WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.920 --> 00:00:05.240 Chapter number five of the History of Egypt. This is 2 00:00:05.280 --> 00:00:10.919 a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. 3 00:00:11.599 --> 00:00:17.000 For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. 4 00:00:18.039 --> 00:00:23.839 Recording by Linda Marie Nielsen, Vancouver, BC. The History of 5 00:00:24.000 --> 00:00:30.079 Egypt by F. C. H. Wendell from the expulsions of 6 00:00:30.239 --> 00:00:37.159 the Hcoast to the close of the eighteenth dynasty. With 7 00:00:37.359 --> 00:00:43.079 this dynasty begins the period commonly known as the New Empire, 8 00:00:43.759 --> 00:00:49.600 which embraces the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth dynasties. The dynasty 9 00:00:49.799 --> 00:00:54.520 is memorable in several respects. In the first place, the 10 00:00:54.640 --> 00:00:59.840 first great campaigns against Asia were undertaken in this time, 11 00:01:00.479 --> 00:01:05.359 and Egypt was thus made a conquering power. And in 12 00:01:05.439 --> 00:01:09.879 the second place, a great religious reform, which is of 13 00:01:10.200 --> 00:01:14.599 special interests to us moderns, was attempted by one of 14 00:01:14.799 --> 00:01:21.480 the rulers of this line, one Ahemes the first. How 15 00:01:21.560 --> 00:01:25.239 long the war between the kings of Tebes and the 16 00:01:25.400 --> 00:01:30.159 High Cohasts lasted we can not tell, but it is 17 00:01:30.239 --> 00:01:34.079 safe to assume that it began late in the seventeenth 18 00:01:34.239 --> 00:01:39.719 or early in the sixteenth century b C. An inscription 19 00:01:39.959 --> 00:01:46.120 on the tomb of Akamis, one of King Ahame's admirals, 20 00:01:46.200 --> 00:01:50.280 gave us an account of the closing scenes of the 21 00:01:50.359 --> 00:01:56.799 great struggle. It would seem that the predecessors of Aheimes 22 00:01:56.840 --> 00:02:00.519 had driven the high coasts into the Delta, and that 23 00:02:00.599 --> 00:02:07.040 they had thrown themselves into the city of hattur Avaris 24 00:02:07.079 --> 00:02:12.319 in the northeastern part of the Delta, which they strongly fortified. 25 00:02:12.919 --> 00:02:16.680 After several battles had been fought on land and water 26 00:02:17.199 --> 00:02:21.080 in the neighborhood of the city, the pharaoh laid siege 27 00:02:21.240 --> 00:02:26.360 to it, and after a protracted resistance, the town finally 28 00:02:26.439 --> 00:02:31.439 fell into his hands. Thus, about fifteen thirty b c. 29 00:02:32.080 --> 00:02:36.680 Egypt was finally cleared of the foreign invaders that had 30 00:02:36.719 --> 00:02:42.319 held the land in subjugation for centuries. The fleeing high 31 00:02:42.360 --> 00:02:47.599 coasts had gone to Asia, pursued by the Pharaoh. Crossing 32 00:02:47.680 --> 00:02:53.680 the boundary, he proceeded against the town of Skarkan, which 33 00:02:53.960 --> 00:02:59.639 is mentioned in Joshua nineteen six as belonging to the 34 00:02:59.759 --> 00:03:04.560 terror ratory allotted to the tribe of Simon, and captured 35 00:03:04.639 --> 00:03:09.000 it in the fifth year of his reign. He then 36 00:03:09.120 --> 00:03:16.039 invaded fo Encia and gained several victories. These successes secured 37 00:03:16.240 --> 00:03:20.719 the Egyptian frontier from inroads of the Asiatics for a 38 00:03:20.840 --> 00:03:25.199 number of years. This was not, however, the only result 39 00:03:25.439 --> 00:03:31.680 of this successful war. Ahame's Asiatic campaign had shown the 40 00:03:31.719 --> 00:03:36.280 Egyptians the way into Asia, and many of his successors 41 00:03:36.319 --> 00:03:40.960 gained their laurels in this country. The wars had also 42 00:03:41.280 --> 00:03:47.879 trained generals and armies, and Ahem's successors saw to it 43 00:03:48.240 --> 00:03:52.919 that neither deteriorated. A new spirit had come over the 44 00:03:52.960 --> 00:03:58.199 once peaceful people and army. After army set out on 45 00:03:58.439 --> 00:04:05.280 warlike expeditions, Aman and meant to the great gods of Tebbs, 46 00:04:05.960 --> 00:04:10.840 became war gods in whose names the kings fought their wars, 47 00:04:11.560 --> 00:04:16.160 and into the temples of Amon poured the lion's share 48 00:04:16.399 --> 00:04:20.600 of the booty ie in war and the tribute wrung 49 00:04:21.120 --> 00:04:26.199 from conquered nations. The entire character of the wars, too, 50 00:04:26.680 --> 00:04:30.480 was changed by the introduction of the horse from Asia. 51 00:04:31.399 --> 00:04:36.639 The home of the horse was most probably the Tyrhanian steppe. 