Speaker 1: Hello and Welcome to Western Siev Episode three hundred and
Speaker 1: twenty five, Ivan The Terrible Part two. On August tenth,
Speaker 1: fifteen forty nine, the Czarina, which is the name that
Speaker 1: they give essentially queen, gave birth to her first child,
Speaker 1: a daughter named Anna. But at the same time Ivan
Speaker 1: and his council were debating the looming prospect with a
Speaker 1: newly belligerent Kingdom of Kazan. Ultimately, not only did Ivan
Speaker 1: decide on war, but he decided he would go with
Speaker 1: the army. So on November twenty fourth, fifteen forty nine,
Speaker 1: Ivan set out from Moscow at the head of the
Speaker 1: largest Russian army ever, raised nearly sixty thousand men. It
Speaker 1: took nearly four weeks through freezing temperatures for the army
Speaker 1: to reach Kazan, the aptly named capital of the Khanate
Speaker 1: of Kazan. Ivan was the first Russian leader to ever
Speaker 1: set sight on the city. So much planning had gone
Speaker 1: into this campaign. Everything was set up for success, but then,
Speaker 1: as so often happens, on the step, the weather ruined everything.
Speaker 1: Massive rains and winds made any attack impossible. Ivan held
Speaker 1: out for a while, but on February twenty fifth, he
Speaker 1: decided to raise the siege. This turn of events only
Speaker 1: seemed to encourage the Tartars to a separate group, who
Speaker 1: launched a series of raids that summer and only serve
Speaker 1: to solidify Russian determination to destroy the two khanates once
Speaker 1: and for all. And again, just to be clear, we're
Speaker 1: talking about two different groups here. We've got the Khanate
Speaker 1: of Kazan, which is to the east essentially of modern
Speaker 1: day Moscow, and then you have the Crimean Tartars, which
Speaker 1: is where the Crimea is today. Those are two separate
Speaker 1: political entities. So in the spring of fifteen fifty one,
Speaker 1: the Russian army sets out again back towards Kazan. This time,
Speaker 1: the Russian plan was to conquer Kazan by threat and negotiation. Hence,
Speaker 1: Ivan's war council reached out to dissident Khanate nobles, hoping
Speaker 1: to encourage them to join in on this attack. Embassies
Speaker 1: arrived shortly thereafter, offering Ivan another pro Russian khan who
Speaker 1: could serve. Ivan was receptive, but he wanted more. He
Speaker 1: insisted on a law that any Kazan found having Russians
Speaker 1: as slaves would be executed immediately without a trial. All
Speaker 1: Russians presently enslaved in Kazan needed to be freed and return.
Speaker 1: In the end, all this negotiation came to nothing. So
Speaker 1: it was by fifteen fifty two Ivan became determined to
Speaker 1: conquer Kazan by military force. He was twenty one years
Speaker 1: old and determined to win some martial glory. On January
Speaker 1: the sixteenth, fifteen fifty two, Ivan the Fourth set out
Speaker 1: at the head of yet another army bound for Kazan.
Speaker 1: But this time Ivan had a slightly different strategy. He
Speaker 1: moved against the fortress city of Coloma and then wait
Speaker 1: for his enemy to attack him. Unfortunately, this didn't work.
Speaker 1: It gave up all the initiative he had as the
Speaker 1: attacker and cost Ivan the momentum. So here's the thing.
Speaker 1: Ivan is a lot of things, but brilliant military commander
Speaker 1: isn't one of them. And so in June, the Tartars
Speaker 1: were advancing. Their army included both their own troops and
Speaker 1: borrowed janissaries from the Ottomans. Ivan however, did not flinch.
Speaker 1: He ordered his entire army to pull up stakes and
Speaker 1: march on the advancing enemy at once. Interestingly enough, and
Speaker 1: our sources on this aren't good. The Khan, for whatever
Speaker 1: reason got spooked by Ivan's decisiveness and ordered a headlong retreat.
