WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.840 --> 00:00:05.679 Chapter six of History of Egypt. This is a LibriVox recording. 2 00:00:06.440 --> 00:00:10.599 All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more 3 00:00:10.640 --> 00:00:16.800 information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording 4 00:00:16.879 --> 00:00:22.440 by Sarah Lerenowitch. History of Egypt by F. C. H. Wendel, 5 00:00:23.280 --> 00:00:28.600 Chapter six. The Nineteenth Dynasty about thirteen thirty to eleven 6 00:00:28.679 --> 00:00:34.240 eighty b C. Section one horem HEB thirteen forty to 7 00:00:34.320 --> 00:00:39.359 thirteen twenty b C. About thirteen forty b C. Horem 8 00:00:39.399 --> 00:00:43.600 HEB succeeded in restoring order in the kingdom. His accession 9 00:00:43.640 --> 00:00:46.600 to the throne marks a new era in Egyptian history, 10 00:00:47.159 --> 00:00:51.200 that of the Nineteenth Dynasty, in which Egypt, though its 11 00:00:51.320 --> 00:00:54.159 armies no longer marched to the Euphrates and became a 12 00:00:54.280 --> 00:00:57.920 terror of the Mesopotamian rulers, yet succeeded in making a 13 00:00:57.960 --> 00:01:01.520 part of Asia an integral part of its empire. The 14 00:01:01.520 --> 00:01:05.959 preceding dynasty had produced great conquerors who stand unrivaled in 15 00:01:06.040 --> 00:01:09.959 the annals of the land of Khmet, this dynasty produced 16 00:01:10.040 --> 00:01:13.719 rulers who were great warriors, and but for events which 17 00:01:13.719 --> 00:01:16.519 had occurred in Asia during the latter part of the dynasty, 18 00:01:16.560 --> 00:01:20.719 eighteen would have equalled the two great Tutmoses in extent 19 00:01:20.760 --> 00:01:25.640 of conquests, and who were, besides great organizers, how they 20 00:01:25.680 --> 00:01:30.680 succeeded in incorporating Palestine, Phoenicia, and southern Syria in the kingdom. 21 00:01:30.959 --> 00:01:34.400 We shall presently see. The great mistake of these rulers 22 00:01:34.599 --> 00:01:38.079 was that they, little by little, substituted Libyan mercenaries for 23 00:01:38.159 --> 00:01:41.560 the national armies that had hitherto been the sole reliance 24 00:01:41.560 --> 00:01:44.359 of Egypt. And we shall have occasion to trace the 25 00:01:44.400 --> 00:01:48.519 grave results of this mistake. A long inscription on a 26 00:01:48.560 --> 00:01:52.640 statue of Haremheb preserved in Turin, gives us an account 27 00:01:52.680 --> 00:01:55.040 of his early life and relates how he came to 28 00:01:55.120 --> 00:01:58.640 the throne. He was brought up in the city of Hatsuten, 29 00:01:58.959 --> 00:02:02.480 and already in his early youth, was highly honored. He 30 00:02:02.599 --> 00:02:05.079 was a member of the family of Tutmosis the Third, 31 00:02:05.480 --> 00:02:08.599 whom he calls the father of his father, i e. 32 00:02:08.919 --> 00:02:12.360 His ancestor. When he was still a very young man, 33 00:02:12.719 --> 00:02:16.680 the ruling pharaoh, whose name is not mentioned, appointed him 34 00:02:16.719 --> 00:02:21.080 to a high position in the eighteenth Upper Egyptian nome Saped, 35 00:02:21.319 --> 00:02:24.360 which was his home. As he made a good record 36 00:02:24.360 --> 00:02:28.080 in this position, he was made Aden i e General, 37 00:02:28.759 --> 00:02:31.360 and in this position he received the tributes of the 38 00:02:31.439 --> 00:02:34.520 foreign princes, and all the princes had to bow down 39 00:02:34.560 --> 00:02:37.560 before him. After he had held this position for a 40 00:02:37.639 --> 00:02:40.719 number of years and had shown great ability, he was 41 00:02:40.759 --> 00:02:44.599 appointed no Marcos of Saped. This position he held when, 42 00:02:44.879 --> 00:02:48.280 as the text puts it, Horace and Amon decided to 43 00:02:48.319 --> 00:02:51.960 place him on the throne horemheb certainly had a good 44 00:02:52.080 --> 00:02:55.520 right to the succession, being a lineal descendant of Tutmosis 45 00:02:55.520 --> 00:02:58.439 the third, but his chief claim lay in the fact 46 00:02:58.560 --> 00:03:01.000 that he had succeeded in trying mphing over all the 47 00:03:01.120 --> 00:03:04.120 usurpers that had arisen after the death of the last 48 00:03:04.120 --> 00:03:08.560 pharaoh of Chuanatan's line. On the close of the civil war, 49 00:03:08.759 --> 00:03:12.039 he proceeded to Thebes, where he married the royal princess 50 00:03:12.199 --> 00:03:16.520 Mudnetchim and was crowned king. His campaigns were chiefly in 51 00:03:16.560 --> 00:03:19.120 the south, where he put down a number of rebellious 