52 00:04:37.240 --> 00:04:42.160 It was introduced into Egypt by the high coasts. Horses 53 00:04:42.160 --> 00:04:45.720 were not used in this time as beasts a burden, 54 00:04:46.279 --> 00:04:49.879 but only in war and on the chase. They were 55 00:04:49.920 --> 00:04:53.600 not used for riding, but only to draw the two 56 00:04:53.720 --> 00:04:59.519 wheeled chariots. These chariots were imported into Egypt from Syria, 57 00:05:00.199 --> 00:05:05.360 where chariot building was a flourishing industry. The very word 58 00:05:05.560 --> 00:05:12.560 for chariot, Merkabet, is of Semantic origin. The new arm 59 00:05:12.920 --> 00:05:19.319 entirely changed the character and dimensions of battles. Moreover, chariots 60 00:05:19.319 --> 00:05:25.040 and horses were expensive, and the charioteer required special training. 61 00:05:25.759 --> 00:05:31.000 These two circumstances favored the formation of standing armies and 62 00:05:31.120 --> 00:05:36.360 increased the advantage the greater states had over their smaller neighbors. 63 00:05:37.120 --> 00:05:41.120 These facts will account for the successes the Egyptians won 64 00:05:41.399 --> 00:05:47.519 over the Syrian states in the ensuing countries. Ahemes had 65 00:05:47.600 --> 00:05:53.160 scarcely finished his Asiatic campaign when he was compelled to 66 00:05:53.279 --> 00:05:59.639 take the field against the Chentniffer, a mountain tribe of Ethiopia, 67 00:06:00.439 --> 00:06:04.639 in a great battle. This tribe was utterly routed, and 68 00:06:04.759 --> 00:06:09.800 the king, glad of his easy victory, was already returning 69 00:06:09.920 --> 00:06:15.000 home when the news reached him that the Ethiopians had 70 00:06:15.040 --> 00:06:20.480 again invaded the country and were even desecrating the temples 71 00:06:20.519 --> 00:06:25.120 of the gods. Rapidly returning, he fought the Battle of 72 00:06:25.480 --> 00:06:35.480 Tentada in northern Ethiopia, again completely routing the enemy. Not 73 00:06:35.639 --> 00:06:41.839 dismayed by these repeated defeats, the Ethiopians a third time 74 00:06:41.959 --> 00:06:46.639 returned to the attack under a leader named tenta Ann, 75 00:06:47.439 --> 00:06:50.920 But a third time they were defeated, and this time 76 00:06:51.480 --> 00:06:55.759 was such frightful loss that they did not again venture 77 00:06:55.920 --> 00:07:01.600 to attack their successful opponents. In these wars, the above 78 00:07:01.839 --> 00:07:08.319 mentioned admiral Achmies, who had begun his career as adjunct 79 00:07:08.560 --> 00:07:13.639 of this king but had rapidly earned promotion, greatly distinguished 80 00:07:13.720 --> 00:07:19.199 himself and received the Gold for Bravery several times. The 81 00:07:19.199 --> 00:07:23.319 Gold for Bravery was a reward paid to the distinguished 82 00:07:23.519 --> 00:07:29.040 soldiers and civilians out of the public treasury, and consisted 83 00:07:29.199 --> 00:07:35.959 of magnificent gifts of gold in the shape of dis bees, lions, etc. 84 00:07:37.120 --> 00:07:43.519 Achimies received these gifts on seven different occasions. There are 85 00:07:43.759 --> 00:07:49.079 indications in the inscription of Acmese that the pharaoh had 86 00:07:49.160 --> 00:07:53.600 to put down a rebellion in the south. This rebellion 87 00:07:53.759 --> 00:07:59.160 probably stood in some connection with the Ethiopian wars, but 88 00:07:59.240 --> 00:08:03.480 we know none of the details. In fact, we never 89 00:08:04.199 --> 00:08:08.439 hear much of the civil wars of Egypt, of which 90 00:08:08.519 --> 00:08:13.439 there were no doubt many. They always alluded to in 91 00:08:13.600 --> 00:08:17.399 general terms, and the details are never entered in two. 92 00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:24.120 Having now secured Egypt against foreign invasion and having quelled 93 00:08:24.279 --> 00:08:29.519 probably dangerous rebellion, Agnes was free to devote the remainder 94 00:08:29.639 --> 00:08:34.840 of his reign to internal improvements. He ruled over twenty 95 00:08:34.879 --> 00:08:38.799 two years. How much of this time was taken up 96 00:08:38.960 --> 00:08:43.200 by his wars, we do not know. At all events, 97 00:08:43.240 --> 00:08:47.519 he had abundant time to strengthen his reign and to 98 00:08:47.600 --> 00:08:51.919 make Theebs his capital, the greatest city in the land. 99 00:08:52.799 --> 00:08:56.440 It was no easy task that was set this pharaoh. 