WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.040 --> 00:00:02.799 Hey everybody, and welcome to another deep dive with us. 2 00:00:03.399 --> 00:00:04.400 Yeah, thanks for having me. 3 00:00:04.799 --> 00:00:09.119 So today we're diving into the world of networking with. 4 00:00:09.119 --> 00:00:13.359 The help of Hazene Gaber's Comtia Network Plus Exam and 5 00:00:13.480 --> 00:00:16.120 ten zero zero zero seven Study Guide. 6 00:00:16.239 --> 00:00:18.839 Yeah. This book is, uh, it's a great one, really 7 00:00:18.879 --> 00:00:21.440 great whether you're prepping for the Network Plus Exam or 8 00:00:21.640 --> 00:00:25.440 just want to like understand how networks. Yeah. 9 00:00:25.879 --> 00:00:27.519 Yeah, just the fundamentals work at. 10 00:00:27.399 --> 00:00:28.519 A really basic level. 11 00:00:28.600 --> 00:00:30.239 Yeah, and it's a really good resource for that. 12 00:00:30.399 --> 00:00:32.240 And what's really neat about this book is that it 13 00:00:32.280 --> 00:00:34.000 takes a vendor neutral approach. 14 00:00:34.200 --> 00:00:37.039 Yes, very important. So it's kind of like you're learning 15 00:00:37.119 --> 00:00:40.320 how a car works before you decide whether you want 16 00:00:40.359 --> 00:00:41.359 a Ford or a Chevy. 17 00:00:41.560 --> 00:00:45.200 Yeah, you're not learning about a specific brand of networking equipment. 18 00:00:45.240 --> 00:00:48.759 You're learning about the principles the concepts of networking that 19 00:00:48.840 --> 00:00:51.920 apply in general, regardless of the equipment you got it. 20 00:00:52.039 --> 00:00:54.240 So I was flipping through this book and there are 21 00:00:54.280 --> 00:00:57.200 some really fascinating little details. 22 00:00:57.320 --> 00:00:58.359 It's a big book. 23 00:00:58.640 --> 00:01:00.840 I mean, did you know that with IP there are 24 00:01:01.000 --> 00:01:05.239 enough unique IP addresses for every grain of sand on Earth? 25 00:01:05.400 --> 00:01:06.239 I did know that. 26 00:01:06.359 --> 00:01:08.560 Yes, it's incredible. It's like, I mean, that's. 27 00:01:08.480 --> 00:01:10.439 Why they had to come up with IPv six right there, 28 00:01:10.959 --> 00:01:14.239 because we were running out, running out of addresses with 29 00:01:14.359 --> 00:01:15.200 IPv four. 30 00:01:15.439 --> 00:01:15.879 Yeah. 31 00:01:15.879 --> 00:01:19.280 With the number of devices connecting to the Internet these days. 32 00:01:19.400 --> 00:01:21.280 It's only going to get worse or better depending on 33 00:01:21.280 --> 00:01:22.040 how you look at it. 34 00:01:22.239 --> 00:01:24.760 Right. Well, and this book covers so much more than 35 00:01:24.840 --> 00:01:27.680 just IP addresses. Oh yeah, I mean this really It 36 00:01:28.040 --> 00:01:32.599 goes into the five core areas of networking fundamentals, starting 37 00:01:32.640 --> 00:01:35.359 with just the fundamental building blocks of how networks work, 38 00:01:36.599 --> 00:01:39.840 and then going into the complexities of routing and switching, 39 00:01:40.280 --> 00:01:42.840 and then IP addressing and subnetting. 40 00:01:42.439 --> 00:01:43.760 And important concepts. 41 00:01:43.840 --> 00:01:46.239 We can't forget about network security. 42 00:01:45.920 --> 00:01:48.239 The most important one, argue, I mean, what. 43 00:01:48.159 --> 00:01:51.200 Good is a network if it's vulnerable to attack? 44 00:01:51.439 --> 00:01:55.120 This book really explores the essential tools and strategies for 45 00:01:55.239 --> 00:01:56.719 keeping networks safe. 46 00:01:56.560 --> 00:02:00.840 From all the bad actors, all sorts of bid digital mischief. 47 00:02:00.959 --> 00:02:03.680 Yeah. It even goes into advanced. 48 00:02:03.239 --> 00:02:06.359 Concepts like network virtualization. 49 00:02:05.879 --> 00:02:11.280 Network virtualization, and storage technologies. So where do we even begin. 50 00:02:12.240 --> 00:02:14.199 I think we start with the most basic question. 51 00:02:14.439 --> 00:02:15.800 Yeah, what is a network? 