WEBVTT 1 00:00:17.120 --> 00:00:20.399 Hello and Welcome to Western SIEV Episode four hundred and 2 00:00:20.760 --> 00:00:27.120 sixty two Brave New World. Well, the trial of Stafford continued, 3 00:00:27.480 --> 00:00:32.200 the comments seemed uncertain about the direction of other public policy. 4 00:00:33.119 --> 00:00:36.359 On one occasion, after the prayers had been said, the 5 00:00:36.439 --> 00:00:40.520 members of the House of Commons lapsed into silence and 6 00:00:40.560 --> 00:00:44.119 simply looked at one another. They didn't know where to begin. 7 00:00:45.520 --> 00:00:48.799 But the death of the Earl seemed to finally kick 8 00:00:48.880 --> 00:00:53.280 things back into gear. The King himself had now become 9 00:00:53.359 --> 00:00:57.520 almost in irrelevance in the business of renovating this kingdom. 10 00:00:58.560 --> 00:01:01.479 The familiar grant of tonnage and poundage was made to him, 11 00:01:01.920 --> 00:01:05.319 but only on the understanding that all his previous extractions 12 00:01:05.359 --> 00:01:10.000 had been illegal. The old centers of royal authority were 13 00:01:10.040 --> 00:01:15.120 simply swept away the Star Chamber, that old tutor innovation 14 00:01:15.680 --> 00:01:19.640 was abolished, ship money was condemned as contrary to the law. 15 00:01:20.200 --> 00:01:23.239 The limits of royal forests were declared to be those 16 00:01:23.560 --> 00:01:26.560 that have been obtained in the twentieth year of King 17 00:01:26.680 --> 00:01:30.400 James the First. Now, all the while there was still 18 00:01:30.400 --> 00:01:33.719 the war of propaganda going on. The leading members of 19 00:01:33.719 --> 00:01:37.159 the Commons published their speeches, which, according to the Puritan 20 00:01:37.280 --> 00:01:41.959 Richard Baxter in his autobiography, were quote greedily bought up 21 00:01:42.239 --> 00:01:46.079 throughout the land, which greatly increased the people's apprehension of 22 00:01:46.120 --> 00:01:49.920 their danger end quote. Of course, by their danger, they 23 00:01:49.920 --> 00:01:53.359 meant danger from the king. The sermons of the principal 24 00:01:53.400 --> 00:01:58.040 preachers were also printed and distributed. Yet the pamphlets were 25 00:01:58.079 --> 00:02:00.760 not simply directed against one or the other of the 26 00:02:00.799 --> 00:02:04.239 factions then gaining ground. They were part of a vigorous 27 00:02:04.239 --> 00:02:08.560 debate that was first forming about the ideals of public 28 00:02:08.960 --> 00:02:13.319 and English religious life. Questions for the first time were 29 00:02:13.360 --> 00:02:17.000 being posed. What were the grounds of a just monarchy? 30 00:02:17.919 --> 00:02:22.840 Was there, in truth an ancient English constitution? Were the King, 31 00:02:23.400 --> 00:02:28.280 Parliament and people uniquely joined in some way now to 32 00:02:28.360 --> 00:02:31.599 all of these questions. The royalists were not silent and 33 00:02:31.719 --> 00:02:35.919 fought back with pamphlets of their own. It was a 34 00:02:35.960 --> 00:02:39.639 world of change. As the King would say to Parliament 35 00:02:39.680 --> 00:02:43.039 earlier in the year, quote you have taken the government 36 00:02:43.520 --> 00:02:48.800 all in pieces. In the weeks after Stafford's death, the 37 00:02:48.879 --> 00:02:51.960 King seems to have become resigned to his loss of power. 