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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Spotlight. I'm Liz Wade and.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm Luke Hailey. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting.

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<v Speaker 2>It is easier for people to understand no matter where

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<v Speaker 2>in the world they live.

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<v Speaker 1>You may have heard a Spotlight program on Raphael Lemkin.

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<v Speaker 1>He lived during World War Two. At this time, the

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<v Speaker 1>Nazis killed millions of Jewish people in Europe. This included

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<v Speaker 1>many of Lemkin's family and friends. Lemkin named this mass

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<v Speaker 1>killing genocide. He used this word to mean killing a

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<v Speaker 1>group of people because of their race, nationality, or religion.

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<v Speaker 1>Lemkin spent his life working with governments and the United Nations.

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<v Speaker 1>He wanted to make genocide illegal under international law. In

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<v Speaker 1>nineteen forty eight, the United Nations recognized genocide as a

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<v Speaker 1>crime in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide.

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<v Speaker 1>Many countries signed this agreement to prevent and punish genocide.

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<v Speaker 2>Lemkin wanted the UN to recognize genocide as a crime.

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<v Speaker 2>He hoped this would prevent genocide from ever happening again.

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<v Speaker 2>But naming genocide did not stop the crime. Some people

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<v Speaker 2>claim that the UN Genocide Convention does not work. They

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<v Speaker 2>say that naming the crime of genocide does not stop

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<v Speaker 2>people from doing it. Today's spotlight is on the difficulties

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<v Speaker 2>around preventing genocide.

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<v Speaker 1>The UN Genocide Convention presents a detailed definition of genocide.

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<v Speaker 1>It says that genocidal acts have the intent or purpose

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<v Speaker 1>to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. This

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<v Speaker 1>intent can be to destroy in whole or in part.

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<v Speaker 1>These acts can be punished under international law. Michio Ozaki

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<v Speaker 1>Andrina dam share the acts that the Convention considers genocidal.

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<v Speaker 3>Killing members of the.

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<v Speaker 4>Group, causing serious harm to the bodies or minds of

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<v Speaker 4>members of the.

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<v Speaker 3>Group, causing bad conditions that attempt to destroy the group

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<v Speaker 3>in whole or in.

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<v Speaker 4>Part, attempting to prevent births within.

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<v Speaker 3>The group, moving children of the group to another group

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<v Speaker 3>by force.

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<v Speaker 2>Not everyone agrees with this definition. Some say that it

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<v Speaker 2>is too wide and difficult to prove. How can you

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<v Speaker 2>tell if someone has the intent to destroy a whole group?

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<v Speaker 2>Genocidal acts often happen during times of war. In a war,

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<v Speaker 2>ethnic and religious groups often act against each other. It

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<v Speaker 2>can be difficult to prove the intent to destroy a

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<v Speaker 2>whole group of people. Also, people ask what does in

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<v Speaker 2>part mean? What if an army general killed ten members

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<v Speaker 2>of a particular ETAs Ethnick group during a war, could

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<v Speaker 2>he be charged with genocide.

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<v Speaker 1>People claim that too many situations could be called genocide,

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<v Speaker 1>then the word loses its powerful meaning. Elaine Mistakes is

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<v Speaker 1>the former head of the international medical organization Doctors Without Borders.

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<v Speaker 1>He wrote a book on genocide in the twentieth century.

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<v Speaker 5>He said, genocide is a crime on a different level

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<v Speaker 5>than all other crimes against humanity. It involves the intent

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<v Speaker 5>to completely destroy the chosen group. Genocide is both the

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<v Speaker 5>most serious and the greatest of the crimes against humanity.

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<v Speaker 2>People like DESTEXI want to keep genocide as an extreme,

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<v Speaker 2>unusual crime. They want to make sure that an extreme

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<v Speaker 2>crime can receive just punishment. They claim that too many

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<v Speaker 2>people can use the word genocide for many different crimes

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<v Speaker 2>in war, then they say no one acts against it.

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<v Speaker 1>Not everyone agrees with this way of thinking. Gregory Stanton

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<v Speaker 1>is the president of the international organization Genocide Watch. Stanton

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<v Speaker 1>believes that using the word genocide more often will not

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<v Speaker 1>make people punish it less seriously.

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<v Speaker 6>He writes, I am a former policy maker. I can

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<v Speaker 6>say that policy makers do not act because of a

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<v Speaker 6>special word. Even if a special word is named if

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<v Speaker 6>they do not want to act for other reasons, they

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<v Speaker 6>will not.

