WEBVTT

1
00:00:00.400 --> 00:00:02.879
<v Speaker 1>Today we're going to be looking at cognitive and affective

2
00:00:02.919 --> 00:00:06.320
<v Speaker 1>personality theories. We'll look at several of them. Kelly's personal

3
00:00:06.400 --> 00:00:11.000
<v Speaker 1>construct theory that sees personality as patterns of interpretation, unique

4
00:00:11.039 --> 00:00:14.480
<v Speaker 1>mental templates for understanding reality. We'll look at the famous

5
00:00:14.480 --> 00:00:21.120
<v Speaker 1>Bandura Cognitive social theory emphasizes several factors reciprocal determinism, self efficacy,

6
00:00:21.440 --> 00:00:25.760
<v Speaker 1>and observational learning. Also look at Ellis's ribt, the cousin

7
00:00:25.800 --> 00:00:29.239
<v Speaker 1>of CBT, looking at linking irrational beliefs to emotional distress,

8
00:00:29.920 --> 00:00:32.640
<v Speaker 1>Maslow's hierarchy, which we talked a little bit about already,

9
00:00:32.679 --> 00:00:38.200
<v Speaker 1>self determination theory, regulatory focus theory which divides motivation into

10
00:00:38.240 --> 00:00:42.920
<v Speaker 1>promotion such as gains versus loss, and law, locus of control,

11
00:00:42.960 --> 00:00:46.719
<v Speaker 1>and attributional styles which predict resilience, mental health, and other things.

12
00:00:46.960 --> 00:00:50.200
<v Speaker 1>We'll look at it. Personality, remember, isn't fixed, It's shaped

13
00:00:50.240 --> 00:00:53.000
<v Speaker 1>by patterns, how we interpret events, what do we believe

14
00:00:53.399 --> 00:00:56.479
<v Speaker 1>is possible, and what motivates us to act. So let's

15
00:00:56.520 --> 00:00:59.159
<v Speaker 1>start off with a personal construct theory by George Kelly.

16
00:01:00.280 --> 00:01:02.240
<v Speaker 1>He saw people as their own how would you say?

17
00:01:02.240 --> 00:01:07.159
<v Speaker 1>Personal scientists they're developing these mental templates called constructs. Since

18
00:01:07.239 --> 00:01:10.159
<v Speaker 1>the constructs are a bipolar dimension, so they look at

19
00:01:10.159 --> 00:01:12.640
<v Speaker 1>things in two things either all or nothing, like kind

20
00:01:12.760 --> 00:01:16.760
<v Speaker 1>or unkind developed through experience. And this is interesting because

21
00:01:16.799 --> 00:01:19.879
<v Speaker 1>we see this as an issue for psychodynamic theorists and

22
00:01:19.959 --> 00:01:22.760
<v Speaker 1>the concept of splitting or CBT for all or nothing

23
00:01:22.840 --> 00:01:27.439
<v Speaker 1>or black and white thinking. These constructs guide perception, prediction,

24
00:01:27.599 --> 00:01:31.400
<v Speaker 1>and behavior in human beings. When they're too rigid and flexible,

25
00:01:32.239 --> 00:01:35.519
<v Speaker 1>they're narrow or inaccurate, they generate the stress. This is

26
00:01:35.560 --> 00:01:38.640
<v Speaker 1>exactly what psychodynamic world has been talking about for decades.

27
00:01:39.280 --> 00:01:42.000
<v Speaker 1>The repertory grid. The technique is used to assess a

28
00:01:42.040 --> 00:01:45.920
<v Speaker 1>person's construct system by exploring how they perceive different people

29
00:01:45.920 --> 00:01:51.359
<v Speaker 1>in their life along these bipolar dimensions. So if you

30
00:01:51.439 --> 00:01:55.760
<v Speaker 1>have a client's construct that is authority equals rejection, working

31
00:01:55.799 --> 00:01:59.120
<v Speaker 1>with a therapist might offer a new data point to

32
00:01:59.159 --> 00:02:02.359
<v Speaker 1>revise this type of thinking. So you're challenging, you're creating

33
00:02:02.400 --> 00:02:06.640
<v Speaker 1>a nuance, a gray area in their black and white thinking,

34
00:02:06.840 --> 00:02:08.759
<v Speaker 1>or they're splitting as we would call it in a

35
00:02:08.759 --> 00:02:13.199
<v Speaker 1>psychodynamic world. So you would challenge this type of construct

36
00:02:13.479 --> 00:02:17.560
<v Speaker 1>that they may have, the biparality, the bipolarity of it.