38 00:02:52.719 --> 00:02:56.000 He signed the bill for the abolishment of tonnage and poundage, 39 00:02:56.280 --> 00:03:00.360 telling both houses of Parliament that quote. I had never 40 00:03:00.439 --> 00:03:03.400 had other design but to win the affections of my 41 00:03:03.520 --> 00:03:07.800 people end quote. He made a leading Puritan, the Earl 42 00:03:07.840 --> 00:03:11.919 of Essex, his Lord Chamberlain. Now all of this seemed 43 00:03:11.919 --> 00:03:15.800 to suggest that Charles had simply become resigned to the 44 00:03:15.840 --> 00:03:18.240 new state of being, that he was going to be 45 00:03:18.280 --> 00:03:21.479 fine with being a figurehead, and that the world would 46 00:03:21.479 --> 00:03:25.479 simply move on without the English monarchy. Now that's how 47 00:03:25.479 --> 00:03:29.560 it looked on the surface, but none of that was true. 48 00:03:29.680 --> 00:03:33.960 In fact, beneath the surface, Charles was just playing for 49 00:03:34.080 --> 00:03:38.599 time and waiting for his opportunity to strike. They were 50 00:03:38.639 --> 00:03:42.879 already the makings of a king's party. From those outraged 51 00:03:42.879 --> 00:03:47.919 at the pretensions of parliament in assuming executive powers. Others 52 00:03:48.319 --> 00:03:51.719 weren't happy about the idea of a Puritan state church 53 00:03:52.319 --> 00:03:58.199 controlled by parliamentary lay commissioners in place of episcopal bishops. 54 00:03:59.240 --> 00:04:04.719 Those who were moderate or orthodox in religion and government 55 00:04:04.840 --> 00:04:09.639 policy were starting steadily but surely to take the side 56 00:04:09.919 --> 00:04:13.960 of the king, And of course it was also possible 57 00:04:14.159 --> 00:04:17.160 that Charles might be able to divide the lords from 58 00:04:17.160 --> 00:04:21.720 the commons. In June of sixteen forty one, the lords 59 00:04:21.839 --> 00:04:26.160 threw out a bill excluding bishops from their numbers. They 60 00:04:26.199 --> 00:04:32.040 said they weren't prepared to consider further reformation. At the 61 00:04:32.079 --> 00:04:37.480 same time, Member of Parliament John Pim, who was very 62 00:04:37.600 --> 00:04:42.000 much in control of the parliamentary faction at this point, 63 00:04:42.279 --> 00:04:46.879 put forth a series of measures called the Ten Propositions. 64 00:04:47.959 --> 00:04:52.560 These were all designed to increase parliamentary control of the 65 00:04:52.680 --> 00:04:57.879 King's Court and Council. The first characteristic of these was 66 00:04:57.920 --> 00:05:02.839 aimed at Catholics. All Jesuits and Catholic priests were to 67 00:05:02.839 --> 00:05:06.079 be banned from court from here on out. And I 68 00:05:06.120 --> 00:05:08.639 want to be clear, they were never allowed to hold 69 00:05:08.680 --> 00:05:12.199 an official position. This is simply banning them from the 70 00:05:12.240 --> 00:05:17.480 court altogether. There was more to the Ten Propositions. The 71 00:05:17.639 --> 00:05:21.519 armies of Scotland and England were to be disbanded as 72 00:05:21.560 --> 00:05:25.839 quickly as possible. But what was most notable about them 73 00:05:25.920 --> 00:05:30.360 was the complete and total absence of even a reference 74 00:05:30.720 --> 00:05:34.240 to the King. He didn't talk about the need to 75 00:05:34.279 --> 00:05:38.519 eliminate royal authority, he just didn't talk about that authority 76 00:05:39.040 --> 00:05:43.360 at all. Now, the Ten Propositions had been in part 77 00:05:43.480 --> 00:05:47.439 prompted by the King's recent and carefully resolved decision to 78 00:05:47.519 --> 00:05:52.959 travel to Scotland. It was feared by parliamentarians that in 79 00:05:53.000 --> 00:05:57.759 fact his destination would be York rather than Edinburgh, where 80 00:05:57.800 --> 00:06:01.000 he might take control of the English army garrison. There. 