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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to the deep Dive. Today. We're going to be

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<v Speaker 1>taking a look at ARM sixty four architecture, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>the stuff that powers a lot of our devices.

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<v Speaker 2>It's kind of like getting it behind the scenes tour

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<v Speaker 2>to see how the magic happens in our tech exactly.

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<v Speaker 1>We're going to be talking about how software actually works,

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<v Speaker 1>like going under the hood and figuring out what makes

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<v Speaker 1>it tick.

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<v Speaker 2>We'll be diving into memory registers, even those kind of

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<v Speaker 2>mysterious sounding pointers. Sounds complicated, it can be, but don't worry,

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<v Speaker 2>we'll break it all down.

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<v Speaker 1>This deep dive is for everyone, even if you're not

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<v Speaker 1>a programmer. It's all about understanding those fundamental building blocks

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<v Speaker 1>because when.

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<v Speaker 2>You understand the basics, you get a whole new appreciation

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<v Speaker 2>for how the technology you use every day actually functions.

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<v Speaker 1>So let's start with memory. It's basically the heart of

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<v Speaker 1>any computer, right absolutely.

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<v Speaker 2>One of the sources we looked at described it as

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<v Speaker 2>a city, with each piece of data living in a

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<v Speaker 2>house with a specific address.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, I can kind of see that like a giant

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<v Speaker 1>city of data.

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<v Speaker 2>Right, but imagine it more like a massive, well organized

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<v Speaker 2>warehouse instead. Each piece of data has its own numbered

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<v Speaker 2>storage unit and that number is its address.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, I like that a warehouse full of information, And

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<v Speaker 1>then those addressing modes are kind of like the different

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<v Speaker 1>ways to navigate that warehouse, right, you got it.

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<v Speaker 2>Some modes like direct addressing are like having the exact

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<v Speaker 2>storage unit number. Others like using offsets, are more like saying,

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<v Speaker 2>go to aisle five, then move three units to the right.

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<v Speaker 1>So it's all about finding the data you need quickly

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<v Speaker 1>and efficiently.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly, And this is especially important when you're dealing with

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<v Speaker 2>a lot of data or you need to access it

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<v Speaker 2>in a specific order.

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<v Speaker 1>It's all about optimization.

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<v Speaker 2>You got it.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, that makes sense. But before we get lost in

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<v Speaker 1>the warehouse, let's talk about those registers mentioned in the sources.

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<v Speaker 1>Are those like a special VIP section for super important data? Uh?

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<v Speaker 2>I like that. Analogy registers are like high speed shelves

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<v Speaker 2>right next to the processor, the brains of the computer.

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<v Speaker 2>They hold the data that the processor needs to access

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<v Speaker 2>really quickly.

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<v Speaker 1>So if our warehouse is the main memory, registers are

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<v Speaker 1>like having a few key items right on your workbench

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<v Speaker 1>for instant access, exactly.

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<v Speaker 2>And with AIRM sixty four, these shelves are sixty four bits.

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<v Speaker 1>Wide, meaning they can hold a lot more information, much.

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<v Speaker 2>More compared to older thirty two bit systems. It's like

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<v Speaker 2>upgrading from a handtruck to a forklift when it comes

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<v Speaker 2>to moving data around.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, so that's why sixty four bit systems can feel

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<v Speaker 1>so much faster. They're handling more information at once.

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<v Speaker 2>That's one of the key factors. And it's not just

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<v Speaker 2>about speed. It's also about capacity.

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<v Speaker 1>Capacity You mean how much data it can store.

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<v Speaker 2>Well, not exactly. It's more about how many different memory

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<v Speaker 2>locations a sixty four bit system can access.

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<v Speaker 1>So it's like having a map of the entire city

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<v Speaker 1>instead of just one neighborhood.

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<v Speaker 2>You got it, And that means sixty four bit systems

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<v Speaker 2>are much better equipped to handle those huge, complex programs

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<v Speaker 2>we're using today.

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<v Speaker 1>Makes sense, but we're gonna have to save that conversation

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<v Speaker 1>for another time.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, sound good.

