WEBVTT 1 00:00:20.440 --> 00:00:24.679 Hello, and welcome to Western civ Episode three hundred and 2 00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:30.960 twenty nine. The religions of the Empire the Thirty Years 3 00:00:31.000 --> 00:00:35.200 War is grouped into a series of complex called the 4 00:00:35.240 --> 00:00:39.320 wars of religion that begin in the mid sixteenth century 5 00:00:39.640 --> 00:00:43.079 in Europe and persist really until the very end of 6 00:00:43.119 --> 00:00:48.520 the seventeenth We've seen such wars already in France and 7 00:00:48.560 --> 00:00:52.520 the Holy Roman Empire, going back to Martin Luther and 8 00:00:52.640 --> 00:00:57.880 the peasant Rebellion. Certainly, religious tensions are going to be 9 00:00:57.960 --> 00:01:01.320 a major contribution to the outbreak of war in sixteen eighteen, 10 00:01:02.280 --> 00:01:06.280 but the link is far from direct. As we will see, 11 00:01:06.359 --> 00:01:09.840 these wars are complicated and cannot be defined as simply 12 00:01:09.959 --> 00:01:15.840 Protestant versus Catholic. In fact, the sixteenth century had seen 13 00:01:15.959 --> 00:01:19.200 far less religious conflict in Central Europe than the Middle Ages. 14 00:01:20.439 --> 00:01:23.000 But to understand the religious nature of the conflict, and 15 00:01:23.040 --> 00:01:26.239 certainly there was one, then we need to understand the 16 00:01:26.280 --> 00:01:32.319 distinct identities of the three major sects in the Empire, Catholicism, Lutheranism, 17 00:01:32.760 --> 00:01:41.400 and Calvinism. Catholicism stressed the primacy of organization, with the 18 00:01:41.439 --> 00:01:44.879 Catholic Church as the only competent authority to interpret the 19 00:01:44.920 --> 00:01:49.959 Word of God for all Christians. Lutherans stressed the primacy 20 00:01:50.280 --> 00:01:53.439 of doctrine, claiming to free the Word of God from 21 00:01:53.519 --> 00:01:57.879 being misinterpreted by a church that had lost its way. 22 00:01:58.159 --> 00:02:02.879 Calvinism stood for the primacy practice, calling for Lutheran's reformation 23 00:02:02.920 --> 00:02:06.439 of doctrine to be followed by a second reformation of 24 00:02:06.519 --> 00:02:11.560 life to bring behavior in line with faith. Other than 25 00:02:11.599 --> 00:02:15.280 the Reformation itself. Nothing to find Catholicism more in the 26 00:02:15.319 --> 00:02:19.319 late sixteenth century than the Council of Trent, which lasted 27 00:02:19.319 --> 00:02:23.280 from fifteen fifty four to fifteen sixty three. Trent was 28 00:02:23.280 --> 00:02:26.800 intended to heal the rifts caused by the Reformation and 29 00:02:26.919 --> 00:02:30.280 restore one unified Catholic Church. 30 00:02:31.319 --> 00:02:31.800 It didn't. 31 00:02:32.759 --> 00:02:37.960 Instead, Trent symbolized a hardening of the Catholic position, a 32 00:02:38.039 --> 00:02:42.240 recommitment to Catholic life, and a determination to root out 33 00:02:42.360 --> 00:02:48.599 heresy by any means necessary. The primary secular agents behind 34 00:02:48.599 --> 00:02:53.280 this transformation were the Habsburg monarchs, both of Spain and 35 00:02:53.360 --> 00:02:58.199 of the Empire. In fifteen fifty nine, Spain's final military 36 00:02:58.319 --> 00:03:02.400 victory over France in northern Italy gave it control over 37 00:03:02.439 --> 00:03:06.120 the territories on either side of the papal states This 38 00:03:06.599 --> 00:03:11.240 put tremendous pressure on the pope to tow the Habsburg line. 39 00:03:11.360 --> 00:03:14.439 I doubt that any pontiff forgot that had been the 40 00:03:14.479 --> 00:03:19.719 Emperor's Catholic soldiers, not Protestant hordes that had sacked Rome 41 00:03:19.759 --> 00:03:24.960 in fifteen twenty seven. Popes throughout the late sixteenth century 42 00:03:25.360 --> 00:03:30.159 looked to France and other European powers to counter Habsburg influence, 43 00:03:30.639 --> 00:03:36.439 with varying degrees of success. Protestant propaganda presented the Thirty 44 00:03:36.520 --> 00:03:40.120 Years War as a papal crusade, with the Jesuits as 45 00:03:40.400 --> 00:03:45.199 the storm troopers of the Catholic faith. Officially called the 46 00:03:45.199 --> 00:03:49.199 Society of Jesus, the Jesuit order had established itself by 47 00:03:49.280 --> 00:03:53.479 papal decree in fifteen forty, following, of course, the initiative 48 00:03:53.800 --> 00:03:58.520 by Ignatius