Speaker 1: Interestingly enough, and our sources on this aren't good. The Khan,
Speaker 1: for whatever reason, got spooked by Ivan's decisiveness and ordered
Speaker 1: a headlong retreat, abandoning camels and baggage carts along the route.
Speaker 1: The Khan was now decisively beaten, and the way was
Speaker 1: open to march on the capital city of Kazan. The
Speaker 1: plan of the campaign was carefully worked out from Colomna.
Speaker 1: The army would march on to Svinsk in two columns,
Speaker 1: the northern column taking the northern road, the southern one
Speaker 1: taking the southern The two columns would then meet at
Speaker 1: a crossing of the Sura River before advancing from there.
Speaker 1: Ivan's army was around one hundred and twenty five thousand
Speaker 1: men strong, but it wasn't a professional army by any
Speaker 1: stretched the imagination. The nobles from Novgorod in particular resisted
Speaker 1: the idea of going any further. Ivan was irritated, but
Speaker 1: later learned it was simply an economic problem. These nobles
Speaker 1: didn't own enough land to continue to pay for their retinues.
Speaker 1: Ivan was able to convince them to keep going, using
Speaker 1: the alleged riches of Kazan as a sort of carot.
Speaker 1: But this medieval military arrangement is going to continue to
Speaker 1: hamper Russia right up to Peter the Great. On the
Speaker 1: thirteenth of July, the army reached Moram, not far from
Speaker 1: the border, and on the March twentieth of the following year,
Speaker 1: his army crossed into Tartar territory. This prompted a variety
Speaker 1: of chieftains to reverse course and renew their allegiance to
Speaker 1: the Czar. Ivan forgave them and accepted them and their
Speaker 1: armed retinues back into the Fold. In August, the Tsar's
Speaker 1: army penetrated deep into Kazan before finally reaching the capital.
Speaker 1: Ivan had no illusions about what was to come. The
Speaker 1: Khan was not going to surrender. He would need to
Speaker 1: take the city by force. The Khan had an army
Speaker 1: of nearly thirty thousand to defend Kazan. He had heavy artillery,
Speaker 1: cannons and ample supplies of gunpowder. Both sides were heavily armored,
Speaker 1: to the extent that in the midst of a battle
Speaker 1: it would be almost impossible to tell them apart. Ivan
Speaker 1: was under no illusions about the difficulty of the tasks
Speaker 1: that confronted him. The Khan was a determined, daring, and
Speaker 1: ruthless adversary. He would be expected to use every trick
Speaker 1: in the book to prevent the city from falling into
Speaker 1: Russian hands. There was no possibility of a sudden surprise attack.
Speaker 1: It was not simply a question of conquering a well
Speaker 1: defended city, but there was also the question of how
Speaker 1: to deal with the Khan's armies outside the city. The
Speaker 1: many soldiers based in the town of Arsk, which lay
Speaker 1: on the other side of a dense forest stretching almost
Speaker 1: to the walls of Kazan. The Russians would have to
Speaker 1: defend themselves against sudden sorties from the forest and against
Speaker 1: marauders from all directions. All together, there were about thirty
Speaker 1: five thousand troops loyal to the Khan outside the city,
Speaker 1: most of them hidden in the forest of Arsk. Of necessity,
Speaker 1: I even would have to take special measures to protect
Speaker 1: his rear, his lines of communication with the supply ships
Speaker 1: moored on the Volga, and his own person because the
Speaker 1: Khan knew well that if the Czar was killed or
Speaker 1: captured the siege would be lifted. On August the twentieth.
Speaker 1: It appeared that the Russians would be prepared to storm
Speaker 1: the city. Then they held back. There was a council
Speaker 1: of war and it was decided that they would wait
Speaker 1: to try to learn more about the conditions within the
Speaker 1: city before moving forward. The working assumption of the Russians
Speaker 1: was that the city could only be taken after a
Speaker 1: lengthy sea. The Tartars remained masters of misdirection. At times,
Speaker 1: the Russians moved cautiously right up to the walls, seeing nothing,
Speaker 1: hearing nothing, Assuming their adversaries had simply fled into the forest,
Speaker 1: then without warning, a flood of enemy warriors would burst
Speaker 1: forth from one of the gates, taking the Russians by surprise.