52 00:03:19.199 --> 00:03:23.560 Nubian tribes. We also know that he conducted several campaigns 53 00:03:23.560 --> 00:03:27.280 in the north with the usual success. It would seem, too, 54 00:03:27.479 --> 00:03:30.680 that the connections with southern Arabia and the Somali coast 55 00:03:30.759 --> 00:03:34.000 were kept up for the inscriptions mentioned the tribute of 56 00:03:34.039 --> 00:03:37.400 the Prince of Puent. Horem Heb tells us that he 57 00:03:37.520 --> 00:03:40.159 restored the temples of the land from the Delta to 58 00:03:40.240 --> 00:03:43.759 Nubia and increased the numbers of their slaves and the 59 00:03:43.800 --> 00:03:48.960 amounts of sacrificial offerings of the temples. Those of thebes On, 60 00:03:49.080 --> 00:03:53.879 Heliopolis and Memphis were specially favored. Horem Heb died after 61 00:03:53.919 --> 00:03:58.919 a reign of about twenty years. Section two. Rameses the 62 00:03:58.960 --> 00:04:04.960 First thirteen nineteen to thirteen seventeen b C. Very little 63 00:04:05.039 --> 00:04:09.479 is known of Horemheb's son and successor, Ramses. He made 64 00:04:09.520 --> 00:04:13.199 several raids into Nubia, and shortly before his death appointed 65 00:04:13.199 --> 00:04:17.519 his son Seti co regent. He died after a reign 66 00:04:17.600 --> 00:04:21.079 of only two years. His mummy was among those found 67 00:04:21.160 --> 00:04:26.800 at dare Al Bahari. Section three. Seti the First thirteen 68 00:04:26.879 --> 00:04:31.079 sixteen to twelve eighty nine b C. The son and 69 00:04:31.160 --> 00:04:34.240 successor of Ramses the First, was one of the greatest 70 00:04:34.279 --> 00:04:38.480 and most warlike of all the Egyptian kings. Already in 71 00:04:38.519 --> 00:04:40.759 the first year of his reign, he was compelled to 72 00:04:40.839 --> 00:04:45.439 invade Asia, starting from the chetem I e Fort of Tar, 73 00:04:45.959 --> 00:04:49.040 which lay on the freshwater canal that formed the eastern 74 00:04:49.079 --> 00:04:53.319 boundary line of Egypt. He first attacked and easily defeated 75 00:04:53.480 --> 00:04:58.079 the Shassu II, the nomadic tribes dwelling in the Arabian desert, 76 00:04:58.720 --> 00:05:02.879 and then entered Canan, defeated the inhabitants, took their capital, 77 00:05:03.279 --> 00:05:06.519 and erected and garrisoned forts and dug wells in the 78 00:05:06.519 --> 00:05:10.199 conquered country. It is evident that the pharaoh desire to 79 00:05:10.240 --> 00:05:14.120 hold the land permanently, and thus to secure Egypt against 80 00:05:14.160 --> 00:05:18.079 all further inroads from Asia. This rapid success of the 81 00:05:18.079 --> 00:05:22.120 Egyptian army spread terror over all Syria, and the Syrian 82 00:05:22.160 --> 00:05:28.120 princes submitted peaceably and paid tribute. Several strongly fortified towns, however, 83 00:05:28.160 --> 00:05:30.920 held out and had to be taken by force of arms. 84 00:05:31.439 --> 00:05:35.040 Among these were Kadesh, a city of the Amorites in 85 00:05:35.079 --> 00:05:38.240 the district allotted to the tribe of Neftali that must 86 00:05:38.240 --> 00:05:41.360 not be confounded with the Kadesh on the Orrantes, the 87 00:05:41.399 --> 00:05:45.720 capital of the Cheta, and the fortress of Jenuam. Seeing 88 00:05:45.759 --> 00:05:50.680 these Egyptian successes, Mauteneur, the king of the Cheta, naturally, 89 00:05:50.759 --> 00:05:54.040 thinking he would be attacked next, determined to take a 90 00:05:54.120 --> 00:05:57.040 hand in the game. He was defeated, but set He 91 00:05:57.120 --> 00:06:00.759 gained no permanent advantage over him. If we possessed the 92 00:06:00.839 --> 00:06:03.959 monuments of this Cheta king, we certainly would read of 93 00:06:04.040 --> 00:06:09.199 victories gained over the Egyptians. Seti now returned home at Tiar, 94 00:06:09.439 --> 00:06:12.360 he was met by a procession of priests and nobles, 95 00:06:12.600 --> 00:06:17.079 who conducted him to Thebes in triumphal procession. The successes 96 00:06:17.079 --> 00:06:20.759 of this pharaoh must not be overestimated. All he succeeded 97 00:06:20.759 --> 00:06:23.480 in doing was to conquer the land lying between the 98 00:06:23.519 --> 00:06:27.480 Egyptian and the Cheta frontier. The petty sovereigns of southern 99 00:06:27.519 --> 00:06:30.439 Syria fell an easy prey to him, but the mighty 100 00:06:30.519 --> 00:06:34.759 Cheta king succeeded in checking his advance. The lists of 101 00:06:35.120 --> 00:06:39.319 conquered lands and cities are very unreliable, many of the 102 00:06:39.399 --> 00:06:42.839 names having been copied from the lists of Tutmosus the third. 