diverse in South America. Beautiful flowers. Again,

737
00:43:07,519 --> 00:43:12,360
very glandular, extremely glandular. Everything down there is it got sticky.

738
00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:14,199
You're gonna touch it, you're gonna get You're gonna touch

739
00:43:14,199 --> 00:43:18,239
the leaves, you're gonna get oily hands. It was I

740
00:43:18,280 --> 00:43:22,360
think it was Mala Serbia linear a folia. I was

741
00:43:22,440 --> 00:43:25,320
really stoked to see the spinal leva though, because that

742
00:43:25,679 --> 00:43:29,440
is a cool it's a fucking cool genus of asta Ace.

743
00:43:30,119 --> 00:43:32,719
And again it's like those hypo luca. It's not the

744
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:36,440
species name. What was the species name on a spinal leva?

745
00:43:36,920 --> 00:43:42,119
Let me look it up really quick. I forget, let's

746
00:43:42,119 --> 00:43:45,119
see this really quick. Cold on God, there's so much

747
00:43:45,480 --> 00:43:50,800
great shit. Uh, spinal Leva elicifolia. Yeah. Oh, there was

748
00:43:50,960 --> 00:43:56,320
ariocice up there as well. I think it was grandiflora

749
00:43:56,760 --> 00:44:00,239
or Curvis spina. I don't know, but that's just the

750
00:44:00,280 --> 00:44:03,360
little little you know, globe shaped cact This gets the

751
00:44:03,440 --> 00:44:07,079
size of a football at most, probably less than that.

752
00:44:09,159 --> 00:44:11,440
But yeah, the spinal eva was wow because that was

753
00:44:11,480 --> 00:44:12,960
the one. I hadn't seen it. It's I got these

754
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:16,599
tiny flowers with what is it? Is that mutissia I

755
00:44:16,639 --> 00:44:19,320
think it's a mutissioidy as well. But it's got those

756
00:44:19,440 --> 00:44:24,039
recurved lobes to the Yeah, it's Tribna Sauvier. It's a

757
00:44:24,119 --> 00:44:29,679
really cool one. It's got those recurved lobes to the floor.

758
00:44:29,760 --> 00:44:34,880
It's but man, yeah, like right right there. It was

759
00:44:34,960 --> 00:44:37,239
cool because you could see what probably grew a lot

760
00:44:37,280 --> 00:44:40,119
of that ship probably grew in Santiago before it got destroyed.

761
00:44:40,280 --> 00:44:43,559
And understanding what occurs in these places is key to

762
00:44:43,760 --> 00:44:48,519
understanding what uh you know, before before it was developed

763
00:44:48,760 --> 00:44:53,079
and you know, the human modern human civilization was barfed

764
00:44:53,119 --> 00:44:56,360
all over it. Understanding what was in these places is

765
00:44:56,519 --> 00:44:59,440
essential to understanding how to restore parts of it, or

766
00:44:59,559 --> 00:45:02,559
especially from any kind of native plant movements perspective. With

767
00:45:02,760 --> 00:45:07,519
the plant there instead, there was puya everywhere too, Puya alpestras,

768
00:45:07,519 --> 00:45:10,320
which if you don't know about puya ALPESTRASI man I

769
00:45:10,360 --> 00:45:12,400
gotta you know you gotta really come correct on that,

770
00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:17,159
because that's a fucking incredible plant, massive spiny bremeliad that

771
00:45:17,280 --> 00:45:20,960
forms these huge colonies and gets incredible flowers, you know,

772
00:45:21,360 --> 00:45:27,519
bright sapphire metallic flowers, and can form colonies like eight

773
00:45:27,559 --> 00:45:30,679
to ten feet across, you know, three to four meters across.

774
00:45:31,480 --> 00:45:34,719
All right, So we're gonna we're gonna move back to Uh.

775
00:45:34,840 --> 00:45:38,639
There was a brief stop with Santiago. East of the mountains.

776
00:45:38,639 --> 00:45:41,199
East of Santiago is the habitat there. We're gonna take

777
00:45:41,239 --> 00:45:45,119
a brief ad break and then come back to uh.

778
00:45:45,400 --> 00:45:48,800
We're gonna return to the lower the higher latitudes, excuse me,

779
00:45:49,039 --> 00:45:52,760
down by the eric Carria forest. You go, okay, So

780
00:45:52,880 --> 00:45:56,800
we're back. The latitude at Santiago is thirty three degrees

781
00:45:56,920 --> 00:45:59,960
south and the latitude of the eric Carria forest is

782
00:46:00,159 --> 00:46:04,960
a thirty seven degrees south roughly. And another plant that

783
00:46:05,039 --> 00:46:07,599
I saw down there in America Caria forces and in

784
00:46:07,960 --> 00:46:11,360
Nawa Buddha was was Loasa. I think it was a

785
00:46:11,480 --> 00:46:18,559
lot loasa, a canthifolia, which Jesus Christ the Loasa namesake

786
00:46:18,599 --> 00:46:21,039
of the family Lois Sace to velcro lef family of

787
00:46:21,079 --> 00:46:25,760
which in North America we mostly get the Menzilia and Nii.

788
00:46:26,039 --> 00:46:30,400
Menzilia is everywhere, but the you go down to South

789
00:46:30,440 --> 00:46:33,480
America and you start getting some of the Loasa's god

790
00:46:33,519 --> 00:46:37,199
there's like six or seven genera. The subfamily I think

791
00:46:37,239 --> 00:46:42,880
it's Lois Soudi is the subfamily. There's subfamily uh delineations

792
00:46:42,920 --> 00:46:45,679
for Lois sat they're not on Ininet. Anyway, you get

793
00:46:45,719 --> 00:46:51,599
a couple of these general Loasa Pinasa bloomin Bakia that's

794
00:46:51,639 --> 00:46:56,360
his stinger, Kayafra that's his stinger too. I haven't looked

795
00:46:56,400 --> 00:46:59,400
at a phylogeny of Lois Sace, but most of the

796
00:46:59,519 --> 00:47:02,239
stinging ones are in South America. In Texas we get

797
00:47:02,280 --> 00:47:06,079
Sevalia sinuata, which is a stinging one, beautiful flowers that

798
00:47:06,119 --> 00:47:10,519
I assume is probably somewhat related, somewhat close to the

799
00:47:10,639 --> 00:47:14,719
Loasas and the Chiopherus, but either way, these things have

800
00:47:14,880 --> 00:47:20,719
those keeled petals. Loasa has this for sure. Bluemenbaki I

801
00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:23,280
believe as well, and they have stigmo nastic statements, which

802
00:47:23,280 --> 00:47:25,639
means the stamens move, you know, which will happen through

803
00:47:25,639 --> 00:47:28,280
a prickly pear flower too. That genus Soapuncha has flowers

804
00:47:28,559 --> 00:47:31,360
with thigmo nastic statements stamens that move towards the center

805
00:47:31,760 --> 00:47:35,079
upon being triggered. What's interesting about Loasa is that I

806
00:47:35,159 --> 00:47:38,159
think they do it over. They do it over a

807
00:47:38,320 --> 00:47:42,159
number of days, and it takes I think, I think

808
00:47:42,199 --> 00:47:45,199
a few minutes to do it. It's not instant. But

809
00:47:46,079 --> 00:47:49,800
you know, anytime that one of these staminodes, which many

810
00:47:49,920 --> 00:47:53,079
members of lois Ac have as well, and their flowers

811
00:47:53,400 --> 00:47:56,960
basically fertile, are non fertile statements stamens that don't produce

812
00:47:58,039 --> 00:48:03,599
pollen in their anthers. Anytime these staminodes are triggered, and

813
00:48:03,639 --> 00:48:06,039
there's nectar at the base of some of these, At

814
00:48:06,119 --> 00:48:08,199
least in this Loasa there was. You could see it.

815
00:48:08,480 --> 00:48:11,559
You could see the glistening materially at the base of

816
00:48:11,599 --> 00:48:18,119
his staminode. Anytime that staminoda has touched the stamen moves

817
00:48:18,159 --> 00:48:20,079
towards the center. It takes a while, but it moves

818
00:48:20,079 --> 00:48:23,199
towards the center and it replenishes the pond. There was

819
00:48:23,199 --> 00:48:26,280
an interesting article in The New York Times about this

820
00:48:26,440 --> 00:48:29,760
from twenty nineteen. Yeah, the article if you're interested in

821
00:48:29,880 --> 00:48:31,920
reading it. If you can, you can go to archive

822
00:48:32,039 --> 00:48:37,079
dot pH. That's a website and then type in the

823
00:48:37,239 --> 00:48:39,440
link to the page and see an old one. But

824
00:48:40,159 --> 00:48:43,400
it's called watch a flower that seems to remember when

825
00:48:43,480 --> 00:48:47,239
pollinators will come calling. This is about a Peruvian genus.

826
00:48:47,280 --> 00:48:51,239
This is about a Nasa Poisoniana, but it looks almost

827
00:48:51,320 --> 00:48:54,800
identical to a Loasa flower, and it's closely related and

828
00:48:54,880 --> 00:48:57,679
it does the same thing, and they're both in subfamily Loa.

