WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.200 --> 00:00:00.760 Get value. 2 00:00:00.800 --> 00:00:03.120 You can't argue with at Tesco with their amazing club 3 00:00:03.160 --> 00:00:06.160 card prices. Serve up something special with our finest meal 4 00:00:06.240 --> 00:00:08.880 deal for two starring one main, two sides and dessert 5 00:00:08.919 --> 00:00:12.039 for only sixteen euro like succulent board, be approved rus 6 00:00:12.039 --> 00:00:15.160 shinned A striploid steaks with peppercorn butter or delicious rus 7 00:00:15.279 --> 00:00:18.640 chicken Parmesana served with creamy potato grotan and our mix 8 00:00:18.679 --> 00:00:23.120 of rainbow root vegetables. And enjoy Goozillionaire or Soldier caramel cheesecake. 9 00:00:23.359 --> 00:00:26.600 Can't argue with that shop in store or online Tesco. 10 00:00:26.920 --> 00:00:29.719 Every little helps available the most doores prices very express. 11 00:00:30.480 --> 00:00:34.920 Hey everyone, this is once again your friendly neighborhood cosmologists 12 00:00:35.320 --> 00:00:39.000 Katie Mack. I am giving a little bit of an 13 00:00:39.079 --> 00:00:43.039 update to this episode. So this episode is mostly answering 14 00:00:43.159 --> 00:00:48.039 questions about astrophysics and cosmology things, and since it was 15 00:00:48.119 --> 00:00:50.920 recorded in twenty seventeen, there have been a couple of changes, 16 00:00:51.000 --> 00:00:53.640 a couple of updates. One of the things that I 17 00:00:53.719 --> 00:00:57.920 answered questions about was asteroid searches, and I mentioned that 18 00:00:58.079 --> 00:00:59.679 there's a big part of the sky we're not really 19 00:00:59.719 --> 00:01:03.399 looking at that has gotten better in recent years. There 20 00:01:03.439 --> 00:01:07.480 are some new observational projects. We have a much better 21 00:01:07.879 --> 00:01:13.680 survey of the sky for finding potentially dangerous space rocks. 22 00:01:14.319 --> 00:01:16.319 There are some caveats though. One of them is that 23 00:01:16.599 --> 00:01:21.519 because of things like these new constellations of satellites that 24 00:01:21.640 --> 00:01:25.280 are going up, some of that is making those observations 25 00:01:25.319 --> 00:01:27.159 a little bit more difficult. I think we're still in 26 00:01:27.239 --> 00:01:29.079 a much better place than we were, and we're finding 27 00:01:29.159 --> 00:01:33.040 way more potentially hazard as objects. Nothing is a big 28 00:01:33.159 --> 00:01:35.719 threat at the moment, don't worry, but yeah, it'll be 29 00:01:35.799 --> 00:01:37.760 interesting to see how that develops in the next few years. 30 00:01:38.480 --> 00:01:41.719 The other update is just that my social media stuff 31 00:01:41.760 --> 00:01:45.640 is all different now. I'm still on Twitter as at Astrokatie, 32 00:01:46.400 --> 00:01:49.159 though I'm using Twitter less these days. I'm on Instagram 33 00:01:49.359 --> 00:01:53.400 at astro Katie Mac. So check those out, and just 34 00:01:53.560 --> 00:01:56.519 check out my web page astrokt dot com. That hasn't changed. 35 00:01:56.840 --> 00:01:58.879 You can learn about stuff like my book The End 36 00:01:58.920 --> 00:02:02.200 of Everything, Astrophysically Speaking, where I talk about how the 37 00:02:02.400 --> 00:02:04.359 universe might end and what that would look like if 38 00:02:04.400 --> 00:02:07.519 we could see that. And I have a newsletter now 39 00:02:07.560 --> 00:02:09.520 that you can also check out. There's a sign up 40 00:02:09.680 --> 00:02:13.159 on my website. It's called watch this space time. So 41 00:02:13.800 --> 00:02:16.000 thanks for listening, and I hope you enjoy the show. 42 00:02:17.000 --> 00:02:20.919 Hey, this is Ali Ward here with ologies. Now a 43 00:02:20.960 --> 00:02:25.039 few things up up top. If you like ologies, I 44 00:02:25.240 --> 00:02:29.120 personally myself would love it if you took a second 45 00:02:29.199 --> 00:02:32.319 to rate and or review it on iTunes? Have you 46 00:02:32.439 --> 00:02:34.879 done that yet? It doesn't cost any money, you just 47 00:02:34.960 --> 00:02:37.800 do it. And I also totally read all of your reviews. 