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Speaker 2: Mum, Why did they call it Scottish cheese?
Speaker 1: It's cottage cheese, honey. And I'm not sure did.
Speaker 2: The dogs in other countries speak different languages?
Speaker 3: Yeah?
Speaker 1: I think so. Well when we get there, well, we've
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Speaker 7: Oh hi, welcome to smologies.
Speaker 4: What aresmologies?
Speaker 8: Okay?
Speaker 7: So these are shorter, kid friendly versions of classic episodes.
Speaker 7: So we took them and we took all the swears out.
Speaker 7: Nothing too racy. You can listen around kids, you can
Speaker 7: listen around your grandparents, perhaps, work colleagues, whatever. If you
Speaker 7: want the full length version of this episodeough, of course,
Speaker 7: it's going to be linked in the show notes. We
Speaker 7: also have more ssmologies up at aliwar dot com slash smologies. Okay, enjoy.
Speaker 7: Oh hey, it's that mark that you get on your
Speaker 7: chin when you're wearing lipstick and then you take a
Speaker 7: bite of a giant sandwich. Ali ward back with informative
Speaker 7: chuckles that I just can't wait to get to mammalogy.
Speaker 7: So this ologist is a big deal, a Ted talker
Speaker 7: multiple times, a nat GEO explorer, a longtime science writer
Speaker 7: and an advocate and a researcher. Us are a tweeter,
Speaker 7: an icon, an idol of mine. So we talk about this.
Speaker 7: Biologists work on animals of all kinds, especially the furry
Speaker 7: milky ones, and we chat about fieldwork, platy pie furriness,
Speaker 7: and parenting styles. And I was so excited to talk
Speaker 7: to her that I honestly was kind of speechless and
Speaker 7: just starstruck. And I just wanted to get out of
Speaker 7: the way and listen because she's just wonderful and insightful
Speaker 7: and informative.
Speaker 4: So please get ready.
Speaker 7: To meet one of the world's coolest professors and mammalogists,
Speaker 7: doctor Danielle and.
Speaker 9: Lee knowledgious alogy, knowlogy, im jeous knowledgeous.
Speaker 7: I'm ready to say, oh yeah, okay, of course I
Speaker 7: want to talk to you about all these warm blooded,
Speaker 7: furry little creatures.
Speaker 4: First thing, ah have you do? If it's okay?
Speaker 7: If you could just say your first and last name,
Speaker 7: so I make sure I pronounce it right and pronounce
Speaker 7: thank you.
Speaker 8: So my name is Danielle in Lee, and my pronouns
Speaker 8: that she and her.
Speaker 3: But I also just don't.
Speaker 8: Care, okay, and I'll tell you why. So in the
Speaker 8: process of doing my research in Tanzania and learning Swahili.
Speaker 8: There are no ginger pronouns in Swahili. Really, they don't exist.
Speaker 8: They just don't exist. Like, because I kept ask and
Speaker 8: I was, I realized that because people who speak English
Speaker 8: would constantly get their pronouns mixed up. They would say
Speaker 8: he and she interchangeably. And I thought it was, Oh,
Speaker 8: it's because they don't know English very well. No, it's
Speaker 8: because those words are the equivalent. He and she are
Speaker 8: equivalent and Swahili because he and she don't exist.
Speaker 3: So that's what I's just like, So this is all
Speaker 3: the construct.
Speaker 7: That's so beautiful, that's so good to know. Can you
Speaker 7: tell me a little bit about your research that you
Speaker 7: you did in Tanzania.
Speaker 8: Absolutely, I study giant pouchtrats for those who get the
Speaker 8: reference Princess Bright, Yeah, I study rouss.
Speaker 3: Rodents of unusual size.
Speaker 1: I don't think that exists.
Speaker 8: They are large rodents that look like rats. They're not
Speaker 8: rats proper, they're rat like rotents. And I'm holding my
Speaker 8: hands up across my body, but anywhere.
