Speaker 1: Chapter number five of the History of Egypt. This is
Speaker 1: a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
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Speaker 1: Recording by Linda Marie Nielsen, Vancouver, BC. The History of
Speaker 1: Egypt by F. C. H. Wendell from the expulsions of
Speaker 1: the Hcoast to the close of the eighteenth dynasty. With
Speaker 1: this dynasty begins the period commonly known as the New Empire,
Speaker 1: which embraces the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth dynasties. The dynasty
Speaker 1: is memorable in several respects. In the first place, the
Speaker 1: first great campaigns against Asia were undertaken in this time,
Speaker 1: and Egypt was thus made a conquering power. And in
Speaker 1: the second place, a great religious reform, which is of
Speaker 1: special interests to us moderns, was attempted by one of
Speaker 1: the rulers of this line, one Ahemes the first. How
Speaker 1: long the war between the kings of Tebes and the
Speaker 1: High Cohasts lasted we can not tell, but it is
Speaker 1: safe to assume that it began late in the seventeenth
Speaker 1: or early in the sixteenth century b C. An inscription
Speaker 1: on the tomb of Akamis, one of King Ahame's admirals,
Speaker 1: gave us an account of the closing scenes of the
Speaker 1: great struggle. It would seem that the predecessors of Aheimes
Speaker 1: had driven the high coasts into the Delta, and that
Speaker 1: they had thrown themselves into the city of hattur Avaris
Speaker 1: in the northeastern part of the Delta, which they strongly fortified.
Speaker 1: After several battles had been fought on land and water
Speaker 1: in the neighborhood of the city, the pharaoh laid siege
Speaker 1: to it, and after a protracted resistance, the town finally
Speaker 1: fell into his hands. Thus, about fifteen thirty b c.
Speaker 1: Egypt was finally cleared of the foreign invaders that had
Speaker 1: held the land in subjugation for centuries. The fleeing high
Speaker 1: coasts had gone to Asia, pursued by the Pharaoh. Crossing
Speaker 1: the boundary, he proceeded against the town of Skarkan, which
Speaker 1: is mentioned in Joshua nineteen six as belonging to the
Speaker 1: terror ratory allotted to the tribe of Simon, and captured
Speaker 1: it in the fifth year of his reign. He then
Speaker 1: invaded fo Encia and gained several victories. These successes secured
Speaker 1: the Egyptian frontier from inroads of the Asiatics for a
Speaker 1: number of years. This was not, however, the only result
Speaker 1: of this successful war. Ahame's Asiatic campaign had shown the
Speaker 1: Egyptians the way into Asia, and many of his successors
Speaker 1: gained their laurels in this country. The wars had also
Speaker 1: trained generals and armies, and Ahem's successors saw to it
Speaker 1: that neither deteriorated. A new spirit had come over the
Speaker 1: once peaceful people and army. After army set out on
Speaker 1: warlike expeditions, Aman and meant to the great gods of Tebbs,
Speaker 1: became war gods in whose names the kings fought their wars,
Speaker 1: and into the temples of Amon poured the lion's share
Speaker 1: of the booty ie in war and the tribute wrung
Speaker 1: from conquered nations. The entire character of the wars, too,
Speaker 1: was changed by the introduction of the horse from Asia.
Speaker 1: The home of the horse was most probably the Tyrhanian steppe.
Speaker 1: It was introduced into Egypt by the high coasts. Horses
Speaker 1: were not used in this time as beasts a burden,
Speaker 1: but only in war and on the chase. They were
Speaker 1: not used for riding, but only to draw the two
Speaker 1: wheeled chariots. These chariots were imported into Egypt from Syria,
Speaker 1: where chariot building was a flourishing industry. The very word
Speaker 1: for chariot, Merkabet, is of Semantic origin. The new arm
Speaker 1: entirely changed the character and dimensions of battles. Moreover, chariots
Speaker 1: and horses were expensive, and the charioteer required special training.
Speaker 1: These two circumstances favored the formation of standing armies and
Speaker 1: increased the advantage the greater states had over their smaller neighbors.
Speaker 1: These facts will account for the successes the Egyptians won
Speaker 1: over the Syrian states in the ensuing countries. Ahemes had
Speaker 1: scarcely finished his Asiatic campaign when he was compelled to
Speaker 1: take the field against the Chentniffer, a mountain tribe of Ethiopia,
Speaker 1: in a great battle. This tribe was utterly routed, and
Speaker 1: the king, glad of his easy victory, was already returning
Speaker 1: home when the news reached him that the Ethiopians had
Speaker 1: again invaded the country and were even desecrating the temples
Speaker 1: of the gods. Rapidly returning, he fought the Battle of
Speaker 1: Tentada in northern Ethiopia, again completely routing the enemy. Not
Speaker 1: dismayed by these repeated defeats, the Ethiopians a third time
Speaker 1: returned to the attack under a leader named tenta Ann,
Speaker 1: But a third time they were defeated, and this time
Speaker 1: was such frightful loss that they did not again venture
Speaker 1: to attack their successful opponents. In these wars, the above
Speaker 1: mentioned admiral Achmies, who had begun his career as adjunct
Speaker 1: of this king but had rapidly earned promotion, greatly distinguished
Speaker 1: himself and received the Gold for Bravery several times. The
Speaker 1: Gold for Bravery was a reward paid to the distinguished
Speaker 1: soldiers and civilians out of the public treasury, and consisted
Speaker 1: of magnificent gifts of gold in the shape of dis bees, lions, etc.