48 00:02:38.039 --> 00:02:41.960 I'm thrilled by them. Today someone named smileness. There are 49 00:02:42.039 --> 00:02:46.199 six asses in that said the actual best, yep, the 50 00:02:46.319 --> 00:02:48.960 actual best. When things get all jargony, Ali fills in 51 00:02:49.000 --> 00:02:54.479 the gaps, great guests, great topics, and a genuinely lovable host, which, 52 00:02:54.520 --> 00:02:56.319 by the way, I read that while walking into the 53 00:02:56.360 --> 00:02:59.719 post office and I almost started crying or skipping. So 54 00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:02.240 thank you everyone for these. When you leave reviews and 55 00:03:02.319 --> 00:03:06.680 you rate it, other people say, hey, what's this thing now? 56 00:03:07.599 --> 00:03:11.280 Cosmology Part two. If you listen to the very very 57 00:03:11.400 --> 00:03:15.800 end of part one last week with the just phenomenal 58 00:03:16.080 --> 00:03:20.080 doctor Katie Mac aka Astro Katie, then you learned a 59 00:03:20.159 --> 00:03:26.639 lot about particle physics and the large heart on collider string, cheese, 60 00:03:26.919 --> 00:03:31.479 black holes, the world's most expensive selfie, and your own 61 00:03:31.599 --> 00:03:35.639 aching insignificance all of ours. If you haven't listened, give 62 00:03:35.719 --> 00:03:38.159 to go. I also tell you of somewhat embarrassing secret 63 00:03:38.199 --> 00:03:39.879 at the very end of the podcast. Maybe I'll do 64 00:03:39.919 --> 00:03:43.319 that again. So Part two with Doctor Mac means getting 65 00:03:43.400 --> 00:03:45.719 right into the nitty gritty your questions and trust me, 66 00:03:45.800 --> 00:03:49.759 I had a million, but Katie and I were late 67 00:03:49.840 --> 00:03:52.719 to meet up with friends to see Murder on the 68 00:03:52.879 --> 00:03:55.800 Orine Express, so I could only ask about half an 69 00:03:55.800 --> 00:03:58.319 hour's worth of questions. So I may have to nab 70 00:03:58.400 --> 00:04:00.280 her in the future to ask the rest because so 71 00:04:00.400 --> 00:04:20.680 many good questions. I have so many questions from Okay, 72 00:04:20.720 --> 00:04:22.839 it's like a rapid fire around Sure, yeah, I'm just 73 00:04:23.639 --> 00:04:25.279 I'm here for it. Okay, I'm going to throw a 74 00:04:25.319 --> 00:04:27.680 bunch of questions at you. If you want to skip 75 00:04:27.759 --> 00:04:29.759 any of them, you can just pass. First questions I'm 76 00:04:29.759 --> 00:04:32.360 going to ask her from the Patreon page. So people 77 00:04:32.399 --> 00:04:33.079 are patrons. 78 00:04:33.800 --> 00:04:36.240 We appreciate them very much. They are great people. They 79 00:04:36.319 --> 00:04:38.920 are great people, task sick, and we want them to 80 00:04:38.959 --> 00:04:41.480 continue and ask lots of questions. Yes, which are all 81 00:04:41.680 --> 00:04:43.279 very good questions. Yes exactly. 82 00:04:43.480 --> 00:04:46.040 Yes, you can be a patron for twenty five cents. 83 00:04:46.079 --> 00:04:48.120 An episode which is an amazing deal. 84 00:04:48.279 --> 00:04:49.000 Isn't it a good deal? 85 00:04:49.319 --> 00:04:50.319 People should totally do that. 86 00:04:50.439 --> 00:04:52.560 I wanted to make it accessible. Yeah, if you did 87 00:04:52.800 --> 00:04:55.240 feel like tossing a dollar a month, then get yourself 88 00:04:55.279 --> 00:04:59.839 over to patreon dot com slash ologies. I post calls 89 00:04:59.839 --> 00:05:03.199 for questions, some behind the scene photos, or some patron 90 00:05:03.279 --> 00:05:05.800 only videos, and for twenty five dollars a month, I'll 91 00:05:05.839 --> 00:05:09.079 be your emergency contact, which I hope you never need. 92 00:05:09.839 --> 00:05:12.639 And also I may not be reliable. This is a question. 93 00:05:12.959 --> 00:05:15.040 I'm just going to say one of the questions, but 94 00:05:15.160 --> 00:05:17.759 three different people asked a variation of it. Aaron Herdman 95 00:05:18.000 --> 00:05:22.519 and Alex Introini Intoronini. Alex did that right, I'm sorry. 