Speaker 3: From nose to tip of tail.
Speaker 8: They can go anywhere from one and a half to
Speaker 8: two and a half to three feet long.
Speaker 4: What was it like the first time that you saw one?
Speaker 8: The first time I finally got the sea one, I
Speaker 8: was just like, I can't believe this thing.
Speaker 3: It's big. It's the size of a cat, like a
Speaker 3: nice size house cat. Like they're cat guys.
Speaker 8: They're very strong, they're very fast, they are smart. They
Speaker 8: have a lot of dexterity in their hand, like they
Speaker 8: can grab things very easily.
Speaker 3: They were really good at removing their name cards.
Speaker 8: Because at first apologize now, but I thought it was
Speaker 8: the animal care cleaning the cages. Then they forgot to
Speaker 8: put their name tags back.
Speaker 3: Oh no, And I was like, we can't have this.
Speaker 3: We got to keep the name cards on.
Speaker 8: And if we come to find out it wasn't it
Speaker 8: wasn't the staff at all.
Speaker 3: It was the rats. They were removing their own cards.
Speaker 3: They were removing their own water bottles.
Speaker 8: We had to change a lot of our protocols and
Speaker 8: how we care for them to do get different from
Speaker 8: regular rat.
Speaker 3: We had to change the materials we use.
Speaker 8: We can't use glass bottles because they're so good at
Speaker 8: flipping them out. They were breaking these super industrial expensive
Speaker 8: pirates bottles.
Speaker 7: Oh my god.
Speaker 8: Every night they were just breaking them because they flip
Speaker 8: them out, and then they would use that little hole
Speaker 8: to either reach their hand out and undo the cage,
Speaker 8: or for the smaller ones, they would move their food
Speaker 8: hutch because it slide in, and then they would use
Speaker 8: that to escape out.
Speaker 7: Okay, So I asked what happens when they escape, and
Speaker 7: she said, it's not like there's mayhem. There are double
Speaker 7: doors for safety, but it's certainly like a come on
Speaker 7: guys moment. Well, they're so smart and they're so dexterous,
Speaker 7: you are able to research how they can be used
Speaker 7: to help with finding landmines.
Speaker 8: Right, So that's actually a nonprofit does this, So they
Speaker 8: do the training. What they do is really basic operate
Speaker 8: conditioning positive reinforcement.
Speaker 7: Wait a minute, what are those things she just mentioned
Speaker 7: operant conditioning and positive reinforcement. Okay, So operant conditioning is
Speaker 7: a name for one way that we learn things where
Speaker 7: a creature like you or me, or a rat in
Speaker 7: a lab, maybe your dog, does something and that thing
Speaker 7: is followed by something else that either encourages or discourages
Speaker 7: the behavior, and if it discourages the behavior, it's called punishment,
Speaker 7: and if it encourages that behavior, it's called reinforcement. With
Speaker 7: positive reinforcement, the behavior to be taught is reinforced with
Speaker 7: a reward being added to this situation. So in this
Speaker 7: case that Danielle and I were talking about, they were
Speaker 7: teaching rats how to find certain chemical smells from land
Speaker 7: mines by giving them a tasty, tasty little treat whenever
Speaker 7: they succeeded in locating those chemicals. So find the right smell, ding,
Speaker 7: ding ding. You receive a reward boom. That is positive reinforcement.