81 00:06:01.680 --> 00:06:05.040 Hence the call that the English and Scottish armies should 82 00:06:05.079 --> 00:06:09.240 stand down, because if the English and Scottish armies were 83 00:06:09.319 --> 00:06:13.279 joined together under the command of the King, then Charles 84 00:06:13.279 --> 00:06:18.120 would have an almost irresistible force behind him. John Pim 85 00:06:18.120 --> 00:06:22.279 and his supporters were now seized with both anxiety and alarm, 86 00:06:22.399 --> 00:06:25.720 and decided that they would seize on the people's anxiety 87 00:06:25.800 --> 00:06:30.079 and alarm. They even convened Parliament on a Sunday morning 88 00:06:30.279 --> 00:06:32.519 at the beginning of August to debate the nature of 89 00:06:32.560 --> 00:06:37.279 the threat. They begged for a delay to the King's journey, 90 00:06:37.319 --> 00:06:39.800 but he would only consent to a pause of one 91 00:06:39.920 --> 00:06:44.000 single day. Now, as the King prepared to go on 92 00:06:44.040 --> 00:06:47.519 his journey, a crowd gathered in Westminster and tried to 93 00:06:47.560 --> 00:06:51.040 block his exits. It may be that his presence in 94 00:06:51.120 --> 00:06:54.160 London acted as a form of reassurance at a time 95 00:06:54.199 --> 00:06:57.160 of great disorder, or it may be that some in 96 00:06:57.199 --> 00:07:00.399 the crowd suspected his intentions of trying to take control 97 00:07:00.439 --> 00:07:04.160 of the army. Either way, he went to Parliament on 98 00:07:04.319 --> 00:07:07.279 that morning, in a mood of I'd say, sort of 99 00:07:07.879 --> 00:07:12.199 not very well concealed hostility. He named a commission of 100 00:07:12.240 --> 00:07:15.399 twenty two men who would administer affairs in his absence. 101 00:07:15.879 --> 00:07:19.279 Among them was the Earl of Newcastle, a notable enemy 102 00:07:19.319 --> 00:07:24.279 of the parliamentary cause. So the comments immediately responded to 103 00:07:24.279 --> 00:07:27.959 this by retiring to their chamber and debating the means 104 00:07:28.000 --> 00:07:31.360 of trying to raise some form of defense. Just to 105 00:07:31.360 --> 00:07:34.959 be on the safe side, an ordinance was passed, the 106 00:07:35.000 --> 00:07:40.399 first of its kind, appointing several key parliamentarians to attend 107 00:07:40.560 --> 00:07:44.959 the King in Scotland. They were, of course not travel companions. 108 00:07:45.600 --> 00:07:49.879 These were very much spies and babysitters. They were hoping 109 00:07:49.879 --> 00:07:56.279 to supervise Charles's actions. It seemed another confrontation had become inevitable. 110 00:07:57.959 --> 00:08:02.240 Now Charles went to Edinburgh. He did not stop in York, 111 00:08:02.279 --> 00:08:05.199 as was suspected, and he was greeted in Edinburgh with 112 00:08:05.560 --> 00:08:09.160 every sign of acclamation. He had once proceeded to gain 113 00:08:09.199 --> 00:08:11.839 the approval of the Scots, hoping to play his one's 114 00:08:11.920 --> 00:08:15.279 enemies against his new enemies, He attended the services of 115 00:08:15.319 --> 00:08:18.920 the Scottish Church with an outward display of piety, and 116 00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:22.199 agreed to the demand of the Scottish Covenanters that the 117 00:08:22.240 --> 00:08:26.680 bishops would be excluded from their reformed church. He attended 118 00:08:26.680 --> 00:08:29.360 the sessions of the Scottish Parliament and agreed to the 119 00:08:29.399 --> 00:08:32.879 terms of an Anglo Scottish Union, whereby his powers over 120 00:08:32.919 --> 00:08:39.120 Parliament and the army would be cut dramatically. Now back 121 00:08:39.279 --> 00:08:43.440 in England, at the same time, Parliament had, for the 122 00:08:43.480 --> 00:08:46.559 first time in its history, begun to govern on its own. 123 00:08:47.320 --> 00:08:51.039 It paid the army, and it issued orders to royal officials, 124 00:08:51.080 --> 00:08:54.240 such as the Lieutenant of the Tower. It made decrees 125 00:08:54.279 --> 00:08:59.279 about liturgy and forms of religious worship. Most importantly, perhaps 126 00:09:00.120 --> 00:09:04.639 the Parliament decreed that this present Parliament could not be 127 00:09:04.759 --> 00:09:09.279 closed without its own consent. It was in effect declaring 128 00:09:09.679 --> 00:09:14.039 that Parliament from now on was a permanent British political 129 00:09:14.360 --> 00:09:40.039 and governmental institution. Parliament reassembled on the twentieth of October 130 00:09:40.039 --> 00:09:43.559 in sixteen forty one, this time determined to ring from 131 00:09:43.600 --> 00:09:47.000 the King the same concessions the Scottish Parliament had already 132 00:09:47.000 --> 00:09:50.840 obtained from him. Now at this point John Pim was 133 00:09:51.159 --> 00:09:55.720 truly the leader of the Parliamentary Party and the orchestrator 134 00:09:55.960 --> 00:10:00.120 of all parliamentary affairs. He had control over all all 135 00:10:00.159 --> 00:10:03.399 the factions, it seems, and could direct them to will 136 00:10:03.759 --> 00:10:07.519 wherever he needed them. Him and his colleagues were now 137 00:10:07.600 --> 00:10:12.279 intent upon stripping Charles of his prerogative powers, namely his 138 00:10:12.360 --> 00:10:16.440 ability to appoint his officers and counselors with no reference 139 00:10:16.639 --> 00:10:21.279 to Parliament whatsoever. Yet to do this they had to 140 00:10:21.320 --> 00:10:24.240 first deprive the upper house, the House of Lords, of 141 00:10:24.279 --> 00:10:29.519 its majority in favor of the King. And so again Parliament, 142 00:10:29.600 --> 00:10:33.159 that is, the House of Commons, moved to expel thirteen 143 00:10:33.320 --> 00:10:36.879 bishops who sat in the House of Lords. A bill 144 00:10:36.960 --> 00:10:40.759 was passed by the Commons to disqualify clerics from accepting 145 00:10:40.799 --> 00:10:44.960 secular office, but of course, naturally enough, it was delayed 146 00:10:45.159 --> 00:10:48.320 in the House of Lords. Him tried to raise the 147 00:10:48.360 --> 00:10:51.240 temperature of the debate with the news of fresh army 148 00:10:51.279 --> 00:10:56.000 plots and the ongoings in Edinburgh. Whether all of these 149 00:10:56.080 --> 00:11:00.840 rumors were true or not wasn't the point, because all 150 00:11:00.879 --> 00:11:04.720 they did was deep in the alarm within Parliament about 151 00:11:04.799 --> 00:11:09.360 the King's intentions, and it simply confirmed a fact that 152 00:11:09.399 --> 00:11:11.759 seemed to be known by everyone at this point that 153 00:11:11.919 --> 00:11:17.320 Charles the First simply could not be trusted. And it 154 00:11:17.360 --> 00:11:20.480 was just at that moment at the very beginning of 155 00:11:20.519 --> 00:11:25.519 November that news reached Parliament a rebellion had broken out 156 00:11:25.960 --> 00:11:32.399 in Ireland. This immediately changed the game. Honestly, it's one 157 00:11:32.440 --> 00:11:35.519 of those turning points in history that you probably wonder 158 00:11:36.000 --> 00:11:39.679 what would have happened if the rebellion wouldn't have broken out, 159 00:11:40.120 --> 00:11:43.919 because I could see a scenario where somehow everyone steps 160 00:11:43.960 --> 00:11:47.200 back from the brink. But this is the catalyst that's 161 00:11:47.200 --> 00:11:51.559 going to push everything over the top, because immediately an 162 00:11:51.600 --> 00:11:56.559 Irish rebellion aroused the fears of all Protestants throughout England. 