Speaker 1: Achimies received these gifts on seven different occasions. There are
Speaker 1: indications in the inscription of Acmese that the pharaoh had
Speaker 1: to put down a rebellion in the south. This rebellion
Speaker 1: probably stood in some connection with the Ethiopian wars, but
Speaker 1: we know none of the details. In fact, we never
Speaker 1: hear much of the civil wars of Egypt, of which
Speaker 1: there were no doubt many. They always alluded to in
Speaker 1: general terms, and the details are never entered in two.
Speaker 1: Having now secured Egypt against foreign invasion and having quelled
Speaker 1: probably dangerous rebellion, Agnes was free to devote the remainder
Speaker 1: of his reign to internal improvements. He ruled over twenty
Speaker 1: two years. How much of this time was taken up
Speaker 1: by his wars, we do not know. At all events,
Speaker 1: he had abundant time to strengthen his reign and to
Speaker 1: make Theebs his capital, the greatest city in the land.
Speaker 1: It was no easy task that was set this pharaoh.
Speaker 1: Everywhere the temples had suffered from neglect, and during the
Speaker 1: late Wars from the depredations of the Hexos in the
Speaker 1: north and the Ethiopians in the south. Acmees was, however,
Speaker 1: equal to the task. He immediately set to work and
Speaker 1: began the restoration and rebuilding of all the temples in
Speaker 1: the land. His own city of Thebes was the special
Speaker 1: object of his care. The city had been the capital
Speaker 1: of the land for several centuries, and already the kings
Speaker 1: of the Twelfth Dynasty five hundred years and more before
Speaker 1: Acme's time, had laid the first foundations of its future greatness.
Speaker 1: They had laid two the first foundations of the great
Speaker 1: national temple of Egypt, the Temple of Ammon at Karnak.
Speaker 1: This temple was enlarged by our King. The city steadily
Speaker 1: grew from this time on, and in the course of
Speaker 1: a few decades, became the greatest city of the land
Speaker 1: and consequently of the then known world. The story of
Speaker 1: the rise, decline, and fall of Tews is an integral
Speaker 1: part of Egyptian history. When Ahmies died after a reign
Speaker 1: of over twenty two years, he was buried in the
Speaker 1: Thebian Necropolis on the west bank of the Nile, opposite
Speaker 1: the city at dra Abunega. His mummy, encased in a
Speaker 1: wooden casket, was recently discovered at del Ibrahi, together with
Speaker 1: a large number of other royal mummies. Two Amenhotep, the
Speaker 1: first amen Offis Ahmes, was succeeded by his son Ami
Speaker 1: Manhotep the first, the early part of whose reign was
Speaker 1: shared with his mother, Aghme's nefari Ari. The queen was
Speaker 1: after her death worshiped as a definity, an honor accorded
Speaker 1: all kings, but very few kings. Early in this reign,
Speaker 1: the Athiopians again became troublesome, and the pharaoh marched against them.
Speaker 1: He crossed the frontier and in the battle that ensued,
Speaker 1: captured the opposing general with his own hand. The victory won,
Speaker 1: the Egyptian army overran the country, and it would seem
Speaker 1: that some detachments even advanced as far as Moreau, the
Speaker 1: Ethiopian capital. The southern campaign was brought to an abrupt
Speaker 1: close by the news of trouble on the northern frontier.
Speaker 1: In a remarkably short time, the king arrived at the
Speaker 1: seat of war, Libya and defeated the enemy. This king,
Speaker 1: like his father, was frequently compelled to invade Asia, but
Speaker 1: on the whole this reign was more peaceable than the
Speaker 1: preceding one. Amman Tohope was a great builder and continued
Speaker 1: the work of improvement and restoration begun by his father.
Speaker 1: He died after a reign of twenty two years. His
Speaker 1: mummy was found at dear e Bahari. Three thut Moses
Speaker 1: the first, the son of Amman Hotep the First, was
Speaker 1: a very young man when he ascended the throne, and
Speaker 1: the conquered nation sought to take advantage of this fact
Speaker 1: to regain their independence. Immediately after his ascension, the Ethiopians
Speaker 1: began war. The pharaoh crossed the frontier, and after defeating
Speaker 1: the enemy in a decisive battle, overran and plundered the country,
Speaker 1: drove off the cattle, and carried large numbers of the
Speaker 1: inhabitants into slavery. This was the usual way of conducting
Speaker 1: an Ethiopian campaign. It was, as a rule, no more
Speaker 1: than a raid made to punish the Ethiopians for a
Speaker 1: similar raid on Egyptian territory. Tutumodus varied the usual program
Speaker 1: by hanging the body of the Ethiopian leader by the
Speaker 1: heels to the stern of the royal ship. Teutamosies now
Speaker 1: instituted a new Ethiopian policy. The configuration of the land
Speaker 1: was much the same as that of Egypt, and it
Speaker 1: was not over difficult to introduce the Egyptian system of
Speaker 1: government in the land. Accordingly, he divided Ethiopia into a
Speaker 1: number of districts over which he placed governors, while over
Speaker 1: the entire region he set a governor general with the
Speaker 1: title of Prince of Kush. What the duties of this
Speaker 1: official were is not clear. In all probability, he was
Speaker 1: a sort of visceroy, invested with civil and military power
Speaker 1: and responsible to the king alone. This official held a
Speaker 1: high position at the court, and was in later times
Speaker 1: not unfrequently a royal prince. Colonists were sent out, temples built,
Speaker 1: and forts erected and garrisoned. The chief of these forts
Speaker 1: were he Sema An Aquin Cuma, which had been built
Speaker 1: by the great conqueror of Ethiopia urstin the third They
Speaker 1: were no doubt greatly strengthened by Teutumosis. Ethiopia was then
Speaker 1: secured and even made a province of Egypt, but the
Speaker 1: mountain tribes continued to be troublesome all through Egyptian history.