Speaker 7: You did a thing, good job, here's another thing. So
Speaker 7: then what is negative reinforcement. It's when something bad happens
Speaker 7: to you. Right, well, a lot of people think so,
Speaker 7: but no, that is actually just straight up punishment. So
Speaker 7: negative reinforcement rather would be removing something bad from the
Speaker 7: situation as your reward. Like let's say that it's raining
Speaker 7: on you and you're starting to get a little wet
Speaker 7: and a little cold. But ha, you remember to bring
Speaker 7: an umbrella in with you because you're smart, and you
Speaker 7: opened your umbrella and you block the rain that is
Speaker 7: making you wet and cold, and you feel better. So
Speaker 7: you didn't add something pleasant, You kind of took away
Speaker 7: something unpleasant. But still in doing that you've reinforced a
Speaker 7: lesson that on days when it might rain, it's a
Speaker 7: good idea to bring an umbrella. That's negative reinforcement. Now,
Speaker 7: can you think of any other behaviors that you've learned
Speaker 7: through positive reinforcement, like receiving a reward or negative reinforcement
Speaker 7: which is reducing unpleasantness. I'm sure there's all kinds of things.
Speaker 7: And people who work with animals typically are like, no punishment,
Speaker 7: just reward for good behavior, which is good when you're
Speaker 7: trying to motivate yourself to do something, don't be mean
Speaker 7: to yourself, just say hey, good job when you did
Speaker 7: the right thing.
Speaker 8: I learned that all the animals that have gone into
Speaker 8: the program, there are all nuisance animals that are caught
Speaker 8: within the town because they were getting into somebody's house
Speaker 8: or food stores or just vexing them in some.
Speaker 7: Sort of way.
Speaker 6: M M.
Speaker 7: It'd be like if we had a raccoon getting in
Speaker 7: the garbage and then we're like, you know what, as
Speaker 7: long as we gotcha, do you want to help us
Speaker 7: find some land mines?
Speaker 8: Now, whatever you do, don't push this button.
Speaker 3: That's exactly how it works.
Speaker 8: Landmarks and helpless diagnose tuberculosis, because that's also what they can.
Speaker 4: Do, really, and that's are they using like old faction
Speaker 4: for that.
Speaker 3: All old faction. This is all old faction.
Speaker 7: That just means smell. But I was trying to sound
Speaker 7: more professional because underneath I was very giddy to be
Speaker 7: having this conversation, if you must know.
Speaker 4: So this is a.
Speaker 7: Big deal because between fifteen to twenty thousand people each
Speaker 7: year are killed or injured by land mines. And our
Speaker 7: little rat friends are really great at sniffing out the
Speaker 7: TNT plus are too light to detonate the land mines,
Speaker 7: and they don't bond with their trainers like dogs do,
Speaker 7: so they can move around to different countries without getting
Speaker 7: emotionally hurt. Okay, what about mammals. We're mammals, but so
Speaker 7: are pouched rats and wolves and testmighting deals. Is there
Speaker 7: more variation among mammals than say reptiles.
Speaker 8: And so, now, if we're going to look at the
Speaker 8: whole thing, reptiles big big umbrella, and of course they
Speaker 8: got the spread, they win, they wind up we're more
Speaker 8: weirder than you. That's a very good point if we
Speaker 8: do it that way. But your mammals are interesting. So
Speaker 8: we have a little bit of everything. So we have
Speaker 8: the live birthers versus the not live birthers. And among
Speaker 8: the live births, we have the fully developed versus the
Speaker 8: barely developed.
Speaker 3: Among those that do the fully developed.
Speaker 8: Stay with Mama a long time, or I need you
Speaker 8: out the door as soon as possible. So this what
Speaker 8: I like to call diversity and investment strategy of the species,
Speaker 8: Like how much do you invest in it offspring to
Speaker 8: make sure they're you know, big and strong before they're
Speaker 8: out there on their own in that big, widening world.
Speaker 8: It literally can range from years to moments. Yeah, years
Speaker 8: to moments.
Speaker 7: Why why do you think that is? And what influences that?
Speaker 3: So it's a lot of things to influence that.
Speaker 8: Some of it is evolutionarily, like you know, just part
Speaker 8: of it is you got to work with what you got.
Speaker 3: But it's also.
Speaker 8: Ecology in other words, where you are, the time you are,
Speaker 8: how much space.
Speaker 3: You have to do your business and make a living.
Speaker 3: All these inputs.