103 00:06:44.000 --> 00:06:47.120 In the later years of his reign, SETI was compelled 104 00:06:47.120 --> 00:06:50.959 to march against the Taehenu i e. The Libyans, who 105 00:06:50.959 --> 00:06:53.959 had again begun to make inroads on the western frontier. 106 00:06:54.759 --> 00:06:58.040 The Libyan tribes, who were savage and warlike, had for 107 00:06:58.160 --> 00:07:02.240 centuries almost constantly been at war with Egypt, and though 108 00:07:02.279 --> 00:07:05.319 at first easily defeated, had in the course of time 109 00:07:05.439 --> 00:07:09.800 become very dangerous foes. In this reign, they began a 110 00:07:09.839 --> 00:07:13.360 series of invasions, which were repelled only with great difficulty. 111 00:07:13.959 --> 00:07:17.160 SETI was compelled to defeat them again and again before 112 00:07:17.199 --> 00:07:20.959 he succeeded in subduing them for the time being. These 113 00:07:21.040 --> 00:07:25.240 tribes soon assumed the same position as regards Egypt that 114 00:07:25.279 --> 00:07:29.040 the German tribes in later times held as regards the 115 00:07:29.120 --> 00:07:34.439 Roman Empire. They began as enemies and invaders, and with time, 116 00:07:34.839 --> 00:07:38.439 finding it profitable to serve the pharaoh, entered the Egyptian 117 00:07:38.560 --> 00:07:44.160 service as mercenaries. These mercenaries soon supplanted the native troops, 118 00:07:44.199 --> 00:07:48.279 and in several centuries gained such controlling influence that some 119 00:07:48.480 --> 00:07:53.040 four hundred years after Seti's time, their commander in chief, Sheshank, 120 00:07:53.439 --> 00:07:56.040 could grasp the scepter and ascend the throne of the 121 00:07:56.079 --> 00:07:59.920 pharaohs that to Henu. Tribes that entered the Egyptian service 122 00:08:00.160 --> 00:08:03.759 in this and the following regins were the Mashawasha and 123 00:08:03.839 --> 00:08:08.040 the Cahawk. In connection with these tribes there appears now 124 00:08:08.199 --> 00:08:12.000 for the first time the tribe of the Shardana. Large 125 00:08:12.000 --> 00:08:15.600 bodies of these Shardana entered the service of Egypt under 126 00:08:15.680 --> 00:08:19.639 Rameses the second, and a poem celebrating this monarch's victory 127 00:08:19.680 --> 00:08:23.160 over the Cheta states that they were originally prisoners of war. 128 00:08:23.839 --> 00:08:27.519 The armament of these men's was peculiar. They carried small 129 00:08:27.639 --> 00:08:32.080 round shields or bucklers and a long, sharp pointed lance, 130 00:08:32.360 --> 00:08:35.360 and wore helmets with a round ball on top. They 131 00:08:35.399 --> 00:08:39.000 also had full beards, while the Egyptian soldiers wore no 132 00:08:39.080 --> 00:08:42.879 beards at all. In later times they are called people 133 00:08:42.960 --> 00:08:46.720 of the sea. Their home must consequently have been some coast, 134 00:08:46.759 --> 00:08:50.720 district or island of the Mediterranean. We have no reason 135 00:08:50.759 --> 00:08:55.600 whatsoever to identify them with the Sardinians. In all probability, 136 00:08:55.919 --> 00:08:58.240 they were a tribe that dwelt on the northern coast 137 00:08:58.279 --> 00:09:03.440 of Africa. The architectural activity of this ruler was confined 138 00:09:03.519 --> 00:09:06.360 chiefly to Thebes, where he built at the temple of 139 00:09:06.440 --> 00:09:11.399 Amon raw At Karnak. Here he began the magnificent Hypostyle, 140 00:09:11.600 --> 00:09:14.960 which was completed by his son and successor. In the 141 00:09:15.000 --> 00:09:17.840 necropolis of Thebes, on the west bank of the Nile, 142 00:09:18.279 --> 00:09:23.279 he restored two funeral temples that of Makharah at Daryl Bahari, 143 00:09:23.759 --> 00:09:27.480 and that of Tutmoses the third at Medinet Habu. He 144 00:09:27.600 --> 00:09:31.279 also began a funeral temple dedicated to his father, Rameses 145 00:09:31.320 --> 00:09:34.840 the First at Abd el Kurnagh, which was completed by 146 00:09:34.879 --> 00:09:38.440 Rameses the second, who dedicated it to Seti in conjunction 147 00:09:38.519 --> 00:09:42.320 with Rameses the first. The king also restored temples in 148 00:09:42.399 --> 00:09:46.000 all parts of Egypt. The mines of the setmuf kat 149 00:09:46.360 --> 00:09:50.159 i e Malachite region, as the Egyptians called the Senai 150 00:09:50.279 --> 00:09:54.320 he held and operated. The quarries in Egypt proper were 151 00:09:54.399 --> 00:09:57.639 of course in full operation, and the gold mines of 152 00:09:57.720 --> 00:10:01.720 