829
00:48:57,760 --> 00:49:03,079
Soity it's by Kara gi Emo the fuck just just

830
00:49:03,159 --> 00:49:08,239
look up Loasa pollination New York Times and it it's

831
00:49:08,320 --> 00:49:10,519
really interesting because it's it takes three or four minutes

832
00:49:10,559 --> 00:49:12,880
for this statement to move, but in this way, it's

833
00:49:13,000 --> 00:49:15,079
it to move to the center of the flower. But

834
00:49:15,199 --> 00:49:18,360
in this way it's constantly replenishing the pollen source. Thus,

835
00:49:18,639 --> 00:49:21,000
you know, instead of just wasting all the stamens on

836
00:49:21,119 --> 00:49:23,840
one bee, you know, it's it's they're keeping them, it's

837
00:49:23,920 --> 00:49:27,360
keeping them cupped and protected in these keeled pedals. They've

838
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:28,800
got a little cup at the end.

839
00:49:29,360 --> 00:49:29,719
Speaker 2: And uh.

840
00:49:30,159 --> 00:49:32,599
Speaker 1: And then as it needs to be replenished in the flower,

841
00:49:32,679 --> 00:49:37,559
then the stamens move forward. Enormous adaptive benefit and being

842
00:49:37,559 --> 00:49:40,159
able to do that, and it's of course triggered by

843
00:49:40,599 --> 00:49:42,400
you know, a bee a pollinator rubbing around in the

844
00:49:42,920 --> 00:49:46,760
center of the flower. But a great number of these,

845
00:49:47,239 --> 00:49:50,480
uh members of lois soity do that. It's wild, man,

846
00:49:50,559 --> 00:49:53,599
It's it's so fucking cool to see and Loasa can't.

847
00:49:53,599 --> 00:49:58,960
The folia was probably a three to four foot tall herb.

848
00:49:59,480 --> 00:50:03,039
It felt maybe there's probably perennial roots down there, uh,

849
00:50:03,920 --> 00:50:05,920
but it was. It stood tall. It was in the

850
00:50:05,960 --> 00:50:10,599
shady forest of Natho Vegas, somewhat shady, wasn't super dark,

851
00:50:11,079 --> 00:50:14,960
not though Vegas and Erikarria forest, and it was readily abundant.

852
00:50:14,960 --> 00:50:17,119
It was everywhere. And then the fucking stinging to it,

853
00:50:17,239 --> 00:50:20,119
like those sting you, and it kind of itches afterwards.

854
00:50:20,519 --> 00:50:24,320
It's got those stinging hairs, those stinging tricombes. But in

855
00:50:24,400 --> 00:50:31,280
that in that whole subfamily, we saw Laasa Blumenbakia preate, Prietia, panassa,

856
00:50:31,360 --> 00:50:38,599
penitifida grauslater rita. The Loasa cantafolia had UV reflective pollen too,

857
00:50:39,079 --> 00:50:43,840
which was really cool. It fluoresced under UV light. Cei

858
00:50:44,719 --> 00:50:50,440
Scyphantis s see why Elegance had that too. These are

859
00:50:50,559 --> 00:50:51,760
ornate fucking flowers.

860
00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:51,920
Speaker 2: Man.

861
00:50:52,000 --> 00:50:55,559
Speaker 1: I can't like describe the morphology of these. It's so cool,

862
00:50:55,599 --> 00:50:56,840
I mean, and that's the way I look at all

863
00:50:56,920 --> 00:50:59,880
flowers is not from oh it's pretty, it's a beautiful flower,

864
00:51:00,360 --> 00:51:05,280
but rather from the mechanics and the complexity of flower morphology.

865
00:51:05,320 --> 00:51:09,079
It's fucking mind. Every flower is like a puzzle, you know,

866
00:51:09,559 --> 00:51:12,440
whether it's a Chlorea orchid that was a genus of

867
00:51:12,599 --> 00:51:16,719
orchid that we saw down there, again, very species rich.

868
00:51:17,519 --> 00:51:20,519
I don't believe Chlorea offers any reward to pollinators. I

869
00:51:20,599 --> 00:51:24,719
think it's sexual deception and it is somewhat closely related,

870
00:51:25,480 --> 00:51:29,960
probably via that Gondwanen distribution again to many of the

871
00:51:30,719 --> 00:51:34,360
orchid Doughty subfamily, that is, the terrestrial orchids in Australia,

872
00:51:34,440 --> 00:51:37,280
which of course have some fucking wild you know, the

873
00:51:37,599 --> 00:51:40,360
flying duck orchid, the hammer orchid, these orchids that do

874
00:51:40,920 --> 00:51:43,280
they take sexual deception through a whole other level by

875
00:51:43,360 --> 00:51:51,760
turning their labellum into mimics of female thinned wasps. Crazy shit.

876
00:51:51,920 --> 00:51:54,639
If you don't know, I mean, any anybody who's you know,

877
00:51:54,880 --> 00:51:58,599
dabbled in weird flowers or has an interest in plants

878
00:51:58,599 --> 00:52:02,719
there has seen a fucking of it Attinborough documentary. You know,

879
00:52:02,920 --> 00:52:06,800
probably knows about this. Edinburgh did do it. I believe

880
00:52:06,840 --> 00:52:10,320
he did do a piece on the flying duck orchid,

881
00:52:10,920 --> 00:52:14,280
the one that's the got the trigger, the hammer mechanism.

882
00:52:15,039 --> 00:52:17,360
There's quite a few in Australia that do that. But

883
00:52:17,880 --> 00:52:21,679
they mimic female wasps in shape with their labellum, and

884
00:52:21,719 --> 00:52:26,840
then they also actually produce the pheromones, the chemical signatures

885
00:52:27,039 --> 00:52:30,920
of these fucking wasps, which is wild man, it's it's

886
00:52:31,719 --> 00:52:36,480
you know anyway. Chlorea, I don't know, I don't. I

887
00:52:36,719 --> 00:52:39,480
don't know much about Cloria, which is the Chilean member

888
00:52:39,519 --> 00:52:42,719
of that subfamily book. The Cloreas do a sexual deception

889
00:52:43,400 --> 00:52:47,119
as well. They're not offering any reward, they're just duping insects.

890
00:52:47,480 --> 00:52:50,280
One of the species of Chlorea that we saw I

891
00:52:50,440 --> 00:52:53,480
noticed that had cali those little studs on the labellum,

892
00:52:53,559 --> 00:52:56,360
which is that's an indicator to me, okay, this thing

893
00:52:56,480 --> 00:53:00,559
is is tricking insects, you know, because those those calai,

894
00:53:00,679 --> 00:53:04,519
those studs especially seem they're darker color. They certainly you know,

895
00:53:04,559 --> 00:53:06,880
in all the not all, but a lot of the

896
00:53:08,880 --> 00:53:13,000
the Australian orchidody have that as well, like some of

897
00:53:13,039 --> 00:53:18,159
the Thelomitras and et cetera. They produce these I'm sorry,

898
00:53:18,239 --> 00:53:23,599
not Thelomitra. Thelomitra doesn't produce a notable labellum. Thelomitra's whole

899
00:53:23,599 --> 00:53:25,760
other they're fucking dope orchids. But they do it. They

900
00:53:25,840 --> 00:53:29,480
do it differently. Thinking of the genus Caledina produces those

901
00:53:29,599 --> 00:53:32,800
studs on the labellum, those calais they're called many many

902
00:53:32,840 --> 00:53:36,360
species of Caledina do and have that hinged labellum as well,

903
00:53:36,760 --> 00:53:40,360
and the Chlorea had that same thing. So these, yeah, definitely,

904
00:53:40,599 --> 00:53:42,800
you see that. That's a good indication. This thing is

905
00:53:42,880 --> 00:53:47,960
duping insects via deceit It's got this deceitful pollination strategies.