Loyola. The Jesuits had a clear mission to 49 00:03:58.560 --> 00:04:03.280 eliminate Protestantism, which their founder had called quote an epidemic 50 00:04:03.479 --> 00:04:07.159 of the soul end quote. They would first remove the 51 00:04:07.159 --> 00:04:11.240 causes of this infection by displacing Protestants and those Catholics 52 00:04:11.240 --> 00:04:15.120 who would not cooperate from positions of influence, and then 53 00:04:15.240 --> 00:04:18.480 they would restore the health of Europe by promoting Catholic 54 00:04:18.560 --> 00:04:24.319 life and doctrine. These tactics were overtly political and set 55 00:04:24.360 --> 00:04:28.920 the Jesuits apart from other Catholic orders. The Jesuits started 56 00:04:28.959 --> 00:04:32.040 at the very top of the political hierarchy, believing that 57 00:04:32.079 --> 00:04:34.879 if they won over a territory's ruler and its elite, 58 00:04:35.279 --> 00:04:37.600 gradually the rest of society would follow. 59 00:04:38.600 --> 00:04:40.319 Acting on Loyola's. 60 00:04:39.839 --> 00:04:43.319 Orders, a Jesuit accepted the post of confessor to the 61 00:04:43.399 --> 00:04:46.959 King of Portugal in fifteen fifty two, commencing a policy 62 00:04:47.160 --> 00:04:51.600 of actively seeking these high positions. Protestants saw this as 63 00:04:51.639 --> 00:04:55.639 a papal conspiracy, quickly fitting the confessors into role of 64 00:04:55.680 --> 00:05:00.519 evil advisor. But even among the Catholics, order of the 65 00:05:00.560 --> 00:05:07.000 Jesuits aroused some hostility. The more traditional orders resented the Jesuits, 66 00:05:07.000 --> 00:05:11.759 who acquired churches, schools, and other assets through these political connections. 67 00:05:12.720 --> 00:05:18.079 Many were alarmed by their apparent radicalism. A deranged former 68 00:05:18.160 --> 00:05:21.680 Jesuit tried to assassinate Henry the Fourth in France in 69 00:05:21.720 --> 00:05:26.399 fifteen ninety four, while another member defended turanicide in a 70 00:05:26.399 --> 00:05:29.360 book published five years later, and it was easy to 71 00:05:29.399 --> 00:05:33.079 believe that there were others behind these conspiracies, such as 72 00:05:33.120 --> 00:05:37.759 the English Gunpowder Plot of sixteen oh five. However, Jesuits 73 00:05:37.759 --> 00:05:41.360 had to reconcile their counter reformation mission with their hierarchical 74 00:05:41.399 --> 00:05:45.600 worldview and evolve a distinct approach to their role as confessors. 75 00:05:46.560 --> 00:05:50.240 They believed that the devil tempted princes to grant concessions 76 00:05:50.240 --> 00:05:54.199 to the heretics. If this occurred, they would reassure the 77 00:05:54.240 --> 00:05:58.560 prince that God would forgive him, provided such concessions had 78 00:05:58.560 --> 00:06:02.480 been only politically necess and that they could be revoked 79 00:06:02.720 --> 00:06:07.720 at the absolute first opportunity. Such arguments opened the door 80 00:06:07.759 --> 00:06:13.759 to pragmatism or compromise, might cloud otherwise militancy. It fitted 81 00:06:13.759 --> 00:06:17.439 the very personalities of the different confessors, who were after all, 82 00:06:17.800 --> 00:06:20.920 engaged in a very personal relationship with the princes that 83 00:06:20.959 --> 00:06:25.000 they served. Now, the number of Jesuits in the Empire 84 00:06:25.079 --> 00:06:30.839 itself had dramatically increased over the years. In fifteen fifty six, 85 00:06:31.000 --> 00:06:34.279 the year of Loyola's death, there were only one thousand. 86 00:06:34.720 --> 00:06:37.560 That number was up to sixteen hundred and sixteen fifteen, 87 00:06:38.000 --> 00:06:40.240 which might not seem like a lot, but it's actually 88 00:06:40.279 --> 00:06:45.279 out of a number of thirteen thousand worldwide. There were 89 00:06:45.319 --> 00:06:49.519 twenty two Jesuit colleges in the Rhineland in sixteen eighteen. 90 00:06:50.720 --> 00:06:55.199 These colleges were the key to Jesuit success. They provided 91 00:06:55.240 --> 00:06:59.720 the means through which the children I eat sons might 92 00:06:59.800 --> 00:07:04.399 better themselves of the bourgeoisie. So they were quite popular 93 00:07:04.480 --> 00:07:10.120 in many regions, and rulers encouraged the expansion of these institutions. 