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<v Speaker 2>Other people say that naming genocide has no purpose because

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<v Speaker 2>genocide still happens. The country of Rwanda is a tragic

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<v Speaker 2>example of this. For many years, there had been political

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<v Speaker 2>disputes in Rwanda between the who to U and the

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<v Speaker 2>Tutsi tribes. In April of nineteen ninety four, members of

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<v Speaker 2>the Hutu tribes began killing Tutsis. In one hundred days,

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<v Speaker 2>more than eight hundred thousand Rwandans died. No country acted

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<v Speaker 2>to stop this mass killing. The countries that signed the

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<v Speaker 2>Genocide Convention did not do anything. Although the convention states

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<v Speaker 2>that nations must punish genocide, it does not say they

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<v Speaker 2>must prevent genocide.

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<v Speaker 1>Punishing genocide does happen. In nineteen ninety five, one year

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<v Speaker 1>after the genocide in Rwanda, another genocide happened in Srebrenitza

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<v Speaker 1>during the Bosnian War. During this war, three different ethnic

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<v Speaker 1>groups were in conflict with each other, the Serbs, Bosnians

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<v Speaker 1>and Croats. They were fighting over territory, but in July

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<v Speaker 1>the Serbs captured the town of Srebrinitza. They forced twenty

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<v Speaker 1>five to thirty thousand Bosnian women, children, and older people

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<v Speaker 1>to leave. During this time, the Serbian military killed more

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<v Speaker 1>than eight thousand Bosnian men and boys. International courts have

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<v Speaker 1>ruled this event as genocide. These courts have charged more

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<v Speaker 1>than thirty people on genocide charges in Sra Bernita. International

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<v Speaker 1>courts have also made charges against individuals involved in the

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<v Speaker 1>Rwandan genocide. They have tried and punished almost thirty people.

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<v Speaker 2>But is this enough? Is this what the UN Genocide

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<v Speaker 2>Convention is for punishing people after horrifying events happen. The

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<v Speaker 2>Genocide Convention was a chance for the world to name

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<v Speaker 2>a horrible crime. It was a chance to declare that

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<v Speaker 2>the global community will stand against it and punish it.

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<v Speaker 2>But these moral positions also gave the world the responsibility

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<v Speaker 2>to prevent genocide.

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<v Speaker 1>The United Nations recognizes that the international community does not

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<v Speaker 1>always do this, so in two thousand and four, the

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<v Speaker 1>UN created two special advisor jobs. One is for the

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<v Speaker 1>prevention of genocide, the other is on the responsibility to

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<v Speaker 1>protect against genocide. These advisors work together. They investigate, spread information,

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<v Speaker 1>and call governments and organizations to act.

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<v Speaker 2>Adama Ding is the UN's Special Advisor on the Prevention

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<v Speaker 2>of Genocide In December of twenty fourteen, on the sixty

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<v Speaker 2>sixth d anniversary of the UN Genocide Convention, Din gave

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<v Speaker 2>a speech in New York. He expressed the same aims

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<v Speaker 2>as Raphael Limkin and all people who dream of completely

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<v Speaker 2>ending the crime of genocide. He said, we remember the

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<v Speaker 2>millions of men and women who have lost their lives

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<v Speaker 2>to genocide. We owe to them, and to ourselves and

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<v Speaker 2>to future generations to create a world free of genocide.

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<v Speaker 2>We are still far from that, but we aim to

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<v Speaker 2>make it happen. We need to think about the importance

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<v Speaker 2>of the Genocide Convention. We need political leadership from member states.

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<v Speaker 2>We need courage to take steps that are not always easy.

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<v Speaker 1>The writer of this program was Jen Hawkins. The producer

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<v Speaker 1>was Michio Ozaki. The voices you heard were from the

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<v Speaker 1>United Kingdom and the United States. All quotes were adapted

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<v Speaker 1>for this program and voiced by Spotlight. You can listen

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<v Speaker 1>to this program again and read it on the internet

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<v Speaker 1>at www dot Radio English dot net. This program is

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<v Speaker 1>called Preventing Genocide.

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<v Speaker 2>We hope you can join us again for the next

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<v Speaker 2>Spotlight program. Goodbye.

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<v Speaker 6>I was

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<v Speaker 4>To