Speaker 1: Early in this reign, too, a rebellion broke out in
Speaker 1: the district of the city of Buto in the Delta,
Speaker 1: and so serious did it become that the pharaoh was
Speaker 1: compelled to proceed against it in person. He succeeded in
Speaker 1: calling the outbreak, and at once marched against Asia. Crossing
Speaker 1: the Arabian Desert and Palestine, he entered the land of
Speaker 1: Rutenu Syria. Here an army had been drawn up to
Speaker 1: check his advance, but he defeated it with frightful slaughter
Speaker 1: and took large numbers of prisoners. He then advanced to
Speaker 1: the Euphrates River, on the banks of which he set
Speaker 1: up to Stella, to commemorate his victories and mark the
Speaker 1: boundaries of his realm. Hereupon the Egyptian army retired, and
Speaker 1: herein lay the radical fault of the Egyptian foreign policy.
Speaker 1: This fault cost them dear, for they were compelled to
Speaker 1: send army after army into Asia. In fact, the Asiatic
Speaker 1: campaigns were mostly plundering expeditions. On a large scale. The
Speaker 1: Egyptians defeated the native army in a decisive battle, overran
Speaker 1: and plundered the country, carried off a large number of prisoners,
Speaker 1: imposed a tribute, and retired. No attempts at colonization were made,
Speaker 1: and no garrisons were left in the conquered lands. They
Speaker 1: were left entirely to themselves, provided only they paid their
Speaker 1: tributes regularly. Only in the larger states were the kings
Speaker 1: compelled to give up their children and other relatives as hostages,
Speaker 1: the Egyptians binding themselves in case a king died to
Speaker 1: send home his successor. The great danger to Egypt lay
Speaker 1: in the fact that while it took the Egyptian armies
Speaker 1: months and often years to subdue the Asiatics, the subdued
Speaker 1: land might all be lost and the combined forces of
Speaker 1: the enemy be at the frontier in a few weeks,
Speaker 1: and then it would again take months and offer years
Speaker 1: to regain the lost ground. Though Tademosis was a great warrior,
Speaker 1: he found ample time to devote to internal improvements. His
Speaker 1: wars had furnished large numbers of slaves that were put
Speaker 1: to work building temples in all parts of Egypt. Tebbies was,
Speaker 1: of course specially favored. After a short reign of only
Speaker 1: nine years, he died, leaving three children, two Tudomosis the
Speaker 1: second and Madcrad by the queen, and one Tutmosis the
Speaker 1: third by a concubine, his daughter Madcaa, who seemed to
Speaker 1: have been his special favorite. He had proclaimed co region
Speaker 1: shortly before his death. Four Tudemosis the second. Dudemosis the
Speaker 1: second succeeded to a mighty empire, but he seems to
Speaker 1: have been a weak character, entirely controlled by his strong
Speaker 1: minded and utterly unscrupulous sister and wife, ma Carah, the
Speaker 1: co regent. His reign was very short and uneventful, and
Speaker 1: there is abundant ground for the suspicion that his sister
Speaker 1: had caused his untimely death. As usual, he fought with
Speaker 1: the mountain tribes of Nubia and the nomads of Syria,
Speaker 1: but he accomplished nothing that could give him any claim
Speaker 1: to fame. The bummy of this ruler it was also
Speaker 1: found at dir Il Bahi number five ma Carah Hatchus best.
Speaker 1: This Greek queen, who was sometimes called called Knemi Ammon,
Speaker 1: is renowned not for any great wars, but for a
Speaker 1: commercial exhibedition She sent to the shores of p Wint,
Speaker 1: a name applied by the Egyptians to the shores of
Speaker 1: the southern portion of the Red Sea. II to southern
Speaker 1: Arabia and the Somali coast. A fleet of five great
Speaker 1: ships was fitted out and sent to the shores of
Speaker 1: southern Arabia. The ruler of the country, Parahue, received the Egyptians,
Speaker 1: who were no unknown guests on these shores, with genial hospitality.
Speaker 1: The expedition was a complete success. The ship's returned home
Speaker 1: leaden with the products of these shores, consisting of incense plants,
Speaker 1: which the queen attempted to transplant to Egypt, cosmetics, ebony, ivory, gold,
Speaker 1: leopard skins, and all sorts of animals, example, baboons, greyhounds
Speaker 1: and giraffes. The entire undertaking bore a mercantile aspect, and
Speaker 1: while Makaarah speaks of the goods brought back as a
Speaker 1: tribute of the land of p Want, she evidently stretches
Speaker 1: a point. Par Acu certainly did not look upon the
Speaker 1: matter in this light, and no doubt considered the transaction
Speaker 1: a commercial success. How often these expeditions were repeated we
Speaker 1: do not know, but it would seem that the connections
Speaker 1: with per Wett were maintained for some time, as the
Speaker 1: annals of two Tomosis the third frequently mentioned the tribute
Speaker 1: of the land of per Went. Ma Krah was not
Speaker 1: the first Egyptian monarch to enter into relations with this country.