100 00:08:56.879 --> 00:09:01.720 Everywhere the temples had suffered from neglect, and during the 101 00:09:01.799 --> 00:09:06.960 late Wars from the depredations of the Hexos in the 102 00:09:07.080 --> 00:09:12.600 north and the Ethiopians in the south. Acmees was, however, 103 00:09:12.799 --> 00:09:17.159 equal to the task. He immediately set to work and 104 00:09:17.279 --> 00:09:21.960 began the restoration and rebuilding of all the temples in 105 00:09:22.039 --> 00:09:27.159 the land. His own city of Thebes was the special 106 00:09:27.279 --> 00:09:31.559 object of his care. The city had been the capital 107 00:09:31.720 --> 00:09:36.120 of the land for several centuries, and already the kings 108 00:09:36.240 --> 00:09:40.600 of the Twelfth Dynasty five hundred years and more before 109 00:09:40.879 --> 00:09:46.240 Acme's time, had laid the first foundations of its future greatness. 110 00:09:46.879 --> 00:09:50.519 They had laid two the first foundations of the great 111 00:09:50.639 --> 00:09:56.000 national temple of Egypt, the Temple of Ammon at Karnak. 112 00:09:56.799 --> 00:10:01.399 This temple was enlarged by our King. The city steadily 113 00:10:01.480 --> 00:10:05.279 grew from this time on, and in the course of 114 00:10:05.639 --> 00:10:09.519 a few decades, became the greatest city of the land 115 00:10:10.200 --> 00:10:14.720 and consequently of the then known world. The story of 116 00:10:14.840 --> 00:10:19.159 the rise, decline, and fall of Tews is an integral 117 00:10:19.240 --> 00:10:24.960 part of Egyptian history. When Ahmies died after a reign 118 00:10:25.080 --> 00:10:28.720 of over twenty two years, he was buried in the 119 00:10:28.720 --> 00:10:33.879 Thebian Necropolis on the west bank of the Nile, opposite 120 00:10:33.919 --> 00:10:40.000 the city at dra Abunega. His mummy, encased in a 121 00:10:40.000 --> 00:10:46.120 wooden casket, was recently discovered at del Ibrahi, together with 122 00:10:46.320 --> 00:10:52.759 a large number of other royal mummies. Two Amenhotep, the 123 00:10:52.879 --> 00:10:59.919 first amen Offis Ahmes, was succeeded by his son Ami 124 00:11:00.120 --> 00:11:04.919 Manhotep the first, the early part of whose reign was 125 00:11:05.000 --> 00:11:11.039 shared with his mother, Aghme's nefari Ari. The queen was 126 00:11:11.399 --> 00:11:16.120 after her death worshiped as a definity, an honor accorded 127 00:11:16.159 --> 00:11:20.840 all kings, but very few kings. Early in this reign, 128 00:11:21.120 --> 00:11:27.879 the Athiopians again became troublesome, and the pharaoh marched against them. 129 00:11:28.200 --> 00:11:32.559 He crossed the frontier and in the battle that ensued, 130 00:11:33.159 --> 00:11:38.200 captured the opposing general with his own hand. The victory won, 131 00:11:38.960 --> 00:11:44.240 the Egyptian army overran the country, and it would seem 132 00:11:44.360 --> 00:11:49.960 that some detachments even advanced as far as Moreau, the 133 00:11:50.240 --> 00:11:55.279 Ethiopian capital. The southern campaign was brought to an abrupt 134 00:11:55.360 --> 00:11:59.440 close by the news of trouble on the northern frontier. 135 00:12:00.279 --> 00:12:04.320 In a remarkably short time, the king arrived at the 136 00:12:04.399 --> 00:12:09.840 seat of war, Libya and defeated the enemy. This king, 137 00:12:10.320 --> 00:12:15.159 like his father, was frequently compelled to invade Asia, but 138 00:12:15.360 --> 00:12:20.440 on the whole this reign was more peaceable than the 139 00:12:20.480 --> 00:12:26.559 preceding one. Amman Tohope was a great builder and continued 140 00:12:26.600 --> 00:12:30.840 the work of improvement and restoration begun by his father. 141 00:12:31.559 --> 00:12:34.919 He died after a reign of twenty two years. His 142 00:12:35.159 --> 00:12:43.279 mummy was found at dear e Bahari. Three thut Moses 143 00:12:43.639 --> 00:12:49.639 the first, the son of Amman Hotep the First, was 144 00:12:49.679 --> 00:12:53.399 a very young man when he ascended the throne, and 145 00:12:53.480 --> 00:12:56.960 the conquered nation sought to take advantage of this fact 146 00:12:57.440 --> 00:13:04.919 to regain their independence. Immediately after his ascension, the Ethiopians 147 00:13:04.960 --> 00:13:09.960 began war. The pharaoh crossed the frontier, and after defeating 148 00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:15.080 the enemy in a decisive battle, overran and plundered the country, 149 00:13:15.679 --> 00:13:19.320 drove off the cattle, and carried large numbers of the 150 00:13:19.399 --> 00:13:24.519 inhabitants into slavery. This was the usual way of conducting 151 00:13:24.600 --> 00:13:29.559 an