Speaker 8: Determine how you make a living and how well you live.
Speaker 7: So all these different evolutionary pressures like if you're dodging
Speaker 7: predators constantly, or if you gorge food and then store
Speaker 7: it really well, or if you have a fast metabolism,
Speaker 7: those will affect your internal furnace.
Speaker 8: All these different strategies determine a lot of stuff. So,
Speaker 8: like going back to comparing birds and mammals, so we're
Speaker 8: both warm blooded and so another.
Speaker 3: In order for gestation of the risks for your babies
Speaker 3: to develop.
Speaker 8: Really really well, and this is across our species, even
Speaker 8: for reptiles, you got to have that right temperature.
Speaker 3: It literally has to cook when we say it's.
Speaker 10: Been in the others to cook, it has to cook,
Speaker 10: and it has to cook at the right temperature. Too
Speaker 10: hot or too cold, you mess up the whole recipe.
Speaker 10: Nothing's gonna nothing is not gonna happen.
Speaker 8: But there's a few different ways of doing it. So
Speaker 8: a lot of reptiles they drop their eggs, they put
Speaker 8: it in the store, they cover it up, they do
Speaker 8: a little kiss, throw it up to the sky and
Speaker 8: be like, hope it works out, Like mama. Reptiles like
Speaker 8: I did a little temperature check. This ground is about right,
Speaker 8: and I know I'm gonna be gone for forever because
Speaker 8: I ain't gonna never see you again. Yeah, it stays.
Speaker 3: Literally, kiss up to the sky and I'm out so
Speaker 3: that's like like turtles, birds on the other hand, are like, you.
Speaker 8: Know what, I still got to get this temperature right,
Speaker 8: but I still need to be able to move a
Speaker 8: little bit here and there to go get some more
Speaker 8: food because carrying on these eggs, they're heavy.
Speaker 3: They're heavy female animal.
Speaker 8: When they're grabbed or when they're sitting on a nest,
Speaker 8: they gotta be careful because it makes them easy pickings
Speaker 8: for predators. So that's the reason why you know, mama
Speaker 8: turtle holds on to those eggs as long as she can. Yeah,
Speaker 8: she incubates them when cooks them. Oth Wise, she's like,
Speaker 8: I'm too slow. I'm gonna get gobbled up by these
Speaker 8: sharks or whatever else is out here in the water.
Speaker 3: I got to drop these eggs and lighten my load.
Speaker 8: Mama bird is very similar, but she's like, you know what,
Speaker 8: I can kind of get up and move a little bit.
Speaker 3: So what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna make this
Speaker 3: really nice nest. I'm gonna insulate it as much as possible.
Speaker 8: If there's a partner involved, we'll take turns sitting on
Speaker 8: it and keeping it warm. But like they have to
Speaker 8: be careful with that too, if they stay gone too long,
Speaker 8: that throws the temperature off.
Speaker 3: Back to the cooking. Like, oh, that's the recipe of.
Speaker 8: What happens in mammals is you know what, I need
Speaker 8: to be able to move and I need to be.
Speaker 3: Able to keep the temperature going. So what female.
Speaker 8: Mammals are able to do is they're able to keep
Speaker 8: their babies with them at all time.
Speaker 3: They know that temperature is gonna be right, They're gonna
Speaker 3: go where they go.
Speaker 8: There's still some trade offs and loss of movement and dexterity,
Speaker 8: but compared to other species, like female mammals are able
Speaker 8: to still get quite a bit done even though they're
Speaker 8: pregnant up until the last day. So that's why some
Speaker 8: have strategies of sitting still in the end, but they
Speaker 8: think about cats.
Speaker 3: They stay hunting, Yeah, till near the end.
Speaker 8: We have these trade offs, but like that temperature control
Speaker 8: is really important, and what we see are these three
Speaker 8: very dramatic strategies for that temperature control across the three
Speaker 8: main groups of vertebrates. Drop them off, wish for the best, yeah.