Speaker 1: None of these assaults ever made a serious dent in
Speaker 1: the Russian army, but it kept it tentative and unsure,
Speaker 1: making matters worse. To the north of Kazan, as I mentioned,
Speaker 1: was a dense forest within the Forest of Arsk, they
Speaker 1: had positioned a relief force. Hence, the Russians always had
Speaker 1: to be concerned about their flank and could never devote
Speaker 1: their full attention to the city itself. On August the
Speaker 1: twenty eighth, a Russian cavalry contingent was devastated by an
Speaker 1: attack from the forest, forcing the Russian generals to concede
Speaker 1: that they would never be able to take the city,
Speaker 1: while the army and the forest of Arsk remained at large,
Speaker 1: Yet both sides there were no easy victories. Ivan was
Speaker 1: coming to the realization that the siege might last through
Speaker 1: the winter, a fact that would provide major logistical challenges.
Speaker 1: Ivan's real hope were his sappers. These men tunneled underneath
Speaker 1: the city walls in the hope of them blowing the mine,
Speaker 1: collapsing the tunnel, and causing the wall above to come
Speaker 1: tumbling down. This process was called undermining and was common
Speaker 1: in medieval siege craft. On September the fourth, the sappers
Speaker 1: succeeded in crushing Tartar, access to the only fresh water
Speaker 1: in the city, but still those within fought on. Even
Speaker 1: after the Russians that autumn hunted down and destroyed the
Speaker 1: final Khan armies in the forest, Kazan refused to surrender.
Speaker 1: The siege was going well, despite the fact outwardly that
Speaker 1: there was little to show for it, but by October
Speaker 1: the first, the sappers had finished the main tunnel. The
Speaker 1: barrels of powder were set and the assault scheduled for
Speaker 1: October the second. At dawn that morning, the barrels were
Speaker 1: set alight. In an instant, the earth rocketed with a
Speaker 1: massive explosion, Earth, timber, and stone flew into the air
Speaker 1: as to massive defensive towers, plus the large section of
Speaker 1: the wall came tumbling down. The general assault began immediately.
Speaker 1: The Russians quickly pushed the Tartars back, but then the
Speaker 1: rank and file started looting. Instead of prosecuting the assault,
Speaker 1: the Russian generals sent in their elite cavalry to restore order,
Speaker 1: which worked to an extent and the assault reformed. Finally,
Speaker 1: the Russians broke into the palace, slaughtering men, women and children.
Speaker 1: The Khan escaped with some remnants of his army, but
Speaker 1: the war was effectively over. The resistance came to an end,
Speaker 1: and the Tzar effectively annexed Kazan. It would prove to
Speaker 1: be the military highlight of Ivan's career. He was only
Speaker 1: twenty two, and frankly, the victory over Kazon would prove
Speaker 1: to be the highlight of his entire life, and he
Speaker 1: was going to live to be fifty four. Now Ivan
Speaker 1: had taken no part in the fighting, but he still
Speaker 1: believed it was his presence on the battlefield that induced
Speaker 1: God to intervene on the part of the Russian army
Speaker 1: and deliver them victory. On October fourth, he made his
Speaker 1: triumphal entry into the city of Kazan for the purpose
Speaker 1: of choosing a site for a new cathedral. The Cathedral
Speaker 1: of Annunciation was built astonishingly quickly. In fact, Ivan celebrated
Speaker 1: a thanksgiving in it before leaving the city. Then Ivan
Speaker 1: got even better news. On his way Basked to Moscow.