Ethiopian campaign. It was, as a rule, no more 152 00:13:29.679 --> 00:13:33.759 than a raid made to punish the Ethiopians for a 153 00:13:33.879 --> 00:13:39.639 similar raid on Egyptian territory. Tutumodus varied the usual program 154 00:13:39.879 --> 00:13:44.000 by hanging the body of the Ethiopian leader by the 155 00:13:44.120 --> 00:13:50.240 heels to the stern of the royal ship. Teutamosies now 156 00:13:50.440 --> 00:13:57.039 instituted a new Ethiopian policy. The configuration of the land 157 00:13:57.279 --> 00:14:01.440 was much the same as that of Egypt, and it 158 00:14:01.639 --> 00:14:07.240 was not over difficult to introduce the Egyptian system of 159 00:14:07.360 --> 00:14:12.759 government in the land. Accordingly, he divided Ethiopia into a 160 00:14:12.840 --> 00:14:17.799 number of districts over which he placed governors, while over 161 00:14:17.960 --> 00:14:21.799 the entire region he set a governor general with the 162 00:14:21.919 --> 00:14:26.399 title of Prince of Kush. What the duties of this 163 00:14:26.679 --> 00:14:31.240 official were is not clear. In all probability, he was 164 00:14:31.360 --> 00:14:35.639 a sort of visceroy, invested with civil and military power 165 00:14:36.200 --> 00:14:41.000 and responsible to the king alone. This official held a 166 00:14:41.080 --> 00:14:45.480 high position at the court, and was in later times 167 00:14:45.919 --> 00:14:52.759 not unfrequently a royal prince. Colonists were sent out, temples built, 168 00:14:52.960 --> 00:14:57.840 and forts erected and garrisoned. The chief of these forts 169 00:14:57.879 --> 00:15:05.759 were he Sema An Aquin Cuma, which had been built 170 00:15:05.879 --> 00:15:12.080 by the great conqueror of Ethiopia urstin the third They 171 00:15:12.159 --> 00:15:18.639 were no doubt greatly strengthened by Teutumosis. Ethiopia was then 172 00:15:18.799 --> 00:15:23.399 secured and even made a province of Egypt, but the 173 00:15:23.480 --> 00:15:28.679 mountain tribes continued to be troublesome all through Egyptian history. 174 00:15:29.519 --> 00:15:33.919 Early in this reign, too, a rebellion broke out in 175 00:15:34.039 --> 00:15:37.960 the district of the city of Buto in the Delta, 176 00:15:38.559 --> 00:15:42.279 and so serious did it become that the pharaoh was 177 00:15:42.360 --> 00:15:47.480 compelled to proceed against it in person. He succeeded in 178 00:15:47.559 --> 00:15:53.159 calling the outbreak, and at once marched against Asia. Crossing 179 00:15:53.200 --> 00:15:57.440 the Arabian Desert and Palestine, he entered the land of 180 00:15:57.840 --> 00:16:02.600 Rutenu Syria. Here an army had been drawn up to 181 00:16:02.840 --> 00:16:07.600 check his advance, but he defeated it with frightful slaughter 182 00:16:07.840 --> 00:16:12.320 and took large numbers of prisoners. He then advanced to 183 00:16:12.559 --> 00:16:16.320 the Euphrates River, on the banks of which he set 184 00:16:16.480 --> 00:16:21.320 up to Stella, to commemorate his victories and mark the 185 00:16:21.360 --> 00:16:28.519 boundaries of his realm. Hereupon the Egyptian army retired, and 186 00:16:28.720 --> 00:16:33.120 herein lay the radical fault of the Egyptian foreign policy. 187 00:16:34.519 --> 00:16:38.559 This fault cost them dear, for they were compelled to 188 00:16:38.679 --> 00:16:44.039 send army after army into Asia. In fact, the Asiatic 189 00:16:44.200 --> 00:16:49.840 campaigns were mostly plundering expeditions. On a large scale. The 190 00:16:49.840 --> 00:16:55.759 Egyptians defeated the native army in a decisive battle, overran 191 00:16:55.960 --> 00:17:00.759 and plundered the country, carried off a large number of prisoners, 192 00:17:01.200 --> 00:17:07.119 imposed a tribute, and retired. No attempts at colonization were made, 193 00:17:07.759 --> 00:17:12.319 and no garrisons were left in the conquered lands. They 194 00:17:12.400 --> 00:17:17.640 were left entirely to themselves, provided only they paid their 195 00:17:17.680 --> 00:17:22.720 tributes regularly. Only in the larger states were the kings 196 00:17:22.839 --> 00:17:28.000 compelled to give up their children and other relatives as hostages, 197 00:17:28.640 --> 00:17:33.119 the Egyptians binding themselves in case a king died to 198 00:17:33.240 --> 00:17:37.759 send home his successor. The great danger to Egypt lay 199 00:17:37.920 --> 00:17:41.839 in the fact that while it took the Egyptian armies 200 00:17:42.079 --> 00:17:47.559 months and often years to subdue the Asiatics, the subdued 201 00:17:47.640 --> 00:17:52.400 land might all be