WEBVTT

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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Bedtime Astronomy. Explore the wonders of the cosmos

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<v Speaker 1>with our soothing Bedtime Astronomie podcast. Each episode offers a

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<v Speaker 1>gentle journey through the stars, planets, and beyond, perfect for

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<v Speaker 1>unwinding after a long day. Let's travel through the mysteries

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<v Speaker 1>of the universe as you drift off into a peaceful

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<v Speaker 1>slumber under the night sky.

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<v Speaker 2>Imagine you're just, you know, standing outside on a clear night.

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<v Speaker 2>You're looking up at the sky, and suddenly this brilliant

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<v Speaker 2>shooting star blazes right across the darkness.

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<v Speaker 3>It's a beautiful sight, right.

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<v Speaker 2>It's beautiful, and it's this completely unpredictable, uh, spontaneous.

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<v Speaker 3>Surprise, unless it isn't a surprise at all, exactly.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, let's unpact this, because what if humanity knew exactly

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<v Speaker 2>when and where that rock would arrive, like down to

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<v Speaker 2>the actual minute and the square meter on the ground.

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<v Speaker 3>That is the reality we're stepping into. I'm excited to

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<v Speaker 3>be here to talk about this because the mission of

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<v Speaker 3>our conversation today is to really explore the Vera Reuben

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<v Speaker 3>Observatory or the VRORO and.

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<v Speaker 2>Its legacy survey of space and time.

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<v Speaker 3>Right the lsst Yes, exactly. This is a monumental technological

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<v Speaker 3>achievement that is about to permanently change our relationship with

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<v Speaker 3>the sky. We're transforming Earth from a blind target into

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<v Speaker 3>a filly aware.

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<v Speaker 2>Planet, which is wild to think about. I mean, consider

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<v Speaker 2>for a second how vulnerable Earth actually is. We're just

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<v Speaker 2>spitting through a cosmic shooting gallery.

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<v Speaker 3>We really are, and historically we've had almost zero visibility

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<v Speaker 3>on the smaller debris crossing our path.

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<v Speaker 2>Right and catching even those tiny, completely harmless space rocks,

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<v Speaker 2>it completely alters our planetary defense strategy. The sheer scale

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<v Speaker 2>of the universe is just mind boggling, and the fact

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<v Speaker 2>that we can track a single rock out there is incredible.

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<v Speaker 3>The scientific implications of predicting these meteorites are profound. It's

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<v Speaker 3>a level of analytical precision that frankly borders on science fiction.

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<v Speaker 3>But it's happening right now.

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<v Speaker 2>So before we talk about the rocks themselves actually falling

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<v Speaker 2>to Earth, we need to understand the machine that's watching them.

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<v Speaker 2>We're moving from this concept of a blind Earth to

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<v Speaker 2>the activation of humanity's newest, most powerful.

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<v Speaker 3>Eye, waking up the giant as end looking up the giant, so.

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<v Speaker 2>Let's talk about the VRO itself. It's located down in

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<v Speaker 2>Sarah Pachon in Chili.

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<v Speaker 3>Right right high up in the Chilean Andes. The atmosphere

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<v Speaker 3>conditions there are pristine for astronomy.

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<v Speaker 2>And it recently had this explosive entry into the astronomy world.

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<v Speaker 2>I mean, in just one single night in February of

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<v Speaker 2>twenty twenty six, the VRO sent out an astonishing eight

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<v Speaker 2>hundred thousand alerts.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, that number is almost difficult to internalize.

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<v Speaker 2>Eight hundred thousand yeah, in one night. Yeah, I mean

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<v Speaker 2>my phone gets overwhelmed if I get like thirty group

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<v Speaker 2>chat texts. How does an astronomical community even process that?

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<v Speaker 3>Well. To understand that, you have to look at the

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<v Speaker 3>instrument itself. The VRO is taking what they call cosmic

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<v Speaker 3>treasure chest images. It's equipped with a three point two

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<v Speaker 3>gigapixel camera.

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<v Speaker 2>Wait, three point two gigapixels.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, it takes these incredibly deep wide field images of

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<v Speaker 3>huge patches of the sky.

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<v Speaker 2>That is just a massive amount of data.

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<v Speaker 3>It is, but a static image doesn't tell you what's

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<v Speaker 3>dangerous or what's changing. So that the software pipeline instantly

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<v Speaker 3>takes that new image and overlays it onto a pristine,

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<v Speaker 3>high resolution template image.