Speaker 1: We have already seen that sie Ah Karrah, the last
Speaker 1: king of the eleventh dynasty, and two kings of the
Speaker 1: twelfth dynasty, had already maintained connections with pi Want. The
Speaker 1: expedition was, however, of great importance and must have greatly
Speaker 1: stimulated the trade between the two countries. As no doubt
Speaker 1: the Egyptian merchants followed in the footsteps of their queen.
Speaker 1: So important did Ma Karrah justly deem the expedition that
Speaker 1: she had it represented on the walls of her beautiful
Speaker 1: funeral temple at Der el Bahi on the west bank
Speaker 1: of the Nile. This temple is one of the most
Speaker 1: remarkable of all in Egypt. It lies directly opposite the
Speaker 1: Great Temple of Karnak, with which it was connected by
Speaker 1: a broad avenue flanked with sphinxes. The temple is built
Speaker 1: on four terraces, between the third and fourth of which
Speaker 1: there is a beautiful flight of stairs. On the first
Speaker 1: terrace was the courtyard ornamented with columns that have almost
Speaker 1: entirely disappeared. The third terrace is by far the finest,
Speaker 1: bearing a beautiful hypostyle, the rear wall of which is
Speaker 1: the limestone rock against which the temple is built. On
Speaker 1: this wall is represented the expedition that is made this
Speaker 1: rhin memorable. The pictures are executed with the most scrupulous care,
Speaker 1: even the fishes of the Red Sea being carefully drawn
Speaker 1: and easily identified, They must be reckoned among the finest
Speaker 1: specimens of the art of this period. How long this
Speaker 1: queen ruled in conjunction with Tutumosis the second we do
Speaker 1: not know. Nor can we say how long she ruled alone.
Speaker 1: It would even seem from the monuments that she never
Speaker 1: was the sole ruler Tutamosis the second, having shortly before
Speaker 1: his death, appointed his half brother Tutumois the third, co regent.
Speaker 1: The queen was proud and overbearing, and seems to have
Speaker 1: felt sorry she was a woman. She frequently had herself
Speaker 1: represented on the monuments in all the full official dress
Speaker 1: of the king, even down to the false beard, and
Speaker 1: no doubt she frequently wore this garb on state occasions.
Speaker 1: Her half brother she hated very cordially, showing her hatred
Speaker 1: in no pleasant manner, and he cordially reciprocated her sentiments.
Speaker 1: It is very probable that she died of violent death,
Speaker 1: and that Tutomosis the third had a share in her murder.
Speaker 1: Six men jepper Ra Tutomosis fourteen eighty to fourteen twenty
Speaker 1: seven b c. In the twenty second year of his
Speaker 1: official reign, Tutomosis the third, the greatest of all the
Speaker 1: great conquerors Egypt has produced, became through the death of
Speaker 1: his half sister, sole ruler of Egypt. One of the
Speaker 1: first acts of his independence reign was to obliterate from
Speaker 1: all public monuments, as far as possible, the name of
Speaker 1: his half sister. This was a revenge on an obnoxious predecessor,
Speaker 1: which was quite popular with the Pharaoh, and one that
Speaker 1: the Great Queen herself had visited on her brother and husband,
Speaker 1: Tutumosis the second. As soon as Tutomodus had ridden himself
Speaker 1: of his sisterly co regent, he began a long series
Speaker 1: of brilliant campaigns in Asia. On this continent, the conquered
Speaker 1: nations had quietly paid tribute during the two preceding reins, and,
Speaker 1: barring some minor disturbances, had all remained quiet. But now
Speaker 1: they made a new attempt to throw off the galling
Speaker 1: yoke of Egypt. The Fairharo acted promptly. Crossing the Arabian Desert,
Speaker 1: he entered Gaza, which city had remained loyal to him.
Speaker 1: From here he advanced slowly northward against the Syrian Confederation.
Speaker 1: All of the princes of Palestine and Syria were combined
Speaker 1: against him, and had taken a strong and well chosen
Speaker 1: position in front of the strongly fortified city of Megadoo.
Speaker 1: Here Tutemoses attacked them, and despite the fact that they
Speaker 1: had decided advantage in position, utterly routed their forces. Part
Speaker 1: of the defeated army escaped into Megadoo, part took to
Speaker 1: the hills behind the town. The pharaoh now invested the city,
Speaker 1: which surrendered after a brief resistance. After this, the enemy
Speaker 1: came down from the hills and made a spirited attack
Speaker 1: on the Egyptians, but they were repulsed with serious loss.
Speaker 1: These victories regained for Tudemosis all of Palestine and Syria.