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<v Speaker 1>Right now, let's get back to those mysterious pointers we

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<v Speaker 1>mentioned earlier. Those things kind of sad, like something out

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<v Speaker 1>of a spy movie.

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<v Speaker 2>They do, don't they?

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<v Speaker 1>What are they really think of?

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<v Speaker 2>Pointers like labels, each one containing the address of a

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<v Speaker 2>specific piece of data in memory. They don't hold the

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<v Speaker 2>data itself. They just tell you where to find it.

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<v Speaker 1>So it's like having a treasure map that leads you

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<v Speaker 1>to the buried treasure exactly.

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<v Speaker 2>And pointers can be stored in regular memory or in

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<v Speaker 2>those high speed registers we talked about.

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<v Speaker 1>Hold on, So are you saying that pointers themselves have

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<v Speaker 1>addresses too? That's kind of trippy.

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<v Speaker 2>It is. A pointer is just another piece of data,

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<v Speaker 2>so it has its own address in memory. Think of

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<v Speaker 2>it like a library card catalog. The card has a

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<v Speaker 2>specific spot in the catalog, but it also points you

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<v Speaker 2>to the location of the book you're looking for.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, So pointers are like master organizers, creating this intricate

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<v Speaker 1>web of interconnected data within the memory warehouse. But you

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<v Speaker 1>mentioned earlier they can be dangerous. What did you mean

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<v Speaker 1>by that?

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<v Speaker 2>That's where things get really interesting, and that's exactly what

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<v Speaker 2>we'll explore next time.

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<v Speaker 1>All right, So we've got our memory warehouse, those speedy

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<v Speaker 1>registers and those kind of mysterious pointers. But you said

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<v Speaker 1>pointers can be a bit risky. Why is that.

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<v Speaker 2>Well, it's like having a map, but you got to

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<v Speaker 2>make sure it's the right map and you're allowed to

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<v Speaker 2>go where.

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<v Speaker 1>It's pointing right, Otherwise you might end up in some

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<v Speaker 1>restricted zone exactly.

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<v Speaker 2>And one of the biggest dangers is what we call

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<v Speaker 2>it annul pointer. It's basically like having a map that

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<v Speaker 2>leads to nowhere.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, so what happens if a program tries to use

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<v Speaker 1>an annul pointer? Does it just get lost?

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<v Speaker 2>It's more like hitting a wall, imagine trying to access

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<v Speaker 2>a storage unit that doesn't even exist.

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<v Speaker 1>So the program just crashes.

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<v Speaker 2>Pretty much on Linux, that's usually what happens.

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<v Speaker 1>Well, that seems like a good safety feature, like better

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<v Speaker 1>to crash than to keep going and potentially mess things

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<v Speaker 1>up even worse, right.

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<v Speaker 2>You got it. The operating system is basically like Nope,

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<v Speaker 2>not gonna let you do that, shutting you down to

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<v Speaker 2>prevent any more damage.

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<v Speaker 1>So it's like a security guard for our warehouse, making

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<v Speaker 1>sure no one's snooping around where they shouldn't be.

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<v Speaker 2>Precisely, it's all about keeping things stable and preventing data corruption.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, makes sense. Nul pointers are bad news. But are

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<v Speaker 1>there other ways these pointers can go wrong? Oh?

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, definitely. There's a whole category called invalid pointers.

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<v Speaker 1>So annul pointers are just one type of invalid pointer exactly.

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<v Speaker 2>It's just one way a pointer can be invalid. Another

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<v Speaker 2>way is if it's trying to access a part of

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<v Speaker 2>memory that's off limits.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, back to our warehouse. That would be like trying

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<v Speaker 1>to break into the vault without the right security clearance.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly, And just like a vault has alarms and security measures,

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<v Speaker 2>so does the operating system. This is called an access violation.

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<v Speaker 1>So what happens then? Does the alarm go off?

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah? In a way, the program usually crashes, just like

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<v Speaker 2>with an ANUL pointer.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, So the operating system is shutting things down to

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<v Speaker 1>protect the integrity of the data.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly. It's all about maintaining order and preventing chaos in

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<v Speaker 2>our memory warehouse.