Aethiopia were worked. Of these gold mines, there has been 153 00:10:01.759 --> 00:10:06.399 preserved in a Turin papyrus a map, which, though crudely drawn, 154 00:10:06.759 --> 00:10:11.840 is easily intelligible, the oldest map extant. Before his death, 155 00:10:12.080 --> 00:10:16.039 SETI appointed his young son, Ramsey's co regent, but this 156 00:10:16.120 --> 00:10:20.960 appointment was merely nominal. Rameses certainly never exercised the functions 157 00:10:20.960 --> 00:10:24.279 of this office. He himself conceived it in this spirit, 158 00:10:24.759 --> 00:10:27.600 never dating his reign from his appointment, as the kings 159 00:10:27.639 --> 00:10:30.240 of the Twelfth dynasty had done, but from his actual 160 00:10:30.240 --> 00:10:34.120 accession to the throne as sole ruler. SETI died after 161 00:10:34.159 --> 00:10:37.399 a reign of about twenty seven years. The mummy of 162 00:10:37.440 --> 00:10:40.600 this ruler was found in a shaft at Darrow Bahari, 163 00:10:41.000 --> 00:10:43.320 where it had been hid to protect it against the 164 00:10:43.360 --> 00:10:46.919 tomb robbers that invested the necropolis in the times of 165 00:10:46.960 --> 00:10:50.919 the priest kings of dynasty twenty one. The features are 166 00:10:51.000 --> 00:10:54.399 strongly marked and give evidence of great mental vigor and 167 00:10:54.480 --> 00:11:00.200 strength of will. Section four Rameses the Second twelve eighty 168 00:11:00.240 --> 00:11:04.000 eight to twelve twenty one b c. This king has 169 00:11:04.120 --> 00:11:07.600 long been overestimated by those who followed Greek tradition in 170 00:11:07.679 --> 00:11:12.039 Egyptian history. That this tradition is utterly untrustworthy has been 171 00:11:12.080 --> 00:11:15.720 pointed out in the introduction, and its utter worthlessness is 172 00:11:15.759 --> 00:11:20.799 here glaringly illustrated. The Greeks called this king Sisastras and 173 00:11:20.919 --> 00:11:25.000 made him the representative of Egyptian greatness. The name of 174 00:11:25.080 --> 00:11:30.360 Sisastras is undoubtedly authentic, being a corruption of Sesetsu, a 175 00:11:30.480 --> 00:11:33.159 name applied to this king in a critical letter written 176 00:11:33.159 --> 00:11:36.639 either in his reign or shortly afterward. He has been 177 00:11:36.639 --> 00:11:40.320 declared the greatest of all the pharaohs, while in reality 178 00:11:40.759 --> 00:11:44.039 he is to be placed after several others. Of all 179 00:11:44.080 --> 00:11:48.240 the greatest was undoubtedly Tetmosis the third. Next after him 180 00:11:48.279 --> 00:11:51.600 we can place his father Tetmoses the first. Then come 181 00:11:51.639 --> 00:11:55.759 Eusir Tessen the third, the conqueror of Athiopia, and Seti 182 00:11:55.799 --> 00:11:58.960 the first, who conquered Libya and prepared the way for 183 00:11:59.039 --> 00:12:03.080 Rameses the second in Asia. We give now a brief 184 00:12:03.080 --> 00:12:06.080 summary of the Greek accounts of this king, and the 185 00:12:06.120 --> 00:12:09.519 reader can then himself compare them with the authentic history 186 00:12:09.639 --> 00:12:13.000 gleaned from the monuments of this reign, which, with the 187 00:12:13.080 --> 00:12:17.799 exception of the very suspicious lists of conquered nations, are 188 00:12:17.960 --> 00:12:23.480 entirely trustworthy. Herodotus and Diodorus Sicilis are the principal sources 189 00:12:23.519 --> 00:12:28.440 for the Sosastres legend. According to them, Cissastres was educated 190 00:12:28.480 --> 00:12:31.759 together with all boys born on the same day with himself. 191 00:12:32.360 --> 00:12:35.879 While yet crown prince, he was sent against the Aethiopians 192 00:12:36.240 --> 00:12:40.200 and subdued their entire country. Then he marched against Libya 193 00:12:40.559 --> 00:12:43.799 and conquered the greater part of that country, his father 194 00:12:43.960 --> 00:12:47.960 dying soon after. He determined to conquer the world, raising 195 00:12:47.960 --> 00:12:52.120 an army of six hundred thousand infantry twenty four thousand 196 00:12:52.159 --> 00:12:56.120 cavalry and twenty seven thousand chariots. He put them under 197 00:12:56.120 --> 00:12:59.720 command of the seventeen hundred boys educated. Together with him, 198 00:13:00.240 --> 00:13:04.440 this vast army first marched against Aethiopia, and, conquering the 199 00:13:04.600 --> 00:13:08.600 entire country, levied a tribute of gold, ebony and ivory. 