WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.160 --> 00:00:03.359 Hi there, thanks for joining us. This is Space Nuts. 2 00:00:03.359 --> 00:00:05.360 My name is Andrew Dunkley. It's great to have your 3 00:00:05.360 --> 00:00:10.160 company yet again. Coming up on this episode, we will 4 00:00:10.199 --> 00:00:13.720 be looking at a new Big Bang theory, so to speak. 5 00:00:14.400 --> 00:00:17.679 It's sort of wrapped up with dark matter and dark 6 00:00:17.839 --> 00:00:20.960 dark energy and all that dark and foreboding stuff, so 7 00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:24.960 we'll talk about that. Some other data is pointing to 8 00:00:25.039 --> 00:00:28.480 a potential outer planet and it may not be Planet nine, 9 00:00:29.239 --> 00:00:30.719 or is it. We're not sure yet. 10 00:00:30.760 --> 00:00:32.799 We'll talk about that and. 11 00:00:32.840 --> 00:00:37.079 Some space science stuff. An old Russian spacecraft is headed 12 00:00:37.119 --> 00:00:39.840 back to Earth and unfortunately that's not where it was 13 00:00:39.880 --> 00:00:42.399 originally supposed to go back in nineteen seventy two. 14 00:00:43.399 --> 00:00:44.119 Artemis too. 15 00:00:44.359 --> 00:00:46.840 An update on that, and a bit of a budget 16 00:00:46.840 --> 00:00:50.560 cut issue with NASA. That's all coming up on this 17 00:00:50.679 --> 00:00:58.039 episode of Space Nuts fifteen in Channel ten nine Ignition 18 00:00:58.280 --> 00:01:02.240 Space Nut or three. 19 00:01:02.399 --> 00:01:07.519 Two one Space Nurse when I report it. 20 00:01:07.599 --> 00:01:11.120 Neil Good and it's good to see Professor Fred Watson 21 00:01:11.159 --> 00:01:13.640 again joining us on this episode of space and that's 22 00:01:13.680 --> 00:01:14.159 high Fred. 23 00:01:14.519 --> 00:01:16.640 Hello, Andrew, very good to see you too. 24 00:01:16.760 --> 00:01:18.200 You're looking hale and hearty. 25 00:01:18.239 --> 00:01:20.239 I have to say yes, I've got I've got a 26 00:01:20.280 --> 00:01:23.439 new background you like my new office. Yes, my new 27 00:01:23.519 --> 00:01:24.519 virtual office. 28 00:01:25.200 --> 00:01:28.200 It's it's saying a lot of hellos at the moment 29 00:01:28.319 --> 00:01:29.000 it is has. 30 00:01:28.879 --> 00:01:29.920 Got a low error. 31 00:01:30.239 --> 00:01:32.120 And if I put my hands in the right place, 32 00:01:32.359 --> 00:01:33.120 they're invisible. 33 00:01:33.519 --> 00:01:33.920 Yes. 34 00:01:35.120 --> 00:01:37.640 In fact, if I go yeah, if I look around, 35 00:01:37.640 --> 00:01:38.680 I go invisible. 36 00:01:39.079 --> 00:01:39.560 Do Yes. 37 00:01:39.640 --> 00:01:41.480 Yes, you went invisible a minute or two ago, and 38 00:01:41.519 --> 00:01:43.079 I thought you'd lock it in into space. 39 00:01:43.239 --> 00:01:46.079 Never mind, it was one day, No doubt you will. 40 00:01:46.799 --> 00:01:48.400 But now you've been away, haven't you. 41 00:01:48.920 --> 00:01:51.920 We were over in lord How Island, which is an 42 00:01:51.920 --> 00:01:55.879 island some some kilometers off of the coast of New 43 00:01:55.920 --> 00:01:58.239 South Wales, is on the same latitude of Port Macquarie. 44 00:01:58.400 --> 00:01:59.719 I used to broad to. 45 00:02:01.760 --> 00:02:04.159 Yes, yes, she did that. 46 00:02:05.439 --> 00:02:07.560 I didn't actually have that much chance to talk to 47 00:02:07.640 --> 00:02:09.479 many of the locals in detail, or else I would 48 00:02:09.479 --> 00:02:10.840 have asked them if they In fact, I think I 49 00:02:10.840 --> 00:02:12.479 did ask one person whether they listened to. 50 00:02:12.400 --> 00:02:13.240 You, and they said yes. 51 00:02:14.360 --> 00:02:17.560 But we were there for a dark sky festival. 