lost and the combined forces of 202 00:17:52.480 --> 00:17:56.279 the enemy be at the frontier in a few weeks, 203 00:17:56.799 --> 00:18:00.720 and then it would again take months and offer years 204 00:18:00.759 --> 00:18:07.319 to regain the lost ground. Though Tademosis was a great warrior, 205 00:18:07.920 --> 00:18:13.000 he found ample time to devote to internal improvements. His 206 00:18:13.160 --> 00:18:18.119 wars had furnished large numbers of slaves that were put 207 00:18:18.200 --> 00:18:23.720 to work building temples in all parts of Egypt. Tebbies was, 208 00:18:23.920 --> 00:18:29.039 of course specially favored. After a short reign of only 209 00:18:29.200 --> 00:18:35.519 nine years, he died, leaving three children, two Tudomosis the 210 00:18:35.599 --> 00:18:42.119 second and Madcrad by the queen, and one Tutmosis the 211 00:18:42.240 --> 00:18:49.000 third by a concubine, his daughter Madcaa, who seemed to 212 00:18:49.480 --> 00:18:54.400 have been his special favorite. He had proclaimed co region 213 00:18:54.640 --> 00:19:01.880 shortly before his death. Four Tudemosis the second. Dudemosis the 214 00:19:01.960 --> 00:19:06.640 second succeeded to a mighty empire, but he seems to 215 00:19:06.799 --> 00:19:12.440 have been a weak character, entirely controlled by his strong 216 00:19:12.559 --> 00:19:18.559 minded and utterly unscrupulous sister and wife, ma Carah, the 217 00:19:18.680 --> 00:19:23.519 co regent. His reign was very short and uneventful, and 218 00:19:23.640 --> 00:19:28.400 there is abundant ground for the suspicion that his sister 219 00:19:28.519 --> 00:19:34.200 had caused his untimely death. As usual, he fought with 220 00:19:34.359 --> 00:19:39.240 the mountain tribes of Nubia and the nomads of Syria, 221 00:19:39.599 --> 00:19:43.720 but he accomplished nothing that could give him any claim 222 00:19:43.880 --> 00:19:48.160 to fame. The bummy of this ruler it was also 223 00:19:48.359 --> 00:19:56.839 found at dir Il Bahi number five ma Carah Hatchus best. 224 00:19:57.440 --> 00:20:01.880 This Greek queen, who was sometimes called called Knemi Ammon, 225 00:20:02.720 --> 00:20:08.039 is renowned not for any great wars, but for a 226 00:20:08.079 --> 00:20:12.839 commercial exhibedition She sent to the shores of p Wint, 227 00:20:13.640 --> 00:20:17.720 a name applied by the Egyptians to the shores of 228 00:20:17.799 --> 00:20:22.880 the southern portion of the Red Sea. II to southern 229 00:20:23.119 --> 00:20:27.759 Arabia and the Somali coast. A fleet of five great 230 00:20:27.799 --> 00:20:31.079 ships was fitted out and sent to the shores of 231 00:20:31.240 --> 00:20:38.119 southern Arabia. The ruler of the country, Parahue, received the Egyptians, 232 00:20:38.480 --> 00:20:44.240 who were no unknown guests on these shores, with genial hospitality. 233 00:20:44.640 --> 00:20:49.519 The expedition was a complete success. The ship's returned home 234 00:20:49.640 --> 00:20:55.440 leaden with the products of these shores, consisting of incense plants, 235 00:20:55.680 --> 00:21:05.519 which the queen attempted to transplant to Egypt, cosmetics, ebony, ivory, gold, 236 00:21:06.079 --> 00:21:12.759 leopard skins, and all sorts of animals, example, baboons, greyhounds 237 00:21:12.799 --> 00:21:19.440 and giraffes. The entire undertaking bore a mercantile aspect, and 238 00:21:19.559 --> 00:21:24.440 while Makaarah speaks of the goods brought back as a 239 00:21:24.559 --> 00:21:29.640 tribute of the land of p Want, she evidently stretches 240 00:21:29.720 --> 00:21:34.880 a point. Par Acu certainly did not look upon the 241 00:21:34.960 --> 00:21:39.359 matter in this light, and no doubt considered the transaction 242 00:21:39.680 --> 00:21:44.920 a commercial success. How often these expeditions were repeated we 243 00:21:45.119 --> 00:21:49.240 do not know, but it would seem that the connections 244 00:21:49.279 --> 00:21:53.799 with per Wett were maintained for some time, as the 245 00:21:53.839 --> 00:22:00.519 annals of two Tomosis the third frequently mentioned the tribute 246 00:22:00.599 --> 00:22:04.960 of the land of per Went. Ma Krah was not 247 00:22:05.279 --> 00:22:10.160 the first Egyptian monarch to enter into relations with this country. 248 00:22:10.799 --> 00:22:16.400 We have already seen that sie Ah Karrah, the last 249 00:22:16.519 --> 00:22:20.200 king of the eleventh dynasty, and two kings of the 250 00:22:20.279 --> 00:22:25.960 twelfth dynasty, had already maintained connections with pi Want. The 251 00:22:26.119 --> 00:22:31.279 expedition was, however, of great importance and must have greatly 252 00:22:31.440 --> 00:22:36.359 stimulated the trade between the two countries. As no doubt 253 00:22:36.519 --> 00:22:40.599 the Egyptian merchants followed in the footsteps of their queen. 