94 00:07:11.000 --> 00:07:14.959 Yet I should point out that the Protestant Reformation had 95 00:07:15.079 --> 00:07:20.519 largely curtailed Catholic expansion within the Empire. The habsburg Lands 96 00:07:20.720 --> 00:07:24.319 were Catholic, as were Bavaria and Laurent, but that was 97 00:07:24.319 --> 00:07:24.759 about it. 98 00:07:26.079 --> 00:07:26.240 Now. 99 00:07:26.240 --> 00:07:30.879 The second faith to consider is Lutheranism. Obviously, the Empire 100 00:07:30.920 --> 00:07:33.759 had been the focal point of the early Reformation all 101 00:07:33.800 --> 00:07:36.439 the way through the Peace of Augsburg in sixteen fifty five. 102 00:07:37.639 --> 00:07:40.439 To be clear, though Luther had wanted to reform the church, 103 00:07:40.519 --> 00:07:44.399 not create a new one, It only refused papal authority 104 00:07:44.720 --> 00:07:49.560 when the pope refused to consider his interpretation of doctrine. 105 00:07:49.680 --> 00:07:53.639 It was the centrality of doctrine, rather than hierarchical authority, 106 00:07:54.040 --> 00:07:58.560 that set Luther's Church apart from the Catholics. The concept 107 00:07:58.560 --> 00:08:00.920 that the Word of God came directly from the Bible 108 00:08:01.519 --> 00:08:05.519 lessened the role of the priest as the intermediary. It 109 00:08:05.560 --> 00:08:08.879 also prompted Luther to reduce the number of sacraments down 110 00:08:08.920 --> 00:08:14.560 to two Baptism and Eucharist. Lutheranism spread easily in the Empire, 111 00:08:14.879 --> 00:08:18.160 especially in the regions that were more autonomous, where rulers 112 00:08:18.240 --> 00:08:22.399 were free to choose their own faiths. In these regions, 113 00:08:22.480 --> 00:08:26.079 rulers took over the role formerly held by bishops, thus 114 00:08:26.319 --> 00:08:30.920 consolidating their own authority. This political leadership was essential to 115 00:08:30.959 --> 00:08:35.279 the survival of Lutheranism, especially after Charles the Fifth declared 116 00:08:35.320 --> 00:08:40.360 Lutheran outlaw in fifteen twenty one. Charles's effort to legislate 117 00:08:40.360 --> 00:08:43.639 the faith of his subjects failed, as we know, and 118 00:08:43.720 --> 00:08:47.120 the spread of Lutheranism shattered the unity of law and 119 00:08:47.159 --> 00:08:51.600 religion within the Empire. It entrenched the growing schism within. 120 00:08:53.840 --> 00:08:56.519 But if Lutheranism was a sort of known quantity, by 121 00:08:56.600 --> 00:09:00.799 sixteen eighteen, Calvinism was still a new kid on the block. 122 00:09:01.440 --> 00:09:04.639 Forssam Luther's Reformation hadn't. 123 00:09:04.360 --> 00:09:05.279 Gone far enough. 124 00:09:06.080 --> 00:09:10.480 Those seeking this quote unquote Second Reformation became associated with 125 00:09:10.519 --> 00:09:14.720 the theology of the French reformer Jean Calvin, whose ideas 126 00:09:14.720 --> 00:09:19.039 spread into Germany after the religious piece of Augsburg. The 127 00:09:19.080 --> 00:09:23.399 conversion of the Elector Palatine around fifteen sixty gave the 128 00:09:23.440 --> 00:09:27.000 new movement a boost and helped to ensure that, unlike 129 00:09:27.039 --> 00:09:31.039 Calvinism elsewhere in Europe, Calvinism in the Holy Roman Empire 130 00:09:31.399 --> 00:09:34.600 would be led by the princes more than those at 131 00:09:34.600 --> 00:09:38.159 the bottom of the social pyramid. Around twenty counts and 132 00:09:38.240 --> 00:09:42.639 minor princes followed the Elector's example by sixteen eighteen, but 133 00:09:42.720 --> 00:09:45.720 the Landgrave of Hessen sixteen oh three and the Elector 134 00:09:45.759 --> 00:09:50.159 of Brandenburg sixteen thirteen were the only important rulers to 135 00:09:50.279 --> 00:09:55.399 openly embrace this new faith. They called themselves the Reformed, 136 00:09:55.679 --> 00:10:00.000 since the term Calvinist had connotations of being an elie 137 00:10:00.080 --> 00:10:04.679 legal group. Their aim was to complete Luther's Reformation by 138 00:10:04.960 --> 00:10:11.360 erraticicating any remnants of papal superstition in both ritual and doctrine. 