52 00:02:15.960 --> 00:02:16.960 What is a network? 53 00:02:17.360 --> 00:02:21.319 At its most basic A network is two or more 54 00:02:21.360 --> 00:02:25.159 devices that can talk to each other, okay, share information. 55 00:02:25.360 --> 00:02:28.039 So think about like your home Wi Fi network. You've 56 00:02:28.080 --> 00:02:31.719 got your laptop, your smartphone, your smart TV, maybe a 57 00:02:31.759 --> 00:02:34.960 gaming console. Right, they're all on the same network, right, 58 00:02:34.960 --> 00:02:35.479 They're all. 59 00:02:35.360 --> 00:02:38.639 Talking to each other, they're sharing data, and they're accessing 60 00:02:38.680 --> 00:02:41.719 the Internet through that through one connector through that one 61 00:02:41.719 --> 00:02:42.479 connection point. 62 00:02:42.599 --> 00:02:43.120 Exactly. 63 00:02:43.280 --> 00:02:46.039 What about the devices themselves, Like, we hear these terms 64 00:02:46.039 --> 00:02:49.159 like routers and switches, sure, but I'm not always clear 65 00:02:49.199 --> 00:02:49.800 on what they do. 66 00:02:50.120 --> 00:02:53.159 Yeah, so those are essential pieces of networking hardware. So 67 00:02:53.280 --> 00:02:56.039 let's start with switches. Yeah, they act like traffic directors 68 00:02:56.120 --> 00:02:59.000 within a local network. Okay, So think of a switch 69 00:02:59.560 --> 00:03:02.800 as a central hub in your house, connecting all your 70 00:03:02.800 --> 00:03:06.120 devices and making sure data gets to the right destination. 71 00:03:06.360 --> 00:03:09.159 So if I'm streaming a movie on my smart TV, 72 00:03:10.360 --> 00:03:13.039 the switch is ensuring that the data from the Internet 73 00:03:13.159 --> 00:03:15.199 is going to here, is getting to my TV and not. 74 00:03:15.439 --> 00:03:18.879 TB and not your laptop ap top exactly. Switches use 75 00:03:18.919 --> 00:03:22.280 what's called a maxi address table, okay, to keep track 76 00:03:22.319 --> 00:03:25.199 of which device is connected to which port. All right, 77 00:03:25.280 --> 00:03:28.319 So it's kind of like a directory maps each device 78 00:03:28.479 --> 00:03:30.680 to its physical location on the network. 79 00:03:30.840 --> 00:03:34.520 So switches manage the flow of data within a single 80 00:03:34.520 --> 00:03:36.879 network within a single network. Yeah, okay, but what about 81 00:03:36.960 --> 00:03:38.080 routers okay. 82 00:03:38.120 --> 00:03:41.639 So routers are the bridge between different networks. They connect 83 00:03:41.639 --> 00:03:44.080 your home network to the wider internet, gotcha. So it 84 00:03:44.159 --> 00:03:48.000 directs traffic between your local devices okay, and the outside world. 85 00:03:48.199 --> 00:03:50.800 So the router is like the gateway to the Internet, 86 00:03:50.879 --> 00:03:52.120 to the Internet exactly. 87 00:03:52.599 --> 00:03:56.159 And it uses IP addresses, which are like global addresses 88 00:03:56.280 --> 00:03:59.759 okay for devices on the Internet, gotcha, to determine the 89 00:03:59.759 --> 00:04:01.439 best pass for data to travel. 90 00:04:02.120 --> 00:04:04.919 It's amazing to think about how all this happens behind 91 00:04:04.919 --> 00:04:08.400 the scenes every time we do anything online. 92 00:04:08.520 --> 00:04:10.759 Every time you send an email, yeah, every time you 93 00:04:10.800 --> 00:04:13.280 browse a website. There's a lot going on. 94 00:04:13.719 --> 00:04:14.120 Magic. 95 00:04:14.879 --> 00:04:15.560 Yeah, it is. 96 00:04:15.560 --> 00:04:17.600 Kind of But one thing that I've always found a 97 00:04:17.600 --> 00:04:21.959 bit mystifying is the concept of ports okay and protocols. 