37
00:02:18.520 --> 00:02:21.520
<v Speaker 1>Now we switch over to cognitive social theory with Bandura

38
00:02:22.080 --> 00:02:26.199
<v Speaker 1>and Dura emphasize that personality emerges from interactions between thoughts, behaviors,

39
00:02:26.240 --> 00:02:30.719
<v Speaker 1>and the environment, what he called reciprocal determinism, so you

40
00:02:30.759 --> 00:02:33.800
<v Speaker 1>have observational learning where people learn behaviors by watching others.

41
00:02:34.919 --> 00:02:37.840
<v Speaker 1>Modeling is what's also known as self efficacy, which has

42
00:02:37.879 --> 00:02:40.719
<v Speaker 1>really become more important than self esteem and a lot

43
00:02:40.719 --> 00:02:43.080
<v Speaker 1>of research over the last couple of decades. It's the

44
00:02:43.080 --> 00:02:47.919
<v Speaker 1>belief in one's ability to perform a task and handle challenges. Finally,

45
00:02:48.000 --> 00:02:51.199
<v Speaker 1>is self regulation, which is the ability to set internal standards,

46
00:02:51.520 --> 00:02:56.520
<v Speaker 1>monitor your performance, and self reinforce. So self efficacy is

47
00:02:56.560 --> 00:03:01.120
<v Speaker 1>a key target in CBT exposure therapy. Really in MOOS therapies,

48
00:03:01.719 --> 00:03:04.599
<v Speaker 1>the client who believes I can't manage anxiety may not

49
00:03:04.680 --> 00:03:07.680
<v Speaker 1>even attempt feared situations. I've also seen this a lot

50
00:03:07.719 --> 00:03:12.000
<v Speaker 1>with people who struggle with alcoholism, especially those what I

51
00:03:12.080 --> 00:03:16.919
<v Speaker 1>call or not me only environmental alcoholics, people who more

52
00:03:17.000 --> 00:03:21.919
<v Speaker 1>are influenced by context by alcohol, I mean by social

53
00:03:21.960 --> 00:03:25.280
<v Speaker 1>context and anything else causing their alcohol. A lot of

54
00:03:25.280 --> 00:03:28.240
<v Speaker 1>times they believe they can't stop when they actually can,

55
00:03:29.479 --> 00:03:32.560
<v Speaker 1>Compared to a alcoholic that has more of a chemical

56
00:03:32.560 --> 00:03:36.000
<v Speaker 1>dependency issue. Now we're in a different world. The biology

57
00:03:36.039 --> 00:03:38.680
<v Speaker 1>is really playing strong. But this is not for this

58
00:03:38.759 --> 00:03:42.479
<v Speaker 1>discussion either way. Self efficacy is important because a lot

59
00:03:42.479 --> 00:03:45.319
<v Speaker 1>of times individuals say I can't do this, and this

60
00:03:45.479 --> 00:03:48.520
<v Speaker 1>was going to reframe that until you can, at least

61
00:03:48.560 --> 00:03:51.680
<v Speaker 1>by using CBT, exposure therapy or other types of therapies.

62
00:03:51.680 --> 00:03:55.120
<v Speaker 1>Like I said, most therapies try to reframe this. RBT

63
00:03:55.520 --> 00:04:00.000
<v Speaker 1>argue that irrational beliefs, not events themselves, cause emotional disturbance.

