WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.200 --> 00:00:02.439 Get value. You can't argue with at Tesco with their 2 00:00:02.480 --> 00:00:05.559 amazing club card prices. Serve up something special with our 3 00:00:05.599 --> 00:00:08.320 finest meal deal for two starring one main, two sides 4 00:00:08.359 --> 00:00:11.199 and dessert for only sixteen eu ro like succulent board 5 00:00:11.240 --> 00:00:13.839 be approved rushining the strip loin steaks with pepper corn 6 00:00:13.839 --> 00:00:17.600 butter or delicious Firous chicken Parmesana served with creamy potato 7 00:00:17.600 --> 00:00:20.760 grotam and our mix of rainbow root vegetables and enjoy 8 00:00:20.839 --> 00:00:24.839 Goozillionaire or Soldier Caramel cheesecake. Can't argue with that shop 9 00:00:24.879 --> 00:00:28.399 in store or online. Tesco. Every little helps available the 10 00:00:28.399 --> 00:00:29.879 most stores, prices very inn express. 11 00:00:30.359 --> 00:00:33.200 Mum, Why did they call it Scottish cheese? 12 00:00:33.280 --> 00:00:36.159 It's cottage cheese, honey. And I'm not sure did. 13 00:00:36.000 --> 00:00:39.200 The dogs in other countries speak different languages? 14 00:00:39.399 --> 00:00:39.719 Yeah? 15 00:00:39.960 --> 00:00:42.399 I think so. Well when we get there, well, we've 16 00:00:42.399 --> 00:00:44.560 got to fix the car first, but there's someone coming 17 00:00:44.600 --> 00:00:45.200 to help us. 18 00:00:45.359 --> 00:00:47.119 Is it the man from Geneva? 19 00:00:47.200 --> 00:00:49.920 Not Geneva, he's from a Viva. 20 00:00:50.000 --> 00:00:51.359 Oh there's a van now. 21 00:00:51.479 --> 00:00:54.479 For car insurance with breakdown rescue. It takes a Viva 22 00:00:54.759 --> 00:00:58.200 visit Aviva? Do I eat to say fifteen percent acceptance criteria. 23 00:00:58.320 --> 00:01:00.640 Terms and conditions apply. Minimum premium of three hundred and 24 00:01:00.679 --> 00:01:03.079 ten year old. Fifteen percent discant applies to new policies 25 00:01:03.079 --> 00:01:05.920 bought online. See Aviva dotta E for details. Car insurance 26 00:01:05.959 --> 00:01:08.799 is underwritten by Aviva Insurance Arland DOC Aviva Direct Arland 27 00:01:08.840 --> 00:01:11.040 Limited is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland. 28 00:01:11.319 --> 00:01:12.719 Oh hi, welcome to smologies. 29 00:01:12.879 --> 00:01:14.040 What aresmologies? 30 00:01:14.239 --> 00:01:14.480 Okay? 31 00:01:14.519 --> 00:01:18.760 So these are shorter, kid friendly versions of classic episodes. 32 00:01:18.799 --> 00:01:21.120 So we took them and we took all the swears out. 33 00:01:21.359 --> 00:01:24.079 Nothing too racy. You can listen around kids, you can 34 00:01:24.120 --> 00:01:28.120 listen around your grandparents, perhaps, work colleagues, whatever. If you 35 00:01:28.159 --> 00:01:29.920 want the full length version of this episodeough, of course, 36 00:01:29.959 --> 00:01:31.239 it's going to be linked in the show notes. We 37 00:01:31.280 --> 00:01:35.920 also have more ssmologies up at aliwar dot com slash smologies. Okay, enjoy. 38 00:01:37.439 --> 00:01:39.640 Oh hey, it's that mark that you get on your 39 00:01:39.719 --> 00:01:41.680 chin when you're wearing lipstick and then you take a 40 00:01:41.760 --> 00:01:45.560 bite of a giant sandwich. Ali ward back with informative 41 00:01:45.840 --> 00:01:48.840 chuckles that I just can't wait to get to mammalogy. 