98 00:04:22.040 --> 00:04:25.560 Yeah. So, think of ports as virtual doorways on your computer. Okay. 99 00:04:25.879 --> 00:04:29.600 Each port is assigned the specific number, and different services 100 00:04:29.639 --> 00:04:33.639 or applications use different ports to send and receive data. 101 00:04:33.800 --> 00:04:37.560 So each application has its own has its own designated 102 00:04:37.720 --> 00:04:41.079 entrance little interests on my computer exactly. And then there 103 00:04:41.120 --> 00:04:42.079 are protocols the. 104 00:04:42.040 --> 00:04:45.519 Protocols are like sets of rules or procedures that govern 105 00:04:45.600 --> 00:04:47.959 how data is exchanged between devices. 106 00:04:48.199 --> 00:04:51.319 So is ports are like doorways, protocols are like. 107 00:04:51.240 --> 00:04:53.079 The instructions on how to use the doorway. 108 00:04:53.240 --> 00:04:53.560 Okay. 109 00:04:53.600 --> 00:04:57.000 For example, when you browse the web, your computer uses 110 00:04:57.040 --> 00:05:00.920 a protocol called HTTP to communicate with web servers. 111 00:05:00.920 --> 00:05:01.199 Okay. 112 00:05:01.519 --> 00:05:05.759 HTTP defines how your browser requests web pages and how 113 00:05:05.839 --> 00:05:07.639 the server responds with the content. 114 00:05:07.879 --> 00:05:10.519 So HTTP is like the language. 115 00:05:10.040 --> 00:05:13.639 The language of the web. Every browser, every web server 116 00:05:13.759 --> 00:05:16.480 knows how to speak it. And there's tons of other protocols. 117 00:05:16.519 --> 00:05:19.759 Each one is designed for specific purposes, like sending email 118 00:05:19.920 --> 00:05:21.199 or transferring files. 119 00:05:21.399 --> 00:05:23.759 This is a lot of complexity to make this all 120 00:05:23.759 --> 00:05:26.439 work seamlessly. Is there a way to make sense of 121 00:05:26.480 --> 00:05:29.680 all these layers? There is a communication That's where the 122 00:05:29.720 --> 00:05:30.839 OSI model comes in. 123 00:05:30.959 --> 00:05:32.720 OSI OSI what is? 124 00:05:32.800 --> 00:05:36.480 It's a conceptual framework that divides network communication into seven 125 00:05:36.600 --> 00:05:40.480 distinct layers. Seven layers, seven layers, like a cake, like 126 00:05:40.519 --> 00:05:42.240 a case. A lot of people describe it as a 127 00:05:42.240 --> 00:05:43.120 seven layer cake. 128 00:05:43.279 --> 00:05:44.720 I love a cake analogy. 129 00:05:44.759 --> 00:05:48.399 Each layer represents a specific function in the communication process. 130 00:05:48.759 --> 00:05:50.879 So what are the different So the bottom layer is 131 00:05:50.879 --> 00:05:54.439 the physical layer, Okay, it deals with the physical transmission 132 00:05:54.480 --> 00:05:58.319 of data over cables or wireless signals. Okay, so the 133 00:05:58.360 --> 00:06:00.639 bits and bytes moving across the network, so. 134 00:06:00.600 --> 00:06:03.160 Like the foundation, the foundation of the cake of our cake. 135 00:06:03.360 --> 00:06:05.879 Yes, okay. Then we move up to the data link layer, 136 00:06:06.439 --> 00:06:11.160 which focuses on managing access to the physical medium and 137 00:06:11.199 --> 00:06:14.480 making sure that data transfer between devices on the same 138 00:06:14.519 --> 00:06:19.199 network is reliable. Okay, So things like MSc addressing and 139 00:06:19.360 --> 00:06:20.319 error detection. 140 00:06:20.079 --> 00:06:22.319 So make sure that the right data gets to the 141 00:06:22.360 --> 00:06:23.639 right device. 142 00:06:23.399 --> 00:06:26.759 Exactly, even if there's errors during transmission. Then you've got 143 00:06:26.800 --> 00:06:31.639 the network layer, which handles routing traffic between different networks. 144 00:06:31.759 --> 00:06:34.480 Ok So that's like the postal service of the Internet, 145 00:06:34.480 --> 00:06:37.920 making sure data packets get delivered to the correct destination, 146 00:06:39.319 --> 00:06:41.600 even if it involves crossing multiple networks. 147 00:06:41.639 --> 00:06:42.839 So the routers are coming in. 148 00:06:42.959 --> 00:06:44.839 That's where routers come in. They're like the post office 149 00:06:44.839 --> 00:06:47.800 sorting centers, gotcha, figuring out the best route for those 150 00:06:47.879 --> 00:06:50.439 data packets to get to their final destination. Then what 151 00:06:51.000 --> 00:06:54.079 above the network layer, You've got the transport layer make 152 00:06:54.120 --> 00:06:57.240 sure that data is delivered reliably and in order. 