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<v Speaker 1>So we've got NLL pointers pointing to nothing, invalid pointers

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<v Speaker 1>trying to break into restricted areas. Are there any other

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<v Speaker 1>ways pointers can go rogue?

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<v Speaker 2>There are. There's also the possibility of a pointer trying

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<v Speaker 2>to change data that's supposed to be read only.

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<v Speaker 1>So in our warehouse analogy, that would be like trying

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<v Speaker 1>to scribble all over an important historical.

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<v Speaker 2>Document, precisely, and that could lead to all sorts of problems,

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<v Speaker 2>potentially even data corruption.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay. So it's like you can look, but don't touch exactly.

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<v Speaker 2>And on that note, let's talk about random pointers, which

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<v Speaker 2>are kind of a wild card.

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<v Speaker 1>Random pointers, what are those?

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<v Speaker 2>They happen when a pointer hasn't been assigned to specific address.

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<v Speaker 2>It's like grabbing a random map and just hoping for

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<v Speaker 2>the best.

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<v Speaker 1>You mean, it could point anywhere pretty much.

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<v Speaker 2>Sometimes it might work out okay, but other times it

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<v Speaker 2>can lead to crashes or other unpredictable behavior.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, so we got to make sure our pointers are

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<v Speaker 1>initialized properly and pointing to the right places.

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<v Speaker 2>Absolutely. And speaking of pointing to the right places, there's

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<v Speaker 2>another tricky one called a dangling pointer.

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<v Speaker 1>Dangling pointers, what makes those different?

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<v Speaker 2>Think of it this way. You have a pointer pointing

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<v Speaker 2>to some data. Everything's working fine, but then that data

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<v Speaker 2>gets to or moved to a different location.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh, so the pointer is still pointing to the old spot,

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<v Speaker 1>but there's nothing there anymore.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly. It's like having a map to a building that's

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<v Speaker 2>been demolished.

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<v Speaker 1>And if you try to use that pointer, what happens, Well.

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<v Speaker 2>It might seem like it's working for a while, but

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<v Speaker 2>eventually it's going to cause problems, crashes, strange behavior, all

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<v Speaker 2>sorts of things.

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<v Speaker 1>Dangling pointers, random pointers, and ulel pointers in valid pointers.

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<v Speaker 1>It sounds like there are a lot of ways for

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<v Speaker 1>things to go wrong.

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<v Speaker 2>There are, and that's why understanding how pointers work and

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<v Speaker 2>how to use them safely is absolutely crucial when you're

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<v Speaker 2>dealing with memory management.

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<v Speaker 1>It sounds like there's a lot of power but also

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<v Speaker 1>a lot of responsibility.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly, And that's actually a good segue into something else.

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<v Speaker 2>We wanted to talk about how variables themselves can actually

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<v Speaker 2>be used as pointers in C and C plus plus.

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<v Speaker 1>Feel wait, hold on, variables can be pointers. I thought

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<v Speaker 1>those were two completely different things.

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<v Speaker 2>They are, but in those languages, a variable can actually

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<v Speaker 2>play both roles.

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<v Speaker 1>So it's like having a box that can hold both

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<v Speaker 1>the treasure and the map to the treasure.

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<v Speaker 2>That's a great way to put it, and that's part

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<v Speaker 2>of what makes C and C plus plus so powerful

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<v Speaker 2>and flexible. But it also means things can get a

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<v Speaker 2>bit more complex.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, my brain is definitely starting to feel a little full. Here.

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<v Speaker 1>Can you give me an example of how this works.

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<v Speaker 2>Sure, let's take a look at a project called memory

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<v Speaker 2>pointers that demonstrates this concept.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, so we're back in the warehouse and this memory

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<v Speaker 1>pointers project shows us how variables can be used as pointers, right.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly, there's a part in the code where we have

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<v Speaker 2>two regular integer variables A and B that we have

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<v Speaker 2>two more variables, paw and p but these are pointer variables.

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<v Speaker 2>So at the beginning, the pointer PB is set up

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<v Speaker 2>to point to the memory location of the.