254 00:22:41.319 --> 00:22:47.279 So important did Ma Karrah justly deem the expedition that 255 00:22:47.440 --> 00:22:51.319 she had it represented on the walls of her beautiful 256 00:22:51.440 --> 00:22:56.559 funeral temple at Der el Bahi on the west bank 257 00:22:56.720 --> 00:22:59.880 of the Nile. This temple is one of the most 258 00:23:00.119 --> 00:23:05.480 remarkable of all in Egypt. It lies directly opposite the 259 00:23:05.519 --> 00:23:11.240 Great Temple of Karnak, with which it was connected by 260 00:23:11.279 --> 00:23:16.400 a broad avenue flanked with sphinxes. The temple is built 261 00:23:16.519 --> 00:23:20.680 on four terraces, between the third and fourth of which 262 00:23:21.200 --> 00:23:25.039 there is a beautiful flight of stairs. On the first 263 00:23:25.160 --> 00:23:30.680 terrace was the courtyard ornamented with columns that have almost 264 00:23:30.880 --> 00:23:35.759 entirely disappeared. The third terrace is by far the finest, 265 00:23:36.279 --> 00:23:41.359 bearing a beautiful hypostyle, the rear wall of which is 266 00:23:41.480 --> 00:23:46.000 the limestone rock against which the temple is built. On 267 00:23:46.119 --> 00:23:50.319 this wall is represented the expedition that is made this 268 00:23:50.640 --> 00:23:57.079 rhin memorable. The pictures are executed with the most scrupulous care, 269 00:23:57.759 --> 00:24:01.359 even the fishes of the Red Sea being carefully drawn 270 00:24:01.559 --> 00:24:07.440 and easily identified, They must be reckoned among the finest 271 00:24:07.440 --> 00:24:12.200 specimens of the art of this period. How long this 272 00:24:12.359 --> 00:24:17.200 queen ruled in conjunction with Tutumosis the second we do 273 00:24:17.279 --> 00:24:21.559 not know. Nor can we say how long she ruled alone. 274 00:24:22.279 --> 00:24:27.079 It would even seem from the monuments that she never 275 00:24:27.440 --> 00:24:32.680 was the sole ruler Tutamosis the second, having shortly before 276 00:24:32.720 --> 00:24:38.279 his death, appointed his half brother Tutumois the third, co regent. 277 00:24:39.039 --> 00:24:42.759 The queen was proud and overbearing, and seems to have 278 00:24:42.920 --> 00:24:48.839 felt sorry she was a woman. She frequently had herself 279 00:24:49.359 --> 00:24:54.400 represented on the monuments in all the full official dress 280 00:24:54.440 --> 00:24:58.400 of the king, even down to the false beard, and 281 00:24:58.480 --> 00:25:03.480 no doubt she frequently wore this garb on state occasions. 282 00:25:03.480 --> 00:25:09.000 Her half brother she hated very cordially, showing her hatred 283 00:25:09.200 --> 00:25:16.160 in no pleasant manner, and he cordially reciprocated her sentiments. 284 00:25:16.200 --> 00:25:20.119 It is very probable that she died of violent death, 285 00:25:21.319 --> 00:25:25.839 and that Tutomosis the third had a share in her murder. 286 00:25:27.920 --> 00:25:37.279 Six men jepper Ra Tutomosis fourteen eighty to fourteen twenty 287 00:25:37.319 --> 00:25:42.519 seven b c. In the twenty second year of his 288 00:25:42.640 --> 00:25:47.240 official reign, Tutomosis the third, the greatest of all the 289 00:25:47.279 --> 00:25:52.920 great conquerors Egypt has produced, became through the death of 290 00:25:52.960 --> 00:25:57.440 his half sister, sole ruler of Egypt. One of the 291 00:25:57.480 --> 00:26:02.960 first acts of his independence reign was to obliterate from 292 00:26:03.079 --> 00:26:07.559 all public monuments, as far as possible, the name of 293 00:26:07.640 --> 00:26:13.240 his half sister. This was a revenge on an obnoxious predecessor, 294 00:26:13.759 --> 00:26:18.079 which was quite popular with the Pharaoh, and one that 295 00:26:18.480 --> 00:26:23.440 the Great Queen herself had visited on her brother and husband, 296 00:26:24.079 --> 00:26:29.359 Tutumosis the second. As soon as Tutomodus had ridden himself 297 00:26:29.559 --> 00:26:34.160 of his sisterly co regent, he began a long series 298 00:26:34.200 --> 00:26:40.200 of brilliant campaigns in Asia. On this continent, the conquered 299 00:26:40.440 --> 00:26:46.559 nations had quietly paid tribute during the two preceding reins, and, 300 00:26:46.839 --> 00:26:53.000 barring some minor disturbances, had all remained quiet. But now 301 00:26:53.119 --> 00:26:56.400 they made a new attempt to throw off the galling 302 00:26:56.759 --> 00:27:03.599 yoke of Egypt. The Fairharo acted promptly. Crossing the Arabian Desert, 303 00:27:03.720 --> 00:27:09.240 he entered Gaza, which city had remained loyal to him. 304 00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:15.359 From here he advanced slowly northward against the Syrian Confederation. 