153 00:06:57.439 --> 00:06:57.800 Okay. 154 00:06:57.959 --> 00:07:01.240 So it's like a quality control check for data transmission. 155 00:07:01.240 --> 00:07:04.160 Make sure nothing gets lost exactly or jumbled up, jumbled 156 00:07:04.199 --> 00:07:05.120 up along the way. Yeah. 157 00:07:05.439 --> 00:07:08.800 The next three layers are the session, presentation, and application 158 00:07:08.920 --> 00:07:13.160 layers okay, and they deal with increasingly higher level functions okay. 159 00:07:13.519 --> 00:07:18.240 The session layer manages connections between devices, the presentation layer 160 00:07:18.279 --> 00:07:21.560 handles things like data formatting and encryption okay, And the 161 00:07:21.639 --> 00:07:25.600 application layer is where users interact with software like web 162 00:07:25.639 --> 00:07:27.720 browsers and email clients. 163 00:07:27.759 --> 00:07:31.639 Wow, that was a whirlwind tour of the OSI model 164 00:07:31.839 --> 00:07:34.399 seven layers. I can see how breaking it down into 165 00:07:34.399 --> 00:07:38.240 those layers makes it easier to understand this whole complex 166 00:07:38.439 --> 00:07:40.240 process of network communication. 167 00:07:40.680 --> 00:07:44.920 It's a very powerful tool for visualizing how data flows 168 00:07:44.959 --> 00:07:45.959 across a network. 169 00:07:46.160 --> 00:07:48.800 Well, we've covered a lot of ground in this first 170 00:07:48.800 --> 00:07:51.279 part of our deep dive. We have. We've explored the 171 00:07:51.279 --> 00:07:55.600 basic concepts of networks, delved into the rolls of switches 172 00:07:55.759 --> 00:07:59.079 and routers, and even tackled the OSI model. 173 00:07:59.519 --> 00:08:01.199 That the seven layer cake. 174 00:08:01.399 --> 00:08:04.040 I'm hungry, me too, But there's still so much more 175 00:08:04.079 --> 00:08:07.120 to discover. Oh yeah, welcome back to our deep dive 176 00:08:07.160 --> 00:08:07.959 into networking. 177 00:08:08.240 --> 00:08:08.720 We're back. 178 00:08:08.920 --> 00:08:12.519 Last time, we built a really solid foundation. Yeah, we 179 00:08:12.600 --> 00:08:16.439 did exploring, you know, just the core concepts of networks. 180 00:08:16.839 --> 00:08:20.199 And even like dissecting the OSI model that delicious seven 181 00:08:20.240 --> 00:08:20.720 layer cake. 182 00:08:20.759 --> 00:08:21.560 It is a good analogy. 183 00:08:21.680 --> 00:08:25.560 I love that analogy. But let's not get lost in 184 00:08:25.600 --> 00:08:28.680 the layers. I want to focus in on two key players, 185 00:08:29.120 --> 00:08:30.439 routers and switches. 186 00:08:30.879 --> 00:08:31.560 Very important. 187 00:08:31.639 --> 00:08:33.320 I think a lot of people get these mixed up. 188 00:08:33.399 --> 00:08:34.120 It's easy to do. 189 00:08:34.320 --> 00:08:36.759 What is the difference between a router and a switch. 190 00:08:37.320 --> 00:08:38.919 So imagine you're sending a letter. 191 00:08:39.080 --> 00:08:39.519 Okay. 192 00:08:39.919 --> 00:08:43.360 A switch is like the mail room in an office building. Okay, 193 00:08:43.519 --> 00:08:45.519 make sure the letter gets to the right person on 194 00:08:46.039 --> 00:08:49.840 the same floor. A router is like the post office. 195 00:08:50.039 --> 00:08:53.440 It figures out how to send that letter across cities 196 00:08:53.519 --> 00:08:54.679 or states or countries. 197 00:08:55.480 --> 00:08:59.240 So a switch manages connections within a local network like 198 00:08:59.279 --> 00:09:01.080 a home or an all right, like a home earn 199 00:09:01.200 --> 00:09:04.799 office exactly, while a router connects different networks together. 