163 00:11:57.399 --> 00:12:01.279 The rebellion, though it came as a had eclismic shock 164 00:12:01.679 --> 00:12:05.600 to those in England, honestly had been brewing for a 165 00:12:05.679 --> 00:12:08.519 really long time. And so here we need to just 166 00:12:08.639 --> 00:12:11.639 back up and explore the origins for a moment of 167 00:12:11.679 --> 00:12:15.720 the Irish Rebellion of sixteen forty one. Now, there were 168 00:12:16.080 --> 00:12:20.440 three defined elements in Irish society. The New English were 169 00:12:20.480 --> 00:12:25.639 Protestant settlers who had established themselves after the Reformation. They 170 00:12:25.720 --> 00:12:29.799 controlled the Parliament in Dublin and were intent upon imposing 171 00:12:30.039 --> 00:12:33.919 English ways and standards upon the natives. I know that 172 00:12:34.080 --> 00:12:36.159 Ireland and England are right next to each other, but 173 00:12:36.320 --> 00:12:38.919 to them this was sort of an early form of 174 00:12:39.080 --> 00:12:44.879 imperialism or colonization. The Old English were different. They had 175 00:12:44.960 --> 00:12:48.559 arrived before the Reformation, some as early as the twelfth century, 176 00:12:48.559 --> 00:12:52.600 and had become as acclimatized that they identified themselves with 177 00:12:52.720 --> 00:12:56.559 Ireland rather than England. Many of them were Catholic, while 178 00:12:56.600 --> 00:12:59.960 some merely conformed in public to the Protestant Church of Ireland. 179 00:13:00.519 --> 00:13:04.919 They owned about one third of the best land. The 180 00:13:04.960 --> 00:13:09.279 third group, known by the two former groups as the 181 00:13:09.559 --> 00:13:13.080 quote unquote mirror Irish, made up the largest part of 182 00:13:13.120 --> 00:13:18.679 the population, but like most downtrodden groups throughout history, they 183 00:13:18.720 --> 00:13:22.840 have left little record of their loyalties or beliefs. But 184 00:13:23.000 --> 00:13:27.200 those last two groups, the Irish and the Old English, 185 00:13:27.679 --> 00:13:31.120 had a lot of grievances. The Crown had in previous 186 00:13:31.200 --> 00:13:34.440 years confiscated one quarter of the land that had been 187 00:13:34.440 --> 00:13:38.000 held by the Anglo Irish gentry and by the native Irish. 188 00:13:38.480 --> 00:13:41.120 It had already been decided in the reign of King 189 00:13:41.200 --> 00:13:44.440 James the First that no landowner could have the title 190 00:13:44.440 --> 00:13:47.559 to his lands unless he could prove he held proper 191 00:13:47.639 --> 00:13:51.320 feudal tenure. If he could not provide these credentials, then 192 00:13:51.360 --> 00:13:55.120 his lands would be confiscated and taken over by New 193 00:13:55.159 --> 00:14:00.559 English or sometimes Scottish settlers. Thus James had resented the 194 00:14:00.600 --> 00:14:04.559 citizens of London with forty thousand acres in County Derry, 195 00:14:04.960 --> 00:14:08.960 the territory that is today still known as Londonderry. The 196 00:14:09.000 --> 00:14:13.279 six counties of Ulster had also dramatically fallen into the 197 00:14:13.320 --> 00:14:18.080 hands of the Scottish Presbyterians, hence the division nowadays between 198 00:14:18.120 --> 00:14:22.559 the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The dismal state 199 00:14:22.600 --> 00:14:25.919 of the Church of Ireland and the zealous work of 200 00:14:26.039 --> 00:14:31.240 Jesuit missionaries had also emboldened the Catholic cause. The Catholics 201 00:14:31.399 --> 00:14:34.679 had good reason for resentment. They were unable to educate 202 00:14:34.720 --> 00:14:38.519 their children, and their priests, with no benefices, were required 203 00:14:38.559 --> 00:14:41.919 to rely on the charity of their parishioners. Fines could 204 00:14:41.960 --> 00:14:45.679 also be imposed upon those who did not attend Protestant services. 205 00:14:46.600 --> 00:14:49.919 Many forces were therefore at work in the revolt. The 206 00:14:49.960 --> 00:14:53.399 Irish Catholic leaders, who included the Old English, drew up 207 00:14:53.399 --> 00:14:56.200 a remonstrance in which they claimed to be rising up 208 00:14:56.240 --> 00:14:58.600 for the safety of their religion and for the defense 209 00:14:58.679 --> 00:15:01.440 of their lives and the states. They were aware of 210 00:15:01.440 --> 00:15:04.840 the proceedings of the English Parliament and of the concessions 211 00:15:04.960 --> 00:15:08.399 made by the King to the Scottish Presbyterians, and so 212 00:15:08.559 --> 00:15:12.120 felt all the more keenly the injustice to their native religion. 