139 00:10:11.519 --> 00:10:16.000 The high altar and clerical vestments were banished from Calvinist churches, 140 00:10:16.440 --> 00:10:20.360 while paintings and sculptures were smashed to demonstrate that these 141 00:10:20.559 --> 00:10:26.039 cultic objects had no power. Ministers adopted sober academic dress, 142 00:10:26.360 --> 00:10:30.720 appearing as professionals qualified to preach and teach. Long standing 143 00:10:30.759 --> 00:10:35.080 elements of doctrine were simply rejected, such as exorcism at 144 00:10:35.080 --> 00:10:38.799 infant baptism and the concept of the real presence during 145 00:10:38.879 --> 00:10:44.720 the mass. Calvinists hated the notion that Christ was physically present, since, 146 00:10:44.759 --> 00:10:47.799 of course, this entailed that his body was being turned 147 00:10:47.960 --> 00:10:51.360 into excrement as the wine and wafers passed through the 148 00:10:51.440 --> 00:10:56.360 digestive systems of the congregation. Communion instead was now transformed 149 00:10:56.360 --> 00:10:59.919 into a commemorative ceremony, while the parishioners shared a man 150 00:11:00.240 --> 00:11:04.879 around a table and many East Frisians drank beer instead 151 00:11:04.879 --> 00:11:10.279 of wine. Calvinism also emphasized predestination to an extent far 152 00:11:10.399 --> 00:11:15.399 beyond any previous Christian group. The concept of predestination had 153 00:11:15.440 --> 00:11:18.000 been created by Saint Augustine in the fifth century of 154 00:11:18.000 --> 00:11:23.360 the Common Era, but Calvinism rejected the Catholic interpretation, which 155 00:11:23.399 --> 00:11:26.919 held only that God might choose some people as elect 156 00:11:27.039 --> 00:11:30.159 i e. The Saints, but that God did not condemn 157 00:11:30.480 --> 00:11:34.879 common people to hell. Calvin argued that God was all powerful, 158 00:11:35.399 --> 00:11:38.960 and not only could God designate the elect and the retrobrate, 159 00:11:39.480 --> 00:11:44.000 but God definitely did so. Calvin told his followers not 160 00:11:44.080 --> 00:11:46.720 too dwell on this, but to trust in God and 161 00:11:46.759 --> 00:11:52.600 to live according to the Ten Commandments. Calvinism spread rapidly 162 00:11:52.879 --> 00:11:57.279 throughout the latter sixteenth century, but nowhere throughout the entire 163 00:11:57.320 --> 00:12:01.240 Empire was Calvinism the majority, giving the faith a very 164 00:12:01.720 --> 00:12:07.200 international flare. There was no geographic center, at least no 165 00:12:07.399 --> 00:12:12.720 obvious geographic center for Calvinism. It could flourish in one 166 00:12:12.799 --> 00:12:18.159 principality and be totally rejected next door. The emergence of 167 00:12:18.200 --> 00:12:23.080 all these new faiths by the later sixteenth century certainly 168 00:12:23.120 --> 00:12:29.200 suggests that society had become religiously divided. Many aspects of 169 00:12:29.240 --> 00:12:34.600 life were becoming separated by these invisible lines, even within 170 00:12:35.039 --> 00:12:40.039 one small community. Nowhere could these differences be more obvious 171 00:12:40.159 --> 00:12:43.919 than in the keeping of time. Pope Gregory the thirteenth 172 00:12:44.440 --> 00:12:47.440 decreed that the date should be set back ten days 173 00:12:47.440 --> 00:12:51.399 on the fifteenth of October fifteen eighty two, and henceforth 174 00:12:51.720 --> 00:12:54.240 the new year was to start on the first of January, 175 00:12:54.759 --> 00:12:57.919 not March twenty fifth, in order to bring the calendar 176 00:12:58.000 --> 00:13:02.639 in line with new scientific calculate relations. The Habsburgs and 177 00:13:02.759 --> 00:13:07.440 German Catholics adopted the new Gregorian calendar by fifteen eighty four, 178 00:13:08.639 --> 00:13:13.879 but while Protestant scientists like Johannes Kepler favored reform. The 179 00:13:13.919 --> 00:13:18.320 clergy rejected anything from Rome at all, and the credulous 180 00:13:18.440 --> 00:13:21.080 believed that the papists were actually just trying to steal 181 00:13:21.519 --> 00:13:26.360 ten days of their lives. The discrepancy became obvious in 182 00:13:26.440 --> 00:13:31.080 the Empire, where Lutherans and Catholics lived together officially since 183 00:13:31.120 --> 00:13:35.279 the Peace of Augsburg. Nine tenths of the Augsburg population 184 00:13:35.360 --> 00:13:38.639 were Lutherans, but the peace had made the city formerly 185 00:13:38.759 --> 00:13:45.679 bi confessional. After extremely protracted negotiations, the magistrates of Augusburg 186 00:13:46.080 --> 00:13:50.200 imposed the new calendar, but not until fifteen eighty six, 187 00:13:50.639 --> 00:13:54.759 two years after the Catholics had adopted it. The Protestants 188 00:13:54.799 --> 00:13:59.639 also continued to observe quote unquote their Sunday, because