200 00:09:05.000 --> 00:09:07.960 Yes, so your home network to the internet, right, that's 201 00:09:08.000 --> 00:09:08.840 your router's job. 202 00:09:09.000 --> 00:09:09.360 Okay. 203 00:09:09.600 --> 00:09:13.159 Switches operate within a single broadcast domain and they forward 204 00:09:13.240 --> 00:09:17.720 data only to the intended recipient based on their MC address. 205 00:09:18.080 --> 00:09:22.559 Right. We talked about MC addresses before, those unique identifiers. 206 00:09:22.039 --> 00:09:23.480 Like a serial number for your device. 207 00:09:23.799 --> 00:09:26.960 So a switch uses a man a reutter address table 208 00:09:27.200 --> 00:09:29.320 they do to figure out where to send data. 209 00:09:29.120 --> 00:09:31.240 Packets like a detective building a case. 210 00:09:31.399 --> 00:09:31.720 Okay. 211 00:09:31.919 --> 00:09:34.519 Every time a device connects to a switch, the switch 212 00:09:34.679 --> 00:09:38.039 learns its MS address and what port it's connected to. Okay, 213 00:09:38.360 --> 00:09:41.600 and then whenever data arrives for that device, the switch 214 00:09:41.919 --> 00:09:44.039 checks its little table and says, oh, I know where 215 00:09:44.080 --> 00:09:46.840 you go, and it sends it on its way. Very cool, 216 00:09:46.960 --> 00:09:47.559 very efficient. 217 00:09:47.639 --> 00:09:49.799 What about routers? How do they figure out the best 218 00:09:49.840 --> 00:09:50.879 path for data? 219 00:09:50.960 --> 00:09:54.840 So? Routers use IP addresses okay. Such are like global 220 00:09:55.080 --> 00:09:58.240 addresses for devices on the Internet, okay, and they determine 221 00:09:58.240 --> 00:10:01.600 the most efficient route okay. Contain something called routing tables, 222 00:10:02.039 --> 00:10:05.480 which are like maps of the network, and they're constantly 223 00:10:05.559 --> 00:10:10.919 being updated with information about the best paths to different destinations. 224 00:10:11.000 --> 00:10:13.720 So it's like a GPS for data packets. 225 00:10:14.120 --> 00:10:15.039 I like that analogy. 226 00:10:15.159 --> 00:10:17.639 It's constantly calculating the optimal. 227 00:10:17.240 --> 00:10:20.360 Route, yeah, based on traffic conditions and network congestion all that. 228 00:10:20.480 --> 00:10:23.440 And they don't just blindly forward data, No they don't. 229 00:10:23.440 --> 00:10:28.399 They're also playing a critical role in network security by filtering. 230 00:10:27.960 --> 00:10:30.440 Praffic based on predefined rules, so. 231 00:10:30.399 --> 00:10:32.559 They can block unwanted traffic. 232 00:10:32.279 --> 00:10:34.600 Like a digital bouncer at a club for entering the 233 00:10:34.639 --> 00:10:38.679 network exactly. Okay. Routers can also perform something called Network 234 00:10:38.759 --> 00:10:43.440 address translation MAT you got it, which allows multiple devices 235 00:10:43.480 --> 00:10:46.799 on a private network to share a single public IP address. 236 00:10:47.320 --> 00:10:48.480 Why is that necessary? 237 00:10:48.759 --> 00:10:51.519 So we're running out of public IP addresses. We have 238 00:10:52.519 --> 00:10:55.960 so many devices connecting to the Internet these days. That 239 00:10:56.240 --> 00:11:01.919 NAT helps conserve those precious addresses by allowing multiple devices 240 00:11:02.279 --> 00:11:05.240 within a private network like your home network, Yeah, to 241 00:11:05.240 --> 00:11:08.320 share a single public IP address that's provided by your 242 00:11:08.399 --> 00:11:09.559 Internet service provider. 243 00:11:09.679 --> 00:11:12.000 So it's like having a single phone number for your 244 00:11:12.159 --> 00:11:14.960 entire household. I like that yet, but each person has 245 00:11:15.000 --> 00:11:16.600 their own extension. 246 00:11:16.080 --> 00:11:19.039 To the outside world. It just looks like a single connection, okay, 247 00:11:19.120 --> 00:11:22.799 but internally you've got multiple devices sharing that connection, gotcha. 248 00:11:22.840 --> 00:11:26.080 So NAT addresses that IP address shortage. It does, but 249 00:11:26.159 --> 00:11:28.200 also adds a layer of security. 