906
00:53:48,599 --> 00:53:51,360
And then on the other side of this valley, it's

907
00:53:51,400 --> 00:53:55,239
roughly the same latitude of thirty seven degrees latitude south

908
00:53:55,639 --> 00:53:59,840
in the montane eric Carria forest, the Andean eraic cort

909
00:54:00,119 --> 00:54:05,440
eric Carria forced by Melpuco Melipuco. Fuck, sorry if I'm

910
00:54:05,519 --> 00:54:11,599
mispronouncing that town. Wonderful little town right outside Kungeo National Park,

911
00:54:12,920 --> 00:54:16,280
that was where there was you know, eric carry is

912
00:54:16,280 --> 00:54:21,559
growing on these extremely steep slopes covered in fog. Wonderful

913
00:54:21,639 --> 00:54:23,599
day to be there. It was super misty. It pissed

914
00:54:23,639 --> 00:54:27,599
on us. It rained the whole day, and that was

915
00:54:27,639 --> 00:54:29,800
a fucking treat as well. It's all again the substrates,

916
00:54:29,840 --> 00:54:32,920
all pummics. It's super crunchy. Easily you could destroy a

917
00:54:33,000 --> 00:54:38,280
pair of boots there. But some of the same species,

918
00:54:39,880 --> 00:54:43,960
except I don't believe now a Buddha had Austrosedrius, which

919
00:54:44,039 --> 00:54:47,360
is looks like a Chilean incense cedar. If you're familiar

920
00:54:47,360 --> 00:54:52,199
with the incense cedars Calosedrius. The currents of California, Idaho, Washington, Oregon,

921
00:54:52,239 --> 00:54:56,400
et cetera has similar shaped cones to beautiful fucking trees

922
00:54:56,440 --> 00:54:59,800
get like, you know, seventy eighty feet tall, what is it,

923
00:55:00,119 --> 00:55:05,280
you know, almost thirty meters tall, and they grow in

924
00:55:05,480 --> 00:55:08,920
on these you know, steep rocky slopes or out of

925
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:13,320
pure pummits like they were growing in Kongeo Premnopotus Andina

926
00:55:13,519 --> 00:55:16,119
was there as well, which is a potocarp that I

927
00:55:16,199 --> 00:55:21,599
think might produce edible not fruits. They look like it's

928
00:55:21,679 --> 00:55:23,239
like a it looks like a u. It looks like

929
00:55:23,320 --> 00:55:27,159
a torrea, which again to make an analogy to California,

930
00:55:27,440 --> 00:55:31,320
like the Torrea Californica. You would see it's got it's

931
00:55:31,360 --> 00:55:33,639
got a similar shaped cone. It's not a fruit, it's

932
00:55:33,639 --> 00:55:35,719
a cone. It looks like it'd be a droop or something,

933
00:55:36,320 --> 00:55:40,000
but it's a cone, and it's a similar size. And uh,

934
00:55:40,639 --> 00:55:44,519
Promnopotus and dina is a strictly Andean species. I believe.

935
00:55:44,559 --> 00:55:47,039
I don't think it grows. I keep miss I kept

936
00:55:47,119 --> 00:55:51,199
mistake in Saxagothia conspicua, which is a really cool looking

937
00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:54,599
potal carp that can get fucking massive in the Alersee

938
00:55:54,719 --> 00:55:57,960
forest down south in the Patagonian temperate rainforest, I kept

939
00:55:58,000 --> 00:56:02,119
thinking that was prenopotes before I had seen promnopoties, because

940
00:56:02,360 --> 00:56:04,920
you know some of those Saxagothias I'm used to seeing.

941
00:56:04,960 --> 00:56:09,800
Sathagothia conspicua in arboretums in botanic gardens is a small

942
00:56:09,920 --> 00:56:13,079
tree to ten or fifteen feet tall. I had no

943
00:56:13,239 --> 00:56:16,320
awareness that it could reach heights of like one hundred feet,

944
00:56:17,559 --> 00:56:21,519
you know, fucking seven feet across at the base. I

945
00:56:21,599 --> 00:56:24,119
didn't know it was it could be turned into this massive,

946
00:56:24,719 --> 00:56:28,760
long lived potocarp. Saxa Gothia, of course, doesn't even look

947
00:56:28,800 --> 00:56:31,679
like a potocarp. You know, potocarps normally have that epimadium

948
00:56:32,559 --> 00:56:35,159
and the bait berry, and they're the bird to sper

949
00:56:35,320 --> 00:56:38,960
Saxagothia produces what looks like a cone. It's all those

950
00:56:39,400 --> 00:56:44,039
inflated bracts, those inflated scale leaves. It kind of looks

951
00:56:44,119 --> 00:56:46,880
like a like a mini cone, and so you almost

952
00:56:48,679 --> 00:56:51,559
it'd be easy to mistake for not being a potocarp

953
00:56:51,639 --> 00:56:55,639
The bark looks very potocarpaceous though, looks like the bark

954
00:56:55,679 --> 00:56:58,000
of some of the other poto carps Potocarpaci of course,

955
00:56:58,360 --> 00:57:01,880
So that hemisphere conifer family they expect that early Jurassic,

956
00:57:02,280 --> 00:57:08,320
maybe Triassic. You get a few members in Mexico and

957
00:57:09,639 --> 00:57:12,000
it gets you into the North hemisphere a little bit,

958
00:57:12,039 --> 00:57:16,519
but it's mostly Southern hemisphere family, the critiums, the removes

959
00:57:16,639 --> 00:57:20,840
of New Zealand, the many fucking the strawberry pine, which

960
00:57:20,920 --> 00:57:23,679
of course is not a pine. It's just in Australia,

961
00:57:23,760 --> 00:57:27,440
in Tasmania, it's this creeping, really cool conifer that produces

962
00:57:27,480 --> 00:57:33,159
these epimdia, these swelling you know, swelling ovules because it's

963
00:57:33,159 --> 00:57:35,079
still a gymnal swim, still a nakead see that look

964
00:57:35,199 --> 00:57:37,760
like strawberries. You know, in Australia they use the word

965
00:57:37,880 --> 00:57:40,800
pine like Americans use the word cedar. There's no true

966
00:57:40,840 --> 00:57:44,480
cedars in North America, but everybody in the US calls

967
00:57:44,639 --> 00:57:48,519
you know, many of our conifers sears western cedar. Uh,

968
00:57:49,039 --> 00:57:53,440
you know thuya arbor, Thuyia occidentalis, they call arbavity or cedar.

969
00:57:53,920 --> 00:57:56,480
Every fucking juniper they see gets called the cedar. It's

970
00:57:56,519 --> 00:57:58,400
the same thing in Australia with the pines. There's no

971
00:57:59,039 --> 00:58:01,719
pines in the Southern hemisphere except they barely make it

972
00:58:01,760 --> 00:58:04,440
into the Southern Hemisphere except for one species. I think

973
00:58:04,440 --> 00:58:06,840
it's Pineus marquci and it makes it just over the

974
00:58:06,880 --> 00:58:12,519
equator in Indonesia. But in Australia, everything that's a conifer

975
00:58:12,639 --> 00:58:15,119
is called a pine. You know, the King Billy pine,

976
00:58:15,199 --> 00:58:21,360
the fucking the strawberry pine. Whatever. And it was in

977
00:58:21,519 --> 00:58:24,920
Congillo too that I saw solid Digo chillensis. There's a

978
00:58:25,000 --> 00:58:27,800
golden rod that's native to Chile. Apparently it made it

979
00:58:27,920 --> 00:58:32,119
down there at some point via bird migration. Lots of

980
00:58:32,559 --> 00:58:36,480
plants did this. If you look at a migration map again,

981
00:58:36,559 --> 00:58:39,440
you'll see And I realized this, I mean I kind

982
00:58:39,440 --> 00:58:40,800
of already knew it, but I realized that when I

983
00:58:40,840 --> 00:58:44,639
looked at up a migration map of migration pathways of birds,

984
00:58:44,679 --> 00:58:47,480
and saw that almost none of them go across the Atlantic.

985
00:58:47,639 --> 00:58:50,800
Certainly they don't at the lower or mid latitudes, and

986
00:58:50,840 --> 00:58:53,920
they're all primarily north to south. And so you got

987
00:58:53,960 --> 00:58:58,000
a lot of birds migrating from western North Americas following

988
00:58:58,039 --> 00:59:01,079
the coast, headed south to Chile, and apparently one of

989
00:59:01,119 --> 00:59:03,280
them brought a golden rod down there at some point

990
00:59:03,400 --> 00:59:09,039
in the last I don't know, uh fucking however, many

991
00:59:09,119 --> 00:59:13,119
millions of years, ten twenty million years. So it's a

992
00:59:13,159 --> 00:59:15,199
great place Chile was. It was great to see the

993
00:59:15,239 --> 00:59:19,559
biog geography of a lot of plants. You had lots

994
00:59:19,599 --> 00:59:23,400
of plants that came from you know, a Gondwanen distribution

995
00:59:23,960 --> 00:59:28,400
or illustrated showed that members of Proteace, a lot of

996
00:59:28,440 --> 00:59:32,079
the orchids, a lot of the conifers. Of course, Fitzroya

997
00:59:32,159 --> 00:59:37,880
Cooper Sodi's closest relative or that and Pilgero dendron. I

998
00:59:37,920 --> 00:59:40,679
think I think their closest relative is Diselma archery, which

999
00:59:40,719 --> 00:59:44,000
is in Tasmania. Another really cool member of the cypress

1000
00:59:44,000 --> 00:59:47,280
and redwood family from Tasmania that grows in alpine Tasmania,

1001
00:59:47,320 --> 00:59:49,519
which is not very high. It's like three thousand feet.

1002
00:59:49,960 --> 00:59:52,159
You're already so high latitude you don't need to get

1003
00:59:52,239 --> 00:59:58,119
much elevation to become alpine. But anyway, yeah, the prote ace,

1004
00:59:58,280 --> 01:00:01,519
I haven't even gotten too yet. And both coxinem Coxinium.

1005
01:00:01,599 --> 01:00:06,719
Holy shit, the firewheel, the Chilean firewheel tree. The Lomesia

1006
01:00:07,039 --> 01:00:12,840
Lameysia farruginea hersuda or Thenada ohrides is another genus that

1007
01:00:12,880 --> 01:00:16,199
we saw, just fucking wild shit man, all prote ac,

1008
01:00:16,480 --> 01:00:22,880
all Gondwanan relics, you know, uh, a illustration of the

1009
01:00:23,400 --> 01:00:26,880
plant distribution via tectonic breakup in long amounts of time.