305 00:27:16.400 --> 00:27:21.680 All of the princes of Palestine and Syria were combined 306 00:27:21.839 --> 00:27:26.759 against him, and had taken a strong and well chosen 307 00:27:26.839 --> 00:27:32.279 position in front of the strongly fortified city of Megadoo. 308 00:27:33.079 --> 00:27:37.599 Here Tutemoses attacked them, and despite the fact that they 309 00:27:37.839 --> 00:27:44.680 had decided advantage in position, utterly routed their forces. Part 310 00:27:44.799 --> 00:27:49.640 of the defeated army escaped into Megadoo, part took to 311 00:27:49.720 --> 00:27:54.480 the hills behind the town. The pharaoh now invested the city, 312 00:27:55.119 --> 00:28:01.000 which surrendered after a brief resistance. After this, the enemy 313 00:28:01.119 --> 00:28:05.279 came down from the hills and made a spirited attack 314 00:28:05.880 --> 00:28:11.839 on the Egyptians, but they were repulsed with serious loss. 315 00:28:12.599 --> 00:28:18.319 These victories regained for Tudemosis all of Palestine and Syria. 316 00:28:19.000 --> 00:28:23.079 The rulers of the various states brought tribute and delivered 317 00:28:23.240 --> 00:28:27.440 up thirty eight of their relatives and eighty seven of 318 00:28:27.559 --> 00:28:32.720 their children as hostages, under the usual stipulation that on 319 00:28:32.920 --> 00:28:36.960 the death of a king, his successor should be allowed 320 00:28:37.160 --> 00:28:42.039 to return home. The war gave Tudomosis a vast amount 321 00:28:42.160 --> 00:28:47.799 of booty and seventeen hundred and ninety six prisoners. Even 322 00:28:47.880 --> 00:28:53.440 the distant king of assure As Syria, a country that 323 00:28:53.839 --> 00:28:59.640 was just beginning to assert itself in Mesopotamia, began to 324 00:28:59.759 --> 00:29:05.079 feed for his possessions and for two years sent tribute. 325 00:29:05.519 --> 00:29:09.039 In the following year, the twenty third one of the 326 00:29:09.119 --> 00:29:13.799 Syrian princes sent the pharaoh his daughter as a present. 327 00:29:14.720 --> 00:29:20.440 After the first campaign. Fourteen others were undertaken. In the 328 00:29:20.599 --> 00:29:24.640 time between the twenty fifth and twenty eighth years of 329 00:29:24.680 --> 00:29:30.720 the reign, several minor expeditions entered Syria. The twenty ninth 330 00:29:30.799 --> 00:29:36.000 year was marked by another coalition of Syrian princes, and 331 00:29:36.039 --> 00:29:40.839 the pharaoh immediately set out to quell the new rebellion. 332 00:29:41.640 --> 00:29:46.319 The king of Tunep, a state in northern Syria, stood 333 00:29:46.519 --> 00:29:50.880 at the head of the new confederation, and in his 334 00:29:51.119 --> 00:29:56.039 country the decisive battle was fought. As usual, the enemy 335 00:29:56.279 --> 00:30:02.079 was defeated, the city of Tuep was besie taken and plundered, 336 00:30:02.720 --> 00:30:07.359 and the country overrun. After their defeat, all of the 337 00:30:07.480 --> 00:30:13.880 rebels again returned to their allegiance, paid tribute and gave hostages. 338 00:30:14.480 --> 00:30:18.599 On his way home, the king surprised and captured the 339 00:30:18.599 --> 00:30:25.279 city of Aradas, which he sacked. Meanwhile, a division of 340 00:30:25.319 --> 00:30:30.599 the army under Amen m Hibb had addressed to the 341 00:30:30.599 --> 00:30:38.200 city of Karchamis, which was captured and plundered, and returning 342 00:30:38.440 --> 00:30:44.480 had joined the king at Tire. In the thirtieth year, 343 00:30:45.160 --> 00:30:49.519 new disturbances seemed to have occurred, for the pharaoh again 344 00:30:49.880 --> 00:30:54.920 entered Palestine. This time the point of attack was the 345 00:30:55.039 --> 00:31:02.680 Cheetah capital Quadesh on the Oriente River. This town met 346 00:31:02.759 --> 00:31:08.240 with the usual fate, Eredas was again taken and sacked, 347 00:31:08.799 --> 00:31:12.759 and Tire suffered the same fate after a short siege. 348 00:31:13.519 --> 00:31:17.680 The following two years were devoted to a great campaign 349 00:31:17.880 --> 00:31:24.440 in Palestine. The fortress of en Ritu on Lake Nazarena 350 00:31:24.960 --> 00:31:29.240 was taken and sacked after a short siege, and the 351 00:31:29.720 --> 00:31:34.759 entire country was overrun, as was also part of Syria. 