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<v Speaker 2>Like a baseline image of that exact same patch of.

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<v Speaker 3>Stuff, exactly, a template built from years of previous observations.

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<v Speaker 3>It uses a technique called difference imaging, so.

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<v Speaker 2>It's basically the ultimate spot, the difference puzzle. You take

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<v Speaker 2>the archival photo late to night's photo on top of

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<v Speaker 2>it and just subtract everything that matches.

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<v Speaker 3>That is the exact mathematical process, literal pixel subtraction. The

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<v Speaker 3>distant stars, the galaxies, they all perfectly align and cancel

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<v Speaker 3>each other out.

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<v Speaker 2>To zero, making them invisible in the data.

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<v Speaker 3>Right, and whatever is left behind, whatever doesn't perfectly align

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<v Speaker 3>glows in the data. That leftover pixel is the alert.

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<v Speaker 2>So it means something has either changed in brightness or

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<v Speaker 2>it physically moves exactly.

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<v Speaker 3>But dealing with eight hundred thousand of those alerts in

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<v Speaker 3>a few hours is a logistical nightmare.

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<v Speaker 2>I would think. So. I mean, it's like having a

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<v Speaker 2>security camera that doesn't just record a whole city, but

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<v Speaker 2>instantly texts you every single time a leaf blows across

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<v Speaker 2>any sidewalk. The signal to noise ratio must be insane.

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<v Speaker 3>It is. The sky is littered with junk right now,

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<v Speaker 3>lower orbit satellites, space debris, a satellite streaking across the frame,

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<v Speaker 3>triggers and alerts.

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<v Speaker 2>So how do you filter that out? You can't have

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<v Speaker 2>human beings checking eight hundred thousand text messages.

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<v Speaker 3>No, you can't. The data goes through these massive automated,

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<v Speaker 3>machine learning driven filter systems called brokers.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, brokers, Yeah.

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<v Speaker 3>These algorithms are trained to instantly recognize the geometric signature

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<v Speaker 3>of say a satellite streak or the predictable pulsing of

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<v Speaker 3>a variable star. They strip away the known noise in

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<v Speaker 3>real time.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, So the brokers are like a massive sieve. You

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<v Speaker 2>dump the raw alerts in the top and the true

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<v Speaker 2>anomalies fall out the bottom.

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<v Speaker 3>Exactly. And what's fascinating here is the vro's primary mandate.

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<v Speaker 3>It wasn't actually built primarily for asteroid hunting.

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<v Speaker 2>Wait really, with all this tracking tech.

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<v Speaker 3>No, it's primary and famous targets are mapping dark energy,

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<v Speaker 3>studying supernovae, and cataloging active galactic nuclei foundational physics.

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<v Speaker 2>So the really big deep space Nobel Prize winning.

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<v Speaker 3>Stuff, right, But to map dark energy, you need sweeping,

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<v Speaker 3>rapid panoramic shots of the visible sky every few nights,

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<v Speaker 3>which inadvertently makes the VRRO the greatest local surveillance camera

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<v Speaker 3>ever built.

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<v Speaker 2>It's like a accidental local surveillance exactly.

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<v Speaker 3>While it was built for deep space foundational physics, its

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<v Speaker 3>bycatch is arguably more important to our daily survival.

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<v Speaker 2>By catch, I love that term, like a fishing net

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<v Speaker 2>pulling in millions of asteroids and tens of thousands of

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<v Speaker 2>near Earth objects or.

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<v Speaker 3>NEOs precisely, and that sheer volume of data leads directly

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<v Speaker 3>to a very specific, incredibly rare type of discovery.

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<v Speaker 2>Right, objects that are on a direct collision course with us,

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<v Speaker 2>the imminent impactors.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, and we need to define that term clearly. An

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<v Speaker 3>imminent impactor is a natural body discovered in space before

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<v Speaker 3>it hits.

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<v Speaker 2>Earth, before being the operative word there exactly.

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<v Speaker 3>And to understand how the VRO handles these, we have

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<v Speaker 3>to look at the work of Ian Chow and his

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<v Speaker 3>team at the University of.

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<v Speaker 2>Washington at the DRAC Institute, Right.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, the Dirak Institute. They didn't just guess how good

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<v Speaker 3>the VRO would be. They ran a rigorous simulation using

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<v Speaker 3>a survey simulator called Sorcha Sortia.