remember, 189 00:13:59.639 --> 00:14:02.519 we moved it ten days and went to services in 190 00:14:02.639 --> 00:14:07.120 churches across the frontier. Still, I think there's a limit 191 00:14:07.159 --> 00:14:10.879 to these divisions. There were plenty of religiously mixed marriages, 192 00:14:11.440 --> 00:14:14.759 Protestants and Catholics drank at the same tavern without coming 193 00:14:14.759 --> 00:14:18.279 to blows. In fact, there's plenty of evidence that society 194 00:14:18.360 --> 00:14:21.759 was more religiously divided in the early eighteenth century than 195 00:14:21.759 --> 00:14:25.720 it was in the seventeenth To unpack how religion was 196 00:14:25.840 --> 00:14:28.840 supposed to work in the Empire. We need to first 197 00:14:28.879 --> 00:14:31.639 return to the piece of Augsburg in fifteen fifty five. 198 00:14:32.840 --> 00:14:35.879 What you might find interesting is that the section in 199 00:14:35.919 --> 00:14:39.679 that peace treaty concerning religion is actually one of the 200 00:14:39.799 --> 00:14:45.720 smallest sections. Religious reform was just lumped into a larger 201 00:14:45.799 --> 00:14:51.080 section on imperial tax, quota's, currency regulation, and the operation 202 00:14:51.240 --> 00:14:56.120 of the courts. Yet the article on religion, Article twenty 203 00:14:56.200 --> 00:14:59.840 nine did require the emperor to accept the religious provisions 204 00:14:59.840 --> 00:15:03.600 of treaty, and Ferdinand confirmed it when he became emperor 205 00:15:03.679 --> 00:15:07.360 in fifteen fifty eight. Now there was no statement on 206 00:15:07.440 --> 00:15:11.759 any specific doctrine at all. The state was still envisioned 207 00:15:11.799 --> 00:15:17.279 as broadly Christian, but now not of any one faith. Instead, 208 00:15:17.759 --> 00:15:22.840 lawmakers intentionally blurred religious distinctions in order to maintain the 209 00:15:22.840 --> 00:15:26.399 fictional idea of a single Christendom, an idea that had 210 00:15:26.519 --> 00:15:31.039 long ceased to function in reality. The peace was intended 211 00:15:31.399 --> 00:15:35.440 to bring Lutherans and Catholics under the same legal framework, 212 00:15:35.879 --> 00:15:40.320 not the same doctrinal one. In theory, the public peace 213 00:15:40.399 --> 00:15:44.480 called on the emperor to forswear violence and become a mediator. 214 00:15:45.120 --> 00:15:47.600 Spoiler alert, that's not going to happen. 215 00:15:49.080 --> 00:15:54.120 Contrary to popular imagination, the peace of Augsburg never included 216 00:15:54.159 --> 00:15:58.200 that famous provision about the princes being totally free to 217 00:15:58.279 --> 00:16:02.759 choose their own faiths. The phrase quote he who rules 218 00:16:03.080 --> 00:16:07.279 decides the religion end quote only surfaced in the debates 219 00:16:07.279 --> 00:16:12.120 about the treaty circa fifteen eighty six, but thirty three 220 00:16:12.279 --> 00:16:17.320 years after the treaty was passed. The other key article 221 00:16:17.360 --> 00:16:19.919 to remember because it's relevant to the Thirty Years War 222 00:16:20.759 --> 00:16:26.039 is Article nineteen. Article nineteen fixed the year of fifteen 223 00:16:26.120 --> 00:16:30.000 fifty two as the year when Lutherans could retain any 224 00:16:30.120 --> 00:16:35.000 Catholic assets seized up to that point. They could not 225 00:16:35.559 --> 00:16:40.759 if the asset had been taken after fifteen fifty two. 226 00:16:41.039 --> 00:16:43.039 The other part of the treaty that undercut the whole 227 00:16:43.320 --> 00:16:46.679 he who rules decides the religion thing was the inclusion 228 00:16:46.679 --> 00:16:49.519 of the right for the peasantry to move if they 229 00:16:49.519 --> 00:16:55.000 did not agree with their ruler's religious preferences. Rulers could 230 00:16:55.039 --> 00:16:59.360 not find people who left or seize the property, and 231 00:16:59.399 --> 00:17:05.240 this nifficantly curtailed the ability of secular rulers to push 232 00:17:05.799 --> 00:17:10.839 the Reformation and to push new faiths. The piece was 233 00:17:10.920 --> 00:17:14.839 clearly ambiguous and often contradictory, but it would be wrong 234 00:17:14.920 --> 00:17:19.039 to conclude with other historians that it merely quote put 235 00:17:19.119 --> 00:17:24.400 a temporary end to open confessional warfare in Germany end quote. 