52 00:02:19.199 --> 00:02:20.240 Lord How is. 53 00:02:21.680 --> 00:02:25.879 Working on the prospect of becoming Australia's first dark sky island, 54 00:02:26.360 --> 00:02:28.840 which is like a dark sky park, but it's an island. 55 00:02:29.840 --> 00:02:32.280 I'm not giving away any secrets there, but there are 56 00:02:32.280 --> 00:02:35.000 people working on that very enthusiastically and we wish them 57 00:02:35.000 --> 00:02:38.039 every success with it. So one of this was a 58 00:02:38.120 --> 00:02:42.719 sort of kickoff festival with talks and presentations and I 59 00:02:42.759 --> 00:02:44.960 took the old Gibson guitar and Marny and I did 60 00:02:44.960 --> 00:02:47.479 a set in their music night. We did seven songs 61 00:02:47.520 --> 00:02:49.759 between us. I was cool and I've done that for 62 00:02:49.800 --> 00:02:54.759 about fifty years. And then you know, we did some 63 00:02:55.599 --> 00:03:02.199 experiments with the friend of ours, Marcuscaro, launching rockets with 64 00:03:02.400 --> 00:03:06.680 which were fueled by vinegar and bicarbonate of soda, which 65 00:03:06.719 --> 00:03:09.120 meant we all ended up smelling of vinegar for the 66 00:03:09.120 --> 00:03:12.960 next four days. And yeah, it went. It went went 67 00:03:13.039 --> 00:03:14.759 very well. That was a fun thing for the kids 68 00:03:14.759 --> 00:03:16.439 to do. So it was a good festival and it 69 00:03:16.439 --> 00:03:20.960 wound up on Thursday evening with very nice meal cooked 70 00:03:21.000 --> 00:03:22.960 up by one of the top chefs on the island. 71 00:03:23.400 --> 00:03:25.879 Wow, it's fantastic. I haven't been the lord here, but 72 00:03:26.919 --> 00:03:27.800 to get there you need. 73 00:03:27.680 --> 00:03:28.520 To go, you do need. 74 00:03:29.439 --> 00:03:34.520 It's also the home of some unique wildlife I believe. 75 00:03:34.360 --> 00:03:38.639 There are yes, and particularly the wood hen which is ubiquitous. 76 00:03:38.639 --> 00:03:41.439 They had a program four or five years and three 77 00:03:41.479 --> 00:03:43.599 or four years ago I think it was to eliminate 78 00:03:43.599 --> 00:03:46.280 all the rats on the island which were eating the woodhens, 79 00:03:46.960 --> 00:03:49.560 and that was quite controversial, but it's worked, and the 80 00:03:49.560 --> 00:03:55.960 woodhens are there in remarkable proflicty. 81 00:03:56.199 --> 00:03:56.560 Was that there? 82 00:03:57.439 --> 00:04:01.039 And they also have those quite rare stickings. Is it 83 00:04:01.080 --> 00:04:05.439 on the spire it's on Balls Pyramids? Yeah, Balls Pyramid 84 00:04:05.520 --> 00:04:08.759 twenty kilometers off. Lord how we had a very rough 85 00:04:08.800 --> 00:04:11.560 crossing to Balls Pyramid. We went because I always wanted 86 00:04:11.599 --> 00:04:14.039 to see it up close and personal. It's this stick 87 00:04:14.080 --> 00:04:16.120 of rock five hundred. 88 00:04:15.879 --> 00:04:20.199 Meters high and remarkable and as you said, it does 89 00:04:20.279 --> 00:04:23.879 have I think it's the only place where these nocturnal 90 00:04:23.920 --> 00:04:26.399 stick insects are phoned, and they're usually quite big. 91 00:04:26.560 --> 00:04:27.800 So a photograph of one. 92 00:04:28.199 --> 00:04:30.800 Yeah, I remember that story breaking many years ago when 93 00:04:30.800 --> 00:04:34.160 they found them and they went, oh my goodness, didn't 94 00:04:34.199 --> 00:04:34.839 know they were here. 95 00:04:35.399 --> 00:04:35.879 That's right. 