250 00:11:27.840 --> 00:11:31.000 Right because it masks the internal IP address of your 251 00:11:31.000 --> 00:11:31.600 devices in. 252 00:11:31.600 --> 00:11:32.480 The outside world. 253 00:11:32.600 --> 00:11:33.159 Exactly. 254 00:11:33.279 --> 00:11:36.759 Speaking of IP addresses, yes, you mentioned that with IPv six, 255 00:11:37.080 --> 00:11:40.440 there are enough addresses for every grain of sand on Earth. 256 00:11:40.639 --> 00:11:41.840 It's a lot of addresses. 257 00:11:41.840 --> 00:11:43.120 Well, we need so many. 258 00:11:43.000 --> 00:11:46.320 Because the world is becoming increasingly interconnected. Yeah, We've got 259 00:11:46.360 --> 00:11:48.279 billions of devices connecting to the internet. 260 00:11:48.399 --> 00:11:52.000 Yeah, smartphones, laptops, tablets. 261 00:11:51.759 --> 00:11:54.240 Smart refrigerators, smart coasters. 262 00:11:53.879 --> 00:11:54.960 Everything's getting smart. 263 00:11:55.240 --> 00:11:58.879 Everything is smart. Yeah, and they all need a unique 264 00:11:59.039 --> 00:12:03.120 IP address communicate IPv six. Make sure we're not going 265 00:12:03.200 --> 00:12:04.240 to run out anytime soon. 266 00:12:04.320 --> 00:12:07.480 It's like future proofing the Internet exactly. I'm sure there's 267 00:12:07.559 --> 00:12:11.039 enough room for everything, for all the devices it's coming online. 268 00:12:11.159 --> 00:12:12.559 Yeah, for the Internet of Things. 269 00:12:12.720 --> 00:12:15.879 So we were talking about routers and you mentioned that 270 00:12:15.879 --> 00:12:18.320 they use routing tables to figure out the best path 271 00:12:18.399 --> 00:12:22.480 for data. Yes, but what happens if there are multiple 272 00:12:22.840 --> 00:12:23.759 paths available. 273 00:12:23.919 --> 00:12:26.240 That's a great question within a network, So that can 274 00:12:26.360 --> 00:12:27.639 lead to some problems. 275 00:12:27.679 --> 00:12:29.519 Yeah, wouldn't that lead to confusion? 276 00:12:29.759 --> 00:12:31.799 Data could get lost or delivered. 277 00:12:31.399 --> 00:12:33.720 Out of order, right, like loop in around. 278 00:12:33.559 --> 00:12:37.320 Lukes are bad. Yeah, So that's where spanning tree protocol 279 00:12:37.360 --> 00:12:40.639 comes in. Spanning tree Spanning tree protocol, Okay, think about 280 00:12:40.679 --> 00:12:43.799 a city with multiple routes to a destination. Okay, if 281 00:12:43.840 --> 00:12:47.240 there's a traffic jam on one route, cars might start 282 00:12:47.320 --> 00:12:50.440 circling endlessly trying to find a way through. Spanning Tree 283 00:12:50.480 --> 00:12:54.360 protocol is like a traffic management system for the network. Okay. 284 00:12:54.720 --> 00:13:00.399 It intelligently disables redundant paths to prevent data I'm getting 285 00:13:00.440 --> 00:13:01.360 trapped in those loops. 286 00:13:01.559 --> 00:13:03.279 So it makes sure that everything flows. 287 00:13:03.000 --> 00:13:06.759 Smoothly, keeps that data flowing nice and efficiently. You're the network, yes, 288 00:13:06.799 --> 00:13:09.240 avoids any bottlenecks or traffic jams. 289 00:13:09.399 --> 00:13:10.840 This is all making a lot more sense. 290 00:13:11.519 --> 00:13:12.360 I'm glad to hear it. 291 00:13:12.519 --> 00:13:15.799 Routers and switches they seem like simple boxes. They do, 292 00:13:16.039 --> 00:13:17.480 but they're doing a lot of work. 293 00:13:17.639 --> 00:13:20.559 They're the unsung heroes of the networking world. They are, 294 00:13:20.720 --> 00:13:21.360 they really are. 295 00:13:21.480 --> 00:13:24.440 I have one more question before we move on. I've 296 00:13:24.480 --> 00:13:28.440 heard this term power over Ethernet POE POE. 297 00:13:28.759 --> 00:13:29.720 Yeah, that's a cool one. 298 00:13:29.840 --> 00:13:31.360 What is that and why is it useful? 