200 00:13:09.120 --> 00:13:12.559 Why conquer Ethiopia, which, according to the same authority he 201 00:13:12.600 --> 00:13:16.000 had already conquered. He then fitted out a fleet of 202 00:13:16.120 --> 00:13:20.519 four hundred sail the first Egyptian fleet, and penetrating to 203 00:13:20.600 --> 00:13:23.679 the land where the cinnamon grows and the straits of Babel, 204 00:13:23.759 --> 00:13:27.919 Mandeb conquered the land of the ichthiop Phagoi and erected 205 00:13:28.000 --> 00:13:32.039 Stella there. Then he crossed to Arabia and overran that 206 00:13:32.159 --> 00:13:36.120 country and the Asiatic coasts as far as India. In 207 00:13:36.200 --> 00:13:38.919 proof of this, they stayed that up to their time 208 00:13:39.080 --> 00:13:42.080 there were to be seen in that country many ramparts 209 00:13:42.159 --> 00:13:46.600 of cisastris, as well as numerous imitations of Egyptian temples. 210 00:13:47.159 --> 00:13:50.919 His land forces crossed the Ganges and conquered India. He 211 00:13:51.039 --> 00:13:53.879 next overran the country of the Scythians up to the 212 00:13:53.919 --> 00:13:57.559 Tenaeus River the modern Don River. Here a part of 213 00:13:57.600 --> 00:14:00.840 his troops remained, and from them are descend in the Colchoi. 214 00:14:01.679 --> 00:14:05.759 According to Pliny's version, however, Cisastras did not succeed in 215 00:14:05.759 --> 00:14:10.519 invading the country, but was defeated by Sallakis, king of Colchis. 216 00:14:11.200 --> 00:14:15.320 The king next entered Europe and overran Thrace. Here, his 217 00:14:15.519 --> 00:14:19.159 army was almost entirely broken up by hardships and starvation. 218 00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:24.559 At length, after nine years of continued warfare, he returned home, 219 00:14:24.720 --> 00:14:28.799 laden with booty and all of the conquered lands. Cisastres 220 00:14:28.799 --> 00:14:32.039 set up Stella. Some of these monuments, alleged to have 221 00:14:32.080 --> 00:14:35.519 been erected by him, were shown to Herodotus in Ionia 222 00:14:35.679 --> 00:14:40.000 and Syria. Manetho relates that when Cissastras set out on 223 00:14:40.080 --> 00:14:44.279 his campaigns, he had appointed his brother Harmaeus regent during 224 00:14:44.279 --> 00:14:48.480 his absence. After the king's return, Harmaeus revolted but was 225 00:14:48.519 --> 00:14:53.519 defeated at Pelusium. The Egyptian account differs materially from this. 226 00:14:54.480 --> 00:14:57.879 In Libya, Rameses fought only as crown prince under his 227 00:14:57.960 --> 00:15:02.480 father's leadership. The monument do indeed mention campaigns in Ethiopia, 228 00:15:02.720 --> 00:15:05.879 but these were most probably directed only against the mountain 229 00:15:05.960 --> 00:15:10.000 tribes that made constant inroads on the civilized portion of Ethiopia. 230 00:15:10.480 --> 00:15:13.600 The country proper was an integral part of Egypt, and 231 00:15:13.679 --> 00:15:17.440 had been so for centuries, and it was entirely unnecessary 232 00:15:17.480 --> 00:15:20.440 to reconquer it. The great seat of the war in 233 00:15:20.519 --> 00:15:23.600 this reign was Asia. In the second year of his reign, 234 00:15:23.960 --> 00:15:27.120 the Pharaohs started on his first campaign in this region. 235 00:15:27.919 --> 00:15:31.440 It would seem that disturbances had occurred in Palestine and 236 00:15:31.480 --> 00:15:34.440 the land of the Amorites, and that this campaign was 237 00:15:34.480 --> 00:15:38.399 necessary to restore order. Several cities had to be taken, 238 00:15:38.519 --> 00:15:42.960 but on the whole, the restoration of Egyptian supremacy in 239 00:15:43.000 --> 00:15:46.720 the countries recently so severely visited by Seti the first 240 00:15:47.159 --> 00:15:51.240 cannot have been an over difficult task. As usual, it 241 00:15:51.320 --> 00:15:55.000 seems that the fortresses alone offered any resistance, and after 242 00:15:55.039 --> 00:15:57.960 they had fallen, the rest of the country submitted peaceably. 243 00:15:58.679 --> 00:16:02.480 At the close of this camp, Rameses erected Astili on 244 00:16:02.559 --> 00:16:06.480 the banks of the Nahar el Khaled, north of Beirut. 245 00:16:06.879 --> 00:16:09.480 His second campaign, on which he set out in the 246 00:16:09.480 --> 00:16:13.440 fifth year of his reign, after careful preparation, was directed 247 00:16:13.480 --> 00:16:16.879 against the Cheta, the old enemies of Tutmosis. The third 248 00:16:17.000 --> 00:16:20.600 and Seti the First. It may be well here to 249 00:16:20.679 --> 00:16:23.320 give a brief sketch of the rise of this people. 