236 00:17:24.599 --> 00:17:29.880 No major war continued for sixty three years after the peace, 237 00:17:30.640 --> 00:17:33.559 and even where Central Europeans did come to blows after 238 00:17:33.599 --> 00:17:37.920 fifteen eighty three, these disputes were totally localized and were 239 00:17:38.039 --> 00:17:42.279 largely free of the brutality that was accompanying prolonged violence 240 00:17:42.559 --> 00:17:47.440 in both France and in the Netherlands. Of course, there 241 00:17:47.519 --> 00:17:50.839 was the fear of the Ottomans, which was one reason 242 00:17:50.880 --> 00:17:54.960 for preserving the peace, though the Turkish menace spilled over 243 00:17:55.000 --> 00:17:57.680 in a major war only after fifteen ninety three, which 244 00:17:57.720 --> 00:18:00.880 we'll get into at a time when confessed tensions were 245 00:18:00.920 --> 00:18:06.960 growing rather than actually receding. The primary factor behind the 246 00:18:07.000 --> 00:18:13.279 Peace of Augsburg's longevity was its comparatively satisfactory settlement of 247 00:18:13.319 --> 00:18:17.440 the religious and political difficulties. Its strength can be seen 248 00:18:17.440 --> 00:18:19.240 by the fact that it is going to provide the 249 00:18:19.279 --> 00:18:23.000 basis for the internal settlement at the Peace of Westphalia, 250 00:18:23.039 --> 00:18:26.240 which is going to finally end the Thirty Years War. 251 00:18:27.920 --> 00:18:32.160 In terms of how religious conflict drove the Thirty Years War, 252 00:18:32.200 --> 00:18:37.920 the problem concerns what contemporary forces call the three dubia, 253 00:18:38.480 --> 00:18:41.880 which sounds like dubious, and it should because it means 254 00:18:42.039 --> 00:18:43.559 uncertain terms. 255 00:18:43.279 --> 00:18:43.920 In the treaty. 256 00:18:44.960 --> 00:18:49.319 The biggest of these dubia or uncertain terms was the 257 00:18:49.359 --> 00:18:56.599 fate of ecclesiastical lands. Now, these estates, the territories of 258 00:18:56.599 --> 00:19:02.759 the archbishops, bishops and prelates, had largely escaped incorporation into 259 00:19:02.839 --> 00:19:08.319 Lutheran territorial churches. Prior to fifteen fifty two, the electors 260 00:19:08.319 --> 00:19:12.400 of Brandenburg and Saxony were on their way to incorporating 261 00:19:12.880 --> 00:19:17.359 three bishoprics a piece, but this stemmed from long term 262 00:19:17.559 --> 00:19:23.559 territorial ambitions pre dating the reformations. The more immediate threat 263 00:19:23.599 --> 00:19:27.240 actually came from the Catholics. Charles the Fifth himself annexed 264 00:19:27.359 --> 00:19:31.720 Utrech and asserted protectorates over other bishoprics close to his 265 00:19:31.839 --> 00:19:32.839 existing territory. 266 00:19:33.680 --> 00:19:39.240 France seized Metz, Toul and Verdun. Overall losses were relatively. 267 00:19:38.759 --> 00:19:42.680 Small, considering that the Imperial Church still had three electorates 268 00:19:42.720 --> 00:19:46.279 and around forty prince archbishops and bishops, as well as 269 00:19:46.319 --> 00:19:50.640 eighty abbeys and convents. The Catholic character of these lands 270 00:19:50.920 --> 00:19:57.000 was protected by ecclesiastical reservation, but Ferdinand's separate declaration permitted 271 00:19:57.039 --> 00:20:02.440 nobles in these territories to practice Lutheranism anyway. Protestant penetration 272 00:20:02.839 --> 00:20:07.799 of cathedral chapters continued, especially since Lutheran princes and nobles 273 00:20:08.160 --> 00:20:11.799 were not about to abandon the social and critically political 274 00:20:11.799 --> 00:20:15.599 advantages that could be gained by service in the Imperial Church. 275 00:20:16.599 --> 00:20:19.279 The fact that Luther had been prepared to accept the 276 00:20:19.319 --> 00:20:23.519 idea of Protestant bishops by the fifteen forties provided theological 277 00:20:23.599 --> 00:20:26.960 underpinnings for all of these princely and what were actually 278 00:20:27.359 --> 00:20:32.240 secular ambitions to just take over church lands. Luther argued 279 00:20:32.240 --> 00:20:35.119 that the ecclesiastical reservation was never part of the peace 280 00:20:35.519 --> 00:20:37.880 since they had objected to it, and it did not 281 00:20:38.039 --> 00:20:41.920 preclude a Catholic chapter from electing a Protestant as their bishop. 