299 00:13:31.720 --> 00:13:37.240 So traditionally, devices like security cameras or VIP phones require 300 00:13:37.279 --> 00:13:41.320 separate power and data connections. POE lets you deliver both 301 00:13:41.360 --> 00:13:44.559 power and data over a single Ethernet cable. 302 00:13:44.919 --> 00:13:47.799 So I could power a security camera you could just 303 00:13:47.879 --> 00:13:51.039 by plugging it into the network exactly. That's neat. 304 00:13:51.159 --> 00:13:54.759 It simplifies installation, it reduces clutter because you don't need 305 00:13:54.759 --> 00:13:58.399 all those power adapters, and it's especially useful for devices 306 00:13:58.399 --> 00:14:01.360 that are installed and hard to reach place like ceilings 307 00:14:01.440 --> 00:14:01.960 or walls. 308 00:14:02.080 --> 00:14:04.399 You're not running separate power cables. 309 00:14:04.559 --> 00:14:05.360 No, you don't have to. 310 00:14:05.440 --> 00:14:08.759 So it's not just about efficiency, it's about flexibility and. 311 00:14:08.799 --> 00:14:11.480 Ease of installation. Yeah, very cool technology. 312 00:14:11.559 --> 00:14:14.879 This has been really insightful. I feel like I'm starting 313 00:14:14.879 --> 00:14:17.600 to get how these devices work together and all ties 314 00:14:17.639 --> 00:14:19.240 together to make the internetwork. 315 00:14:19.360 --> 00:14:19.679 It does. 316 00:14:20.240 --> 00:14:24.039 But speaking of complexity, I think it's time to tackle 317 00:14:24.080 --> 00:14:27.080 a topic that a lot of people find intimidating, a. 318 00:14:27.200 --> 00:14:32.039 Dreaded topicuetting subnetting. It's like the art of dividing a 319 00:14:32.120 --> 00:14:33.480 large kingdom. 320 00:14:33.159 --> 00:14:36.399 Into smaller, more manageable provinces. Right, a little bit of 321 00:14:36.440 --> 00:14:37.159 math involved. 322 00:14:37.200 --> 00:14:40.480 We're going to demystify this concept will and reveal the 323 00:14:40.559 --> 00:14:44.279 logic behind the curtain those IP address ranges. We're going 324 00:14:44.279 --> 00:14:45.159 there lead the way. 325 00:14:45.360 --> 00:14:49.919 I'm ready. Welcome back to the Deep Dive Part three. 326 00:14:50.360 --> 00:14:53.559 We've journeyed through the foundational layers of networking. 327 00:14:54.000 --> 00:14:57.840 We have explored the rolls of routers and switches and 328 00:14:57.919 --> 00:15:01.799 even dipped our toes into that vast ocean of IP addressing. 329 00:15:02.000 --> 00:15:04.480 We've covered a lot, but now it's time to fortify 330 00:15:04.519 --> 00:15:07.000 our digital kingdom. Yes it is today. We're talking about 331 00:15:07.080 --> 00:15:08.080 network security. 332 00:15:08.360 --> 00:15:09.039 Very important. 333 00:15:09.240 --> 00:15:13.080 The shields and safeguards that protect our data from the 334 00:15:13.120 --> 00:15:15.799 bad guys, those who would seek to exploit it. 335 00:15:16.039 --> 00:15:19.960 Yeah, because a network without security is like a cash 336 00:15:19.960 --> 00:15:23.559 hole with its drawbridge always down. 337 00:15:23.840 --> 00:15:27.679 Very vulnerable, very vulnerable. Security should be like woven into 338 00:15:27.720 --> 00:15:30.799 the fabric of any network from the very beginning, from 339 00:15:30.840 --> 00:15:33.480 the initial design to the ongoing maintenance. 340 00:15:33.600 --> 00:15:34.240 Absolutely. 341 00:15:34.279 --> 00:15:36.759 What are some of the most common network attacks? Oh, 342 00:15:36.799 --> 00:15:38.840 there's so many the security people worry about. 343 00:15:38.919 --> 00:15:40.039 Yeah, it's a constant battle. 344 00:15:40.159 --> 00:15:40.440 Yeah. 345 00:15:40.480 --> 00:15:42.960 So you've got your brute force attacks like denial of 346 00:15:43.039 --> 00:15:44.960 service DOTS attacks yep. 347 00:15:45.000 --> 00:15:47.279 Which attempt to overwhelm a network. 348 00:15:46.960 --> 00:15:49.279 With traffic, just a flood of traffic. 349 00:15:49.080 --> 00:15:50.480 Causing a digital traffic. 350 00:15:50.279 --> 00:15:52.720 Jamp, basically making it unusable. 