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<v Speaker 1>Variable B, so PB is like a map that leads

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<v Speaker 1>you straight to where B is stored.

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<v Speaker 2>You got it. And then the code takes the pointer

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<v Speaker 2>paw and assigns that the address of the variable A.

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<v Speaker 1>So now both of our pointer variables paw and key

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<v Speaker 1>are holding the addresses of A and B, right, And this.

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<v Speaker 2>Is where things get really interesting, because now the code

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<v Speaker 2>uses these pointers to actually change the value stored in

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<v Speaker 2>A and B.

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<v Speaker 1>So instead of working directly with the data itself, we're

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<v Speaker 1>using pointers to indirectly access and modify it, kind of

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<v Speaker 1>like a remote control exactly.

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<v Speaker 2>For example, the code uses the notation paw to get

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<v Speaker 2>to the value stored at the memory location pointed to by.

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<v Speaker 1>PAW, so pause like a shortcut to get to the

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<v Speaker 1>value of A without actually using A directly.

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<v Speaker 2>You got it. And then the code can do things

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<v Speaker 2>like add the values of A and B together, but

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<v Speaker 2>it does it using the pointers.

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<v Speaker 1>So it's still doing regular math like addition, but it's

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<v Speaker 1>accessing the numbers through those pointers precisely.

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<v Speaker 2>Pointers give programmers a powerful way to manage memory and

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<v Speaker 2>manipulate data, all while working behind the scenes.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, so this memory pointers project is showing us how

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<v Speaker 1>variables can do double duty. They can store data and

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<v Speaker 1>they can also act as pointers to other data.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly and something you'll see a lot in ce and

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<v Speaker 2>C plus plus plus a. It allows for some really

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<v Speaker 2>efficient and creative ways to write code.

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<v Speaker 1>It's like those multi tools that can be a screwdriver,

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<v Speaker 1>a bottle opener, and a wrench all at the same time.

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<v Speaker 2>That's a great analogy. It's all about having the right

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<v Speaker 2>tool for the job, and pointers can be incredibly versatile.

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<v Speaker 1>But as we've seen, there's also potential for danger if

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<v Speaker 1>they're not used carefully.

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<v Speaker 2>Absolutely misusing pointers can lead to all sorts of headaches,

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<v Speaker 2>from programs crashing to those really tricky bugs that are

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<v Speaker 2>hard to find and fix.

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<v Speaker 1>So it seems like it takes a skilled hand to

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<v Speaker 1>wield those pointers effectively.

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<v Speaker 2>It does, and that's why having a good understanding of

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<v Speaker 2>how memory works, how addresses work, and how pointers work

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<v Speaker 2>is so important for programmers. It's the foundation for building

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<v Speaker 2>reliable and efficient software.

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<v Speaker 1>Now we've covered a lot of ground today, haven't we.

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<v Speaker 1>We talked about memory registers, those mysterious pointers, how thirty

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<v Speaker 1>two bit and sixty four bit systems work, and even

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<v Speaker 1>how variables can be used as pointers.

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<v Speaker 2>It's been quite a journey. Hope listeners have a new

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<v Speaker 2>appreciation for how all of this works together to make

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<v Speaker 2>our technology tick.

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<v Speaker 1>I know, I've learned a ton and I'm not even

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<v Speaker 1>a programmer. It's amazing to think about all of this

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<v Speaker 1>complexity happening behind the scenes every time we use our devices.

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<v Speaker 2>It really is. And remember, we've only scratched the surface here.

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<v Speaker 2>There's so much more to learn about computer architecture, operating systems,

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<v Speaker 2>and all the amazing things you can do with software.

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<v Speaker 1>So keep those brains buzzin, folks. There's always more to explore.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly, and who knows, maybe one of our listeners will

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<v Speaker 2>be the next brilliant mind designing the technology of the future.

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<v Speaker 1>Well that's all the time we have for today. Thanks

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<v Speaker 1>for joining us for this deep dive into the world

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<v Speaker 1>of ARM sixty four. We'll be back soon with another

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<v Speaker 1>exciting topic to explore,