42 00:01:49.120 --> 00:01:52.239 So this ologist is a big deal, a Ted talker 43 00:01:52.640 --> 00:01:57.239 multiple times, a nat GEO explorer, a longtime science writer 44 00:01:57.519 --> 00:02:01.040 and an advocate and a researcher. Us are a tweeter, 45 00:02:01.359 --> 00:02:04.480 an icon, an idol of mine. So we talk about this. 46 00:02:04.640 --> 00:02:09.039 Biologists work on animals of all kinds, especially the furry 47 00:02:09.280 --> 00:02:14.439 milky ones, and we chat about fieldwork, platy pie furriness, 48 00:02:14.479 --> 00:02:18.319 and parenting styles. And I was so excited to talk 49 00:02:18.360 --> 00:02:20.759 to her that I honestly was kind of speechless and 50 00:02:20.840 --> 00:02:22.800 just starstruck. And I just wanted to get out of 51 00:02:22.840 --> 00:02:25.800 the way and listen because she's just wonderful and insightful 52 00:02:25.879 --> 00:02:26.599 and informative. 53 00:02:26.639 --> 00:02:28.000 So please get ready. 54 00:02:27.719 --> 00:02:32.560 To meet one of the world's coolest professors and mammalogists, 55 00:02:32.800 --> 00:02:34.240 doctor Danielle and. 56 00:02:34.719 --> 00:02:52.599 Lee knowledgious alogy, knowlogy, im jeous knowledgeous. 57 00:02:53.120 --> 00:02:55.879 I'm ready to say, oh yeah, okay, of course I 58 00:02:55.879 --> 00:02:58.960 want to talk to you about all these warm blooded, 59 00:02:58.960 --> 00:02:59.960 furry little creatures. 60 00:03:00.240 --> 00:03:01.840 First thing, ah have you do? If it's okay? 61 00:03:01.879 --> 00:03:04.280 If you could just say your first and last name, 62 00:03:04.360 --> 00:03:06.479 so I make sure I pronounce it right and pronounce 63 00:03:06.680 --> 00:03:07.120 thank you. 64 00:03:07.400 --> 00:03:12.159 So my name is Danielle in Lee, and my pronouns 65 00:03:12.000 --> 00:03:12.680 that she and her. 66 00:03:12.800 --> 00:03:14.159 But I also just don't. 67 00:03:13.960 --> 00:03:19.080 Care, okay, and I'll tell you why. So in the 68 00:03:19.120 --> 00:03:22.639 process of doing my research in Tanzania and learning Swahili. 69 00:03:22.759 --> 00:03:27.560 There are no ginger pronouns in Swahili. Really, they don't exist. 70 00:03:27.800 --> 00:03:30.680 They just don't exist. Like, because I kept ask and 71 00:03:30.719 --> 00:03:33.240 I was, I realized that because people who speak English 72 00:03:33.319 --> 00:03:36.280 would constantly get their pronouns mixed up. They would say 73 00:03:36.280 --> 00:03:39.680 he and she interchangeably. And I thought it was, Oh, 74 00:03:39.680 --> 00:03:41.960 it's because they don't know English very well. No, it's 75 00:03:42.000 --> 00:03:45.280 because those words are the equivalent. He and she are 76 00:03:45.400 --> 00:03:50.000 equivalent and Swahili because he and she don't exist. 77 00:03:50.159 --> 00:03:51.639 So that's what I's just like, So this is all 78 00:03:51.639 --> 00:03:52.280 the construct. 79 00:03:53.759 --> 00:03:56.479 That's so beautiful, that's so good to know. Can you 80 00:03:56.560 --> 00:04:00.039 tell me a little bit about your research that you 81 00:04:00.039 --> 00:04:01.000 you did in Tanzania. 82 00:04:01.719 --> 00:04:06.479 Absolutely, I study giant pouchtrats for those who get the 83 00:04:06.520 --> 00:04:11.319 reference Princess Bright, Yeah, I study rouss. 84 00:04:10.919 --> 00:04:12.400 Rodents of unusual size. 85 00:04:13.000 --> 00:04:14.199 I don't think that exists. 86 00:04:14.639 --> 00:04:18.519 They are large rodents that look like rats. They're not 87 00:04:18.639 --> 00:04:22.560 rats proper, they're rat like rotents. And I'm holding my 88 00:04:22.720 --> 00:04:26.079 hands up across my body, but anywhere. 