213 00:15:13.000 --> 00:15:17.039 They feared also that the reformers or Puritans in England 214 00:15:17.600 --> 00:15:20.919 had so deep a hatred of Catholicism that they would 215 00:15:20.919 --> 00:15:24.879 force even more restraints upon them. And while they're doing that, 216 00:15:25.480 --> 00:15:29.519 exact new duties and taxes from them, they might even 217 00:15:29.559 --> 00:15:32.200 go further. And in a statement of Irish grievances, it 218 00:15:32.279 --> 00:15:36.120 was suggested that the Scots and the English combined might 219 00:15:36.240 --> 00:15:39.200 quote come into Ireland with the Bible in one hand 220 00:15:39.480 --> 00:15:41.919 and the sword in the other, for to plant their 221 00:15:41.960 --> 00:15:46.600 puritan and narchical religion among us, otherwise to utterly destroy 222 00:15:46.720 --> 00:15:52.039 us end quote. Honestly, the message went around, why shouldn't 223 00:15:52.039 --> 00:15:54.720 the Irish rise up in their own defense before it 224 00:15:54.720 --> 00:15:58.000 was simply too late? This was a grand irony of 225 00:15:58.039 --> 00:16:01.720 the period. The negotiations between England and Scotland had the 226 00:16:01.799 --> 00:16:05.879 result of forcing Ireland into revolt. Charles had found it 227 00:16:05.919 --> 00:16:09.639 impossible in practice to administer three kingdoms when one had 228 00:16:09.679 --> 00:16:13.200 each pleased its loyalty to a separate religion, as honestly 229 00:16:13.799 --> 00:16:17.320 was truly the case. At this point. You have Scotland Presbyterian, 230 00:16:17.840 --> 00:16:22.600 you have England Protestant kind of Puritan, and the ne 231 00:16:22.679 --> 00:16:27.480 of Ireland Catholic. On the twenty third of October sixteen 232 00:16:27.559 --> 00:16:31.919 forty one, the rebellion began and the old English and 233 00:16:32.080 --> 00:16:36.720 Irish rose up against their new English masters. A rebellion 234 00:16:36.759 --> 00:16:39.960 in Dublin on the previous day had been partially discovered 235 00:16:39.960 --> 00:16:44.879 and quelled, but the insurrection almost immediately spread throughout the countryside. 236 00:16:45.080 --> 00:16:48.799 Parties of armed men would ravage an English own plantation 237 00:16:49.200 --> 00:16:52.840 and then retire to their own territory. Others would actively 238 00:16:52.879 --> 00:16:56.759 supplant the English owners and replace them with their former owners. 239 00:16:58.000 --> 00:17:01.799 The English fugitives saw huge in the nearest army garrison, 240 00:17:02.080 --> 00:17:05.599 where they remained in fear but bottled up. It was 241 00:17:05.640 --> 00:17:09.160 stated that many thousands of Protestants had been killed, that 242 00:17:09.200 --> 00:17:12.480 women had been raped and mutilated, and that babies had 243 00:17:12.519 --> 00:17:15.440 been burned. A letter read out to the House of 244 00:17:15.519 --> 00:17:19.519 Commons alleged that the Irish rebels in Munster were engaged 245 00:17:19.559 --> 00:17:24.160 in quote exercising all manners of cruelties and striving who 246 00:17:24.160 --> 00:17:27.599 can be the most barbarously exquisite in tormenting the poor 247 00:17:27.640 --> 00:17:32.400 Protestants wheresoever they come, cutting off the privy members ears, 248 00:17:32.720 --> 00:17:36.599 fingers and hands, plucking out their eyes, boiling the heads 249 00:17:36.640 --> 00:17:40.240 of little children before their mother's faces, and then ripping 250 00:17:40.240 --> 00:17:44.160 out their mother's bowels, stripping women naked and standing by 251 00:17:44.200 --> 00:17:47.799 them naked. Willis they are in travail. That means labor, 252 00:17:48.279 --> 00:17:51.200 killing the children as soon as they're born, ripping up 253 00:17:51.240 --> 00:17:56.240 their mother's bellies as they are delivered. End quote. Now, Okay, 254 00:17:57.200 --> 00:18:01.160 a lot of that was hyperbole and quite frankly wasn't happening. 