Speaker 1: A messenger met him on the road with the news
Speaker 1: that on Tastasia had given birth to a son. This
Speaker 1: was truly a turning point for Russia. Ivan the fourth
Speaker 1: had become the first Czar and now the first leader
Speaker 1: of Russia to push its borders south and set Russia
Speaker 1: on a path toward becoming an imperialistic power. And it
Speaker 1: also changed Ivan, though not for the better. Now, more
Speaker 1: than ever, he was determined to rule as an autocrat,
Speaker 1: independent of the nobles and the boyars. One day, shortly
Speaker 1: after the conquest of Kazan, he addressed them saying, quote
Speaker 1: God protected me from you. I could not torment you
Speaker 1: while cousin stood on its own. I needed you for
Speaker 1: all manner of things. But now I am free to
Speaker 1: inflict upon you my torment and wrath. And he meant it. Then,
Speaker 1: in March fifteen fifty three, Ivan fell dangerously ill. It
Speaker 1: was probably a version of pneumonia, but in either event
Speaker 1: he came close to death. He pulled through, but mentally
Speaker 1: this event seemed to have pitched him over the edge.
Speaker 1: He had always been suspicious, but he emerged from his
Speaker 1: sick bed as a man beset by paranoia. Still, a
Speaker 1: few weeks after the birth of his son, I even't
Speaker 1: continued to get good news. The Russian army had continued
Speaker 1: to roll and now had pushed the Russians to the
Speaker 1: other side of the Volga. Interestingly, it was during this
Speaker 1: period when Russia had its first ever diplomatic interaction with England.
Speaker 1: The England made their way to Russia as a result
Speaker 1: of the efforts of John Cabot, the man who sailed
Speaker 1: to Newfoundland. The English wanted the right to trade in Russia,
Speaker 1: and the Czar was only too happy to oblige this request.
Speaker 1: As a consequence, the English were given very favorable terms
Speaker 1: of trade in England, being permitted to trade throughout Russia
Speaker 1: without paying any duty whatsoever. Was eager to concede these
Speaker 1: terms because he wanted to get more sophisticated Western weaponry.
Speaker 1: Hence he sent an ambassador to England, who arrived in
Speaker 1: February fifteen fifty seven during the reign of Mary the First.
Speaker 1: The Russian ambassador made a good impression on the English
Speaker 1: and was invited to attend an Order of the Garter
Speaker 1: ceremony with bi of Queen Mary and King Philip the Second.
Speaker 1: Back at home, Ivans generals continued to press the war
Speaker 1: against the Tartars, now looking to press south into the Crimea.
Speaker 1: In February fifteen fifty nine, an army of eight thousand
Speaker 1: Russians sailed down the Neper River and attacked Crimea from
Speaker 1: the west. The Tartars were taken by surprise and many
Speaker 1: were killed. The Russians ultimately succeeded in taking all the
Speaker 1: islands along the lower Neper River. The times had changed.