89 00:04:25.639 --> 00:04:26.879 From nose to tip of tail. 90 00:04:26.959 --> 00:04:29.040 They can go anywhere from one and a half to 91 00:04:29.160 --> 00:04:30.560 two and a half to three feet long. 92 00:04:32.160 --> 00:04:34.639 What was it like the first time that you saw one? 93 00:04:35.040 --> 00:04:37.639 The first time I finally got the sea one, I 94 00:04:37.800 --> 00:04:39.720 was just like, I can't believe this thing. 95 00:04:39.800 --> 00:04:43.759 It's big. It's the size of a cat, like a 96 00:04:43.879 --> 00:04:46.319 nice size house cat. Like they're cat guys. 97 00:04:46.800 --> 00:04:51.360 They're very strong, they're very fast, they are smart. They 98 00:04:51.360 --> 00:04:53.560 have a lot of dexterity in their hand, like they 99 00:04:53.560 --> 00:04:56.560 can grab things very easily. 100 00:04:57.519 --> 00:05:02.079 They were really good at removing their name cards. 101 00:05:01.920 --> 00:05:04.480 Because at first apologize now, but I thought it was 102 00:05:04.519 --> 00:05:06.680 the animal care cleaning the cages. Then they forgot to 103 00:05:06.680 --> 00:05:07.759 put their name tags back. 104 00:05:07.879 --> 00:05:10.480 Oh no, And I was like, we can't have this. 105 00:05:10.560 --> 00:05:11.959 We got to keep the name cards on. 106 00:05:12.680 --> 00:05:14.519 And if we come to find out it wasn't it 107 00:05:14.560 --> 00:05:15.519 wasn't the staff at all. 108 00:05:15.560 --> 00:05:18.240 It was the rats. They were removing their own cards. 109 00:05:18.319 --> 00:05:20.800 They were removing their own water bottles. 110 00:05:21.240 --> 00:05:24.000 We had to change a lot of our protocols and 111 00:05:24.079 --> 00:05:26.680 how we care for them to do get different from 112 00:05:26.759 --> 00:05:27.360 regular rat. 113 00:05:27.439 --> 00:05:28.920 We had to change the materials we use. 114 00:05:28.959 --> 00:05:31.759 We can't use glass bottles because they're so good at 115 00:05:31.800 --> 00:05:37.199 flipping them out. They were breaking these super industrial expensive 116 00:05:37.319 --> 00:05:38.399 pirates bottles. 117 00:05:38.560 --> 00:05:39.240 Oh my god. 118 00:05:39.399 --> 00:05:42.399 Every night they were just breaking them because they flip 119 00:05:42.480 --> 00:05:45.319 them out, and then they would use that little hole 120 00:05:45.879 --> 00:05:48.920 to either reach their hand out and undo the cage, 121 00:05:49.560 --> 00:05:52.360 or for the smaller ones, they would move their food 122 00:05:52.439 --> 00:05:54.560 hutch because it slide in, and then they would use 123 00:05:54.600 --> 00:05:55.680 that to escape out. 124 00:05:55.879 --> 00:05:59.079 Okay, So I asked what happens when they escape, and 125 00:05:59.120 --> 00:06:02.120 she said, it's not like there's mayhem. There are double 126 00:06:02.199 --> 00:06:05.439 doors for safety, but it's certainly like a come on 127 00:06:05.600 --> 00:06:09.360 guys moment. Well, they're so smart and they're so dexterous, 128 00:06:09.759 --> 00:06:13.319 you are able to research how they can be used 129 00:06:13.720 --> 00:06:16.839 to help with finding landmines. 130 00:06:17.000 --> 00:06:19.360 Right, So that's actually a nonprofit does this, So they 131 00:06:19.360 --> 00:06:23.959 do the training. What they do is really basic operate 132 00:06:24.040 --> 00:06:26.040 conditioning positive reinforcement. 