1010
01:00:27,119 --> 01:00:30,440
So there was the Gondwanan relics, or the distributions that

1011
01:00:30,480 --> 01:00:33,480
occurred as a result of bird migration. We saw Facilia's

1012
01:00:34,039 --> 01:00:37,880
down there, We saw the saladago. I mean, there were

1013
01:00:38,400 --> 01:00:43,840
so many more genera that you know, you also get

1014
01:00:43,880 --> 01:00:47,679
in California and the American West that were also done.

1015
01:00:47,800 --> 01:00:51,039
They had different species down here in Chile. This is

1016
01:00:51,079 --> 01:00:53,119
a reoccurring thing, you know, Okay, I know how this

1017
01:00:53,280 --> 01:00:56,199
got here. This is probably via birds because this the

1018
01:00:56,280 --> 01:00:58,639
rest of this lineage is in North America and western

1019
01:00:58,719 --> 01:01:01,239
North America. You know, where you could see this now,

1020
01:01:01,320 --> 01:01:03,199
this guy here. The rest of this lineage is in

1021
01:01:03,360 --> 01:01:06,599
fucking Australia, and you know, relatives of this were probably

1022
01:01:06,639 --> 01:01:10,199
growing on Antarctica, you know, thirty forty million years ago,

1023
01:01:10,840 --> 01:01:16,960
et cetera. Cicernkium, which is iridacey is another one. There

1024
01:01:17,000 --> 01:01:21,559
were plenty of Cicernkium members down there. There was eryth Ranth,

1025
01:01:21,639 --> 01:01:26,000
the monkey flowers, huge genus erythrant and the Placus family

1026
01:01:26,159 --> 01:01:29,719
is freimacy in the lamy Aleis order, the order of stages.

1027
01:01:30,159 --> 01:01:33,400
Tons of diversity in western North America, especially California, and

1028
01:01:33,440 --> 01:01:37,320
there's also tons of diversity in Erythranth, not the placius.

1029
01:01:38,199 --> 01:01:41,840
In Chile, we kept seeing aerthranth Lutia. We saw smaller ones.

1030
01:01:41,880 --> 01:01:46,400
We saw aerythranth niandina and our another red one that

1031
01:01:46,480 --> 01:01:49,480
begins with the sea, which were fucking incredible because erythranth

1032
01:01:49,559 --> 01:01:52,920
Lutia is just the yellow monkey flower, and there's you know,

1033
01:01:53,199 --> 01:01:57,840
probably a million different ecotypes and possibly subspecies or lookalike species.

1034
01:01:57,880 --> 01:02:01,320
But nian Dina is a is like a pink, pink

1035
01:02:01,360 --> 01:02:04,840
and white speckled, you know, huge flower grows in wetter areas.

1036
01:02:05,559 --> 01:02:07,599
I think it used to be offered in cultivation in

1037
01:02:07,679 --> 01:02:09,760
the Bay Area. I think Annie's annuals used to sell that.

1038
01:02:11,480 --> 01:02:14,000
And then aarth ranth was a cufea I think it

1039
01:02:14,079 --> 01:02:19,840
was aerthranth cufea, aeryth ranth cupri excuse me, which is

1040
01:02:19,880 --> 01:02:24,679
a bright red one. Was abundant in certain habitats too,

1041
01:02:24,840 --> 01:02:28,760
like higher elevation volcanic soil habitats growing in creeks and shit,

1042
01:02:28,800 --> 01:02:31,599
there was epilobium down there too. There was an onnathro

1043
01:02:31,719 --> 01:02:34,280
which I couldn't tell if it was native or not.

1044
01:02:34,440 --> 01:02:36,840
It looked native. You can generally tell what's native or

1045
01:02:36,880 --> 01:02:39,639
invasive or get hints at it by seeing where it's

1046
01:02:39,679 --> 01:02:41,800
growing and how it's behaving in an ecosystem. If it's

1047
01:02:41,840 --> 01:02:45,920
near a road and it's forming monocultures, unchecked monoculture is

1048
01:02:45,960 --> 01:02:49,360
probably invasive. If it's in a somewhat remote area and

1049
01:02:49,440 --> 01:02:52,800
there's always there's always exceptions to this, and it's you know,

1050
01:02:52,880 --> 01:02:56,039
there's not many, it's there's only it's scattered. It seems

1051
01:02:56,119 --> 01:02:59,760
relatively kept in check. It's not taken off forming monocultures.

1052
01:02:59,800 --> 01:03:01,639
It's probably a native. And we saw a couple of

1053
01:03:01,800 --> 01:03:05,840
nathra that were like that. As well Epilobium definitely a

1054
01:03:05,960 --> 01:03:09,840
native Epilobium, which is same family owner Gracie so at

1055
01:03:09,880 --> 01:03:11,440
a lot of really cool to see all these all

1056
01:03:11,440 --> 01:03:16,679
these different patterns of distribution and see you know, then

1057
01:03:16,719 --> 01:03:18,599
think about, well, how many fucking millions of years has

1058
01:03:18,639 --> 01:03:20,880
it been here, you know, and and what is it?

1059
01:03:21,360 --> 01:03:27,239
What what cut branches on this phylogeny once existed that

1060
01:03:27,360 --> 01:03:30,320
are now extinct? You know, what? What was there? How

1061
01:03:30,360 --> 01:03:32,000
big was it? Like I think about that with the

1062
01:03:32,039 --> 01:03:35,199
Fitzroya for us? You know what was fitz What were

1063
01:03:35,239 --> 01:03:39,880
the intermediate forms of Fitzroya or any closely related members

1064
01:03:40,639 --> 01:03:44,840
of this lineage that existed in this habitat in the

1065
01:03:44,960 --> 01:03:48,000
last fifty or sixty million years? And how unchanged is

1066
01:03:48,079 --> 01:03:52,840
Fitzroya compared with other species. There's a there's fossil Fitzroya,

1067
01:03:53,880 --> 01:03:55,760
which is the Alerte tree, which I haven't even talked

1068
01:03:55,760 --> 01:03:59,239
about this fucking habitat yet. It's so fucking cool. There's

1069
01:03:59,280 --> 01:04:02,519
fossil fits if it's royal, A cute of folia from Tasmania,

1070
01:04:02,960 --> 01:04:05,679
from Oligasine Tasmania, which is what was at thirty two

1071
01:04:05,679 --> 01:04:09,360
million years I think is when the fossils were dated,

1072
01:04:09,400 --> 01:04:11,760
so this thing was everywhere, and surely there's fossils on

1073
01:04:11,800 --> 01:04:15,360
Antarctica beneath however, many fucking kilometers of ice. You know,

1074
01:04:15,559 --> 01:04:19,239
the got to see Antarctica. That's another thing. If you know,

1075
01:04:19,519 --> 01:04:22,760
I go to the Silurian when people ask me what

1076
01:04:22,960 --> 01:04:26,079
time Perio would you go to to go fucking botanizer survey,

1077
01:04:26,800 --> 01:04:32,119
go to Silurian, Devonian and then uh, and then certainly

1078
01:04:32,199 --> 01:04:36,119
like Antarctica during the ECNE, I'm so curious what was

1079
01:04:36,239 --> 01:04:39,199
growing there. It must have been fucking incredible forests down

1080
01:04:39,280 --> 01:04:42,480
there of wild and just wild shit stuff that you know,

1081
01:04:42,920 --> 01:04:44,440
you would probably be able to tell what it was

1082
01:04:44,559 --> 01:04:47,039
or what it was related to, because there's modern day

1083
01:04:47,079 --> 01:04:51,079
members that exist in both Far South America and Australasia.

1084
01:04:51,199 --> 01:04:57,320
Osma Riza, which is apac is another Amphi tropical distribution,

1085
01:04:59,000 --> 01:05:03,480
you know, both similar latitudes on opposite sides of the equator.

1086
01:05:04,039 --> 01:05:06,599
Another thing that was and it's got those barbed fruits too,

1087
01:05:06,679 --> 01:05:09,599
so that was probably brought down by birds in the

1088
01:05:09,719 --> 01:05:14,920
last twenty million years. Riby's same thing, Riby's magellanicum, Riby's cuchulatum.

1089
01:05:15,239 --> 01:05:18,000
There's like five different ribi's species that we kept seeing.

1090
01:05:18,639 --> 01:05:22,639
The gooseberries ribies, of course, is super diverse in Western

1091
01:05:22,719 --> 01:05:26,119
North America, though there is I think there's a species.

1092
01:05:26,119 --> 01:05:28,000
I remember seeing a cool species up on top of

1093
01:05:28,039 --> 01:05:30,280
a mountain in the Wivalon, which is just you know,

1094
01:05:30,440 --> 01:05:33,800
if stones throw away from me here in South Texas.