282 00:20:43.359 --> 00:20:48.000 The Emperor dodged this issue by recognizing Protestants as administers 283 00:20:48.279 --> 00:20:52.559 rather than acknowledging them as bishops. Basically, we're talking about 284 00:20:52.599 --> 00:20:55.839 a name game here. The territories remain parts of the 285 00:20:55.880 --> 00:20:59.759 Imperial Church, and their rulers just exercised any rights over 286 00:20:59.759 --> 00:21:05.200 them as princes rather than clerics. This prevented complete secularization 287 00:21:05.359 --> 00:21:09.200 and preserve the possibility that maybe in the next election, 288 00:21:09.720 --> 00:21:13.799 the territory would return to Catholicism. It also suited the 289 00:21:13.839 --> 00:21:17.480 Protestants who didn't want to actually annex these lands outright, 290 00:21:18.039 --> 00:21:22.720 because that could extinguish their distinct representation in imperial institutions. 291 00:21:23.000 --> 00:21:27.240 If you annexed a bishop brick that formerly had an elector, 292 00:21:27.599 --> 00:21:30.960 then it wouldn't have an elector anymore, because that district 293 00:21:31.039 --> 00:21:35.000 wouldn't exist, And that was the problem. Matters are going 294 00:21:35.079 --> 00:21:38.799 to become pressing in this field only after fifteen eighty two, 295 00:21:38.920 --> 00:21:42.720 because the number of ecclesiastical territories that fell under Protestant 296 00:21:42.759 --> 00:21:46.200 administration started to threaten the Catholic majority in the reichs 297 00:21:46.200 --> 00:21:51.000 Dog and in other administrative units. The secondary of uncertainty 298 00:21:51.119 --> 00:21:55.039 were all those ecclesiastical properties that were within the territory 299 00:21:55.039 --> 00:21:58.400 of a Lutheran prince but had not been incorporated into 300 00:21:58.559 --> 00:22:03.920 territorial church property by fifteen fifty two. Princes were always 301 00:22:03.960 --> 00:22:06.799 trying to take advantage of these lands and properties in 302 00:22:06.880 --> 00:22:11.680 some way. Now generally I'm talking about monastic land here, 303 00:22:11.880 --> 00:22:14.839 just so you know now. And the third issue was 304 00:22:14.880 --> 00:22:20.119 the subject's religious freedoms themselves. There were more Catholic territories 305 00:22:20.559 --> 00:22:26.039 with Lutheran minorities than vice versa. Thus, and not surprisingly, 306 00:22:26.799 --> 00:22:32.079 Catholics believed that Article nineteen meant that rulers could expel 307 00:22:32.200 --> 00:22:37.680 the centers whenever they wanted, whereas Lutherans interpreted Article nineteen 308 00:22:38.200 --> 00:22:41.200 as the individual having the right to leave and or. 309 00:22:41.200 --> 00:22:42.519 Worship as they wanted. 310 00:22:43.599 --> 00:22:48.119 These questions grew worse in the fifteen seventies as Catholic 311 00:22:48.200 --> 00:22:52.039 rulers actively worked to stem the growth of Lutheranism within 312 00:22:52.079 --> 00:22:57.160 their territories. The fundamental problem here with the Peace Treaty 313 00:22:57.559 --> 00:23:00.440 the Peace Treaty of Augsburg is that it gave Utheran's 314 00:23:00.839 --> 00:23:06.920 legal equality but left Catholics the political majority. The Emperor 315 00:23:06.960 --> 00:23:10.039 was seen as a mediator, not an adjudicator, and no 316 00:23:10.200 --> 00:23:12.480 Lutheran was ever going to appeal to the Pope to 317 00:23:12.480 --> 00:23:16.000 settle their dispute, so how Lutherans were supposed to deal 318 00:23:16.039 --> 00:23:20.680 with legal persecution remained a bit of an unknown. The 319 00:23:20.720 --> 00:23:23.640 Catholic position on the three Dubia was set out in 320 00:23:23.759 --> 00:23:28.119 fifteen sixty six by Pope Pious the Fifth, who interpreted 321 00:23:28.119 --> 00:23:32.319 the piece as a tactical, momentary concession the lesser evil 322 00:23:32.319 --> 00:23:35.680 of toleration to avoid the greater evil of civil war 323 00:23:36.039 --> 00:23:39.279 at a time when the Ottomans were right outside Christendom's 324 00:23:39.440 --> 00:23:44.880 eastern flank. This perspective was repeated by Catholic commentators, including 325 00:23:44.880 --> 00:23:47.680 Pope Pious the Twelfth on the anniversary of the Piece 326 00:23:47.720 --> 00:23:51.640 all the Way in nineteen fifty five. However, this position 327 00:23:52.119 --> 00:23:57.119 was open to both moderate and militant interpretations. Some saw 328 00:23:57.119 --> 00:24:00.000 the piece as a fixed concession that left the Lutheransas 329 00:24:00.160 --> 00:24:04.759 dissenting minority within a common legal framework. They were to 330 00:24:04.799 --> 00:24:07.720 be tolerated for the greater good, but they weren't fully equal, 331 00:24:07.799 --> 00:24:09.359 so they could never be given. 