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<v Speaker 2>What exactly did that simulation.

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<v Speaker 3>Do they programmed sorcha to virtually replicate the vro's exact schedule,

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<v Speaker 3>it's downtime for weather, the sensitivity of its sensors, a

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<v Speaker 3>complete digital twin.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh wow, So they simulated the machine itself, not just

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<v Speaker 2>the rocks.

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<v Speaker 3>Right, and then they injected reality into it. They mapped

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<v Speaker 3>three hundred and forty three known historical fireballs from NASA's

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<v Speaker 3>Center for Near Earth Object Studies database.

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<v Speaker 2>These were past fireballs spanning from nineteen ninety four to

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<v Speaker 2>twenty twenty six.

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<v Speaker 3>Correct, Yes, specifically, they were looking at one meter sized objects.

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<v Speaker 3>They ran the orbital mechanics backward and asked the simulation

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<v Speaker 3>if the VRO had been running, would its digital twin

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<v Speaker 3>have caught them?

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, so they're testing a new machine's capabilities against known

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<v Speaker 2>historical data to prove its future efficacy. That makes sense.

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<v Speaker 2>But let me put you back on something here. Sure,

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<v Speaker 2>why do we care about a one meter rock? I mean,

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<v Speaker 2>a rock the size of a washing machine just burns

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<v Speaker 2>up in the atmosphere anyway, right, Why dedicate world class

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<v Speaker 2>supercomputers to simulate harmless rocks.

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<v Speaker 3>It's a great question, because those small rocks are the

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<v Speaker 3>key to understanding the big picture. They provide a ground

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<v Speaker 3>truth compositional map for the entire ANEO population.

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<v Speaker 2>Round truth, meaning we can actually test our theories against

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<v Speaker 2>physical evidence.

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<v Speaker 3>Exactly, when we look at a massive five hundred meter asteroid,

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<v Speaker 3>it's just a dot of light. We have to analyze

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<v Speaker 3>its spectrum to guess if it's solid iron or a

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<v Speaker 3>loose rubble pile.

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<v Speaker 2>Which would totally change how you try to deflect it

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<v Speaker 2>if it was heading.

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<v Speaker 3>For us completely. Now, an imminent impactor gives us a

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<v Speaker 3>unique value. We can track the object through three phases.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, what are the phases?

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<v Speaker 3>First as a an asteroid in space, where we get

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<v Speaker 3>that telescopic light data. Second as a meteor entering the

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<v Speaker 3>atmosphere where we see how it burns and breaks apart.

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<v Speaker 2>Which tells us is structural strength right.

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<v Speaker 3>And third as a meteorite on the ground. Because we

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<v Speaker 3>tracked it so precisely, we can calculate where it landed,

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<v Speaker 3>picking up and take it to a lab.

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<v Speaker 2>So you're closing the loop. You match the physical chemistry

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<v Speaker 2>of the rock on the lab table with the light

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<v Speaker 2>data the telescope saw days earlier.

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<v Speaker 3>Exactly. Every time we do this with a harmless one

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<v Speaker 3>meter rock, our predictive models for the massive dangerous asteroids

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<v Speaker 3>become exponentially more precise.

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<v Speaker 2>That is brilliant. It's like using the small rocks as

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<v Speaker 2>a Rosetta stone for the big ones.

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<v Speaker 3>Precisely and knowing how the VRO spots these leads us

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<v Speaker 3>to the most critical metric.

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<v Speaker 2>Of all when it spots them.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, time is the ultimate currency in planetary defense.

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<v Speaker 2>So how much time are we buying here? Because the

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<v Speaker 2>VRO is expected to find what one to two meter

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<v Speaker 2>sized or larger NEOs each.

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<v Speaker 3>Year, Yes, which effectively doubles the current global detection rate.

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<v Speaker 2>Doubling the rate is great, but the warning window is

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<v Speaker 2>what really matters. I have the numbers here, it says.

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<v Speaker 2>The simulation showed a median discovery time of one point

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<v Speaker 2>five seven days before.

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<v Speaker 3>Impact, right about thirty eight hours.

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<v Speaker 2>And a median time of first observation of three point

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<v Speaker 2>zero six days, so anywhere from a day and a

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<v Speaker 2>half to three days of warning.

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<v Speaker 3>Which sounds short until you look at the historical context

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<v Speaker 3>before this. The previous record for the longest warning time

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<v Speaker 3>we ever had was back in twenty sixteen, and what

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<v Speaker 3>was that record? A mere twenty one.