96 00:04:36.040 --> 00:04:38.000 Yeah, incredible place it is. 97 00:04:38.079 --> 00:04:40.959 It's amazing. So what about you have? How's your week been? 98 00:04:42.000 --> 00:04:45.360 Pretty quiet? Actually, just sort of settling back into normal life, 99 00:04:45.399 --> 00:04:46.279 even though that's going. 100 00:04:46.199 --> 00:04:46.759 To be temporary. 101 00:04:46.800 --> 00:04:48.759 But I did want to show you something from our trip. 102 00:04:49.279 --> 00:04:51.800 As you know, we went to San Francisco, and San 103 00:04:51.839 --> 00:04:55.959 Francisco is the home of a big rock known as Alcatraz. Indeed, 104 00:04:56.040 --> 00:04:58.839 and you know, I like to collect souvenirs wherever I go, 105 00:04:59.360 --> 00:05:04.319 particularly particularly little rocks from different places. But this one's legal. 106 00:05:05.720 --> 00:05:10.839 There it is save the rock. Yeah, and inside that box, yes, 107 00:05:11.399 --> 00:05:16.399 two pieces, two pieces of the cell block of Alcatraz 108 00:05:17.079 --> 00:05:20.040 because they're trying to do renovations to keep it going 109 00:05:20.079 --> 00:05:23.800 for future generations, and so as a part of the 110 00:05:23.879 --> 00:05:28.920 renovation process, they've had to demolish certain sections and they're 111 00:05:28.920 --> 00:05:31.399 selling the rock to fund the renovations. 112 00:05:32.319 --> 00:05:32.959 There you go. 113 00:05:33.240 --> 00:05:36.920 I've got two pieces of the cell wall from Alcatraz. 114 00:05:36.319 --> 00:05:37.160 In my collections. 115 00:05:37.160 --> 00:05:41.560 Now see them as your screen tries to wipe them 116 00:05:41.560 --> 00:05:43.560 out and make them part of the background. But if 117 00:05:43.560 --> 00:05:45.879 I tip it forward a dispute can see them. 118 00:05:46.360 --> 00:05:49.600 So that's yeah. They are. Oh there they are, yes. 119 00:05:49.519 --> 00:05:54.040 Looking very very penal commonly this. 120 00:05:54.040 --> 00:05:57.000 Chunk of concrete, It says, this chunk of concrete is 121 00:05:57.000 --> 00:06:00.879 a byproduct of a major rehabilitation effort now underway on 122 00:06:00.920 --> 00:06:04.959 the island. It's been inspected by park historic preservation specialists 123 00:06:05.000 --> 00:06:08.399 to be sure that it contains nothing of research potential. 124 00:06:08.839 --> 00:06:12.120 So it's just looks like a piece of concrete but 125 00:06:12.240 --> 00:06:15.160 it's actually a piece of Alcatraz. It's all mine. 126 00:06:15.759 --> 00:06:19.519 And interestingly it's in the news at the moment, of course, 127 00:06:19.879 --> 00:06:23.480 because President Trump wants to reinstate it. 128 00:06:23.439 --> 00:06:25.040 As a jail, does he. 129 00:06:25.120 --> 00:06:29.079 I didn't hear that one. It needs well, I'll tell 130 00:06:29.160 --> 00:06:33.360 him one thing for free. It needs work. It needs work. 131 00:06:35.000 --> 00:06:37.480 But it's only a fifteen minute trip to get over there. Yes, 132 00:06:37.519 --> 00:06:43.240 that's right, thirty nine, So yeah's it's worth visiting. Though, 133 00:06:43.759 --> 00:06:45.639 we better get down to the business of the day, 134 00:06:45.680 --> 00:06:48.759 and that is astronomy in space science. And we'll start 135 00:06:48.759 --> 00:06:51.879 off with this story fred a new theory on the 136 00:06:51.879 --> 00:06:55.680 Big Bang, dark matter, dark energy, all of that stuff 137 00:06:55.800 --> 00:06:59.399 is rolled into this this paper that's been released through 138 00:06:59.480 --> 00:07:04.360 the Universe. City of Alabama in Huntsville. This is this 139 00:07:04.439 --> 00:07:08.560 is a physics professor who's come up with alternative theories 140 00:07:08.560 --> 00:07:12.879 in the past or other things. This one, though, is 141 00:07:13.079 --> 00:07:17.720 probably going to get pulled apart under the microscope. What 142 00:07:17.759 --> 00:07:20.839 he's suggesting is there might not have been one big bang, 143 00:07:20.879 --> 00:07:22.000 but lots of little bangs. 