332 00:24:09.319 --> 00:24:11.079 Additional political rights. 333 00:24:11.519 --> 00:24:15.359 Many moderates went further, asserting that fifteen fifty five simply 334 00:24:15.400 --> 00:24:19.119 set limits to Lutheranism, while allowing those who saw the 335 00:24:19.119 --> 00:24:21.599 they would say, error of their ways to return to 336 00:24:21.599 --> 00:24:26.240 the full faith. Change was possible in this model, but 337 00:24:26.599 --> 00:24:31.440 only in the Catholic direction. More militants drew on the 338 00:24:31.519 --> 00:24:35.519 Jesuit interpretation of the doctrine of lesser equal to argue 339 00:24:35.559 --> 00:24:40.160 that fifteen fifty five had merely suspended the original ban 340 00:24:40.279 --> 00:24:42.880 on Luther and his followers, which was pronounced in fifteen 341 00:24:42.920 --> 00:24:47.079 twenty one. They derived some support for this interpretation from 342 00:24:47.160 --> 00:24:50.759 Article twenty five that stated that the piece was supposed 343 00:24:50.799 --> 00:24:55.079 to last only as long until the Theologians could resolve 344 00:24:55.119 --> 00:24:59.759 their differences to Catholics. These matters had been settled by 345 00:25:00.119 --> 00:25:04.000 the tried indeed decree of fifteen sixty four. Thus, both 346 00:25:04.079 --> 00:25:07.279 moderns and militants found support and could see what they 347 00:25:07.400 --> 00:25:10.720 wanted in the Imperial Law for the claims that they 348 00:25:10.759 --> 00:25:13.880 were simply following the letter of the law of the 349 00:25:13.920 --> 00:25:17.920 Piece of Augsburg. Protestants also based their position on the Piece, 350 00:25:17.960 --> 00:25:21.440 and likewise clung to the hope that Christendom would be 351 00:25:21.480 --> 00:25:25.440 preserved and that the schism was only temporary. However, to them, 352 00:25:25.519 --> 00:25:28.799 fifteen fifty five represented the start, not the limit, of 353 00:25:28.839 --> 00:25:32.839 the project to convince all Christians to embrace Luther's reform. 354 00:25:33.160 --> 00:25:36.319 Calvinists believed they should be included too, since their faith 355 00:25:36.599 --> 00:25:40.559 had sprung from the very Confession of Augsburg. Certainly, the 356 00:25:40.640 --> 00:25:44.920 idea of resistance was present in Catholic thought, but given 357 00:25:45.359 --> 00:25:48.279 its position as a minority, that impulse was very much 358 00:25:48.279 --> 00:25:53.599 stronger in the Protestant ideology. Yet, generally speaking, early modern 359 00:25:53.640 --> 00:25:58.039 European thinkers never supported the idea of armed resistance. The 360 00:25:58.039 --> 00:26:01.480 shedding of blood was per se against the Ten Commandments. 361 00:26:02.599 --> 00:26:06.720 Theologians supported the idea that obedience was important and that 362 00:26:06.880 --> 00:26:11.519 doing so in a tyrannical situation was a test of faith. Lutherans, 363 00:26:11.519 --> 00:26:16.200 for example, rejected the argument that Saint Bartholomewsday's massacre in 364 00:26:16.240 --> 00:26:20.000 France had been an attack on all Protestants. To them, 365 00:26:20.160 --> 00:26:24.240 it looked more like a French domestic political issue. Now 366 00:26:24.359 --> 00:26:29.079 next week we turn specifically to Austria, which, as the 367 00:26:29.119 --> 00:26:33.160 home base for the Habsburgs, plays a decisive role in 368 00:26:33.200 --> 00:26:37.839 the conflict to come. As always, if you've enjoyed the show, 369 00:26:38.079 --> 00:26:40.640 there are two key ways that you can support everything 370 00:26:40.640 --> 00:26:43.039 that we're doing here. One is to click the link 371 00:26:43.079 --> 00:26:45.480 in the show notes to Western CIV two point zero 372 00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:48.160 and get a free seven day trial to check out 373 00:26:48.200 --> 00:26:50.640 what we're doing over there. And the other is, of course, 374 00:26:50.799 --> 00:26:54.240 to simply leave a rating or review. It increases the 375 00:26:54.319 --> 00:26:57.119 chance that other people will be able to find the program, 376 00:26:57.519 --> 00:27:03.559 and I truly appreciate it.