250 00:16:23.879 --> 00:16:27.320 There were two peoples named Cheta, one in Canan and 251 00:16:27.399 --> 00:16:31.559 one dwelling between the Orrants and the Euphrates. The latter 252 00:16:31.759 --> 00:16:34.519 is the people we refer to here. Already in the 253 00:16:34.559 --> 00:16:37.279 time of Tutmoses the third, they seem to have been 254 00:16:37.320 --> 00:16:41.279 an important and influential nation. The Cheta were the soul 255 00:16:41.440 --> 00:16:45.039 of the last great coalition formed against this pharaoh. But 256 00:16:45.159 --> 00:16:49.360 in these early times Egypt still proved the master. After 257 00:16:49.399 --> 00:16:53.039 the death of Amenhotep the Third, the Egyptians were too 258 00:16:53.120 --> 00:16:57.159 much occupied with internal affairs to interfere in Syria, and 259 00:16:57.519 --> 00:16:59.559 in the time between the death of this ruler and 260 00:16:59.559 --> 00:17:02.720 the assse ession of Seti the First falls the rise 261 00:17:02.840 --> 00:17:06.119 of the Cheta. Of the combats in which they gained 262 00:17:06.119 --> 00:17:09.200 this ascendancy we know nothing, but it would seem that 263 00:17:09.279 --> 00:17:15.000 their kings, Sapilel and Marusar, who preceded Mauteneur, the contemporary 264 00:17:15.039 --> 00:17:18.640 of Seti, had succeeded in gaining the ascendancy over all 265 00:17:18.680 --> 00:17:23.160 the states of northern Syria. The Rutenu Haru upper Rutenu 266 00:17:23.319 --> 00:17:27.519 of the Egyptians northern Mesopotamia and of that portion of 267 00:17:27.559 --> 00:17:31.200 Asia lying north of their domain. We do not, however, 268 00:17:31.480 --> 00:17:33.759 know whether they merely stood at the head of a 269 00:17:33.839 --> 00:17:37.720 confederacy composed of these states, or had really conquered them. 270 00:17:38.200 --> 00:17:42.559 When SETI the first invaded Asia, Mountaineur felt sufficiently strong 271 00:17:42.680 --> 00:17:46.559 to oppose him, and, though at first defeated, succeeded in 272 00:17:46.640 --> 00:17:51.359 checking his advance. This success naturally increased the prestige of 273 00:17:51.400 --> 00:17:54.880 the Cheta, and when Rameses the second attacked them, they 274 00:17:54.920 --> 00:17:56.920 seemed to have been able to call to their aid 275 00:17:57.119 --> 00:18:00.440 all the peoples of northern Syria and northern Mesoptae, Kamia, 276 00:18:00.799 --> 00:18:03.799 and some of the peoples of Asia Minor. The forces 277 00:18:03.839 --> 00:18:07.000 of this mighty coalition were massed in front of Kadesh, 278 00:18:07.279 --> 00:18:11.720 the Cheta capital, where they awaited the Egyptian advance. Led 279 00:18:11.759 --> 00:18:15.279 by treacherous guides, the advance guard of the Egyptian army, 280 00:18:15.519 --> 00:18:18.480 which was under the personal command of the king, fell 281 00:18:18.559 --> 00:18:22.519 into an ambuscade near Kadesh, and were all but annihilated. 282 00:18:23.079 --> 00:18:27.519 They were, however, rallied by Rameses, whose personal prowess, as 283 00:18:27.559 --> 00:18:30.559 he tells us, alone, turned the tide of the battle, 284 00:18:30.880 --> 00:18:32.880 and when the rest of the army which had been 285 00:18:32.920 --> 00:18:36.519 hastily summoned, arrived on the battlefield. They were just in 286 00:18:36.640 --> 00:18:39.200 time to join in the pursuit of the fleeing foe. 287 00:18:39.680 --> 00:18:43.599 The enemy were driven into the Orrantes River iji Arunta, 288 00:18:44.039 --> 00:18:48.079 and suffered terrible losses. One of their generals, the Prince 289 00:18:48.119 --> 00:18:53.079 of Chaleb Aleppo, was almost drowned. Again and again. Ramsey's 290 00:18:53.119 --> 00:18:57.519 reverts to this victory, the poem and the representations commemorative 291 00:18:57.559 --> 00:19:00.839 of it he had inscribed on the walls of several temples. 292 00:19:01.519 --> 00:19:04.880 Undoubtedly it was an act of great personal bravery, and 293 00:19:04.920 --> 00:19:06.799 the pharaoh had a right to be proud of it. 294 00:19:07.200 --> 00:19:11.079 But the victory was fruitless. Kadesh was not taken, and 295 00:19:11.160 --> 00:19:14.440 if Rameses says that Mounteneur had turned about and adored him, 296 00:19:14.839 --> 00:19:19.119 this can refer only to negotiation concerning an armistice. At 297 00:19:19.160 --> 00:19:22.400 all events, the war went on as before, and evidently 298 00:19:22.559 --> 00:19:25.559 with wavering success, though we hear but little of its 299 00:19:25.599 --> 00:19:29.759 further course. Once we find the pharaoh fighting far north 300 00:19:29.920 --> 00:19:34.359 in the region of Tunep in Naharan, Mesopotamia. But how 301 