144 00:07:23.360 --> 00:07:29.279 That's right exactly, and you know you've you've described it perfectly. 145 00:07:29.399 --> 00:07:34.360 It's a really interesting theory in that if you have 146 00:07:34.439 --> 00:07:37.879 lots of little bangs rather than one big one. Apparently, 147 00:07:38.399 --> 00:07:41.319 mathematically you can get rid of dark matter and dark energy, 148 00:07:41.360 --> 00:07:46.040 which are of course the two big problems in current cosmology. 149 00:07:46.079 --> 00:07:49.759 What are these And just a bit of background there. 150 00:07:49.839 --> 00:07:53.240 Dark energy, we think is the property of space that 151 00:07:53.360 --> 00:07:59.519 makes the expanding universe accelerating its expansion, although there's just 152 00:07:59.639 --> 00:08:02.600 we're just starting to see evidence that that might slow 153 00:08:02.680 --> 00:08:06.000 down that acceleration. It looks as though it was more 154 00:08:06.079 --> 00:08:10.720 rapid five billion years ago than it is today. And that's, 155 00:08:11.199 --> 00:08:13.519 you know, new news. I guess on the on the 156 00:08:13.639 --> 00:08:15.480 what you might call the conventional picture, and of course 157 00:08:15.480 --> 00:08:17.879 the other half of that is the dark matter, which 158 00:08:17.920 --> 00:08:20.920 is something that we believe holds galaxies together and holds 159 00:08:21.000 --> 00:08:25.879 clusters of galaxies together, which is invisible and undetectable except 160 00:08:25.959 --> 00:08:29.920 by its gravity. Two big problems for modern cosmology. So 161 00:08:30.240 --> 00:08:34.360 Professor new It thinks that he's solved both of these 162 00:08:34.639 --> 00:08:38.399 with a theory that it's got a name. 163 00:08:38.519 --> 00:08:39.600 I can't remember what it is. 164 00:08:40.480 --> 00:08:46.360 It's his paper is entitled I can't find the title 165 00:08:46.360 --> 00:08:50.320 of his paper. It's something like getting rid of dark 166 00:08:50.360 --> 00:08:58.840 matter and dark energy. It's basically the idea exactly as 167 00:08:58.879 --> 00:09:02.200 you've said, is that you instead of having one big bang, 168 00:09:03.480 --> 00:09:08.200 you you have several little ones that sort of every 169 00:09:08.240 --> 00:09:12.639 time you get one, they you know, it sort of 170 00:09:13.039 --> 00:09:16.799 restarts things in an odd way. And that's the bit 171 00:09:16.879 --> 00:09:20.159 of this that I have to say, I don't understand 172 00:09:20.159 --> 00:09:23.679 because we have such great evidence that there's only been 173 00:09:23.720 --> 00:09:26.200 one big bang, and that is the fact that we 174 00:09:26.360 --> 00:09:29.159 still see it the cosmic microwave background radiation. 175 00:09:29.600 --> 00:09:33.919 Yeah, wasn't that wouldn't that just wipe this theory out instantaneously? 176 00:09:34.080 --> 00:09:38.279 Well, unless he suggests that you get, you know, a 177 00:09:38.320 --> 00:09:41.440 new microwave background radiation every time there's one of these 178 00:09:41.480 --> 00:09:45.440 mini big bangs. But that actually flies in the face 179 00:09:46.000 --> 00:09:52.080 of the research, the observations that Professor lew is suggesting 180 00:09:52.759 --> 00:09:56.960 that we do to detect these multiple big bangs. I 181 00:09:57.000 --> 00:10:02.039 think the cosmic microwave back radiation is a showstopper for this. 182 00:10:02.639 --> 00:10:06.919 And the reason is when we look out into space, 183 00:10:07.559 --> 00:10:13.799 we see progressively objects, most notably galaxies, at different red shifts. 