Speaker 1: The rulers of the various states brought tribute and delivered
Speaker 1: up thirty eight of their relatives and eighty seven of
Speaker 1: their children as hostages, under the usual stipulation that on
Speaker 1: the death of a king, his successor should be allowed
Speaker 1: to return home. The war gave Tudomosis a vast amount
Speaker 1: of booty and seventeen hundred and ninety six prisoners. Even
Speaker 1: the distant king of assure As Syria, a country that
Speaker 1: was just beginning to assert itself in Mesopotamia, began to
Speaker 1: feed for his possessions and for two years sent tribute.
Speaker 1: In the following year, the twenty third one of the
Speaker 1: Syrian princes sent the pharaoh his daughter as a present.
Speaker 1: After the first campaign. Fourteen others were undertaken. In the
Speaker 1: time between the twenty fifth and twenty eighth years of
Speaker 1: the reign, several minor expeditions entered Syria. The twenty ninth
Speaker 1: year was marked by another coalition of Syrian princes, and
Speaker 1: the pharaoh immediately set out to quell the new rebellion.
Speaker 1: The king of Tunep, a state in northern Syria, stood
Speaker 1: at the head of the new confederation, and in his
Speaker 1: country the decisive battle was fought. As usual, the enemy
Speaker 1: was defeated, the city of Tuep was besie taken and plundered,
Speaker 1: and the country overrun. After their defeat, all of the
Speaker 1: rebels again returned to their allegiance, paid tribute and gave hostages.
Speaker 1: On his way home, the king surprised and captured the
Speaker 1: city of Aradas, which he sacked. Meanwhile, a division of
Speaker 1: the army under Amen m Hibb had addressed to the
Speaker 1: city of Karchamis, which was captured and plundered, and returning
Speaker 1: had joined the king at Tire. In the thirtieth year,
Speaker 1: new disturbances seemed to have occurred, for the pharaoh again
Speaker 1: entered Palestine. This time the point of attack was the
Speaker 1: Cheetah capital Quadesh on the Oriente River. This town met
Speaker 1: with the usual fate, Eredas was again taken and sacked,
Speaker 1: and Tire suffered the same fate after a short siege.
Speaker 1: The following two years were devoted to a great campaign
Speaker 1: in Palestine. The fortress of en Ritu on Lake Nazarena
Speaker 1: was taken and sacked after a short siege, and the
Speaker 1: entire country was overrun, as was also part of Syria.
Speaker 1: In the thirty third year of his reign, Teutamosis again
Speaker 1: invaded Syria, and this time advanced to the Euphrates River.
Speaker 1: Sailing down the stream, the pharaoh proceeded against the king
Speaker 1: of Nekkarin Mesopotamia, who had massed his forces near that
Speaker 1: his capital Kni. These forces were defeated and Knie was
Speaker 1: taken and sacked. Sailing still farther down the river, Tutumoses
Speaker 1: took a number of forts. He then returned to Knie
Speaker 1: and instituted a great elephant hunt, on which occasion one
Speaker 1: hundred and twenty of those noble animals were killed. In
Speaker 1: the following year, another rebellion broke out in Syria, where
Speaker 1: three cities lying in the district of Anna Ukasa had
Speaker 1: formed a coalition again. The Pharaoh invaded the country, punished
Speaker 1: the rebels, and returned home with a long string of
Speaker 1: captives and laden with booty. In this same year, one
Speaker 1: of the Ethiopian princes sent the king his daughter as
Speaker 1: a present. In the following six years, only two campaigns
Speaker 1: of importance were undertaken. The first of these was against
Speaker 1: the Syrian fortress of Arena in the thirty fifth year.
Speaker 1: The second was against the fortress of Anu Casa in
Speaker 1: the same country, which city had given trouble before. Three
Speaker 1: years later, in the forty first year of his reign,
Speaker 1: the king set out on his last Asiatic campaign. Marching
Speaker 1: along the sea coast. He first took the fortress of Arantu, and,
Speaker 1: then entering Palestine, captured several cities. Entering Syria, he next
Speaker 1: took the town of teinepp and hereupon marsh against Quadesh,
Speaker 1: which seems to have been the soul of the new coalition.