00:19:34.400 --> 00:19:36.680 he came there we do not know. He did not 302 00:19:36.759 --> 00:19:40.759 retain this advanced position long, however, but was driven back 303 00:19:41.039 --> 00:19:42.920 for in the eighth year of his reign, he fought 304 00:19:42.920 --> 00:19:46.839 in Palestine, taking the towns of Mehram Kharpu in the 305 00:19:46.880 --> 00:19:50.160 region of bete Anat and Dapur in the country of 306 00:19:50.200 --> 00:19:54.279 the Amorites. He also took the town of Shapur and 307 00:19:54.400 --> 00:19:59.000 finally reconquered as Kharun as colon which had thrown off 308 00:19:59.000 --> 00:20:03.680 the yoke of Egypt. During this war, Mountaineur died and 309 00:20:03.839 --> 00:20:08.559 Chetasar succeeded him. The Cheta War was finally closed in 310 00:20:08.599 --> 00:20:11.880 the twenty first year of Rameses' reign by a Treaty 311 00:20:11.960 --> 00:20:16.119 of Peace and Alliance. This treaty proves that perfect equality 312 00:20:16.240 --> 00:20:20.079 existed between the two nations. Both kings bound themselves to 313 00:20:20.160 --> 00:20:23.799 keep the peace and be good and faithful allies. The 314 00:20:23.839 --> 00:20:26.440 treaty refers to one in force in the time of 315 00:20:26.519 --> 00:20:30.680 Sapilel and Matinur, concluded possibly with SETI the first or 316 00:20:30.720 --> 00:20:34.920 one of his two predecessors. It expressly states the obligation 317 00:20:35.079 --> 00:20:37.319 of either king to come to the assistance of the 318 00:20:37.319 --> 00:20:41.000 other if so required. It further defines the obligation of 319 00:20:41.079 --> 00:20:45.079 either king to return refugees. Thus was concluded the first 320 00:20:45.119 --> 00:20:48.400 Treaty of Peace and Alliance. The full text of which 321 00:20:48.440 --> 00:20:51.720 has come down to us that treaties had been concluded 322 00:20:51.759 --> 00:20:55.039 between the kings of Egypt and the Mesopotamian rulers we 323 00:20:55.119 --> 00:20:58.680 have seen in the preceding chapter. To strengthen this treaty, 324 00:20:58.920 --> 00:21:02.720 Rameses married the old oldest daughter of Chetasar, acknowledging her 325 00:21:02.839 --> 00:21:06.079 as his legitimate wife and queen, the princess adopting the 326 00:21:06.079 --> 00:21:11.160 Egyptian name of matt nephru Ra. Thirteen years later, Chetasar, 327 00:21:11.359 --> 00:21:14.400 accompanied by the Prince of Kedi, paid his royal son 328 00:21:14.440 --> 00:21:17.279 in law a visit. The terms of the treaty seemed 329 00:21:17.319 --> 00:21:20.240 to have been strictly kept by both countries, as they 330 00:21:20.279 --> 00:21:22.960 were weary of a war that drained their resources and 331 00:21:23.000 --> 00:21:26.200 brought no result to either of the boundary between the 332 00:21:26.240 --> 00:21:29.000 two nations. Nothing is said in the treaty, but it 333 00:21:29.000 --> 00:21:34.160 would seem probable that Egypt retained Phoenicia, Palestine, and southern Syria, 334 00:21:34.279 --> 00:21:37.160 while the Cheta were free to extend their domain northward. 335 00:21:37.680 --> 00:21:40.960 The Cheta made good use of their opportunities all through 336 00:21:41.000 --> 00:21:44.000 Asia Minor and as far north as Smyrna. We meet 337 00:21:44.039 --> 00:21:48.359 with monuments that were erected by this people. Rameses could 338 00:21:48.400 --> 00:21:51.480 not extend his sway any further than the boundaries of 339 00:21:51.559 --> 00:21:54.480 the Cheta. He now set to work to secure the 340 00:21:54.519 --> 00:21:58.519 conquered country. In all parts of Palestine and southern Syria, 341 00:21:58.920 --> 00:22:01.839 forts were erected in garrisoned, and it would even seem 342 00:22:01.920 --> 00:22:05.519 that special officers rode through the land on tours of inspection. 343 00:22:06.200 --> 00:22:09.000 The power of Egypt had greatly weakened, and she was 344 00:22:09.079 --> 00:22:12.400 no longer what she had been three centuries earlier. The 345 00:22:12.519 --> 00:22:15.799 lists of conquered lands which this pharaoh had inscribed on 346 00:22:15.839 --> 00:22:20.240 the temple walls are utterly unreliable, being copied in great 347 00:22:20.279 --> 00:22:23.880 part from those of Tutmosis the third. Thus he mentions 348 00:22:23.920 --> 00:22:30.240 as conquered, among others, Asur Assyria and Sangar Chaldea, countries 349 00:22:30.240 --> 00:22:34.480 with which this pharaoh had no relations whatsoever. That a 350 00:22:34.599 --> 00:22:38.599 very active commercial intercourse between Egypt and Asia was brought 351 00:22:38.640 --> 00:22:41.799 about