64
00:04:00.120 --> 00:04:03.759
<v Speaker 1>So he's copying here Epicteitis from the Stoic Philosophy school,

65
00:04:04.159 --> 00:04:07.879
<v Speaker 1>where the epictita said, once events, it's not the events

66
00:04:07.879 --> 00:04:10.800
<v Speaker 1>that disturb us, it's our perception of the events. For him,

67
00:04:10.840 --> 00:04:15.240
<v Speaker 1>it's irrational beliefs. According to Ellis, he has an ABC model.

68
00:04:15.240 --> 00:04:19.000
<v Speaker 1>It's an activating event which leads to a belief, rational

69
00:04:19.079 --> 00:04:22.160
<v Speaker 1>or irrational, which then leads to a consequence. Irrational beliefs

70
00:04:22.199 --> 00:04:24.959
<v Speaker 1>are often taken the form of absolutist thinking, I must

71
00:04:24.959 --> 00:04:27.639
<v Speaker 1>be liked by everyone. It's awful if things don't go

72
00:04:27.759 --> 00:04:32.839
<v Speaker 1>my way. RBT involves identifying, disputing, and replacing these beliefs

73
00:04:32.879 --> 00:04:37.720
<v Speaker 1>with rational alternatives. It's highly structured, but confrontational and designed

74
00:04:37.720 --> 00:04:41.519
<v Speaker 1>to promote emotional responsibility. It has been known to be

75
00:04:41.600 --> 00:04:45.279
<v Speaker 1>useful for anxiety and depression and anger. Motivational theories of

76
00:04:45.319 --> 00:04:48.759
<v Speaker 1>personality goes into Maso's hierarchy of needs. Who talked about

77
00:04:48.759 --> 00:04:52.519
<v Speaker 1>it before, the pyramid of needs physiological food and water, safety,

78
00:04:52.560 --> 00:04:57.399
<v Speaker 1>security and shelter, love and belonging relationships, esteem, achievement and respect,

79
00:04:57.480 --> 00:05:02.120
<v Speaker 1>and then finally self actualization, which is growth and fulfillment.

80
00:05:02.920 --> 00:05:05.920
<v Speaker 1>You need to satisfy obviously your needs first, the first

81
00:05:05.920 --> 00:05:09.439
<v Speaker 1>one two they have to go in order. Self determination

82
00:05:09.600 --> 00:05:12.240
<v Speaker 1>theory by Dessi and Ryan people are motivated by three

83
00:05:12.360 --> 00:05:17.879
<v Speaker 1>innate psychological needs. Autonomy feeling in one control of one's actions, competence,

84
00:05:17.959 --> 00:05:21.079
<v Speaker 1>feeling effective and capable autonomy. Let me repeat that one

85
00:05:21.199 --> 00:05:25.720
<v Speaker 1>feeling in control of one's actions. Relatedness feeling connected to others.

86
00:05:26.319 --> 00:05:31.279
<v Speaker 1>Environments that support these needs promote intrinsic motivation engagement, as

87
00:05:31.319 --> 00:05:34.680
<v Speaker 1>well as good mental health. Environments that thwart them, such

88
00:05:34.680 --> 00:05:38.000
<v Speaker 1>as a rigid school or work environment, can't promote burn

89
00:05:38.040 --> 00:05:42.319
<v Speaker 1>out in apathy. So how would you use this in therapy? Well,

90
00:05:42.639 --> 00:05:45.560
<v Speaker 1>a lot of times this explains why collaborative clients centered

91
00:05:45.600 --> 00:05:49.399
<v Speaker 1>therapy by Carl Rogers is effective clients thrive when they

92
00:05:49.439 --> 00:05:52.680
<v Speaker 1>feel ownership of their own change, believe they can improve,

93
00:05:52.800 --> 00:05:55.199
<v Speaker 1>so you're increasing again the self efficacy. You can see

94
00:05:55.199 --> 00:06:00.360
<v Speaker 1>how these overlap. Regulatory focus theory by Higgins is motivationtions

95
00:06:00.399 --> 00:06:05.959
<v Speaker 1>differ by orientation. Promotion focus individuals pursue growth and success.