133 00:06:26.439 --> 00:06:28.680 Wait a minute, what are those things she just mentioned 134 00:06:28.839 --> 00:06:34.480 operant conditioning and positive reinforcement. Okay, So operant conditioning is 135 00:06:34.519 --> 00:06:36.839 a name for one way that we learn things where 136 00:06:36.879 --> 00:06:41.040 a creature like you or me, or a rat in 137 00:06:41.079 --> 00:06:44.680 a lab, maybe your dog, does something and that thing 138 00:06:44.839 --> 00:06:48.639 is followed by something else that either encourages or discourages 139 00:06:48.920 --> 00:06:52.959 the behavior, and if it discourages the behavior, it's called punishment, 140 00:06:53.360 --> 00:06:57.360 and if it encourages that behavior, it's called reinforcement. With 141 00:06:57.519 --> 00:07:02.160 positive reinforcement, the behavior to be taught is reinforced with 142 00:07:02.319 --> 00:07:04.680 a reward being added to this situation. So in this 143 00:07:04.759 --> 00:07:06.959 case that Danielle and I were talking about, they were 144 00:07:07.000 --> 00:07:11.120 teaching rats how to find certain chemical smells from land 145 00:07:11.199 --> 00:07:14.560 mines by giving them a tasty, tasty little treat whenever 146 00:07:14.600 --> 00:07:18.639 they succeeded in locating those chemicals. So find the right smell, ding, 147 00:07:18.720 --> 00:07:23.079 ding ding. You receive a reward boom. That is positive reinforcement. 148 00:07:23.120 --> 00:07:25.199 You did a thing, good job, here's another thing. So 149 00:07:25.279 --> 00:07:29.360 then what is negative reinforcement. It's when something bad happens 150 00:07:29.399 --> 00:07:31.360 to you. Right, well, a lot of people think so, 151 00:07:31.879 --> 00:07:34.600 but no, that is actually just straight up punishment. So 152 00:07:34.959 --> 00:07:40.360 negative reinforcement rather would be removing something bad from the 153 00:07:40.399 --> 00:07:44.560 situation as your reward. Like let's say that it's raining 154 00:07:44.560 --> 00:07:46.839 on you and you're starting to get a little wet 155 00:07:46.959 --> 00:07:49.399 and a little cold. But ha, you remember to bring 156 00:07:49.439 --> 00:07:51.319 an umbrella in with you because you're smart, and you 157 00:07:51.399 --> 00:07:54.079 opened your umbrella and you block the rain that is 158 00:07:54.120 --> 00:07:56.560 making you wet and cold, and you feel better. So 159 00:07:56.720 --> 00:07:59.920 you didn't add something pleasant, You kind of took away 160 00:08:00.160 --> 00:08:03.720 something unpleasant. But still in doing that you've reinforced a 161 00:08:03.800 --> 00:08:06.160 lesson that on days when it might rain, it's a 162 00:08:06.160 --> 00:08:10.079 good idea to bring an umbrella. That's negative reinforcement. Now, 163 00:08:10.160 --> 00:08:12.399 can you think of any other behaviors that you've learned 164 00:08:12.399 --> 00:08:17.199 through positive reinforcement, like receiving a reward or negative reinforcement 165 00:08:17.480 --> 00:08:21.600 which is reducing unpleasantness. I'm sure there's all kinds of things. 166 00:08:21.759 --> 00:08:24.920 And people who work with animals typically are like, no punishment, 167 00:08:25.439 --> 00:08:27.920 just reward for good behavior, which is good when you're 168 00:08:27.920 --> 00:08:30.120 trying to motivate yourself to do something, don't be mean 169 00:08:30.120 --> 00:08:32.720 to yourself, just say hey, good job when you did 170 00:08:32.840 --> 00:08:33.320 the right thing. 171 00:08:33.840 --> 00:08:36.399 I learned that all the animals that have gone into 172 00:08:36.399 --> 00:08:38.879 the program, there are all nuisance animals that are caught 173 00:08:39.120 --> 00:08:42.919 within the town because they were getting into somebody's house 174 00:08:43.080 --> 00:08:46.320 or food stores or just vexing them in some. 175 00:08:46.240 --> 00:08:46.720 Sort of way. 176 00:08:46.840 --> 00:08:47.159 M M. 177 00:08:47.320 --> 00:08:49.559 It'd be like if we had a raccoon getting in 178 00:08:49.600 --> 00:08:51.639 the garbage and then we're like, you know what, as 179 00:08:51.639 --> 00:08:53.679 long as we gotcha, do you want to help us 180 00:08:54.639 --> 00:08:55.759 find some land mines? 