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<v Speaker 2>Hours twenty one hours. That's nothing.

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<v Speaker 3>It's barely enough time to verify the math and notify

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<v Speaker 3>the government. VR simulations show some objects being found weeks

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<v Speaker 3>in advance.

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<v Speaker 2>Here's where it gets really interesting to me. I mean,

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<v Speaker 2>think about the psychological and logistical difference between twenty one

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<v Speaker 2>hours and one point five seven days or even weeks.

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<v Speaker 3>It's the difference between panic and procedure exactly.

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<v Speaker 2>It's like hurricane tracking. You know, a day and a

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<v Speaker 2>half isn't a lot of time to move a mountain,

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<v Speaker 2>but it's plenty of time to board up the windows, or,

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<v Speaker 2>in a strong enemy's case, to point every telescope on

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<v Speaker 2>Earth at the sky.

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<v Speaker 3>That's a perfect analogy. What happens globally when that thirty

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<v Speaker 3>eight hour clock starts ticking is a massive, coordinated pivot.

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<v Speaker 2>Every observatory just drops what they're doing.

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<v Speaker 3>Right. This doubling of warning time fundamentally changes astrometry from

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<v Speaker 3>a reactive science where we just watch it fall, to

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<v Speaker 3>a proactive one. We swarm the target with radar, infrared,

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<v Speaker 3>optical telescope because the.

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<v Speaker 2>More eyes you have on it, the more precise the

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<v Speaker 2>trajectory is.

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<v Speaker 3>Yet, but time is only half the equation. You can

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<v Speaker 3>have all the time in the world, but it's useless

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<v Speaker 3>if your telescopes are pointed at the wrong half of

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<v Speaker 3>the sky.

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<v Speaker 2>Ah the geometry problem.

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<v Speaker 3>The hemisphere blind spot. Historically, as we discussed, only eleven

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<v Speaker 3>imminent impactors have been detected prior to hitting Earth.

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<v Speaker 2>Only eleven in all of human history.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, and there is a massive bias in those detections.

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<v Speaker 3>Almost all capable astronomical facilities are located in the northern hemisphere.

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<v Speaker 2>That is a terrifying blind spot.

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<v Speaker 3>It is. Take the specific example of the impactor designated

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<v Speaker 3>twenty twenty four XA one.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, what happened with that one?

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<v Speaker 3>In December twenty twenty four. It was detected just ten

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<v Speaker 3>hours before impact by the kit Peak Observatory in Arizona.

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<v Speaker 2>Ten hours unbelievable.

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<v Speaker 3>And it ended up striking the remote Sokka Republic in Russia.

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<v Speaker 3>It was a northern hemisphere telescope catching a rock on

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<v Speaker 3>a Northern Hemisphere trajectory at the absolute last minute.

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<v Speaker 2>So imagine the earth spinning. We're constantly exposing this unmonitored

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<v Speaker 2>southern flank to the Cosmos. It's like driving a car

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<v Speaker 2>where all the mirrors only show you the right side

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<v Speaker 2>of the road.

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<v Speaker 3>You're completely blind to traffic merging from the left.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly, You've got zero visibility until something ghets you. That's

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<v Speaker 2>how humanity has been tracking asteroids until now.

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<v Speaker 3>And this is where the vro's location in Chile becomes critical.

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<v Speaker 3>It provides a powerful southern hemisphere counterpart, finally balancing our global.

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<v Speaker 2>Vision, curing the blind spot.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, if we connect this to the bigger picture, global

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<v Speaker 3>astronomical infrastructure is a shared human responsibility. International cooperation and

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<v Speaker 3>geographic distribution of these observatories are mandatory for our survival.

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<v Speaker 2>Because the asteroids don't care about borders. They'll hit the north,

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<v Speaker 2>the south, the equator exactly.

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<v Speaker 3>The VRO gives us that global visibility.

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<v Speaker 2>So we have the extra time and we have the

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<v Speaker 2>dual hemisphere of visibility. Now, what exactly do scientists do

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<v Speaker 2>in those crucial hours before the rock arrives these so

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<v Speaker 2>what figure?

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<v Speaker 3>Well, that advance warning allows for highly detailed study. We

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<v Speaker 3>don't just calculate where it's going. We figure out what.

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<v Speaker 2>It is, right the pre impact observation.