1095
01:05:34,159 --> 01:05:37,199
But they definitely don't like it super hot. They like

1096
01:05:37,320 --> 01:05:41,159
it the Mediterranean climate. They don't like it super hot

1097
01:05:41,199 --> 01:05:48,639
and humid like a Mediterranean climate or higher elevation. But god, yeah,

1098
01:05:48,679 --> 01:05:52,760
the Congio National Park in these montane eracarria forces, these

1099
01:05:52,840 --> 01:05:58,159
volcanic eracarria forces, was fucking wild man, because again it

1100
01:05:58,360 --> 01:06:00,880
was it became a dominant tree. At the higher elevations.

1101
01:06:00,920 --> 01:06:05,440
You hike up this what's basically a mini volcano, it's

1102
01:06:05,480 --> 01:06:10,519
a crater. You hike up this this trail and the

1103
01:06:10,960 --> 01:06:13,639
substrates sell pumis, and you're going through Natho Vegas and

1104
01:06:13,719 --> 01:06:15,719
most of them don't get that big. These southern beaches

1105
01:06:15,760 --> 01:06:17,639
don't get too big. And then there's a massive not

1106
01:06:17,760 --> 01:06:21,719
though Vegas Dambii that we encountered and that was a

1107
01:06:21,760 --> 01:06:26,000
fucking wonderful experience. And then there's chiskea everywhere too, And

1108
01:06:26,119 --> 01:06:27,760
the higher you get and you start to get out

1109
01:06:27,800 --> 01:06:30,719
of the noatho vegas zone, then the eraic carriers appear

1110
01:06:31,159 --> 01:06:34,639
and there's just these monolithic beasts, these beautiful trees, and

1111
01:06:34,679 --> 01:06:38,840
there's recruitment too, there's younger ones, and then the understory

1112
01:06:38,960 --> 01:06:42,320
is mostly Chiskea, which is a New World bamboo genus.

1113
01:06:42,360 --> 01:06:47,880
I didn't realize just how ubiquitous the genus Chiskeaya is.

1114
01:06:47,960 --> 01:06:51,000
We saw it everywhere, was everywhere, and some of these

1115
01:06:51,079 --> 01:06:53,280
things can take twenty or thirty years to flower, and

1116
01:06:53,320 --> 01:06:56,000
then I think that when they once they flower, they die,

1117
01:06:56,199 --> 01:06:58,719
like the whole colony dies, and it's sending up multiple

1118
01:06:58,800 --> 01:07:01,239
new shoots of bambo I'd love to I'd love to

1119
01:07:01,280 --> 01:07:05,239
get a Chiskeya research around a podcast and talk to

1120
01:07:05,280 --> 01:07:07,840
them about it, because I'm sure you know bam bamboo soidi,

1121
01:07:08,000 --> 01:07:11,559
the bamboo subfamily of the grass family originated in Southeast

1122
01:07:11,639 --> 01:07:16,159
Asia or in Asia and the New World bamboos, which

1123
01:07:16,199 --> 01:07:19,119
I think is three different clades. I'm not sure how

1124
01:07:19,159 --> 01:07:22,559
many genera. You know, Giant cane, which we get in

1125
01:07:22,639 --> 01:07:26,079
North in the United States, is a is technically a bamboo.

1126
01:07:26,159 --> 01:07:28,280
It's in the bamboo Soidi subfamily, but it's part of

1127
01:07:28,360 --> 01:07:34,079
this clade. But the Chiskeya are massive, they're they're so

1128
01:07:34,559 --> 01:07:38,199
ecologically dombina, and I think most of the diversity in

1129
01:07:38,280 --> 01:07:41,119
Chiskeaa evolved in the last eight to eleven million years,

1130
01:07:41,159 --> 01:07:46,039
and then molecular clock dating pointed at roughly a twenty

1131
01:07:46,159 --> 01:07:52,599
two million year old dispersal event of those that clade

1132
01:07:52,679 --> 01:07:57,719
of New World bamboos to the Americas to the Neotropics

1133
01:07:57,800 --> 01:08:01,639
in South America especially, which is where they're they're dominant.

1134
01:08:02,119 --> 01:08:05,119
But hell at Chiskea is the point. There was fucking

1135
01:08:05,239 --> 01:08:11,480
Chiskeaia everywhere. And again it was super foggy. These giant

1136
01:08:11,519 --> 01:08:13,719
eraic carriers start appearing. And then you get out to

1137
01:08:13,800 --> 01:08:17,920
this like overlook and you're looking out over this You

1138
01:08:18,000 --> 01:08:20,279
couldn't see too far because it was we were basically

1139
01:08:20,359 --> 01:08:22,600
in a cloud. It was raining that day. But you're

1140
01:08:22,640 --> 01:08:25,920
looking out over this lake and there's these monstrous Eracaria trees.

1141
01:08:25,960 --> 01:08:29,159
There's back risks, there was a there was a Fragaria there,

1142
01:08:29,199 --> 01:08:35,560
there was a native strawberry Fragaria chillensis. Probably another you know,

1143
01:08:36,000 --> 01:08:41,199
bird dispersed uh bird dispersal. But that was growing on these,

1144
01:08:41,359 --> 01:08:45,479
so we gotta wear like five thousand feet elevation here.

1145
01:08:47,239 --> 01:08:52,319
And there was Chlorea picky chin I think there. I

1146
01:08:52,359 --> 01:08:54,640
think we even saw hydrangs through atafolia, which is the

1147
01:08:54,720 --> 01:09:00,520
only species of Hydrangea I believe in uh in uh Chile,

1148
01:09:00,920 --> 01:09:05,239
and it's a climber. It's got opposite leaves. They were

1149
01:09:05,279 --> 01:09:07,159
all post flower when I saw it, so I didn't

1150
01:09:07,600 --> 01:09:12,680
see any any flowers, but it's ubiquitous. Hydrangeous serratipholis ubiquitous

1151
01:09:12,720 --> 01:09:14,159
grows in the you know, you'll see it in the

1152
01:09:14,399 --> 01:09:17,680
in the temperate rainforest a little bit. You'll see it

1153
01:09:17,800 --> 01:09:22,399
in the fucking you know, lower latitude areas and the

1154
01:09:22,520 --> 01:09:25,319
montane with the sclerophyll forest, and it was here in

1155
01:09:25,359 --> 01:09:29,520
the Ericarria forest as well. Backris saw a ship ton

1156
01:09:29,560 --> 01:09:33,760
of backris Bacris linearis I think was the one. I

1157
01:09:33,800 --> 01:09:35,520
don't know, it's so hard to say. I gotta get

1158
01:09:35,520 --> 01:09:39,439
gustavohyding to go through these ideas and research it. There

1159
01:09:39,520 --> 01:09:45,159
was Aristotelia chillensis, which produces edible fruit. It's called the

1160
01:09:45,239 --> 01:09:46,119
Chilean wineberry.

1161
01:09:46,199 --> 01:09:46,520
Speaker 2: That was.

1162
01:09:46,760 --> 01:09:50,399
Speaker 1: That's another very common plant as well, and fucking delicious.

1163
01:09:51,520 --> 01:09:57,600
It's an Lao Carpesi, which is order oxalid dais oxalid dailies,

1164
01:09:59,079 --> 01:10:01,399
and it's almost it looks, you know, in leaf, it

1165
01:10:01,439 --> 01:10:05,279
almost looks like it would be rosece, like it would

1166
01:10:05,279 --> 01:10:07,359
be a prunus or something. But it's got kind of

1167
01:10:07,640 --> 01:10:11,600
opposite leaves, kind of almost world leaves in some places.

1168
01:10:11,640 --> 01:10:13,439
And that's the big throw off. Okay, this is not

1169
01:10:13,680 --> 01:10:16,000
rose si, this is not a rose, but it's got

1170
01:10:16,079 --> 01:10:18,279
that dentate margin on the leaf, kind of a one

1171
01:10:18,359 --> 01:10:22,359
inch long pink petiole. And then the fucking berries are

1172
01:10:22,520 --> 01:10:26,560
delicious and edible. Another cool genus that we saw was

1173
01:10:26,720 --> 01:10:32,800
Archidaceophylum diacanthoides, which is basically a tree that's in the

1174
01:10:32,880 --> 01:10:38,520
sunflower family Astoraci, but the barnadiesioid subfamily named after Barnadisia,

1175
01:10:39,119 --> 01:10:44,560
which is the most basal subfamily of Astoraci, that lacks

1176
01:10:45,439 --> 01:10:49,439
this like twenty one thousand base pair inversion in the DNA.

1177
01:10:50,479 --> 01:10:54,000
I think it's in the chloroplast DNA that the entire

1178
01:10:54,119 --> 01:10:57,079
rest of the species and Asteraci haven't. But the barnetiesioids

1179
01:10:57,119 --> 01:10:59,039
look weird as hell already. I mean, they're, you know,

1180
01:10:59,319 --> 01:11:06,279
very often they're spiny, chucky Raga Barnadisia dasiphylum. They're entirely

1181
01:11:06,439 --> 01:11:11,239
new world. They have spines, they're armed, they've obviously evolved

1182
01:11:11,279 --> 01:11:14,000
with their bivery, and they've got a specific type of

1183
01:11:14,039 --> 01:11:18,439
tricombe as well, and often showy flowers, often hummingbird pollinated flowers.