Speaker 3: Drop them off for keep up with them.
Speaker 8: But if things get real real bad, I'll bug out
Speaker 8: and I'll start all over again, or this we are
Speaker 8: all we in this together.
Speaker 3: That's the mammal in this together. Oh God, I got
Speaker 3: you when you got me?
Speaker 7: Oh my gosh, I have so many questions from listeners
Speaker 7: that know that you're coming on the show. Okay, We're
Speaker 7: gonna let those questions cook a second longer while we
Speaker 7: take a quick break to hear about sponsors of the
Speaker 7: show who enable us to make a donation to a
Speaker 7: cause of theologists choosing. And this week Doctor Lee shows
Speaker 7: SemLink that's Science, Engineering, and Math Link, which is a nonprofit.
Speaker 7: It was found in two thousand and five by Tuka T.
Speaker 7: Smith in Atlanta, and SemLink promotes student achievement and career
Speaker 7: exploration in math and science while increasing student exposure to
Speaker 7: STEM communities. So a donation went to them, Doctor Danielle
Speaker 7: and Lee's name thanks to some sponsors of the show
Speaker 7: who you may hear about.
Speaker 8: Now.
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Speaker 2: Mum, why did they call it Scottish cheese?
Speaker 1: It's cottage cheese, honey, and I'm not sure.
Speaker 2: Did the dogs in other countries speak different languages?
Speaker 3: Yeah?
Speaker 1: I think so.
Speaker 2: Well, when we get there.
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Speaker 4: Okay your questions, This was the most asked question. What
Speaker 4: is happening with the platypus?
Speaker 7: Natalie landon Brand's first time question asker essentially says, like,
Speaker 7: why why are they so weird?
Speaker 4: They've got eggs and venom, but they're a mammal. What's happening?
Speaker 8: Yeah, all right, So platypuses on mammals because they meet
Speaker 8: the what I call the base criterion of what makes
Speaker 8: a mammal and mammal and eddie is they make nourishment
Speaker 8: from memory grains on the evolutionary tree, they're like high up,
Speaker 8: so they're really in between. Like they are a really
Speaker 8: good example of that connection to our other vertebrate cousins
Speaker 8: like the birds and the reptiles that I mentioned before.
Speaker 8: It has so many traits in a very bird slash
Speaker 8: reptilian light m h.
Speaker 7: But they have eggs, they lay eggs, They do lay eggs,
Speaker 7: and so you don't have to have live birth to
Speaker 7: be a mammal.
Speaker 8: No, the drop dead criteria is do you make milk
Speaker 8: for mammary glands.
Speaker 3: That's where the word comes from, mammal mammary.
Speaker 7: Okay, listen, some of you might be wondering what the
Speaker 7: heck is a mammary gland, and because this is where
Speaker 7: you come to learn science, we're going to tell you,
Speaker 7: even though some of you might want to giggle, but
Speaker 7: a mammary gland is the part of the mammal, including humans,
Speaker 7: that makes milk. So that is udders on cows or
Speaker 7: perhaps boobs on people you call mom, they're memory glands.
Speaker 7: And in fact, the word mammary has the same root
Speaker 7: word as mom. Did you know version of the word
Speaker 7: ma mean mother in Greek and Latin and Persian, in Russian,
Speaker 7: Lithuanian and German and French, and in Welsh. In so
Speaker 7: many languages. This word is nearly universal in Indo European languages,
Speaker 7: and it's believed to come from the natural human animal
Speaker 7: sounds that babies, including you, at one point made when
Speaker 7: they were imitating sucking milk out of what that's right,
Speaker 7: a memory gland, and you can store that in your
Speaker 7: memory gland or your brain, which isn't really a gland.
Speaker 7: But that's another episode. So it doesn't matter if you
Speaker 7: drop some eggs or have a bill, it doesn't Allen
Speaker 7: Skelton wants to know why have so many mammals evolved
Speaker 7: to cooperate or stay in large groups as opposed to
Speaker 7: other animals.