Speaker 1: He defeated the Cheka army before the city, which he
Speaker 1: then laid the siege to a Mesopotamian army, which made
Speaker 1: an attempt to raise the siege, was utterly routed and
Speaker 1: left six hundred and ninety one prisoners in the hands
Speaker 1: of the victor. Quadesh was now stormed and sacked. This
Speaker 1: ended all opposition to Egyptian rule in Asia. The backbone
Speaker 1: of the country was broken. Teutamosis has left us long
Speaker 1: lists of names of captured cities and conquered nations. Contained
Speaker 1: hundreds of names, but only very few of these can
Speaker 1: be identified with names of cities occurring elsewhere, and we
Speaker 1: are utterly in the dark as regards the situation of
Speaker 1: most of these cities and countries. The extent of these
Speaker 1: conquests has been greatly exaggerated. On the whole, the Emmenas
Speaker 1: Mountains and the Euphrates River seemed to have been the
Speaker 1: boundaries of the conquered region. Although the king certainly did
Speaker 1: cross the Euphrates twice and did defeat the armies of
Speaker 1: Mespotenia and take Mesopotnian cities, he did not succeed in
Speaker 1: holding these conquests. That he reached the city of Nineva
Speaker 1: is very doubtful. Ni may be the Egyptian name for Nineva,
Speaker 1: but in all probability it is the name of a
Speaker 1: city lying much farther up the river on the other
Speaker 1: side from the country of the Sella. Its king seems
Speaker 1: to have been allied with the Syrian country with which
Speaker 1: Tudomosis was at war. It is noteworthy that the king,
Speaker 1: in the thirty third year of his reign, set up
Speaker 1: too Steli on the banks of the Euphrates near Ni,
Speaker 1: by the side of those he set up his father,
Speaker 1: Tutomodus the first The coast of Phoencia was under Egyptian control. Aradus, Semiria,
Speaker 1: Jopa and Tire submitted only after a siege. The other
Speaker 1: cities seen to have yielded without a struggle. It was
Speaker 1: obviously to their advantage to stand under Egyptian rule, for
Speaker 1: Egyptian rule meant Egyptian protection, and the wily Phoenician merchants
Speaker 1: soon found that they could reap greater commercial advantages from
Speaker 1: their connection with Egypt. The Phoenician colonies in Cyprus, example,
Speaker 1: Assabie also submitted voluntarily and paid tribute, though standing in
Speaker 1: no danger of evasion from Egypt. This ready submission secured
Speaker 1: for them great advantages the protection of Egypt, an unbroken
Speaker 1: connection with the mother land, as Egypt did not interfere
Speaker 1: in their internal affairs. The Fauician cities of the mainland
Speaker 1: and of Cyprus cheerfully paid tribute. The material prosperity of
Speaker 1: Egypt was greatly augmented by the successes of this king,
Speaker 1: and all the tombs, even those of the humbler citizens,
Speaker 1: gave evidence of this fact. Generals and soldiers enriched themselves
Speaker 1: in these Asiatic campaigns, as well as the Pharaoh. The
Speaker 1: lion's share of the booty and tribute, however, went to Ammon,
Speaker 1: the great god of Thebes. In the name of Ammon,
Speaker 1: Tu Dammnis had undertaken his campaigns, and with the aid
Speaker 1: of the god he had won his victories, And in
Speaker 1: gratitude to him, the king erected the mighty buildings at Karnak,
Speaker 1: on the walls of which he proclaimed these victories. But
Speaker 1: the other gods were not forgotten. In all parts of Egypt,
Speaker 1: the king built, restored, or completed temples. A special importance
Speaker 1: was the Temple of Semah, which was dedicated to the
Speaker 1: defied king Ertsin the third, the conqueror of Ethiopia. In
Speaker 1: the fifty fourth year of his reign, the mighty ruler
Speaker 1: died and was succeeded by his son. The mummy of
Speaker 1: this king was found in a shaft at Del Elbadi.
Speaker 1: The monarch was a small man. The mummy is only
Speaker 1: five foot two inches long, but with a determined cast
Speaker 1: of features somewhat resembling that of Napoleon the first seven.
Speaker 1: Amen Hotep the Second a men O Fis fourteen twenty
Speaker 1: seven to fourteen twenty two b c. One day after
Speaker 1: the death of his father, amen Hotep the Second extended
Speaker 1: the throne. Already as crown prince, he had shown his
Speaker 1: ability in subjugating the nomadic tribes that dwelt in the
Speaker 1: mountains between Nile and the Red Sea and compelling them
Speaker 1: to pay tribute. Immediately after his coronation, the new pharaoh
Speaker 1: invaded Asia and gained a series of brilliant victories. It
Speaker 1: seems that a new rebellion had broken out, and that
Speaker 1: the distant city of Ni Alone had remained loyal, for
Speaker 1: when he entered this town, the inhabitants received him with
Speaker 1: demonstrations of great joy. The campaign came to an end
Speaker 1: with the capture of the fortress of Akati. His next
Speaker 1: campaign was directed against the country of Takshi in Syria,
Speaker 1: where he fought against a mighty coalition. Seven native kings
Speaker 1: were killed, and the land was again subdued the bodies
Speaker 1: of the dead kings he took with him to Egypt.
Speaker 1: Six of them he had hung up on the walls
Speaker 1: of his capital, Tebbes, and one on the walls of
Speaker 1: Naphta as a warning to the Ethiopians. Like all rulers
Speaker 1: of the dynasty, he was a great builder. He died
Speaker 1: after a short reign of only five years. Eight Teutumosis
Speaker 1: the Fourth fourteen twenty one to fourteen fourteen b C.
Speaker 1: Of the son and successor of Amiohup. We know little
Speaker 1: more than he ruled only seven years. He fought in Ethiopia, Phoenicia,
Speaker 1: and Syria, probably quelling minor revolts and repelling invasions of
Speaker 1: nomadic tribes. In the first year of his reign, he
Speaker 1: caused the great Sphinx of Geysa to be freed from
Speaker 1: the sand which had accumulated about this vulnerable monument. Nine
Speaker 1: m men Cahop the third fourteen thirteen thirteen seventy seven BC.