1184
01:11:18,479 --> 01:11:22,399
I don't think archidasa phylum has hummingbird pollinated flowers. But

1185
01:11:23,239 --> 01:11:25,520
the species we were saying, it's still a tree that

1186
01:11:25,560 --> 01:11:28,319
can get like two foot diameter breast height, you know,

1187
01:11:28,399 --> 01:11:31,039
more than half a meter diameter breast type be sixty

1188
01:11:31,079 --> 01:11:35,640
feet tall, twenty meters tall. Archidasaphylum diacanthoides was the one

1189
01:11:35,680 --> 01:11:40,560
that we kept encountering, a very common one, alternate leaves,

1190
01:11:40,800 --> 01:11:43,159
they're folded, they got a little point at the end,

1191
01:11:43,239 --> 01:11:48,199
and the new growth is spiny. But there's an endangered species,

1192
01:11:48,319 --> 01:11:52,960
Archidasaphylum excelsum, which is probably only endangered because it was

1193
01:11:53,000 --> 01:11:55,800
a coastal species that occurred closer to Santiago, so all

1194
01:11:55,840 --> 01:11:59,159
the fucking habitat, you know, got mrked one hundred two

1195
01:11:59,239 --> 01:12:02,720
hundred years ago, and it's still extant. I think there's

1196
01:12:02,760 --> 01:12:07,319
like eight populations, but it's it's almost critically endangered, highly

1197
01:12:07,439 --> 01:12:11,399
protected I don't know if I think I think it's

1198
01:12:11,439 --> 01:12:13,439
been hard to grow. I think it is not. I

1199
01:12:13,479 --> 01:12:15,279
think there's not been a lot of success growing them

1200
01:12:15,600 --> 01:12:17,520
because it's the seeds aren't often fertile.

1201
01:12:18,439 --> 01:12:18,560
Speaker 2: Uh.

1202
01:12:18,880 --> 01:12:22,319
Speaker 1: But god, I would have loved to see that tree.

1203
01:12:22,359 --> 01:12:25,479
What a fucking cool one. Go more Tega is another

1204
01:12:25,680 --> 01:12:27,720
cool tree I would have liked to see, But we

1205
01:12:27,800 --> 01:12:31,000
didn't make it to the preserve where it grows. I

1206
01:12:31,039 --> 01:12:33,199
guess it grows in this little preserve with this rare

1207
01:12:33,279 --> 01:12:37,239
not though Vegas, not the Vegas Alissandriae or Alissandria, I think,

1208
01:12:38,199 --> 01:12:42,439
which is entirely surrounded by pine plantations and garbage like

1209
01:12:42,560 --> 01:12:45,319
pine forest. The funny thing about these pine forests too is,

1210
01:12:45,399 --> 01:12:47,720
and this is what Nico talked about in the I

1211
01:12:47,760 --> 01:12:49,680
think it was Nico told me about it. Maybe Nacho

1212
01:12:49,760 --> 01:12:52,680
did too, but that these these pine plantations, like you,

1213
01:12:52,760 --> 01:12:55,119
basically people don't want to live around them because it's

1214
01:12:55,119 --> 01:12:58,279
such a fucking tinder box. They go up in flames

1215
01:12:58,399 --> 01:13:02,079
so readily, actually in a Mediterranean climate where it doesn't

1216
01:13:02,119 --> 01:13:03,840
rain during the summer and then if you get a

1217
01:13:03,920 --> 01:13:09,000
big wind, and so people don't want to live around them. Understandably,

1218
01:13:09,079 --> 01:13:11,159
so because it's just like living in a fucking bomb,

1219
01:13:12,399 --> 01:13:15,880
So it renders the land unusable for all. But you know,

1220
01:13:16,119 --> 01:13:19,960
selling this shitty, low quality lumber for the timber companies,

1221
01:13:20,000 --> 01:13:22,520
and I think it's still incentivized. It's like seventy five

1222
01:13:22,640 --> 01:13:27,279
percent government subsidy to plant these shitty useless pine plantations

1223
01:13:27,359 --> 01:13:30,880
that destroy forests and you know, take space away from

1224
01:13:31,039 --> 01:13:34,199
fucking wreck to soil, takes space away from native plants.

1225
01:13:34,279 --> 01:13:37,039
It's like, they got to repeal it. I think they

1226
01:13:37,119 --> 01:13:39,920
tried too. There was a ballot initiative maybe in twenty

1227
01:13:40,000 --> 01:13:44,800
twenty three to repeal the forest law that subsidizes pine plantations,

1228
01:13:45,479 --> 01:13:49,239
but it didn't make it through, so hopefully they'll try again.

1229
01:13:50,199 --> 01:13:56,399
But anyway, yeah, so anyway, at this Congio National Park, Yeah,

1230
01:13:56,399 --> 01:13:59,920
there was Promopotis and Dina Austro sedars to lensus rybis

1231
01:14:00,039 --> 01:14:02,720
and then you could see them on the cliffs from

1232
01:14:02,800 --> 01:14:05,640
far away, these massive era Carria forests which were just

1233
01:14:05,720 --> 01:14:11,960
fucking unreal, just intoxicating. Diascoria was another one that we saw,

1234
01:14:13,079 --> 01:14:18,479
Diascoria bryan a folia, a vine with these tiny tiny flowers.

1235
01:14:20,680 --> 01:14:20,800
Speaker 2: Uh.

1236
01:14:21,119 --> 01:14:27,520
Speaker 1: Diascorial's order of monocots. Uh diascoriacei, which I don't have much.

1237
01:14:27,800 --> 01:14:29,279
What do we got, what do we got in the

1238
01:14:30,600 --> 01:14:32,640
what do we got in North America? Dioscoria? I think

1239
01:14:32,960 --> 01:14:35,960
there's only two or three that I've seen the y

1240
01:14:36,439 --> 01:14:40,279
the yam family, diascoriac there's actually, I think correct that

1241
01:14:40,359 --> 01:14:43,039
there's quite a few. There's almost ten, some of which

1242
01:14:43,079 --> 01:14:45,720
are invasive. I remember seeing Diascoria of Alosa. I forget

1243
01:14:45,720 --> 01:14:47,079
where where the fuck was that was that? In the

1244
01:14:47,159 --> 01:14:52,720
south somewhere there's Diascoria bulbifra pentophile of florid Dana. Anyway,

1245
01:14:53,359 --> 01:14:56,960
they're they're monocuts, you know, are vining monocots. Looks like

1246
01:14:57,000 --> 01:15:00,159
almost like a kinder smile ax, a plant that I

1247
01:15:00,279 --> 01:15:04,920
found exceptionally cool. Which there's another California member in the

1248
01:15:05,000 --> 01:15:09,520
genus again. This ampatropical distribution was a dino Collon chilentz.

1249
01:15:09,560 --> 01:15:13,039
It's this small herbaceous plant. It's a roset of leaves

1250
01:15:13,079 --> 01:15:17,079
and then sends up escape. The leaves have a white

1251
01:15:17,159 --> 01:15:20,319
abb acxial service. They got a white underside, which is

1252
01:15:20,520 --> 01:15:22,920
quite beautiful, but you know, and they're covered in like

1253
01:15:22,960 --> 01:15:25,720
an indumental little felt but the flowers are fucking wild.

1254
01:15:25,880 --> 01:15:30,880
Especially considering that it's asta racy. They look like they

1255
01:15:30,960 --> 01:15:35,079
look like nothing else. They look they're not showy, but

1256
01:15:35,199 --> 01:15:40,439
they've got this marginal ring of akenes, you know, so

1257
01:15:40,560 --> 01:15:44,000
the marginal florets in the capitula, the marginal flowers in

1258
01:15:44,079 --> 01:15:46,560
the flower head, if you can even call it a

1259
01:15:46,640 --> 01:15:49,680
flower head. It seems to like be lacking an involucar,

1260
01:15:49,960 --> 01:15:53,600
you know, a ring of fieries altogether. They're probably there.

1261
01:15:53,600 --> 01:15:56,880
They're just very vestigial, but it's got the These akenes

1262
01:15:57,199 --> 01:15:59,720
are sticky and they'll stick to your pants. It's probably

1263
01:15:59,760 --> 01:16:01,359
how I got done or got stuck in the plumage

1264
01:16:01,399 --> 01:16:05,520
of a bird, or got taken up to California, maybe

1265
01:16:05,600 --> 01:16:09,359
vice versa. Because it's mutissioid. It's the mutissioid subfamily for

1266
01:16:09,520 --> 01:16:13,399
the namesake genus Muticia, which is most of Mutissioite is

1267
01:16:13,479 --> 01:16:18,560
South American, and they're they're a fucking dope lineage of

1268
01:16:18,640 --> 01:16:20,920
aster raceda. They look really weird. They got instead of

1269
01:16:21,000 --> 01:16:24,359
having five lobed flora corollas, they've got two or three lobes,

1270
01:16:24,359 --> 01:16:27,399
and they're bilaterally symmetrical and tend to have these like

1271
01:16:27,560 --> 01:16:30,760
cool record like trixists in accordia are a mutissioid if

1272
01:16:30,800 --> 01:16:34,680
you know those genera at all in Texas, California, et cetera.