181 00:08:55.960 --> 00:08:59.879 Now, whatever you do, don't push this button. 182 00:09:00.120 --> 00:09:01.480 That's exactly how it works. 183 00:09:01.559 --> 00:09:05.399 Landmarks and helpless diagnose tuberculosis, because that's also what they can. 184 00:09:05.279 --> 00:09:08.879 Do, really, and that's are they using like old faction 185 00:09:09.039 --> 00:09:09.320 for that. 186 00:09:09.799 --> 00:09:11.720 All old faction. This is all old faction. 187 00:09:12.159 --> 00:09:14.279 That just means smell. But I was trying to sound 188 00:09:14.320 --> 00:09:16.799 more professional because underneath I was very giddy to be 189 00:09:16.840 --> 00:09:18.320 having this conversation, if you must know. 190 00:09:18.519 --> 00:09:19.360 So this is a. 191 00:09:19.240 --> 00:09:22.720 Big deal because between fifteen to twenty thousand people each 192 00:09:22.840 --> 00:09:26.399 year are killed or injured by land mines. And our 193 00:09:26.440 --> 00:09:29.600 little rat friends are really great at sniffing out the 194 00:09:29.639 --> 00:09:33.240 TNT plus are too light to detonate the land mines, 195 00:09:33.399 --> 00:09:37.080 and they don't bond with their trainers like dogs do, 196 00:09:37.480 --> 00:09:40.399 so they can move around to different countries without getting 197 00:09:40.559 --> 00:09:45.360 emotionally hurt. Okay, what about mammals. We're mammals, but so 198 00:09:45.480 --> 00:09:50.360 are pouched rats and wolves and testmighting deals. Is there 199 00:09:50.480 --> 00:09:54.960 more variation among mammals than say reptiles. 200 00:09:54.639 --> 00:09:56.159 And so, now, if we're going to look at the 201 00:09:56.159 --> 00:10:00.799 whole thing, reptiles big big umbrella, and of course they 202 00:10:00.840 --> 00:10:03.960 got the spread, they win, they wind up we're more 203 00:10:03.960 --> 00:10:07.879 weirder than you. That's a very good point if we 204 00:10:08.399 --> 00:10:12.480 do it that way. But your mammals are interesting. So 205 00:10:12.519 --> 00:10:14.480 we have a little bit of everything. So we have 206 00:10:15.320 --> 00:10:19.279 the live birthers versus the not live birthers. And among 207 00:10:19.320 --> 00:10:22.600 the live births, we have the fully developed versus the 208 00:10:22.639 --> 00:10:23.600 barely developed. 209 00:10:24.200 --> 00:10:26.960 Among those that do the fully developed. 210 00:10:26.679 --> 00:10:29.440 Stay with Mama a long time, or I need you 211 00:10:29.519 --> 00:10:33.039 out the door as soon as possible. So this what 212 00:10:33.200 --> 00:10:38.000 I like to call diversity and investment strategy of the species, 213 00:10:38.039 --> 00:10:40.480 Like how much do you invest in it offspring to 214 00:10:40.519 --> 00:10:43.720 make sure they're you know, big and strong before they're 215 00:10:43.759 --> 00:10:46.519 out there on their own in that big, widening world. 216 00:10:46.720 --> 00:10:55.600 It literally can range from years to moments. Yeah, years 217 00:10:55.639 --> 00:10:56.399 to moments. 