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<v Speaker 3>We measure its albedo, which is how reflective its surfaces.

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<v Speaker 3>We study it surface roughness, it's taxonomy.

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<v Speaker 2>It's a rotation period, right, seeing how fast it's tumbling

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<v Speaker 2>through space.

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<v Speaker 3>Exactly, and if it's close enough, we can bounce radar

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<v Speaker 3>off it. The longer we observe it, the longer our

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<v Speaker 3>observational arc becomes, and.

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<v Speaker 2>Longer observational arcs equal highly precise trajectory.

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<v Speaker 3>Tracking, very precise. Let me give you an example, the

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<v Speaker 3>twenty twenty three x one event.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh, I've heard of this one.

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<v Speaker 3>The Global network tracked it so well that scientists predicted

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<v Speaker 3>its impact trajectory to within an astonishing eighteen.

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<v Speaker 2>Meters eighteen meters. So what does this all mean? I

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<v Speaker 2>mean eighteen meters is predicting a cosmic sniper shot from

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<v Speaker 2>millions of miles away to land within the space of

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<v Speaker 2>a tennis court through the atmosphere, no less, with all.

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<v Speaker 3>The chaotic fluidynamics of the atmosphere. Yes, it's an incredible

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<v Speaker 3>feat and that precision is what makes recovery.

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<v Speaker 2>Possible, right, going out and picking up the pieces. But wait,

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<v Speaker 2>since most of the Earth is covered in ocean, isn't

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<v Speaker 2>meteorte recovery usually impossible, Like if it lands in the

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<v Speaker 2>middle of the Pacific, it's just gone normally.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, an ocean impact is a total loss for meteoriticists. However,

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<v Speaker 3>the extra warning time from the VRO makes something incredible possible.

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<v Speaker 3>Airborne dust sampling.

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<v Speaker 2>Airborne dust sampling. Okay, break this down for me because

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<v Speaker 2>this sounds like science fiction.

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<v Speaker 3>When an asteroid hits the upper atmosphere, it vaporizes, It

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<v Speaker 3>creates a massive fireball, but as that vapor cools, it

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<v Speaker 3>condenses into microscopic dust suspended high in the stratosphere.

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<v Speaker 2>Like a lingering smoke trail.

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<v Speaker 3>Exactly. And because we have thirty eight hours of warning

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<v Speaker 3>and an eighteen meter aeror margin on the trajectory, we

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<v Speaker 3>know exactly where that smoke trail will be.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh wow, So you scramble an aircraft.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, specialized aircraft like modified WB fifty seven bombers fly

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<v Speaker 3>directly through the lingering smoke of that vaporized asteroid over

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<v Speaker 3>the ocean.

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<v Speaker 2>Wait, they just fly a bomber through the plasma dust cloud.

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<v Speaker 3>They do. The planes have sticky aerogel filters on their wings.

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<v Speaker 3>They trap the airborne dust of the fireball before it

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<v Speaker 3>ever settles to the ground.

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<v Speaker 2>That is absolutely mind blowing. You bypass the ocean entirely

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<v Speaker 2>and catch the rock while it's still floating in the

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<v Speaker 2>sky exactly.

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<v Speaker 3>This brings physical pieces of the cosmos directly into a lab.

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<v Speaker 3>It validates all the distant math and physics we rely on.

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<v Speaker 3>We get our ground truth.

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<v Speaker 2>It's an incredible scientific triumph. But getting one meter rocks

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<v Speaker 2>and cosmic dust is just the warm up, right. The

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<v Speaker 2>real reason this entire system exists is the ultimate goal

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<v Speaker 2>planetary defense.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, we want to protect humanity from the rocks that

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<v Speaker 3>don't just.

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<v Speaker 2>Right, because catching a one meter rock is cool, but

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<v Speaker 2>one hundred and forty meter rock will flatten state exactly.

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<v Speaker 3>The one to two meter sized detections per year act

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<v Speaker 3>as a baseline. They are a training ground for the

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<v Speaker 3>global network.

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<v Speaker 2>It's a fire drill.

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<v Speaker 3>It is because for the rarer, much larger and far

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<v Speaker 3>more dangerous impactors, the VROs sensitivity will extend that warning

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<v Speaker 3>time from days.

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<v Speaker 2>To weeks weeks of warning for a major asteroid that

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<v Speaker 2>changes everything it does.