Speaker 1: In the fifth year of his reign, Amen Cahp the Third,
Speaker 1: the son and successor of Teutemosis the fourth, invaded Ethiopia
Speaker 1: and easily subdued a number of rebellious Nubian tribes. The
Speaker 1: victory did not amount to much, but the pharaoh made
Speaker 1: a great fuss over it, having yet recorded on several
Speaker 1: staay This rain marked a new era in their relations
Speaker 1: with Asia. A number of tablets was recently found at
Speaker 1: Tel l Armana which contained letters addressed by Asiatics kings
Speaker 1: to the kings of Egypt. A number of these is
Speaker 1: addressed to Amenhotep. The third the most interesting one, is
Speaker 1: that from King Dushirata of Mini example Satarina of niharn
Speaker 1: I e Mesopotamia, in which Amenda Hop is called the
Speaker 1: son in law of duche Rata. This douche Rata is
Speaker 1: no doubt identical with the king Sirana of niharen who,
Speaker 1: in the tenth year of this reign sent Amnia Hop,
Speaker 1: his daughter Kerkipa, and three hundred and seventeen ladies for
Speaker 1: the pharaoh's harem. Although already happily wedded to Queen Tea,
Speaker 1: one of the most beautiful women in all antiquity, the
Speaker 1: pharaoh had no recourse but to make the princess his
Speaker 1: legitimate wife. This marriage was in all probability entered into
Speaker 1: after the final ratification of a treaty concluded between the
Speaker 1: two monarchs, and in fact, the treaty concluded between Amanuephus's
Speaker 1: son two and ten and Dushrata distinctly refers to this
Speaker 1: previous treaty. It is a curious fact that the letters
Speaker 1: addressed to this king and to his son are written
Speaker 1: in Assyrian. The king was a passionate hunter, and an
Speaker 1: inscription engraved on several Scarabi relates that in the first
Speaker 1: ten years of his reign he killed a hundred and
Speaker 1: two lions. Like all his predecessors, Amendahop was a great builder.
Speaker 1: He was the builder of the celebrated temple of Ammon
Speaker 1: Aarrah at luskor. The two celebrated statues of Maman on
Speaker 1: the west bank of the river opposite Tibis, belonged to
Speaker 1: this monarch. They stood originally in front of the pylon
Speaker 1: of his temple in the necropolis, but every trace of
Speaker 1: the temple has vanished. The statues were erected at his
Speaker 1: orders by the architect and sculpture Amenhotep, the son of Happy.
Speaker 1: They are of hard red crystalline sandstone, quarried at the
Speaker 1: de Jebil de Ahmar example du Deshar in the desert
Speaker 1: northeast of Memphis. The Greeks took the statues for those
Speaker 1: of the Ethiopian king Memon mentioned by Homer, and explained
Speaker 1: the sound produced by the northern statue as the greeting
Speaker 1: of Memon to his mother Eos. The explanation of the
Speaker 1: sound is very simple. The upper portion of the statue
Speaker 1: was broken, and when the sun rose, the change in
Speaker 1: temperature caused the particles of stone in the crack to split,
Speaker 1: and this splitting produced a musical sound. After the statue
Speaker 1: was repaired by Septimus Severus reigned eighty one ninety three
Speaker 1: to two eleven, the sound was no longer heard. Ten A.
Speaker 1: Mendio hop four June not ten, thirteen seventy six to
Speaker 1: thirteen sixty four b c. This pharaoh is to us
Speaker 1: one of the most interesting of ancient monarchs, as the
Speaker 1: first promuculator of monotheism. The Egyptian people up to this
Speaker 1: time had possessed no uniform religion, but a large number
Speaker 1: of religions had existed side by side, some being recognized
Speaker 1: throughout the land, others having only local import While one religion,
Speaker 1: that of the national capital, was the official religion of
Speaker 1: the government at this time, Tebes was the capital of
Speaker 1: the land, and the Thebian religion was the government faith. Consequently,
Speaker 1: the head of the Thebian Panhalon, Ammon, was the official
Speaker 1: head of the national Panthelon. But there had arisen in
Speaker 1: Heliopolis examp On, the great seat of the ra religion,
Speaker 1: already in early times, a movement towards a solar monotheism,
Speaker 1: and in Chittenden's reign this movement was victorious. The new
Speaker 1: king was a fanatical adherent of this doctrine. He moreover
Speaker 1: seems to have stood entirely under the domination of the
Speaker 1: Heliopolitan priests, and gladly lent his hand to accomplish their purposes.