218 00:10:58.960 --> 00:11:02.919 Why why do you think that is? And what influences that? 219 00:11:03.159 --> 00:11:04.679 So it's a lot of things to influence that. 220 00:11:04.759 --> 00:11:08.159 Some of it is evolutionarily, like you know, just part 221 00:11:08.200 --> 00:11:10.440 of it is you got to work with what you got. 222 00:11:10.759 --> 00:11:11.960 But it's also. 223 00:11:11.960 --> 00:11:15.759 Ecology in other words, where you are, the time you are, 224 00:11:16.240 --> 00:11:17.440 how much space. 225 00:11:17.159 --> 00:11:19.559 You have to do your business and make a living. 226 00:11:19.960 --> 00:11:22.600 All these inputs. 227 00:11:22.279 --> 00:11:26.600 Determine how you make a living and how well you live. 228 00:11:27.159 --> 00:11:31.159 So all these different evolutionary pressures like if you're dodging 229 00:11:31.360 --> 00:11:35.440 predators constantly, or if you gorge food and then store 230 00:11:35.440 --> 00:11:37.799 it really well, or if you have a fast metabolism, 231 00:11:38.240 --> 00:11:40.799 those will affect your internal furnace. 232 00:11:41.200 --> 00:11:45.840 All these different strategies determine a lot of stuff. So, 233 00:11:45.879 --> 00:11:49.960 like going back to comparing birds and mammals, so we're 234 00:11:49.960 --> 00:11:51.879 both warm blooded and so another. 235 00:11:52.159 --> 00:11:54.559 In order for gestation of the risks for your babies 236 00:11:54.600 --> 00:11:55.600 to develop. 237 00:11:55.240 --> 00:11:58.519 Really really well, and this is across our species, even 238 00:11:58.559 --> 00:12:00.600 for reptiles, you got to have that right temperature. 239 00:12:01.559 --> 00:12:03.200 It literally has to cook when we say it's. 240 00:12:03.039 --> 00:12:06.559 Been in the others to cook, it has to cook, 241 00:12:06.600 --> 00:12:09.039 and it has to cook at the right temperature. Too 242 00:12:09.080 --> 00:12:12.639 hot or too cold, you mess up the whole recipe. 243 00:12:12.720 --> 00:12:14.919 Nothing's gonna nothing is not gonna happen. 244 00:12:15.720 --> 00:12:17.519 But there's a few different ways of doing it. So 245 00:12:17.600 --> 00:12:20.799 a lot of reptiles they drop their eggs, they put 246 00:12:20.799 --> 00:12:22.840 it in the store, they cover it up, they do 247 00:12:22.919 --> 00:12:25.000 a little kiss, throw it up to the sky and 248 00:12:25.080 --> 00:12:31.360 be like, hope it works out, Like mama. Reptiles like 249 00:12:31.600 --> 00:12:34.840 I did a little temperature check. This ground is about right, 250 00:12:35.559 --> 00:12:38.000 and I know I'm gonna be gone for forever because 251 00:12:38.000 --> 00:12:40.360 I ain't gonna never see you again. Yeah, it stays. 252 00:12:41.000 --> 00:12:45.519 Literally, kiss up to the sky and I'm out so 253 00:12:45.559 --> 00:12:48.840 that's like like turtles, birds on the other hand, are like, you. 254 00:12:48.799 --> 00:12:51.000 Know what, I still got to get this temperature right, 255 00:12:51.120 --> 00:12:52.720 but I still need to be able to move a 256 00:12:52.799 --> 00:12:54.519 little bit here and there to go get some more 257 00:12:54.559 --> 00:12:57.240 food because carrying on these eggs, they're heavy. 258 00:12:57.879 --> 00:13:00.000 They're heavy female animal. 259 00:13:00.200 --> 00:13:03.120 When they're grabbed or when they're sitting on a nest, 260 00:13:03.480 --> 00:13:06.120 they gotta be careful because it makes them easy pickings 261 00:13:06.159 --> 00:13:09.279 for predators. So that's the reason why you know, mama 262 00:13:09.320 --> 00:13:12.519 turtle holds on to those eggs as long as she can. Yeah, 263 00:13:12.600 --> 00:13:14.879 she incubates them when cooks them. Oth Wise, she's like, 264 00:13:15.000 --> 00:13:17.399 I'm too slow. I'm gonna get gobbled up by these 265 00:13:17.399 --> 00:13:19.600 sharks or whatever else is out here in the water. 