Speaker 1: The once in Vin's old Tartar horsemen were now no
Speaker 1: match at all for Russian musketeers. Gunpowder was the ultimate
Speaker 1: weapon of the day. If you did not have it
Speaker 1: you no longer had a chance, so the Tartar Khan
Speaker 1: ultimately retreated to the Crimea. As much as Ivan wanted
Speaker 1: to finish the job and add Crimea to his growing empire,
Speaker 1: affairs closer to Moscow demanded his attention first. The Livonians,
Speaker 1: who occupied the southern shores of the Gulf of Finland,
Speaker 1: had been a thorn in moscow side for decades. This
Speaker 1: region was still ruled by the Livonian Order, an offshoot
Speaker 1: of the old Teutonic Knights. There was truly no love
Speaker 1: lost between the Germans and the Russians. The feudal knights,
Speaker 1: who had ruled the Livonian territory for hundreds of years,
Speaker 1: were masters of the arts of blockade. They didn't allow guns, gunners, armorers,
Speaker 1: no metalsmiths, no skilled artisans, nothing to go from essentially
Speaker 1: Western Europe to Russia under pain of death. Determined to
Speaker 1: isolate Russia from the military inventions of the West, they
Speaker 1: actually succeeded only in alienating the Russians, who regarded the
Speaker 1: Germans in general as interlopers and all of Livonia as
Speaker 1: their ancestral properties. For more than fifty years now, Livonia
Speaker 1: under the Old Teutonic Knights and Russia had lived together
Speaker 1: in an uneasy piece, but at the same time, this
Speaker 1: piece was always tentative at best. By the late fall
Speaker 1: of fifteen fifty seven, on the excuse that the city
Speaker 1: of Dorpat had failed for fifty years to pay tribute
Speaker 1: to the Grand Princes of Moscow, Ivan bought together an
Speaker 1: army of forty thousand men on the Livonian frontier. The
Speaker 1: failure of Dorpot to pay the tribute was merely one
Speaker 1: of the things that exasperated Ivan. He wanted to break
Speaker 1: the blockade, and more than anything else, he wanted to
Speaker 1: acquire a seaport on the Baltic that the Livonian territories
Speaker 1: would allow. The Livonians responded quickly. They preferred to fight
Speaker 1: at a time and place of their own choosing, and
Speaker 1: therefore they sent ambassadors to Moscow to negotiate a truce.
Speaker 1: In particular, they offered to pay a yearly tribute of
Speaker 1: one thousand gold ducats and a lump sum of forty
Speaker 1: five thousand talents. Ivan asked them whether or not they
Speaker 1: brought the money with them. He said they had not.
Speaker 1: He therefore invited them to a state dinner, at which
Speaker 1: they ate off empty plates. Then, still hungry, they were
Speaker 1: permitted to return to Livonia. Clever, clever, I'll say that
Speaker 1: in the following month, Ivan unleashed his army. It was
Speaker 1: to be a purely punitive expedition designed to ravage and
Speaker 1: destroy as much of Livonia as possible. There were to
Speaker 1: be no frontal assaults on any fortresses or fortress like cities.
Speaker 1: Those who suffered the most were the peasant, not the
Speaker 1: knights or the landowners. Next time, I've bean hoped the
Speaker 1: Livonians would show up with the money. Now the Russians
Speaker 1: were able to capture Narva, and then they did set
Speaker 1: their sides, ultimately on Dorpot, the largest and the wealthiest
Speaker 1: city in central Livonia. By July of fifteen fifty eight,
Speaker 1: the Russians surrounded the city. They told the Livonians they
Speaker 1: would be treated well and with respect if they surrendered,
Speaker 1: but if they did not, then everyone within the walls
Speaker 1: would be slaughtered. Those of then Dorpont really had no choice.
Speaker 1: There was no one coming to relieve the siege, and
Speaker 1: they didn't have sufficient men to resist if the Russians
Speaker 1: truly decided to storm the walls. Thus Dorpot surrendered and
Speaker 1: fell temporarily at least under Russian control, a major blow
Speaker 1: to the Livonian Order. Now, as an aside, if you
Speaker 1: are interested in the rise and fall of the Teutonic Order,
Speaker 1: I did a long, deep dive on the subject in
Speaker 1: Western two point zero. You can click the link in
Speaker 1: the show notes and get a free trial and listen
Speaker 1: to it right now if you'd like, And as always,
Speaker 1: if you stick around, I appreciate the support. It is
Speaker 1: what keeps the show moving. But back to our story.
Speaker 1: Not every town in Livonia surrendered. As a consequence, the
Speaker 1: Russians continued to pillage and destroy the countryside. In January
Speaker 1: fifteen fifty nine, they continued that policy. The Russians and
Speaker 1: Livonian Order fought back. Throughout fifteen to fifty nine, the
Speaker 1: Russians and Livonian Order fought back and forth in a
Speaker 1: series of skimmerses and raids. The only real losers, like before,
Speaker 1: were the peasants. In early fifteen sixty, the city of
Speaker 1: fell In surrendered to Russia and the Livonian War, at
Speaker 1: least this one came to an end. Large areas of
Speaker 1: Livonia were in Russian hands, but most of Estonia was
Speaker 1: still ruled by the Order. Livonia had become a patchwork kingdom.