184 00:10:13.799 --> 00:10:15.159 They're increasing red shift. 185 00:10:15.159 --> 00:10:18.480 It's the red shift is the move of the of 186 00:10:18.519 --> 00:10:21.000 the light to the red end of the spectrum. It's 187 00:10:21.480 --> 00:10:25.240 what we measure. We believe it's happening because space is expanding. 188 00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:29.039 That stretches the light waves and gives you the red shift. 189 00:10:29.399 --> 00:10:31.840 And if you look at a high enough redshift, what 190 00:10:32.000 --> 00:10:34.879 you see you see the big Bank, You see the 191 00:10:35.000 --> 00:10:38.039 cosmic microwave background radiation, the flash of the Big Bang 192 00:10:38.639 --> 00:10:41.759 when it became from when the universe became transparent about 193 00:10:41.759 --> 00:10:45.720 three hundred and eighty thousand years after the Big Bang event. Now, 194 00:10:45.759 --> 00:10:49.080 what Professor lew is saying is that you could test 195 00:10:49.120 --> 00:10:54.360 his theory by looking for as you look back in time, 196 00:10:54.679 --> 00:10:58.600 in other words, that increasing red shifts, look for jumps 197 00:10:58.720 --> 00:11:04.240 in red shift, which you know it might mean that 198 00:11:05.600 --> 00:11:07.720 if you're looking along a particular line of sight, you 199 00:11:07.759 --> 00:11:11.039 see all the galaxies along that line of sight, you 200 00:11:11.080 --> 00:11:14.639 see them gradually increasing in red shift, and then suddenly 201 00:11:14.639 --> 00:11:18.200 you see a jump in redshift, which looks as though 202 00:11:18.240 --> 00:11:21.639 something's missing. And what he's suggesting is that's where you 203 00:11:21.679 --> 00:11:26.320 get a mini Big Bang. But that, as I said, 204 00:11:26.360 --> 00:11:28.960 flies in the face of the cosmic micround radiation, because 205 00:11:28.960 --> 00:11:31.279 that is at the most extreme red shift we can observe. 206 00:11:31.320 --> 00:11:34.759 It's a the red shift of about thirteen hundred because 207 00:11:34.799 --> 00:11:37.679 the universe has expanded by a factor similar to that 208 00:11:37.759 --> 00:11:42.360 in the time since since it became transparent, which is 209 00:11:43.759 --> 00:11:46.279 what we can see. We can see the opaque universe 210 00:11:46.600 --> 00:11:49.960 at that great distance. So that's my take on it 211 00:11:50.039 --> 00:11:55.919 for what it's worth from a non cosmologist. But it's 212 00:11:55.919 --> 00:11:56.679 causing interest. 213 00:11:57.320 --> 00:12:01.080 It's really, you. 214 00:12:01.000 --> 00:12:04.480 Know, actually an interesting piece of work. I haven't looked 215 00:12:04.480 --> 00:12:07.360 at the original paper, but as you pointed out, I 216 00:12:07.399 --> 00:12:12.240 think you found this one, Andrew. This is on the 217 00:12:12.279 --> 00:12:16.279 Brighter Side of News website. There's a lovely piece of 218 00:12:16.559 --> 00:12:19.120 pros at the end of that article which I'd love 219 00:12:19.159 --> 00:12:22.000 to read out to you, quotching the brighter side of news. 220 00:12:22.399 --> 00:12:26.200 Instead of hunting for invisible ingredients i e. Dark matter 221 00:12:26.240 --> 00:12:29.840 and dark energy. Instead of hunting for invisible ingredients, scientists 222 00:12:29.919 --> 00:12:33.840 might start listening for the echoes of ancient, unstoppable bursts, 223 00:12:34.279 --> 00:12:37.320 the hidden rhythms of a universe still in motion. 