266 00:13:20.039 --> 00:13:22.360 I got to drop these eggs and lighten my load. 267 00:13:24.200 --> 00:13:26.799 Mama bird is very similar, but she's like, you know what, 268 00:13:27.639 --> 00:13:29.440 I can kind of get up and move a little bit. 269 00:13:29.519 --> 00:13:31.320 So what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna make this 270 00:13:31.399 --> 00:13:34.279 really nice nest. I'm gonna insulate it as much as possible. 271 00:13:35.080 --> 00:13:37.799 If there's a partner involved, we'll take turns sitting on 272 00:13:37.879 --> 00:13:39.960 it and keeping it warm. But like they have to 273 00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:42.320 be careful with that too, if they stay gone too long, 274 00:13:42.480 --> 00:13:44.000 that throws the temperature off. 275 00:13:44.120 --> 00:13:46.960 Back to the cooking. Like, oh, that's the recipe of. 276 00:13:48.039 --> 00:13:51.399 What happens in mammals is you know what, I need 277 00:13:51.440 --> 00:13:53.960 to be able to move and I need to be. 278 00:13:53.960 --> 00:13:57.840 Able to keep the temperature going. So what female. 279 00:13:57.480 --> 00:13:59.960 Mammals are able to do is they're able to keep 280 00:14:00.080 --> 00:14:01.480 their babies with them at all time. 281 00:14:03.279 --> 00:14:06.320 They know that temperature is gonna be right, They're gonna 282 00:14:06.360 --> 00:14:07.000 go where they go. 283 00:14:07.480 --> 00:14:11.240 There's still some trade offs and loss of movement and dexterity, 284 00:14:12.039 --> 00:14:16.080 but compared to other species, like female mammals are able 285 00:14:16.120 --> 00:14:19.799 to still get quite a bit done even though they're 286 00:14:19.840 --> 00:14:22.080 pregnant up until the last day. So that's why some 287 00:14:22.159 --> 00:14:25.039 have strategies of sitting still in the end, but they 288 00:14:25.080 --> 00:14:26.200 think about cats. 289 00:14:26.360 --> 00:14:29.279 They stay hunting, Yeah, till near the end. 290 00:14:29.720 --> 00:14:32.759 We have these trade offs, but like that temperature control 291 00:14:33.080 --> 00:14:36.240 is really important, and what we see are these three 292 00:14:37.039 --> 00:14:42.480 very dramatic strategies for that temperature control across the three 293 00:14:42.600 --> 00:14:49.440 main groups of vertebrates. Drop them off, wish for the best, yeah. 294 00:14:48.519 --> 00:14:50.039 Drop them off for keep up with them. 295 00:14:50.039 --> 00:14:52.240 But if things get real real bad, I'll bug out 296 00:14:52.360 --> 00:14:57.080 and I'll start all over again, or this we are 297 00:14:57.120 --> 00:14:58.360 all we in this together. 298 00:14:58.480 --> 00:15:04.679 That's the mammal in this together. Oh God, I got 299 00:15:04.720 --> 00:15:05.600 you when you got me? 300 00:15:07.559 --> 00:15:11.559 Oh my gosh, I have so many questions from listeners 301 00:15:11.639 --> 00:15:13.799 that know that you're coming on the show. Okay, We're 302 00:15:13.799 --> 00:15:16.480 gonna let those questions cook a second longer while we 303 00:15:16.519 --> 00:15:18.600 take a quick break to hear about sponsors of the 304 00:15:18.600 --> 00:15:21.240 show who enable us to make a donation to a 305 00:15:21.320 --> 00:15:24.679 cause of theologists choosing. And this week Doctor Lee shows 306 00:15:25.000 --> 00:15:29.159 SemLink that's Science, Engineering, and Math Link, which is a nonprofit. 