1273
01:16:35,159 --> 01:16:39,640
But Adino Colon has you know, staminate male floor. It's

1274
01:16:39,680 --> 01:16:41,399
in the center. They've just got the anther tube and

1275
01:16:41,439 --> 01:16:43,520
then a little you know style that pokes out. But

1276
01:16:43,680 --> 01:16:46,800
I don't even think it forks because they're they're male only.

1277
01:16:46,960 --> 01:16:50,479
And then the ring it doesn't look like it would

1278
01:16:50,479 --> 01:16:52,520
be astracy at all. It looks like it would be

1279
01:16:53,199 --> 01:16:58,319
apac or something. It's a really weird, uh, influorescent shape.

1280
01:16:58,479 --> 01:17:01,479
It doesn't look like the standard ASTERRAI see flower head.

1281
01:17:02,520 --> 01:17:05,119
The male floorits are tiny. They've got like this little

1282
01:17:05,199 --> 01:17:11,199
white corolla and then the female florets are intensely glandular,

1283
01:17:11,600 --> 01:17:15,960
you know, probably four times the size of the male florets,

1284
01:17:16,119 --> 01:17:18,840
and just forming this little wagon wheel ring of a

1285
01:17:18,960 --> 01:17:22,279
keynes around the center of the male floor its. It's

1286
01:17:22,439 --> 01:17:25,199
it's again, really fucking cool. When you think about that

1287
01:17:25,239 --> 01:17:27,520
it's an aster, You're like, what the fuck man, how

1288
01:17:28,279 --> 01:17:30,760
did this happen? Oh, it does have fileries, very small,

1289
01:17:30,960 --> 01:17:35,159
vestigial looking fileries. I have no idea what pollinates is

1290
01:17:36,479 --> 01:17:40,840
if it's wind pollinated or what, probably small flies. But

1291
01:17:40,960 --> 01:17:43,159
speaking of wind pollination, and I don't think this is

1292
01:17:43,239 --> 01:17:45,399
wind pollinated, but I certainly did when I first encountered it.

1293
01:17:45,760 --> 01:17:51,079
The genus Mesodendron from Meso dendracy, which is in Order Santalles.

1294
01:17:51,159 --> 01:17:54,840
So it's a parasite. It's a it's a photosynthetic parasite.

1295
01:17:54,840 --> 01:17:58,319
It's a hemiparasite. And you'll see them on nathol vegas

1296
01:17:58,359 --> 01:18:01,199
all the time. But they're fucking weird as hell, and

1297
01:18:01,279 --> 01:18:05,760
they're dioecious, and the male and female plants look very,

1298
01:18:05,920 --> 01:18:09,239
very different. The females have these I guess they have

1299
01:18:09,319 --> 01:18:12,359
wind dispersed fruits, but they have these little tassels that

1300
01:18:12,399 --> 01:18:14,760
almost look like box cellder flowers. If you've ever seen

1301
01:18:14,760 --> 01:18:17,760
the flowers on box cell, They're they're pendent, they're dangly,

1302
01:18:18,079 --> 01:18:20,479
as you would expect the wind pollinated plant to be.

1303
01:18:21,039 --> 01:18:23,960
But I guess in this case these tassels are for

1304
01:18:24,119 --> 01:18:27,239
wind dispersal, and supposedly the flowers offer nectar. But I mean,

1305
01:18:27,319 --> 01:18:31,600
I remember hitting a male in fluorescence and pollen coming

1306
01:18:31,640 --> 01:18:33,520
off of it. It might have just been road dust,

1307
01:18:33,600 --> 01:18:36,279
but that would be a lot of road dust, and

1308
01:18:36,399 --> 01:18:39,319
it didn't really look like it. I'm wondering if there

1309
01:18:39,359 --> 01:18:43,159
are any wind pollinated members of Mesodendron, But this is

1310
01:18:43,159 --> 01:18:45,439
another genius with a lot of species in it, and

1311
01:18:45,840 --> 01:18:48,680
they're all parasites, I think, mostly on not tho vegas.

1312
01:18:48,760 --> 01:18:51,159
But it was cool because I've been seeing that family

1313
01:18:51,279 --> 01:18:54,640
in the order Santaleles and the angiosperm phylogeny and had

1314
01:18:54,720 --> 01:18:58,039
not encountered it until I saw it there, and the

1315
01:18:58,159 --> 01:19:00,479
fact they're dioecious, and the male plant that looks so

1316
01:19:00,520 --> 01:19:03,159
different from the female plants. They've got green stems, but

1317
01:19:03,239 --> 01:19:07,079
they're there. They've got a juicy hostorial connection to their

1318
01:19:07,159 --> 01:19:10,319
host plants, the natho vegas that they grow on. The

1319
01:19:10,359 --> 01:19:12,880
first one we encountered, we saw outside of a Pilgero

1320
01:19:13,000 --> 01:19:18,399
dendron bog Pilgero dendron, another antarctic conifer. Anyway, So the

1321
01:19:18,560 --> 01:19:22,039
first at Kongio, we hiked up this mountain through this

1322
01:19:22,239 --> 01:19:25,720
forest of erikarias and it was fucking intoxicating and wonderful.

1323
01:19:25,800 --> 01:19:29,000
And then afterwards it it stopped raining. We drove out

1324
01:19:29,039 --> 01:19:32,760
to this kind of volcanic flat that was entirely pumpused.

1325
01:19:32,760 --> 01:19:36,399
It was these undulating hills of a recent volcanic flow

1326
01:19:37,760 --> 01:19:41,520
dominated by Ricarria aericana, and it was had a small

1327
01:19:41,600 --> 01:19:44,039
understory I think was not the Vegas pumilio, which doesn't

1328
01:19:44,039 --> 01:19:45,720
get that big eight to ten feet. This is kind

1329
01:19:45,760 --> 01:19:48,760
of a short not the Vegas. Everything is still covered

1330
01:19:48,760 --> 01:19:54,399
in Usnia Barbada, that drape lichen, that draped lichen, the

1331
01:19:54,520 --> 01:20:02,479
beautiful fucking green defining psychedelic dec core of these these forests,

1332
01:20:02,600 --> 01:20:09,000
these this living fabric and so uh covering the the

1333
01:20:09,079 --> 01:20:12,880
pummice though the substrate was a really cool moss in

1334
01:20:12,960 --> 01:20:15,680
the genus Racometrium. I don't know what it was, but

1335
01:20:15,760 --> 01:20:18,840
it's one of those mosses that you know, it's I

1336
01:20:19,079 --> 01:20:20,840
think most of what we saw was alive because it

1337
01:20:20,920 --> 01:20:23,520
was wet, But in some areas it looks like someone

1338
01:20:23,600 --> 01:20:26,520
throughout an old, filthy shag carpeting and it's, you know,

1339
01:20:26,600 --> 01:20:29,920
like you'd see in like a garbage pile somewhere. You know,

1340
01:20:29,960 --> 01:20:33,920
if you've ever been through parts of Appalachia or northern

1341
01:20:34,000 --> 01:20:37,399
California where you see some illegal dumping piles full of

1342
01:20:37,479 --> 01:20:42,600
household goods, especially, you know, like someone renovated their trailers,

1343
01:20:42,680 --> 01:20:44,880
some shit throughout a bunch of fucking I don't know,

1344
01:20:46,119 --> 01:20:49,000
but it looks like, uh, it looks like a like

1345
01:20:49,079 --> 01:20:52,159
a used carpet that's been thrown out all over the

1346
01:20:52,680 --> 01:20:55,880
land here. But it's this really cool moss and it's dominant.

1347
01:20:55,960 --> 01:20:58,840
It's obviously getting by just fine growing in the wet

1348
01:20:58,960 --> 01:21:03,039
pummice here, you know, five thousand feet elevation in this

1349
01:21:03,520 --> 01:21:05,960
open habitat, I mean, this is an open habitat, this

1350
01:21:06,239 --> 01:21:09,079
Ericrria and not though Vegas Familia forest is open. It's

1351
01:21:09,119 --> 01:21:12,720
not shady. It's very open. It's like my favorite kind

1352
01:21:12,760 --> 01:21:14,840
of habitat. I don't like shit when it's super dark

1353
01:21:14,880 --> 01:21:17,359
and shady, like the Redwood forest. I like it when

1354
01:21:17,399 --> 01:21:22,239
it's kind of open. There's more lighting, it doesn't feel

1355
01:21:22,279 --> 01:21:28,399
as like confining or dark, and there's more generally more

1356
01:21:28,479 --> 01:21:31,119
diversity too. I remember there being a lot of diversity here,

1357
01:21:31,119 --> 01:21:35,279
but there was this matted back ris everywhere as well.

1358
01:21:35,359 --> 01:21:38,199
There was a lot of their fucking backrist was everywhere

1359
01:21:38,199 --> 01:21:40,279
we went, man, I mean it's South America. Back rist

1360
01:21:40,399 --> 01:21:40,720
is huge.

1361
01:21:40,760 --> 01:21:40,960
Speaker 2: There.