Speaker 8: So sociality is really common in a lot of species
Speaker 8: that we see that we attribute a lot of high
Speaker 8: cognitive function to We see that, and that's because sociality
Speaker 8: yields a lot of benefits. Think about it. You don't
Speaker 8: have to look for a mate when it's time to mate.
Speaker 8: You can conserve your own physiological energy when it comes
Speaker 8: to keeping you know.
Speaker 3: Warm, the right temperature.
Speaker 8: Being around others is a really good way to exploit
Speaker 8: them for information and other resources. So I don't have
Speaker 8: to be really good at hunting. I can let you
Speaker 8: be good at hunting, and I come around and pick
Speaker 8: up scraps. So sociality has a lot of benefits. Now
Speaker 8: there are cost to it, as well, so like thehood,
Speaker 8: are spreading communicative diseases, whether it's like parasites or things
Speaker 8: like the main or even sicknesses like what we're experiencing now,
Speaker 8: like with COVID among us.
Speaker 3: You know, sociality counts.
Speaker 8: Against us, but so much of what we need to
Speaker 8: do to make a living requires, for many species outright
Speaker 8: cooperation or even just passive cooperation. Our evolutionary two kit
Speaker 8: does not allow us to do a lot of things
Speaker 8: very very well for long without the aid of others.
Speaker 7: Right, we all affect each other and we're in this together.
Speaker 7: Moe Casey had a great question about life expectancy and
Speaker 7: why does a mouse have such a short one compared
Speaker 7: to a horse which lives for decades? And is it
Speaker 7: just size the.
Speaker 8: Reason why different things live a different times. It's not
Speaker 8: just about size. Is a correlate with it, but it
Speaker 8: comes down to what's happening with them physiologically, their metabolism,
Speaker 8: how long something takes. So being large enables you to
Speaker 8: avoid a lot of predators, so big things don't have
Speaker 8: as many other things that can take them out. If
Speaker 8: you're not taken out, then you can live a long
Speaker 8: time thereafter, assuming everything else in your body is in
Speaker 8: pretty good shape. You just got to get through that
Speaker 8: scary small period of your life.
Speaker 9: Ah.
Speaker 3: So that's one of the reasons.
Speaker 8: So once you get past that scary juvenile period, then
Speaker 8: you can pretty much live until what we call that
Speaker 8: natural death when your body just wears out.
Speaker 3: But little things.
Speaker 8: Live for a short period the time because part of
Speaker 8: it is their metabolism. Their metabolism is real fast. They're
Speaker 8: burning themselves up. We don't use that, that's not technically
Speaker 8: what's happening, but that's just one way to envision it
Speaker 8: from a lay position is that they're always going. But
Speaker 8: the other thing that you got to keep in mouth
Speaker 8: for things like mice is they don't tend to die
Speaker 8: of old age like we really take for granted as
Speaker 8: people that most things don't die of old age. Longer
Speaker 8: lived animals, we tend to see what we call age
Speaker 8: related like disease, what we call natural causes of death,
Speaker 8: So things like you know, diabetes or heart disease or
Speaker 8: later on set diseases either due to metabolism or structure,
Speaker 8: and animals that tend to be predated.
Speaker 3: Upon or die early.
Speaker 8: Those things just don't accumulate because they tend to die
Speaker 8: when they're still just in or just past the prime
Speaker 8: of life. And by prime, I mean like the height
Speaker 8: of reproductive life, so in other words, when you're at
Speaker 8: the height of having the most babies and even looking
Speaker 8: at people old age is a relatively new thing for us.
Speaker 7: Living to be one hundred would not have happened without antibiotics.
Speaker 3: No, that's magic, Let's be honest.
Speaker 8: Yeah, we're the transport and talk to someone from two
Speaker 8: hundred years ago.
Speaker 3: One hundred years is magic.