307 00:15:29.200 --> 00:15:31.360 It was found in two thousand and five by Tuka T. 308 00:15:31.519 --> 00:15:36.159 Smith in Atlanta, and SemLink promotes student achievement and career 309 00:15:36.320 --> 00:15:40.840 exploration in math and science while increasing student exposure to 310 00:15:40.919 --> 00:15:44.120 STEM communities. So a donation went to them, Doctor Danielle 311 00:15:44.159 --> 00:15:47.039 and Lee's name thanks to some sponsors of the show 312 00:15:47.039 --> 00:15:47.759 who you may hear about. 313 00:15:47.759 --> 00:15:48.000 Now. 314 00:15:49.480 --> 00:15:52.320 When it comes to a great deal, Virgin Mobile doesn't 315 00:15:52.320 --> 00:15:56.639 play around introducing our new simplan price locked at fifteen 316 00:15:56.679 --> 00:16:00.720 euro month for life with unlimited data, calls and texts 317 00:16:00.919 --> 00:16:04.919 and ninety nine percent coverage. Switch today at Virgin Media 318 00:16:05.000 --> 00:16:06.840 dot Ie Virgin Media. 319 00:16:07.320 --> 00:16:10.840 It's playtime tecency supply fifteen europer month locked in, while 320 00:16:10.879 --> 00:16:13.879 a Virgin Mobile customer twelve month contract include unlimited data, 321 00:16:13.879 --> 00:16:16.159 standard calls and texts to all Irish networks. 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What's happening? 373 00:18:47.440 --> 00:18:51.599 Yeah, all right, So platypuses on mammals because they meet 374 00:18:51.640 --> 00:18:54.319 the what I call the base criterion of what makes 375 00:18:54.319 --> 00:18:58.000 a mammal and mammal and eddie is they make nourishment 376 00:18:58.079 --> 00:19:03.119 from memory grains on the evolutionary tree, they're like high up, 377 00:19:03.240 --> 00:19:06.359 so they're really in between. Like they are a really 378 00:19:06.359 --> 00:19:10.480 good example of that connection to our other vertebrate cousins 379 00:19:10.519 --> 00:19:12.920 like the birds and the reptiles that I mentioned before. 380 00:19:13.039 --> 00:19:15.920 It has so many traits in a very bird slash 381 00:19:15.960 --> 00:19:17.160 reptilian light m h. 382 00:19:17.400 --> 00:19:21.680 But they have eggs, they lay eggs, They do lay eggs, 383 00:19:21.720 --> 00:19:24.319 and so you don't have to have live birth to 384 00:19:24.359 --> 00:19:24.920 be a mammal. 385 00:19:25.440 --> 00:19:29.599 No, the drop dead criteria is do you make milk 386 00:19:29.680 --> 00:19:30.799 for mammary glands. 387 00:19:31.160 --> 00:19:33.359 That's where the word comes from, mammal mammary. 388 00:19:33.640 --> 00:19:35.920 Okay, listen, some of you might be wondering what the 389 00:19:35.920 --> 00:19:38.519 heck is a mammary gland, and because this is where 390 00:19:38.519 --> 00:19:40.440 you come to learn science, we're going to tell you, 391 00:19:40.519 --> 00:19:42.640 even though some of you might want to giggle, but 392 00:19:42.720 --> 00:19:46.119 a mammary gland is the part of the mammal, including humans, 393 00:19:46.400 --> 00:19:50.599 that makes milk. So that is udders on cows or 394 00:19:50.720 --> 00:19:54.680 perhaps boobs on people you call mom, they're memory glands. 395 00:19:55.000 --> 00:19:58.319 And in fact, the word mammary has the same root 396 00:19:58.359 --> 00:20:00.839 word as mom. Did you know version of the word 397 00:20:00.920 --> 00:20:05.759 ma mean mother in Greek and Latin and Persian, in Russian, 398 00:20:06.160 --> 00:20:09.759 Lithuanian and German and French, and in Welsh. In so 399 00:20:09.920 --> 00:20:14.839 many languages. This word is nearly universal in Indo European languages, 400 00:20:15.119 --> 00:20:18.839 and it's believed to come from the natural human animal 401 00:20:18.920 --> 00:20:23.160