255 00:18:02.079 --> 00:18:04.480 The real truth was that there was about five thousand 256 00:18:04.519 --> 00:18:08.720 English Protestants who were killed and about an equal number 257 00:18:09.039 --> 00:18:11.799 of Irish Catholics had fallen in the course of the 258 00:18:11.839 --> 00:18:16.759 English counterattack. But all of this hyperbole and misinformation is 259 00:18:16.799 --> 00:18:18.640 going to sow the seeds of what's going to happen 260 00:18:18.759 --> 00:18:23.119 when Oliver Cromwell comes to power. Now November the fifth, 261 00:18:23.599 --> 00:18:26.599 John pam rose from his seat in Parliament to pledge 262 00:18:26.599 --> 00:18:28.799 his life and a state to the cause of suppressing 263 00:18:28.799 --> 00:18:34.000 the Irish rebellion. Parliament at this point decided it not 264 00:18:34.119 --> 00:18:37.160 the King would be in charge of organizing and directing 265 00:18:37.160 --> 00:18:40.240 a Protestant army that might be employed in its own 266 00:18:40.279 --> 00:18:43.440 cause and its own defense if needed, but for now 267 00:18:43.440 --> 00:18:46.319 it could be used to suppress the rebellion in Ireland. 268 00:18:47.880 --> 00:18:50.200 Now this was the occasion for the debate in a 269 00:18:50.240 --> 00:18:52.920 document that would later become known in the history of 270 00:18:52.920 --> 00:18:56.759 the English Civil War as the Grand Remonstrance, which just 271 00:18:56.920 --> 00:19:01.759 about two hundred and four clauses length and really sets 272 00:19:01.799 --> 00:19:06.319 out the basis for parliamentary rule of the Kingdom from 273 00:19:06.359 --> 00:19:11.640 there on out. He needed this, Pim decided because he 274 00:19:11.799 --> 00:19:14.680 sensed that a Royalist party was starting to acquire more 275 00:19:14.680 --> 00:19:18.519 and more support, and he put everything out in writing, 276 00:19:18.799 --> 00:19:21.839 but at the same time issued a statement that certain 277 00:19:21.920 --> 00:19:26.480 clauses could be up for negotiation and amended as needed. 278 00:19:26.839 --> 00:19:29.839 This was sort of an olive branch to the Royalists 279 00:19:30.079 --> 00:19:32.200 to try to bring them into the fold, or I 280 00:19:32.240 --> 00:19:36.759 suppose keep them on Parliament's side. Is increasingly members, especially 281 00:19:36.759 --> 00:19:40.799 of the House of Lords, started to waiver. The significance 282 00:19:41.279 --> 00:19:46.160 of this occasion is marked by Oliver Cromwell, who said, 283 00:19:46.200 --> 00:19:50.160 on leaving the chamber that quote, if the Remonstrance had 284 00:19:50.160 --> 00:19:53.319 been rejected, I would have sold all I had next 285 00:19:53.400 --> 00:19:58.720 morning and never have seen England more end quote. So 286 00:19:58.759 --> 00:20:00.880 it was a line in the sand that was being 287 00:20:01.000 --> 00:20:04.200 drawn at this point over which side you were on 288 00:20:04.680 --> 00:20:09.160 and what you believed in. Edward Nichols wrote to the 289 00:20:09.279 --> 00:20:12.160 King while this was being debated all the way back 290 00:20:12.240 --> 00:20:17.440 on the eighth of November, writing quote it the remonstrance 291 00:20:17.720 --> 00:20:20.759 relates all the misgovernment and unpleasing things that have been 292 00:20:20.759 --> 00:20:24.200 done by ill counsuls, as they call it. If your 293 00:20:24.279 --> 00:20:28.839 Majesty come not instantly away from Edinburgh to London, I 294 00:20:28.960 --> 00:20:31.240 trouble to think what will be the issue of it? 295 00:20:31.640 --> 00:20:36.359 End quote. So, hearing the news, Charles does decide to 296 00:20:36.440 --> 00:20:40.880 return to London from Edinburgh seventeen days later, and on 297 00:20:40.920 --> 00:20:44.559 his entrance into the city he was met by a cavalcade. 