1362
01:21:41,720 --> 01:21:45,000
Speaker 1: There was anemone coming up too. I think it was

1363
01:21:45,039 --> 01:21:46,840
done already. That's one of the first generally one of

1364
01:21:46,880 --> 01:21:52,199
the first to bloom anemone multi feta, which is vernunculesi.

1365
01:21:52,680 --> 01:21:57,920
There was saw a couple of Parizias purple flowered, generally

1366
01:21:58,039 --> 01:22:05,359
purple or white flowered Mutissio composite. There was Calorizia print

1367
01:22:05,359 --> 01:22:10,439
anthoides as well Mutissia the currants, orange flowers, Mutissius spinosa.

1368
01:22:10,479 --> 01:22:13,960
The Mutissius are so fucking cool because they're like these vining,

1369
01:22:14,720 --> 01:22:20,439
generally vining, coreaceous, holly like leaves, plastic feeling holly like leaves,

1370
01:22:20,600 --> 01:22:23,840
often armed at least in leaf they've got, you know,

1371
01:22:23,960 --> 01:22:26,560
not may may not have spines, but the leaves have

1372
01:22:26,840 --> 01:22:31,880
very sharp teeth on them. There was a cool Euphorbia

1373
01:22:32,000 --> 01:22:39,439
two I remember seeing, and Desmia Ribi's cuculatum just a

1374
01:22:39,520 --> 01:22:42,640
fucking rich habit that tons of gul THEORYA Gultheria in

1375
01:22:42,720 --> 01:22:45,720
the blueberry family. Rak Case was everywhere. We saw like

1376
01:22:45,920 --> 01:22:50,479
probably seven or eight different kinds. Easy to see how

1377
01:22:50,520 --> 01:22:52,520
that would be a bird dispersed genus. I think it's

1378
01:22:52,560 --> 01:22:57,239
the only non epacrid of the Pacrid subfamily member of

1379
01:22:57,439 --> 01:23:00,840
eric Case that's in uh. It's in Australia as well

1380
01:23:00,960 --> 01:23:04,720
as Gultherius so Gultheria got around in the last thirty

1381
01:23:05,079 --> 01:23:09,960
million years, easily got around. There's tons of gul Theia everywhere.

1382
01:23:10,319 --> 01:23:12,399
What was the gulf, There was a Gultheria was at

1383
01:23:12,479 --> 01:23:16,720
mersin Noidies. I saw at LOSAs Zuofras at Michiakon, Mexico,

1384
01:23:16,880 --> 01:23:23,760
basically growing on like sulfuric soil, like really acidic volcanic soil.

1385
01:23:23,840 --> 01:23:27,680
And it was the only plant growing in extremely close

1386
01:23:27,760 --> 01:23:31,520
proximity to these fumaroles and hot springs in this geothermal

1387
01:23:31,560 --> 01:23:35,920
area at the Losa Zoofras and beautiful Michia Khan And

1388
01:23:36,079 --> 01:23:38,359
of course, I mean it wasn't the season, it was summer.

1389
01:23:38,439 --> 01:23:41,760
But we saw a couple species of Citeria fungus too,

1390
01:23:41,840 --> 01:23:47,880
that that edible, apricot looking fungus that creates little knots,

1391
01:23:48,159 --> 01:23:52,760
little swellings, little gulls on the Notatho vegas trees. Cytheria

1392
01:23:52,920 --> 01:23:56,359
is a fungus Cytheria excuse me c y t ta

1393
01:23:56,720 --> 01:24:01,640
Ria that I also encountered in uh Tasmania and New

1394
01:24:01,760 --> 01:24:05,960
Zealand because Noto Vegas is there as well. So Siitaria

1395
01:24:06,039 --> 01:24:09,359
has been associated with not the vegas since the breakup

1396
01:24:09,800 --> 01:24:13,600
of Gondwana. Quite likely, and there was probably tons of

1397
01:24:13,720 --> 01:24:18,600
Cytaria fungus whose only known host plant is not the

1398
01:24:18,680 --> 01:24:21,520
fagus species and the genus not the Vegas on Antarctica

1399
01:24:21,680 --> 01:24:24,359
as well, and it's it looks like a little orange

1400
01:24:24,439 --> 01:24:27,199
ball that's got these holes in it. There's these these

1401
01:24:28,199 --> 01:24:31,640
these uh kind of kind of like like a round

1402
01:24:31,720 --> 01:24:35,640
piece of Swiss cheese. Really interesting though. I found an

1403
01:24:35,640 --> 01:24:38,439
old one. It was Citeria harry odii.

1404
01:24:39,359 --> 01:24:39,479
Speaker 2: Uh.

1405
01:24:40,159 --> 01:24:42,960
Speaker 1: You know, there's a multiple different species of Cytaria as well,

1406
01:24:42,960 --> 01:24:46,039
but yeah, they create these these knots, these galls in

1407
01:24:46,119 --> 01:24:48,039
the wood, and you could the mushrooms weren't out, but

1408
01:24:48,119 --> 01:24:50,840
we kept seeing the Citaria galls in the wood. Of

1409
01:24:50,880 --> 01:24:53,720
all the Noto Vegas species that we encounter, which was

1410
01:24:53,760 --> 01:24:57,680
probably six or seven. Anyway, I got got so much

1411
01:24:57,720 --> 01:24:59,560
more to talk about, but I'm gonna cut it close,

1412
01:24:59,640 --> 01:25:02,720
and just was second part where I'll cover some of

1413
01:25:02,800 --> 01:25:09,600
the closer foothill forests near Santiago. Indian foothill forests near Santiago,

1414
01:25:09,680 --> 01:25:13,000
like where you see Gevwena avilana, which is prote ace.

1415
01:25:13,199 --> 01:25:16,600
It's also called what is it Chilean hazel nut or

1416
01:25:17,079 --> 01:25:19,640
Chilean something nut, I don't know it's edible. It's in

1417
01:25:19,680 --> 01:25:22,680
the Macadamia tribe of prote ace. We'll get into the

1418
01:25:22,720 --> 01:25:26,319
Alercee forests, including this really cool tarantula that grows down there,

1419
01:25:26,399 --> 01:25:28,920
the Osla tarantula, which grows this is like fucking forty

1420
01:25:28,960 --> 01:25:33,159
two degrees latitude south and these these somewhat chilly and

1421
01:25:33,359 --> 01:25:37,319
very wet forests and these bogs. This this rare and

1422
01:25:37,520 --> 01:25:42,840
endangered orange tarantula lives fucking wild. And then we'll get

1423
01:25:42,840 --> 01:25:47,079
into some of the Andean stuff, including including the rosolate

1424
01:25:47,199 --> 01:25:50,560
forum that so many different species converge upon, especially at

1425
01:25:50,640 --> 01:25:54,000
high elevations in the dry andes where this, you know,

1426
01:25:54,159 --> 01:25:56,800
like the rosolate violets like it's it's so wild to

1427
01:25:56,880 --> 01:26:01,119
see this same forum appearing as a result of convergent

1428
01:26:01,159 --> 01:26:06,199
evolution of selection by the environment in these habitats, by

1429
01:26:06,479 --> 01:26:08,920
unrelated plant families. I mean, there's a member of solin

1430
01:26:08,960 --> 01:26:13,000
Ac in the genus Comberra that does it too wild shit,

1431
01:26:13,159 --> 01:26:17,079
such a wild form. You know, basically, take an elongated stem,

1432
01:26:17,640 --> 01:26:20,319
put it an avice, squish it down to two inches tall,

1433
01:26:20,840 --> 01:26:26,439
make the inner nodes between the nodes very very short

1434
01:26:26,520 --> 01:26:29,920
to non existent, and you just give it this short

1435
01:26:30,079 --> 01:26:34,920
squat rosolate form with these world leaves, because it grows

1436
01:26:35,000 --> 01:26:39,479
in very cold, dry, windy places. Well, actually not, it

1437
01:26:39,560 --> 01:26:41,600
gets hot there in the summer. It's fucking hot. They're

1438
01:26:41,600 --> 01:26:46,199
growing on pumice, but they're probably buried under snow for

1439
01:26:46,560 --> 01:26:49,920
length of the year as well. We'll talk about that,

1440
01:26:50,079 --> 01:26:52,239
and it probably, I don't know, hopefully be two hours,

1441
01:26:52,279 --> 01:26:54,359
three hours. I can't imagine it'll be any shorter. There's

1442
01:26:54,520 --> 01:26:56,760
tons of shit to talk about, tons of plant diversity

1443
01:26:56,840 --> 01:26:59,880
to cover in, a ton of cool ecological and evolution

1444
01:27:00,119 --> 01:27:04,319
very phenomenon to explain, ponder about, and get into. So

1445
01:27:04,960 --> 01:27:06,920
I'll cut it there for now, have a good rest

1446
01:27:06,920 --> 01:27:09,479
of your day, go fuck yourself. By next podcast, it

1447
01:27:09,479 --> 01:27:14,199
will be two hours and cover these three very distinct

1448
01:27:14,319 --> 01:27:17,960
and cool habitats and biomes and all the cool species within.

1449
01:27:18,079 --> 01:27:18,680
That's all I got