224 00:12:38.120 --> 00:12:42.600 Very poetic, very very I think the paper is titled 225 00:12:42.720 --> 00:12:45.720 are dark matter and dark energy Omnipresent? 226 00:12:45.960 --> 00:12:49.639 Yes? That's yeah, I had that, but I couldn't remember it. Now, 227 00:12:49.679 --> 00:12:54.919 Well why would you remember that? Yes, So watch this space. 228 00:12:55.000 --> 00:13:00.320 We'll see what other physicists and astronomers may of it, 229 00:13:01.200 --> 00:13:03.120 and hopefully see a bit more. 230 00:13:03.480 --> 00:13:06.320 That's What I like about these papers is that everybody 231 00:13:06.360 --> 00:13:10.120 gets to read them and go, Okay, I think that's 232 00:13:10.559 --> 00:13:13.039 wrong and this is why, or I think that could 233 00:13:13.080 --> 00:13:14.759 be on the money, and this is why. You know, 234 00:13:14.919 --> 00:13:16.720 everybody gets a say in it. 235 00:13:16.759 --> 00:13:18.360 So it gets. 236 00:13:18.159 --> 00:13:23.360 Bounced around like a yeah, it's a pinball until everyone 237 00:13:23.399 --> 00:13:26.799 seems to settle on some agreeable potential answer. 238 00:13:27.840 --> 00:13:28.559 Would that be right? 239 00:13:28.759 --> 00:13:31.360 Yeah, that's right, And it's a consensus. It's you know, 240 00:13:31.440 --> 00:13:35.840 as the scientific consensus emerges, that's what we then regard 241 00:13:35.879 --> 00:13:39.360 as as the standard. 242 00:13:38.799 --> 00:13:40.279 Model, if I can put it that way. 243 00:13:40.639 --> 00:13:46.159 But often, like some of this particular work, is going 244 00:13:46.200 --> 00:13:49.480 to take a lot to verify it, and looking for 245 00:13:49.519 --> 00:13:54.279 redshift steps might be one way of doing it. And 246 00:13:54.639 --> 00:13:56.799 in fact I was going to mention this that is 247 00:13:56.840 --> 00:14:01.200 not new. I remember back in the seventies when I 248 00:14:01.240 --> 00:14:04.759 was working at the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh, one of 249 00:14:04.799 --> 00:14:08.759 my colleagues was looking for what he called quantized redshifts, 250 00:14:08.799 --> 00:14:14.360 redshifts that appeared in groups among the galaxies, which is 251 00:14:14.399 --> 00:14:18.519 the sort of thing that you might expect Professor Lew's research. 252 00:14:18.240 --> 00:14:19.919 To throw up. He didn't find them. 253 00:14:19.919 --> 00:14:22.720 That the person who was my colleague at Edinburgh he did, 254 00:14:22.799 --> 00:14:25.759 he never found them, so but that was, of course, 255 00:14:25.759 --> 00:14:28.200 with nineteen seventy technology. We have moved on a very, 256 00:14:28.279 --> 00:14:31.360 very long way since then. Just a little bit. 257 00:14:31.559 --> 00:14:34.600 Yes, I'm sure we'll hear more about this story as 258 00:14:34.639 --> 00:14:37.679 people analyze his theory. 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Although this is 306 00:17:48.559 --> 00:17:53.279 probably not about planet nine, but they have been looking 307 00:17:53.480 --> 00:17:58.559 at data that suggests there is an out of planet 308 00:17:59.160 --> 00:18:02.039 further out than I think we're planet dark nine should be. 309 00:18:02.319 --> 00:18:05.759 So this could is this planet ten or nine point 310 00:18:05.799 --> 00:18:06.920 five or what. 311 00:18:07.079 --> 00:18:10.119 I think they're calling it eight and a half because 312 00:18:10.160 --> 00:18:13.799 we've got yes, this is not planet nine, that is 313 00:18:13.839 --> 00:18:15.000 planet eight point five. 314 00:18:15.640 --> 00:18:18.559 Right, that's okay, So what's the story. 315 00:18:18.759 --> 00:18:26.519 So well, let's scan backwards to two thousand and sixteen. 