by the new relations between Egypt and the Asiatic 352 00:22:41.880 --> 00:22:46.799 nations is self evident. Egypt powerfully influenced Asia, and was 353 00:22:46.880 --> 00:22:52.160 powerfully influenced in return Syrian divinities. But all and astart 354 00:22:52.640 --> 00:22:56.720 were taken into the Egyptian pantheon. Setsu Tech, who to 355 00:22:56.799 --> 00:23:01.279 the Egyptians represented the tutular divinity of the foreigners gained 356 00:23:01.279 --> 00:23:05.640 greatly in prestige owing to the successes of these same foreigners, 357 00:23:06.160 --> 00:23:09.880 But the chief influence was on the language. The influx 358 00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:13.480 of Semitic words into the Egyptian at this time is 359 00:23:13.519 --> 00:23:17.319 something wonderful to behold. It must have been considered elegant 360 00:23:17.519 --> 00:23:20.400 and a proof of great learning to larder one's writing 361 00:23:20.480 --> 00:23:23.319 with these foreign words and phrases, for some of the 362 00:23:23.359 --> 00:23:27.119 texts of this period teem with them. The peace which 363 00:23:27.200 --> 00:23:29.880 closed the Asiatic War in the twenty first year of 364 00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:33.720 Rameses reign left the pharaoh forty six years to devote 365 00:23:33.720 --> 00:23:38.240 to internal improvements. The king directed his attention chiefly to building, 366 00:23:38.720 --> 00:23:41.079 and there is scarce a town in all Egypt in 367 00:23:41.119 --> 00:23:45.039 which he did not build, complete or restore temples. But 368 00:23:45.160 --> 00:23:48.039 despite this great activity, he does not seem to have 369 00:23:48.079 --> 00:23:51.839 been thoroughly satisfied with his work, for he usurped many 370 00:23:51.880 --> 00:23:56.240 temples erected by his predecessors. The usurpation of monuments was 371 00:23:56.279 --> 00:23:59.759 a common practice in ancient Egypt. The usurper proceeded in 372 00:23:59.799 --> 00:24:02.599 a vas very simple manner. He erased the name of 373 00:24:02.640 --> 00:24:06.000 the real builder and substituted his own for it, thus 374 00:24:06.039 --> 00:24:09.160 making it appear as if the monument in question owed 375 00:24:09.240 --> 00:24:12.880 its existence to him. This had been done before Rameses time, 376 00:24:13.240 --> 00:24:16.640 but none of his predecessors possessed the same finesse in 377 00:24:16.720 --> 00:24:20.160 this class of work. He thus succeeded in arrogating to 378 00:24:20.240 --> 00:24:23.759 himself many temples that had been built years and sometimes 379 00:24:23.759 --> 00:24:27.119 centuries before his time. And it is often owing only 380 00:24:27.160 --> 00:24:29.200 to the fact that the men charged with the work 381 00:24:29.240 --> 00:24:32.039 did it very slovenly and left the name of the 382 00:24:32.079 --> 00:24:35.200 real builder standing in some obscure corner, that we are 383 00:24:35.319 --> 00:24:39.839 enabled to discover the imposition. Tannis, a city lying near 384 00:24:39.920 --> 00:24:43.519 the northeastern boundary of Egypt, shared with Theebes the honor 385 00:24:43.559 --> 00:24:47.000 of being the residence of the Pharaoh. The various departments 386 00:24:47.039 --> 00:24:49.759 of the government were located at the latter city, but 387 00:24:49.880 --> 00:24:54.319 Tannis offered Ramsay's unrivaled facilities as a basis of operations 388 00:24:54.400 --> 00:24:58.039 for his Asiatic campaigns. A king who spent so many 389 00:24:58.119 --> 00:25:00.920 years warring in Asia would not surely find it of 390 00:25:01.000 --> 00:25:04.200 great advantage to fix his residence at a place so 391 00:25:04.359 --> 00:25:08.000 near the frontier. Tannis thus owes the larger part of 392 00:25:08.000 --> 00:25:11.799 its glory and prosperity to this Pharaoh. He it was 393 00:25:11.880 --> 00:25:15.319 that built the vast granite temple. As many as fourteen 394 00:25:15.359 --> 00:25:19.319 obelisks and several statues of the king have been found here. 395 00:25:19.920 --> 00:25:22.559 Memphis also came in for a share of the king's favor. 396 00:25:23.000 --> 00:25:25.680 It was made one of his residences, and its temple 397 00:25:25.680 --> 00:25:29.119 of Petah was greatly enlarged. But the great city of 398 00:25:29.160 --> 00:25:32.000 this reign was Thebes, of which we may well here 399 00:25:32.119 --> 00:25:35.839 give a brief sketch. This city, the Egyptian name of 400 00:25:35.920 --> 00:25:39.480 which was Uesset, was situated on the east bank of 401 00:25:39.519 --> 00:25:42.839