Speaker 1: Soon it would be riven with allout civil war. But
Speaker 1: as was usual in this time, good news abroad came
Speaker 1: with bad news at home. On August the sixth, fifteen sixty,
Speaker 1: the Princess Anastasia died. Her death became another nail in
Speaker 1: the coffin of Ivan's sanity. While she lived, she had
Speaker 1: been a moderating influence on the czar, but now she
Speaker 1: was gone. Now, for the last portion of this episode,
Speaker 1: I want to talk about something that's tangential to the
Speaker 1: actual history of Ivan's reign but really important, and that
Speaker 1: is Saint Basil's Cathedral. Now, at first there was only
Speaker 1: a small wooden church on the site where Saint Basils,
Speaker 1: which is, honestly, if you google Russia, if you google
Speaker 1: Moscow in particular, it is the image that comes up
Speaker 1: over and over and over again. It's the wonderful, colorful
Speaker 1: domed church that you can picture right now and if
Speaker 1: you close your eyes, don't if you're driving. The wooden
Speaker 1: church was built in fifteen fifty three, but it was
Speaker 1: actually taken down after only two years. Now, the architects
Speaker 1: who ultimately put together what we think of as Saint
Speaker 1: Basils ironically came from the exact same town. These were
Speaker 1: two nemmen named Pasnik and Barma. The ground plan was
Speaker 1: based on the eight pointed Star of the Virgin, an
Speaker 1: emblem which appears on the robe of the Virgin in
Speaker 1: the headdress, and numerous Byzantine images that's essentially a Byzantine
Speaker 1: Basilica copied. There would be a cluster of domed chapels
Speaker 1: of all different heights and colors around a central fire
Speaker 1: crowned with a small golden dome. The idea was to
Speaker 1: capture the grace of a group of budding flowers. The
Speaker 1: cathedral itself was concentrated on October the first, fifteen fifty nine.
Speaker 1: In fifteen eighty eight, a noomed domed cathedral was erected
Speaker 1: over the tomb of Saint Basil, which is actually where
Speaker 1: the cathedral gets its name from today Saint Basil. It
Speaker 1: was actually canonized by the Orthodox Church that same year,
Speaker 1: in fifteen fifty eight. Just a quick history about him.
Speaker 1: He was born in fourteen sixty nine, the son of
Speaker 1: peasants belonging to the village of I'm going to get
Speaker 1: this wrong, but Yeleichino, near Moscow. He was apprenticed to
Speaker 1: a shoemaker, but he possessed that he got the gift
Speaker 1: of second sight. A customer entered the shop and asked
Speaker 1: for a pair of boots that would last for several years.
Speaker 1: Basil took the order and smiled. When he was asked
Speaker 1: later why he smiled, he said the customer would not
Speaker 1: lead a long lasting pair of shoes because he was
Speaker 1: going to die tomorrow, and it happened soon. He left
Speaker 1: the shoemaker's shop and became a sort of wandering pilgrim.
Speaker 1: He would move about Moscow naked, wearing heavy chains, and
Speaker 1: sleeping under the stars. One day, in the marketplace, he
Speaker 1: scattered a tray of cakes on the ground. It had
Speaker 1: been revealed to him that the cake maker had added
Speaker 1: chalk to the dough, and then when it rained subsequently
Speaker 1: it was clear to everyone. On another occasion, he was
Speaker 1: walking in the square wrapped in a fur coat given
Speaker 1: to him by a rich benefactor. A thief approached him,
Speaker 1: pointing to another pretending to be dead, and asked Basil
Speaker 1: for his coat, saying that it would pay for the
Speaker 1: funeral expenses. Bezel saw through the ruse, which, yeah, I mean,
Speaker 1: obviously he should if he had second sight. But regardless,
Speaker 1: he said to the man pretending to be dead, quote,
Speaker 1: you will surely die for your wickedness, for it is
Speaker 1: written that the wicked shall perish quote. And so it happened.