316 00:18:26.720 --> 00:18:29.799 I think it was, yeah, twenty sixteen, when two US 317 00:18:29.880 --> 00:18:36.440 astronomers basically puts out paper suggesting that the fact that 318 00:18:36.839 --> 00:18:41.759 we've got all these distant asteroid orbits these are objects 319 00:18:41.759 --> 00:18:45.839 trans Neptunian objects, objects that are beyond the orbit of Neptune, 320 00:18:46.400 --> 00:18:49.319 and in fact, some of them are called extreme trans 321 00:18:49.440 --> 00:18:52.960 Neptunian objects, objects a long way beyond the orbit of Neptune, 322 00:18:53.160 --> 00:18:58.079 whose orbits are highly elliptical, they're very very elongated, but 323 00:18:58.119 --> 00:19:02.160 they seem to line up the you know, the elongated 324 00:19:02.240 --> 00:19:04.359 orbit seemed to line up, and they suggested that was 325 00:19:04.359 --> 00:19:06.359 because there's a planet out there that we haven't found. 326 00:19:06.720 --> 00:19:09.640 They call it Planet nine. They think it's probably ten 327 00:19:09.720 --> 00:19:12.440 times the mass of the Earth, what you might call 328 00:19:12.480 --> 00:19:15.799 a super Earth or a sub Neptune. Those are the 329 00:19:15.839 --> 00:19:19.119 planets that are kind of common in other solar systems 330 00:19:19.119 --> 00:19:22.480 but are missing in our Solar system. So it sort 331 00:19:22.480 --> 00:19:27.559 of fit fit the bill. Lots of enthusiasm for this, 332 00:19:27.960 --> 00:19:31.640 but also again lots of controversy. I think I've probably 333 00:19:31.680 --> 00:19:34.720 mentioned to you at the beginning of last year, was it. 334 00:19:34.799 --> 00:19:35.480 I think yes. 335 00:19:36.480 --> 00:19:38.440 When I was in Canada, I spoke to a planetary 336 00:19:38.480 --> 00:19:42.480 scientist there who said Planet nine is rubbish. And that 337 00:19:42.599 --> 00:19:46.000 was somebody who was well tuned with you know, with 338 00:19:46.039 --> 00:19:51.359 the with the science anyway, we now have a. 339 00:19:53.119 --> 00:19:54.240 New theory or. 340 00:19:54.440 --> 00:19:59.519 Sorry, some new observations which come from astronomers in Taiwan, 341 00:19:59.680 --> 00:20:03.640 Japan and here in Australia. And what they've done is 342 00:20:03.680 --> 00:20:11.039 they've looked through archival images from two infrared satellites. One 343 00:20:11.160 --> 00:20:13.759 was called IRAS, which I remember well. It was a 344 00:20:13.880 --> 00:20:19.480 NASA Netherlands UK satellite dating from nineteen eighty three, a 345 00:20:19.599 --> 00:20:23.640 very very productive satellite, infrared astronomy satellite, that's what the 346 00:20:24.279 --> 00:20:28.920 abbreviation was. And Akari, which was a kind of Japanese equivalent, 347 00:20:28.920 --> 00:20:31.119 which was launched quite a long time later in two 348 00:20:31.200 --> 00:20:35.799 thousand and six. And that means, excuse me, both these 349 00:20:35.839 --> 00:20:37.920 satellites surveyed the sky. 350 00:20:38.640 --> 00:20:40.519 Excuse my frog in my throat. 351 00:20:41.640 --> 00:20:45.640 But they are you know, they're doing it at two 352 00:20:45.720 --> 00:20:51.079 completely different times, which are twenty five ish years apart. 353 00:20:51.839 --> 00:20:54.559 And so what that means is that if there's something 354 00:20:54.720 --> 00:20:59.119 deep in the Solar system that is slowly moving, you 355 00:20:59.240 --> 00:21:01.640 will you might be able to pick it up, pick 356 00:21:01.720 --> 00:21:05.200 up its motion on these sets of images that were 357 00:21:05.200 --> 00:21:07.400 taken so far apart in time. 358 00:21:08.519 --> 00:21:09.400 That's what they've found. 