96
00:06:06.000 --> 00:06:10.000
<v Speaker 1>They respond to reward and ideal outcomes. Prevention focused individuals

97
00:06:10.079 --> 00:06:13.399
<v Speaker 1>aim to avoid failure and loss. They respond to safety

98
00:06:13.399 --> 00:06:16.000
<v Speaker 1>and obligations. So you can see one's most likely a

99
00:06:16.079 --> 00:06:22.480
<v Speaker 1>loss aversion for the prevention focused. These styles shape risk

100
00:06:22.519 --> 00:06:27.000
<v Speaker 1>tolerance emotional toll. A promotion focused client might respond to

101
00:06:27.040 --> 00:06:30.000
<v Speaker 1>goal setting with excitement, while a prevention focused client might

102
00:06:30.000 --> 00:06:34.360
<v Speaker 1>need reassurance and a contingency planning to avoid loss. Now

103
00:06:34.399 --> 00:06:36.759
<v Speaker 1>we go into what they call locus of control and

104
00:06:36.800 --> 00:06:40.839
<v Speaker 1>the attributional style locus of control by Roter. Attributional styles

105
00:06:40.920 --> 00:06:45.240
<v Speaker 1>is by Seligman in the locus of control. The internal

106
00:06:45.279 --> 00:06:48.439
<v Speaker 1>locus of control belief is that outcomes result from one's

107
00:06:48.480 --> 00:06:51.959
<v Speaker 1>actions tired to higher achievement, resilience, and proactivity, and again

108
00:06:52.000 --> 00:06:55.680
<v Speaker 1>you can see the relationship here with self efficacy. External

109
00:06:55.720 --> 00:06:59.120
<v Speaker 1>locus believe that outcomes are due to chance or external forces,

110
00:06:59.439 --> 00:07:01.920
<v Speaker 1>and here you can see they're linked a lot with helplessness,

111
00:07:02.079 --> 00:07:06.639
<v Speaker 1>which is connected to depression. Depression often shifts locus of

112
00:07:06.680 --> 00:07:09.680
<v Speaker 1>control to outward feelings. Clients feel life is happening to

113
00:07:09.879 --> 00:07:14.399
<v Speaker 1>them instead of them controlling their life. Therapy helps re

114
00:07:14.560 --> 00:07:18.759
<v Speaker 1>establish agency. According to this theory, attributional styles we look

115
00:07:18.800 --> 00:07:23.480
<v Speaker 1>at three different dimensions, internal versus external, stable versus unstable,

116
00:07:23.639 --> 00:07:29.000
<v Speaker 1>and global versus specific. So if pessimistic style attributes failed

117
00:07:29.000 --> 00:07:32.839
<v Speaker 1>to internal, stable and global causes, for instance, I failed

118
00:07:32.879 --> 00:07:37.920
<v Speaker 1>because I'm stupid, that's the internal I always fail at everything.

119
00:07:40.199 --> 00:07:43.800
<v Speaker 1>So let's get more specific on these different dimensions. So

120
00:07:44.680 --> 00:07:48.240
<v Speaker 1>internal versus external internal contribution. Again, the cause attributed to

121
00:07:48.319 --> 00:07:51.120
<v Speaker 1>something about the person, their ability. I failed the exam,

122
00:07:51.240 --> 00:07:54.680
<v Speaker 1>I'm not smart enough. Externals, I failed the exam because

123
00:07:54.680 --> 00:07:57.959
<v Speaker 1>the test was unfair. The causes attributed to something outside

124
00:07:57.959 --> 00:08:01.480
<v Speaker 1>the person. Yes, very similar. So we just talked about

125
00:08:01.560 --> 00:08:04.560
<v Speaker 1>internal and external locus of control, but a little different.