Speaker 7: Yeah, speaking of ancient things, A lot of patrons wanted
Speaker 7: to know if it weren't for the asteroid wiping out
Speaker 7: the dinosaurs, do you think that mammals would have survived
Speaker 7: to today.
Speaker 3: No, that had to happen for mammal evolution like that,
Speaker 3: Like that is a.
Speaker 8: Critical, Like when I teach mammalogy, that's one of the
Speaker 8: one historical events that is critical. If it had not
Speaker 8: been for that mammal evolution, they would have stayed small,
Speaker 8: they would have stayed in the ground. We would not
Speaker 8: have had a mammalian radiation, that's what we call it.
Speaker 8: That's when the explosion, Like the mammals came above ground
Speaker 8: and they were able to diversify I informed shape in species.
Speaker 8: If the dinosaurs hadn't died, none of that would have happened. Oh,
Speaker 8: you would not be here if it had not been
Speaker 8: for the KT event.
Speaker 4: Really, this is literally the first I've ever heard that.
Speaker 4: That's amazing.
Speaker 3: Yeah, said they had to go for us to flourish.
Speaker 7: Okay, what about your favorite thing about being a homologist
Speaker 7: the travel.
Speaker 3: I do science to travel. I grew up in that family.
Speaker 8: We never got to go on family vacation, so travel
Speaker 8: was always a dream of mine. I just I just
Speaker 8: grew up working class. Course, so my biggest dream was
Speaker 8: to grow up to be middle class. And so there
Speaker 8: are certain things that I was envious of, So like
Speaker 8: being able to travel and go places and back to
Speaker 8: those nature shows that I love.
Speaker 3: They just seem to always be all over the world.
Speaker 3: And so for me being.
Speaker 8: Able to travel to see a lot of things by myself.
Speaker 8: I love being able to travel.
Speaker 7: This has been so great having you on. I just
Speaker 7: I feel like I'm such a fan girl. I've been
Speaker 7: like so nervous and excited to talk.
Speaker 8: I don't know what to do with folks say that,
Speaker 8: because I was like, we're talking about this, do you
Speaker 8: talk about me? Mom?
Speaker 7: Jeez so asks more people all kinds of furry, milky
Speaker 7: questions because that's what makes mammals mammals. And to find
Speaker 7: out more about doctor Danielle Lee, you can see the
Speaker 7: links in the show notes. Also linked is more episodes.
Speaker 7: Also linked is aliwar dot com slash Asmologies, which has
Speaker 7: dozens more kids safe and shorter episodes you can blaze
Speaker 7: through and thank you Mercedes Maitland of Maitland Audio and
Speaker 7: shared Sleeper of Mind gem Media for editing those, as
Speaker 7: well as Zeke Rodriguez Thomas and says we like to
Speaker 7: keep things small around here. The rest of the credits
Speaker 7: are in the show notes. But before I go, I
Speaker 7: like to give you one very tiny piece of advice,
Speaker 7: and this week it's just to make sure if you can,
Speaker 7: that you go outside, and not just go outside, but
Speaker 7: if you can play outside or look at things outside.
Speaker 7: We have so many greens around us. He stays full
Speaker 7: of a lot of really fun stuff. But for a
Speaker 7: million reasons, you just can't substitute the feelings that your
Speaker 7: body gets from being outside. Maybe smell some grass, dig
Speaker 7: in some dirt, you can look for bugs. You can
Speaker 7: toss a ball around for your dog, or maybe your
Speaker 7: cat on a leash. I don't know your situation, climb
Speaker 7: a tree, just do something. I r L And I'm
Speaker 7: not just talking to kids out there, I'm talking to
Speaker 7: their parents or people who don't even have kids, and
Speaker 7: that includes myself. So yes, let's all go outside a
Speaker 7: little more. Okay, have fun. Bye bye Solisious.
Speaker 9: Algy knowlogy knowledges.
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