352 00:31:35.319 --> 00:31:39.759 In the thirty third year of his reign, Teutamosis again 353 00:31:40.160 --> 00:31:45.160 invaded Syria, and this time advanced to the Euphrates River. 354 00:31:45.880 --> 00:31:50.119 Sailing down the stream, the pharaoh proceeded against the king 355 00:31:50.440 --> 00:31:57.119 of Nekkarin Mesopotamia, who had massed his forces near that 356 00:31:57.279 --> 00:32:02.759 his capital Kni. These forces were defeated and Knie was 357 00:32:02.839 --> 00:32:08.160 taken and sacked. Sailing still farther down the river, Tutumoses 358 00:32:08.200 --> 00:32:12.839 took a number of forts. He then returned to Knie 359 00:32:13.079 --> 00:32:17.920 and instituted a great elephant hunt, on which occasion one 360 00:32:17.960 --> 00:32:22.759 hundred and twenty of those noble animals were killed. In 361 00:32:22.839 --> 00:32:27.640 the following year, another rebellion broke out in Syria, where 362 00:32:27.759 --> 00:32:34.640 three cities lying in the district of Anna Ukasa had 363 00:32:34.680 --> 00:32:40.519 formed a coalition again. The Pharaoh invaded the country, punished 364 00:32:40.559 --> 00:32:45.559 the rebels, and returned home with a long string of 365 00:32:45.720 --> 00:32:51.119 captives and laden with booty. In this same year, one 366 00:32:51.160 --> 00:32:55.279 of the Ethiopian princes sent the king his daughter as 367 00:32:55.319 --> 00:32:59.759 a present. In the following six years, only two campaigns 368 00:32:59.799 --> 00:33:05.039 of importance were undertaken. The first of these was against 369 00:33:05.079 --> 00:33:10.319 the Syrian fortress of Arena in the thirty fifth year. 370 00:33:10.759 --> 00:33:15.960 The second was against the fortress of Anu Casa in 371 00:33:16.079 --> 00:33:21.319 the same country, which city had given trouble before. Three 372 00:33:21.400 --> 00:33:25.079 years later, in the forty first year of his reign, 373 00:33:25.240 --> 00:33:31.720 the king set out on his last Asiatic campaign. Marching 374 00:33:31.880 --> 00:33:37.799 along the sea coast. He first took the fortress of Arantu, and, 375 00:33:37.960 --> 00:33:45.559 then entering Palestine, captured several cities. Entering Syria, he next 376 00:33:45.599 --> 00:33:52.440 took the town of teinepp and hereupon marsh against Quadesh, 377 00:33:53.039 --> 00:33:57.279 which seems to have been the soul of the new coalition. 378 00:33:58.200 --> 00:34:03.160 He defeated the Cheka army before the city, which he 379 00:34:03.279 --> 00:34:08.920 then laid the siege to a Mesopotamian army, which made 380 00:34:09.039 --> 00:34:14.239 an attempt to raise the siege, was utterly routed and 381 00:34:14.559 --> 00:34:18.559 left six hundred and ninety one prisoners in the hands 382 00:34:18.559 --> 00:34:24.599 of the victor. Quadesh was now stormed and sacked. This 383 00:34:24.880 --> 00:34:30.119 ended all opposition to Egyptian rule in Asia. The backbone 384 00:34:30.159 --> 00:34:35.599 of the country was broken. Teutamosis has left us long 385 00:34:35.760 --> 00:34:40.760 lists of names of captured cities and conquered nations. Contained 386 00:34:40.920 --> 00:34:45.760 hundreds of names, but only very few of these can 387 00:34:45.760 --> 00:34:50.880 be identified with names of cities occurring elsewhere, and we 388 00:34:51.039 --> 00:34:55.159 are utterly in the dark as regards the situation of 389 00:34:55.320 --> 00:35:00.440 most of these cities and countries. The extent of these 390 00:35:00.679 --> 00:35:08.239 conquests has been greatly exaggerated. On the whole, the Emmenas 391 00:35:08.639 --> 00:35:13.280 Mountains and the Euphrates River seemed to have been the 392 00:35:13.320 --> 00:35:18.519 boundaries of the conquered region. Although the king certainly did 393 00:35:18.679 --> 00:35:23.280 cross the Euphrates twice and did defeat the armies of 394 00:35:23.480 --> 00:35:29.079 Mespotenia and take Mesopotnian cities, he did not succeed in 395 00:35:29.159 --> 00:35:34.360 holding these conquests. That he reached the city of Nineva 396 00:35:35.159 --> 00:35:42.039 is very doubtful. Ni may be the Egyptian name for Nineva, 397 00:35:42.639 --> 00:35:46.559 but in all probability it is the name of a 398 00:35:46.639 --> 00:35:50.320 city lying much farther up the river on the other 399 00:35:50.519 --> 00:35:56.159 side from the country of the Sella. Its king seems 400 00:35:56.199 --> 00:36:01.440 to have been allied with the Syrian country with which 401 00:36:01.599 --> 00:36:06.280