Speaker 1: That might have just been coincidence, though Ivan honored Basil
Speaker 1: and with Anastasia and visited him when he was lying
Speaker 1: on his deathbed. When Basil ultimately died in fifteen fifty two,
Speaker 1: Ivan accompanied the funeral buyer to a small cemetery on
Speaker 1: the Red Square. Over the cemetery, the Cathedral of the
Speaker 1: Intercession of the Virgin was built, but Ivan ordered that
Speaker 1: Basil's bone should be untouched. The tomb, with the old
Speaker 1: chains lying on it, became an object of veneration in
Speaker 1: many miracles were said to have been performed there, and
Speaker 1: so it was actually only after his death that Basil
Speaker 1: became a saint as a result of the miracles that
Speaker 1: happened after his death. It's a little bit of an
Speaker 1: interesting story. Regardless, this would be the ultimate site where
Speaker 1: the cathedral would then be constructed, and that's how the
Speaker 1: cathedral gets its name. Today, the cathedral remains the supreme
Speaker 1: architectural achievement of all of Ivan's reign. But Ivan's reign
Speaker 1: wasn't just about architecture. The Moscow School of Painting undertook
Speaker 1: a major program of monumental design throughout Ivan's reign. This
Speaker 1: is expressed in icons, frescoes, and wood carvings, all created
Speaker 1: throughout the time. Most of these have subsequently been destroyed.
Speaker 1: There survives an astonishingly detailed account written in the seventeenth
Speaker 1: century of the frescoes that once adorned Ivan's golden palace,
Speaker 1: the Zolettaya Palata, where the chosen Council met and foreign
Speaker 1: ambassadors were received. The frescoes were designed to exalt Ivan
Speaker 1: and at the same time impress upon him a proper
Speaker 1: humility towards Christ and the Church. On the ceiling was
Speaker 1: the inevitable Christ in majesty, seated on a rainbow, with
Speaker 1: an orb and sceptor reigning over the universe. Below Christ
Speaker 1: were shown four virtues and four vices. There were panels
Speaker 1: representing the four seasons, the Sun and the Moon, the
Speaker 1: Sea and the Earth. Harribles and biblical episodes were also depicted.
Speaker 1: There was the rich Lazarus in Hell and the poor
Speaker 1: Lazarus at his prayers. The parable of the wedding Feast,
Speaker 1: and the Parable of the Lost Sheep. All of these
Speaker 1: were shown. Unfortunately, the Golden Palace that housed this fresco
Speaker 1: and many other items was later torn down and rebuilt.
Speaker 1: During the reign of Ivan, the Moscow School of painting
Speaker 1: also enjoyed painting immensely crowded scenes. Compositional rhythm was finally sacrificed,
Speaker 1: while harmony and simplicity were forgotten in an effort to
Speaker 1: put as many people impossible into the scene. Now Ivan
Speaker 1: also seems to have been at least partially responsible for
Speaker 1: the introduction of liturgical song into the Russian Orthodox Church,
Speaker 1: but even if that's true, what is going to follow
Speaker 1: will overshadow any artistic or architectural achievement. Beginning next week,
Speaker 1: Ivan starts to earn the name history remembers him by
Speaker 1: the Terrible. If you have enjoyed the show, there are
Speaker 1: a couple links in the show notes. You can check
Speaker 1: out Western SIV two point zero. Like I mentioned before,
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Speaker 1: the easiest thing to do is to leave a rating
Speaker 1: and or review, depending on what app you're listening to
Speaker 1: this on for the show. It truly is the easiest
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Speaker 1: truly appreciate it. One