126
00:08:06.319 --> 00:08:09.160
<v Speaker 1>Stable versus unstable. The dimension refers to whether the cause

127
00:08:09.240 --> 00:08:12.920
<v Speaker 1>is perceived as unchanging over time or variable, So for instance,

128
00:08:13.240 --> 00:08:16.319
<v Speaker 1>I'm always bad at math as stable attribution. This is

129
00:08:16.360 --> 00:08:18.319
<v Speaker 1>where we see a lot in Western cultures now in

130
00:08:18.360 --> 00:08:22.360
<v Speaker 1>the US about math. Unstable attribution is the cause is

131
00:08:22.399 --> 00:08:25.639
<v Speaker 1>temporary or situational. I didn't sleep well the night before

132
00:08:25.959 --> 00:08:31.399
<v Speaker 1>the test. Finally, it was global versus specific. The dimension

133
00:08:31.480 --> 00:08:34.039
<v Speaker 1>of refers to how broadly the causes believed to apply.

134
00:08:34.200 --> 00:08:37.759
<v Speaker 1>For instance, global attribution, the cause affects many areas of life.

135
00:08:37.840 --> 00:08:40.120
<v Speaker 1>I feel that everything I try this is kind of

136
00:08:40.120 --> 00:08:45.000
<v Speaker 1>this helplessness or hopelessness component. Specific attribution, the cause applies

137
00:08:45.080 --> 00:08:47.919
<v Speaker 1>only to a particular domain. I'm bad at this one

138
00:08:48.080 --> 00:08:52.960
<v Speaker 1>type of math problem, so I'm incompetence. I'm always messing

139
00:08:53.000 --> 00:08:57.399
<v Speaker 1>things up. I'll ever succeed is the internal stable global right,

140
00:08:57.440 --> 00:09:00.559
<v Speaker 1>I'm incompetent. As internal stable, I'm always always is the

141
00:09:00.639 --> 00:09:02.919
<v Speaker 1>key there, and I'll never succeed in anything as the

142
00:09:02.960 --> 00:09:06.080
<v Speaker 1>global This para spessimistic style you can probably relate to.

143
00:09:06.200 --> 00:09:09.960
<v Speaker 1>Is related to depression and low self esteem. The external

144
00:09:10.039 --> 00:09:13.200
<v Speaker 1>unstable specific is the interview. The interviewer was in a

145
00:09:13.200 --> 00:09:16.879
<v Speaker 1>bad mood today. Usually I do well in interviews. This

146
00:09:16.960 --> 00:09:20.519
<v Speaker 1>is more optimistic and often linked to greater resilience and persistence.

147
00:09:21.799 --> 00:09:25.480
<v Speaker 1>So again, depressions. People with a pessimistic attributional style related

148
00:09:25.519 --> 00:09:29.879
<v Speaker 1>to learn helplessness theory as well and Finally, we'll look

149
00:09:29.919 --> 00:09:33.840
<v Speaker 1>at personality assessment and intervention. Assessment. Tools align with these

150
00:09:33.879 --> 00:09:37.879
<v Speaker 1>theories include rotters, Locus of Control scale, General self Efficity

151
00:09:38.000 --> 00:09:44.720
<v Speaker 1>Efficacy Scale, Attributional Style Questionnaire, RBT, thought records, self determination tasks.

152
00:09:45.720 --> 00:09:49.159
<v Speaker 1>Therapies that are informed by these models include RBT, CBT,

153
00:09:49.399 --> 00:09:53.240
<v Speaker 1>Motivational Interviewing ACT, DBT, and I would actually say a

154
00:09:53.240 --> 00:09:58.080
<v Speaker 1>lot of theories incorporate these concepts. Remember, personality isn't static.

155
00:09:58.080 --> 00:10:02.159
<v Speaker 1>That's learned, tested and revised. Clients arrive with belief systems

156
00:10:02.159 --> 00:10:04.840
<v Speaker 1>shaped by their experience, which we know motivated though by

157
00:10:04.879 --> 00:10:07.679
<v Speaker 1>needs and aren't always visible. This is where it differs

158
00:10:07.720 --> 00:10:10.039
<v Speaker 1>a little bit from other theories, where it focuses a

159
00:10:10.080 --> 00:10:13.440
<v Speaker 1>lot more on the motivational component of it. You're even

160
00:10:13.519 --> 00:10:16.799
<v Speaker 1>seeing some of this overlap with that Larrian theory. That's

161
00:10:16.840 --> 00:10:17.360
<v Speaker 1>it for now,