359 00:21:09.480 --> 00:21:13.000 They basically had two million objects in the two catalogs, 360 00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:16.640 and they got down to I think it was thirteen 361 00:21:17.480 --> 00:21:23.200 candidates of objects that moved slowly across the sky in 362 00:21:23.279 --> 00:21:27.160 the time, and then they looked at each one by eye. 363 00:21:27.240 --> 00:21:29.119 Some of them probably turned out to be flaws in 364 00:21:29.160 --> 00:21:32.599 the data and things of that sort, but one of 365 00:21:32.640 --> 00:21:39.680 them actually looked very promising because the two observations, the 366 00:21:40.440 --> 00:21:45.160 Iras and Nikari observations, separated by twenty odd years, showed 367 00:21:45.359 --> 00:21:50.440 an object that had moved, but its color and its 368 00:21:50.519 --> 00:21:54.319 brightness were the same in both images, and so they 369 00:21:54.359 --> 00:21:57.759 are suspecting that that makes it the same object rather 370 00:21:57.839 --> 00:22:00.759 than two bits of data or. 371 00:22:00.759 --> 00:22:06.839 Something like that. Now it's it's actually. 372 00:22:09.359 --> 00:22:14.160 Something different from what Planet nine has been suspected. First 373 00:22:14.160 --> 00:22:19.200 of all, this object, if it is real, goes around 374 00:22:19.240 --> 00:22:24.000 the Sun in the opposite direction from everything else. It's 375 00:22:24.079 --> 00:22:27.000 tilted way over its orbits tilted at one hundred and 376 00:22:27.039 --> 00:22:29.680 twenty degrees, which because it's more than ninety degrees, means 377 00:22:29.680 --> 00:22:34.599 it's going the wrong way around. Whereas planet nine, the 378 00:22:34.599 --> 00:22:39.559 theory that was built around these extreme trans Neptunian objects 379 00:22:40.640 --> 00:22:43.880 that you know, provided a model for planet nine that 380 00:22:44.079 --> 00:22:47.319 really needed a very low orbit tilt fifteen degrees or 381 00:22:47.359 --> 00:22:52.279 so in order to do the stretching of these orbits 382 00:22:52.319 --> 00:22:57.079 or the alignment of these orbits. So the two scientists 383 00:22:57.119 --> 00:22:59.920 who were the original proposers of planet nine might grow 384 00:23:00.279 --> 00:23:06.000 and constanting Latigin, they say, well, whatever this is, it's 385 00:23:06.000 --> 00:23:11.640 not planet nine, and it's it's but it may be 386 00:23:11.720 --> 00:23:12.319 something else. 387 00:23:12.599 --> 00:23:13.079 That's the. 388 00:23:14.839 --> 00:23:19.440 Inference that this thing may be real, and it clearly 389 00:23:19.680 --> 00:23:24.440 needs more data to determine whether it's a real object. 390 00:23:24.759 --> 00:23:26.759 If it is, it might as exactly as we were 391 00:23:26.799 --> 00:23:28.920 said before, might be planet eight and a half or 392 00:23:29.000 --> 00:23:32.599 nine and a half. I guess the best bet for 393 00:23:32.720 --> 00:23:35.400 finding it is going to be when we get the V. C. 394 00:23:35.559 --> 00:23:40.640 Rubin Observatory online, which is going to be towards the 395 00:23:40.720 --> 00:23:45.279 end of this year, and that is going to be 396 00:23:45.440 --> 00:23:49.200 able to look at the Southern Sky, which I think 397 00:23:49.279 --> 00:23:51.599 is where this object is. I can't remember what constellation 398 00:23:51.720 --> 00:23:54.960 it was in, but it's going to be able to 399 00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:57.400 look at the Southern sky in much detail, and it 400 00:23:57.440 --> 00:24:00.319 may find Planet nine, or it may confirm Plant eight 401 00:24:00.359 --> 00:24:04.119