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<v Speaker 3>It allows for coordinated worldwide observing campaigns. We can determine

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<v Speaker 3>the exact orbit and most importantly, mount actual planetary defense initiatives.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, so what does a planetary defense initiative actually look

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<v Speaker 2>like with three weeks of warning? Because You can't build

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<v Speaker 2>and launch a deflection rocket in twenty one days.

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<v Speaker 3>No, you can't deflect it with that short of a window.

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<v Speaker 3>But you can mobilize geopolitical and scientific resources. You can

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<v Speaker 3>initiate massive civil defense and evacuation protocol.

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<v Speaker 2>Moving millions of people out of the impact ceone.

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<v Speaker 3>Exactly. If we know a city killer asteroid is going

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<v Speaker 3>to hit a specific coastline in three weeks, we can

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<v Speaker 3>empty that coastline. This is where the simulation of the

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<v Speaker 3>harmless one meter rocks pays.

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<v Speaker 2>Off by perfectly rehearsing the exact communication and governance protocols

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<v Speaker 2>needed for the Big one.

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<v Speaker 3>Precisely. The data pipeline is the same, only the payload

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<v Speaker 3>is different.

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<v Speaker 2>It's just so ironic, isn't it. We built this massive

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<v Speaker 2>telescope carved off the top of a mountain in the

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<v Speaker 2>desert to look at the absolute edge of the universe,

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<v Speaker 2>to look at dark energy and billions of years into

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<v Speaker 2>the past, and its most practical use might literally be

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<v Speaker 2>saving our own backyards from a falling rock.

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<v Speaker 3>It is a beautiful irony of foundational science. But this

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<v Speaker 3>raises an important question. How will humanity govern and coordinate

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<v Speaker 3>this information when a real threat is detected weeks out.

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<v Speaker 2>That's the real test, isn't it. The telescope just gives

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<v Speaker 2>us the math. It's up to human beings to actually

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<v Speaker 2>figure out the geopolitics of an evacuation without causing global panic.

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<v Speaker 3>The machine worked perfectly. The human element is the variable.

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<v Speaker 2>Wow, it's an incredible journey we've mapped out here. We

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<v Speaker 2>went from a single observatory high in the mountains of Chile,

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<v Speaker 2>processing eight hundred thousand difference imaging alerts a single.

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<v Speaker 3>Night, through the broker algorithms filtering out the noise.

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<v Speaker 2>Right to a global network that is capable of catching

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<v Speaker 2>incoming fireballs days or even weeks before they strike, curing

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<v Speaker 2>our southern hemisphere blind spot, and giving us the power

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<v Speaker 2>to fly bombers through cosmic smoke.

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<v Speaker 3>It is a total paradigm shift in our situational awareness.

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<v Speaker 2>It really is, and for you listening, it really changes

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<v Speaker 2>how you think about your place in this newly monitored

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<v Speaker 2>solar system. The sky above us is no longer this unknown,

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<v Speaker 2>chaotic frontier.

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<v Speaker 3>It's an actively mapped, highly surveilled.

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<v Speaker 2>Neighborhood exactly which leads me with this sort of provocative

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<v Speaker 2>thought to ponder as our technology improves and the sky

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<v Speaker 2>becomes entirely mathematically predictable. We kind of lose something.

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<v Speaker 3>Don't we, a mystery of it?

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, we lose the spontaneous magic of a surprise shooting stars.

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<v Speaker 2>Serendipity is going to be replaced by a push notification

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<v Speaker 2>telling you exactly where and when to look.

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<v Speaker 3>We trade the romance of the unknown for the security of.

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<v Speaker 2>The known, beautifully put, but in exchange we gain the

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<v Speaker 2>ultimate power, the power to survive the cosmos. When we

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<v Speaker 2>finally know exactly what the universe is throwing at us,

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<v Speaker 2>how will that change our perception of our place in it?

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<v Speaker 3>We evolve from passive targets to active participants.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly. We are no longer just along for the ride

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<v Speaker 2>in the dark. We are finally learning how to read

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<v Speaker 2>the maps and maybe just maybe learning how to steer

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<v Speaker 2>the ship. Next time you stand outside in the dark,

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<v Speaker 2>remember that there are massive digitalized staring right back, making

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<v Speaker 2>sure the road ahead is clear. Keep asking to big questions,

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<v Speaker 2>keep looking up, and we'll see you next time. Last

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<v Speaker 2>pass