351 00:15:52.279 --> 00:15:56.600 That blocks legitimate users. Right. Then there are the sneakier attacks, right, Yeah, 352 00:15:56.639 --> 00:15:57.919 the ones that are harder to detect. 353 00:15:57.960 --> 00:16:03.000 Man in the middle attacks, unlus somebody's intercepting communication. 354 00:16:02.639 --> 00:16:04.639 Sitting right in the middle between. 355 00:16:04.360 --> 00:16:09.159 Two parties, eavesdropping or even injecting malicious code. 356 00:16:09.440 --> 00:16:11.879 It's like having a spy listening in on your phone. 357 00:16:11.679 --> 00:16:15.639 Calls, right, but this is our digital conversation exactly. And 358 00:16:15.679 --> 00:16:20.519 then malware, ah, malware, malicious software. 359 00:16:20.120 --> 00:16:24.360 Yes, the viruses and worms that can really ransomware, spyware, 360 00:16:24.720 --> 00:16:27.240 mess things, all sorts of nasty stuff out there. 361 00:16:27.320 --> 00:16:29.399 How do we defend our networks? 362 00:16:29.559 --> 00:16:32.200 Oh, you need multiple layers of protection, like an onion, 363 00:16:32.240 --> 00:16:34.360 Like an onion exactly. Okay, So the first line of 364 00:16:34.360 --> 00:16:35.480 defense is your firewall. 365 00:16:35.600 --> 00:16:35.960 Okay. 366 00:16:36.360 --> 00:16:37.919 The firewall like a gatekeeper. 367 00:16:38.080 --> 00:16:40.679 It controls the flow of traffic in and out of 368 00:16:40.720 --> 00:16:44.159 the network. So it inspects h data packet coming in 369 00:16:44.240 --> 00:16:44.559 and out. 370 00:16:44.679 --> 00:16:46.039 It looks at every single. 371 00:16:45.720 --> 00:16:48.360 One, deciding whether to allow it through based on rules 372 00:16:48.360 --> 00:16:50.639 that you set. So it can filter traffic based on 373 00:16:50.759 --> 00:16:51.480 all sorts. 374 00:16:51.279 --> 00:16:56.639 Of things IP addresses, port numbers, protocols, wow, specific applications. 375 00:16:56.720 --> 00:16:57.480 That's reassurance. 376 00:16:57.559 --> 00:16:58.559 It's very powerful. 377 00:16:58.600 --> 00:17:01.360 But firewalls alone can't detecked against every threat. 378 00:17:01.519 --> 00:17:02.600 No, you need more. 379 00:17:02.840 --> 00:17:03.720 What else do we need? 380 00:17:03.960 --> 00:17:08.759 Intrusion Detection and Prevention systems IDPs? IDPs? That's right. 381 00:17:08.799 --> 00:17:09.279 What do they do? 382 00:17:09.559 --> 00:17:14.240 They're like vigilant guards. They're constantly monitoring network activity, looking 383 00:17:14.279 --> 00:17:17.680 for suspicious patterns, okay, and they take action to block 384 00:17:17.799 --> 00:17:19.000 or mitigate those threats. 385 00:17:19.079 --> 00:17:21.400 So they're like our security cameras, like. 386 00:17:21.440 --> 00:17:24.880 Security cameras and motion detectors, always watching and then. 387 00:17:24.839 --> 00:17:30.000 Encryption, scrambling data into unreadable formats. 388 00:17:29.640 --> 00:17:32.039 Like putting your secret documents in a lock box. 389 00:17:32.319 --> 00:17:35.319 That only you have the key to open, exactly. And 390 00:17:35.400 --> 00:17:38.079 encryption is used everywhere everywhere. 391 00:17:37.640 --> 00:17:40.839 These days, online transactions, email, protecting passwords. 392 00:17:41.119 --> 00:17:43.160 So much of our digital lives depend on it. 393 00:17:43.160 --> 00:17:43.799 It really does. 394 00:17:43.880 --> 00:17:46.599 But technology can only go so far, right, what about 395 00:17:46.640 --> 00:17:47.599 the human element? 396 00:17:47.759 --> 00:17:49.720 Oh, the human element the weakest link. 397 00:17:49.640 --> 00:17:50.799 So often the weakest link. 398 00:17:50.880 --> 00:17:54.160 Yeah, so you need strong security policies, okay, and user education, 399 00:17:54.440 --> 00:18:00.279 things like strong password policies, multi factor authentication, regular secure already. 400 00:18:00.319 --> 00:18:02.759 Awareness training can make a huge difference. 401 00:18:02.880 --> 00:18:06.160