298 00:20:44.640 --> 00:20:47.480 He told those who assembled to greet him that he 299 00:20:47.559 --> 00:20:52.119 would maintain the old laws and the Protestant faith, and 300 00:20:52.160 --> 00:20:56.559 it's likely, honestly that the welcome from the Londoners was genuine. 301 00:20:57.319 --> 00:21:01.599 The Venetian ambassador had already reported that anonymous placards had 302 00:21:01.640 --> 00:21:05.079 been posted in the streets naming the lords of Puritans 303 00:21:05.079 --> 00:21:09.519 as traders and authors of all the sedition, and just 304 00:21:09.599 --> 00:21:12.880 before the King had left Scotland, he too had received 305 00:21:12.880 --> 00:21:17.359 news that the Irish had erupted in rebellion. Now Pim 306 00:21:17.400 --> 00:21:21.160 and his colleagues were inclined to blame Charles for the rebellion. 307 00:21:21.160 --> 00:21:25.000 In a more direct sense, some of the Irish rebels 308 00:21:25.200 --> 00:21:27.359 claimed that they had a commission from the King under 309 00:21:27.400 --> 00:21:31.240 the Great Seal, to arrest and seize goods, estates and 310 00:21:31.319 --> 00:21:35.720 persons of all the English Protestants. This claim, like many 311 00:21:35.720 --> 00:21:39.640 of the other ones that I've read, was not true 312 00:21:39.799 --> 00:21:43.920 by any sense, but it persuaded Pim and his followers 313 00:21:44.319 --> 00:21:48.720 that the King had actually intentionally started the revolt, the 314 00:21:48.720 --> 00:21:51.559 idea being that that would give him an excuse to 315 00:21:51.640 --> 00:21:54.119 raise an army, which he could actually then just turn 316 00:21:54.160 --> 00:21:58.880 against Parliament before using it in Ireland. And so there 317 00:21:58.920 --> 00:22:03.319 was a bitter controversy over the size and direction of 318 00:22:03.359 --> 00:22:07.839 the military campaign in Ireland. The King said that one man, 319 00:22:07.960 --> 00:22:11.200 rather than four hundred, was best to direct a campaign. 320 00:22:12.160 --> 00:22:16.720 The parliamentarians naturally disagreed, claiming that Charles could not raise 321 00:22:16.759 --> 00:22:20.680 an army that the express approval of Parliament. In the 322 00:22:20.759 --> 00:22:23.519 last two months of the year, the Earl of Warwick 323 00:22:23.920 --> 00:22:28.920 set about creating what was essentially a parliamentary force. Charles 324 00:22:28.960 --> 00:22:33.400 wanted a holly volunteer force composed of his supporters, while 325 00:22:33.519 --> 00:22:39.319 the parliamentarians insisted upon pressing men into service at every 326 00:22:39.359 --> 00:22:42.640 stage in the process. The Commons, with a small majority 327 00:22:42.680 --> 00:22:47.000 against the King, was opposed by the lords. In the event, 328 00:22:47.200 --> 00:22:50.480 only one regiment was ultimately sent to Ireland in sixteen 329 00:22:50.559 --> 00:22:55.279 forty one. A further force would arrive about five months 330 00:22:55.359 --> 00:23:00.240 later in sixteen forty two. Of about five thousand Menlish 331 00:23:00.240 --> 00:23:04.759 garrisons in Ireland were for the moment essentially left on 332 00:23:04.799 --> 00:23:08.640 their own to fight their own battles. It's probably fair 333 00:23:08.680 --> 00:23:12.799 to assume that Pim and his fellows wish to continue 334 00:23:13.160 --> 00:23:16.440 to gather their resources for a conflict that they believed 335 00:23:16.559 --> 00:23:19.680 was coming much closer to home.