Speaker 1: A new official religion was accordingly proclaimed. This was a
Speaker 1: solar monotheism. The new god was, with a studied avoidance
Speaker 1: of the old names, called at ten the Solar disc,
Speaker 1: and was proclaimed to the nation as the Soul. And
Speaker 1: only if this had signified merely a change in the
Speaker 1: official religion of Egypt, and not in the very inmost
Speaker 1: nature of the religion, the people would have heeded a
Speaker 1: little and gone on praying to their own local gods
Speaker 1: and officially recognizing the new head of the Pentathlon, as
Speaker 1: they had done herefore. But here was a complete and
Speaker 1: utter religious revolution, pronouncing all the old faith heretical and
Speaker 1: supplanting them by a faith the nature of which the
Speaker 1: people did not and could not understand. A propaganda of
Speaker 1: this character, no doubt, assisted by attempts to convert the
Speaker 1: people by force, naturally led to discontent, and it was
Speaker 1: probably only to this that the reformers graciously permitted the
Speaker 1: solar difinities Horius, raw Red, Harmachis, and some few others
Speaker 1: to continue in existence, explaining them as forms of their
Speaker 1: new and only God. Attem Ammon, however, was persecuted in
Speaker 1: the approved Orthodox manner wherever he could. Emi atop Or,
Speaker 1: as he now called himself, Chu Ten, had the name
Speaker 1: of this hated divinity obliterated from the monuments, even in
Speaker 1: the names of his predecessors. After their reformation, Chutanen left
Speaker 1: the tainted city of TEBs, the stronghold of the old
Speaker 1: Aman cult, and built himself a new capital to the
Speaker 1: north of this city, and called it choote at Ten,
Speaker 1: the horizon of the solar disk. The ruins of this town,
Speaker 1: which was never completed, lie at a place called tel
Speaker 1: e Armana, and are of peculiar interest, as they, together
Speaker 1: with the tombs in the necropolis of the city, give
Speaker 1: us a life sized picture of the court of this
Speaker 1: fantanatical and half graced king. One of his peculiarities was
Speaker 1: to substitute for the conventional style of Egyptian sculpture a
Speaker 1: more realistic style. The pharaoh himself was hideously ugly, owing
Speaker 1: to a bodied deformity, and he commanded his artists henceforth
Speaker 1: to depict him in his real shape. Naturally, his wife,
Speaker 1: who seems, by the bye you have had quite a
Speaker 1: lovely face, and daughters, who were pictured as equally ugly,
Speaker 1: and the courtiers, as true courtiers, would ape royally and
Speaker 1: had themselves depicted in the likeness of their king. Unfortunately,
Speaker 1: the Reformation proved a failure, and we know but little
Speaker 1: of the New Faith. Long and beautiful hymns, full of
Speaker 1: fevering devotion addressed to atten have come down to us,
Speaker 1: as have also various representations of religious ceremonies. The New
Speaker 1: God is always depicted as a solar disk, the rays
Speaker 1: of which terminate in hands, but the monuments do not
Speaker 1: give us any deeper insight into the New religion. There
Speaker 1: was in this reign no tie with Asia. This was
Speaker 1: a result of the diplomatic negotiations begun under amendahop the
Speaker 1: third and concluded by this pharaoh. Treaties of peace were
Speaker 1: conducted with Dushrata of Medandi, sal Larna, King of Nehran
Speaker 1: I e Mesopotamia, Berna, Burasha King of Kardushna Babylonia, and
Speaker 1: ashru Balit, King of Assyria. All these treaties contained references
Speaker 1: to former negotiations with Amia hop the third. They are
Speaker 1: all written in Assyrian and are quite difficult of interpretation,
Speaker 1: though the general import of these documents can easily be given.
Speaker 1: After a reign of only twelve years, Cheutenen died, and
Speaker 1: is not at all doubtful that he lost his life
Speaker 1: in a revolt brought on by his fanatical attempts to
Speaker 1: convert the people to his new faith by force. He
Speaker 1: had no son, but seven daughters who were married to
Speaker 1: Egyptian nobles. Disputes over this succession immediately arose, and the
Speaker 1: country was plunged into all the horrors of a civil
Speaker 1: war eleven. The struggle for this succession about b c.
Speaker 1: Thirteen sixty three to thirteen forty. How long the civil
Speaker 1: war lasted, we cannot say, nor do we know exactly
Speaker 1: in what order the various kings that followed Chuttenen succeeded
Speaker 1: one another. In all probability, the next successor at Chuttenden
Speaker 1: was Senna ka Ra Senchet, the husband of his favorite
Speaker 1: daughter Meratin. He was throughout his short reign affirm adherent
Speaker 1: to the faith of his father in law, but the
Speaker 1: revolution that had dethroned his father in law proved fatal
Speaker 1: to him. Also, he was disposed by the priest I,
Speaker 1: who was originally for a firm adherent to the Antin religion.
Speaker 1: A was a brother of one of Chuttenden's nurses, and
Speaker 1: had risen rapidly at court until he attained the position
Speaker 1: of Lord Equeri, one of the highest offices in the
Speaker 1: gift of the crown. At the time Aid dethroned send Chet,
Speaker 1: the reaction was at its height. An A was not
Speaker 1: the man to swim against the tide. He therefore returned
Speaker 1: to the old faith and the old capital. But he
Speaker 1: had nothing outside of this to recommend him to the people,
Speaker 1: and so his apossy availed him little Four years after
Speaker 1: he had wrestled the crown from Sanchet. He was overthrown
Speaker 1: and dead, and Amman, the husband of Chuttenden's third daughter
Speaker 1: and Chenese pah Aytin, who now changed her name to
Speaker 1: anchides Ammon, ascended the throne. Like his predecessor, he was
Speaker 1: an opposite from the atten religion, but this policy availed
Speaker 1: him as little as it had his antagonist. After a
Speaker 1: reign of only four years, he lost his throne and
Speaker 1: his life, and with him, the last of Chuttan's heirs
Speaker 1: sank into the grave. After his death, the confusion became
Speaker 1: worse than ever. King after king ascended the throne, but
Speaker 1: they all fell before they had tightened their grasp on
Speaker 1: the reigns of state. How long this state of affairs
Speaker 1: lasted we can not say, but in our opinion, the
Speaker 1: entire period from the death of Chutnen to the end
Speaker 1: of the civil war cannot have embraced less than about
Speaker 1: twenty or twenty five years. At length. Har m Keb,
Speaker 1: who was in some way, possibly through his wife moot Netjem,
Speaker 1: connected with the royal family, succeeded in restoring order, and
Speaker 1: with him begins the Nineteenth dynasty. End of Chapter five