96 00:05:23.240 --> 00:05:25.519 Both wanted to know is there a name for the 97 00:05:25.639 --> 00:05:29.199 disorientation in panic one feels when considering the vastness of 98 00:05:29.319 --> 00:05:32.600 the universe. Also, do you know of a way to 99 00:05:32.600 --> 00:05:34.360 get past it? There is a name? 100 00:05:35.720 --> 00:05:41.000 So a couple of names. One is cosmic rutigo okay, 101 00:05:41.279 --> 00:05:46.000 and the other is cosmophobia. And I don't know if 102 00:05:46.040 --> 00:05:48.639 these are like official names, but these are names that 103 00:05:48.839 --> 00:05:53.240 I've heard. There's so. A couple of friends and colleagues 104 00:05:53.279 --> 00:05:56.000 of mine have a podcast called cosmic urdigo where they 105 00:05:56.120 --> 00:05:59.600 talk about cosmology and stuff and space and things, but 106 00:05:59.759 --> 00:06:04.079 it's based on that topic. And cosmophobia I know about 107 00:06:04.079 --> 00:06:06.920 because I occasionally get emails from people who say that 108 00:06:07.000 --> 00:06:10.839 they have severe cases and want my help. So it 109 00:06:11.040 --> 00:06:15.120 is a thing. Sometimes people get really really upset about, 110 00:06:15.519 --> 00:06:18.439 like the fastness of space or just like the fact 111 00:06:18.480 --> 00:06:21.560 that we have no control over these huge forces. I 112 00:06:21.600 --> 00:06:24.240 mean that is something like I have moments where I'm like, 113 00:06:24.399 --> 00:06:26.600 WHOA right, Like, because there are things like you know, 114 00:06:26.759 --> 00:06:29.279 black holes are colliding with each other, and and like 115 00:06:29.399 --> 00:06:33.720 the universe is expanding and it's accelerating in its expansion, 116 00:06:33.759 --> 00:06:35.959 and like it's getting bigger and bigger and faster and faster, 117 00:06:36.040 --> 00:06:40.199 and like sometimes you know that stuff is really you know, 118 00:06:40.639 --> 00:06:43.079 I mean you think about your little life and what's 119 00:06:43.160 --> 00:06:45.519 going on in your day to day and at the 120 00:06:45.519 --> 00:06:49.879 same time, like stars are exploding, and you know, and 121 00:06:50.319 --> 00:06:52.839 we have we can look at we can look at 122 00:06:52.879 --> 00:06:56.959 the Big Bang, like we can actually see the primordial 123 00:06:57.040 --> 00:06:59.240 fireball of the Big Bang, Like we can see that. 124 00:06:59.560 --> 00:07:02.879 How ladies and gentlemen, Alley Ward zero chill. 125 00:07:03.120 --> 00:07:05.120 The reason is that the whole universe was hot and 126 00:07:05.240 --> 00:07:09.319 dense and smaller than it is now. So the Big 127 00:07:09.399 --> 00:07:11.879 Bang theory is just the idea that the universe in 128 00:07:11.959 --> 00:07:13.920 the past was smaller and denser and hotter than it 129 00:07:14.000 --> 00:07:15.720 is now. And so if you kind of dial back 130 00:07:15.800 --> 00:07:18.480 the current expansion of the universe, then you get to 131 00:07:19.360 --> 00:07:21.480 the universe being very very small and dense and hot. 132 00:07:21.920 --> 00:07:25.319 And so every point in the universe now was at 133 00:07:25.360 --> 00:07:30.439 some point much hotter and filled with like radiation, right, So, 134 00:07:30.920 --> 00:07:34.160 like this part of the universe now, in the very 135 00:07:34.199 --> 00:07:36.879 distant past was full of radiation and very hot and 136 00:07:37.120 --> 00:07:40.439 very dense. Right. But so when we look out into 137 00:07:40.560 --> 00:07:44.040 other parts of the universe, because light takes time to travel, 138 00:07:44.920 --> 00:07:47.120 every time we look farther away, we're looking farther into 139 00:07:47.160 --> 00:07:49.279 the past. And so we're looking at that part of 140 00:07:49.319 --> 00:07:51.319 the universe as it was maybe a billion years ago 141 00:07:51.560 --> 00:07:53.879 or five billion years ago or whatever. And there's a 142 00:07:53.920 --> 00:07:56.160 part of the universe that's so distant that when we 143 00:07:56.240 --> 00:07:58.560 look at it, we're looking at it as it was 144 00:07:58.879 --> 00:08:04.560 during the time was still on fire. Right, So we look, 145 00:08:04.879 --> 00:08:08.120 as we look into the distance in any direction, we're 146 00:08:08.160 --> 00:08:11.439 seeing that part of the universe as it was when 147 00:08:11.480 --> 00:08:14.600 it was still in that primordial fireball kind of state, 148 00:08:14.959 --> 00:08:17.079 which was how long ago it was, well, that was 149 00:08:17.399 --> 00:08:20.360 that was around So the fireball started to cool around 150 00:08:20.360 --> 00:08:23.319 three hundred and eighty thousand years after the big bang whatever, 151 00:08:23.560 --> 00:08:26.240 after the moment of the beginning whatever you call that, 152 00:08:27.319 --> 00:08:29.720 because this is that's still part of the hot big bang, 153 00:08:29.800 --> 00:08:33.639 which is like the hot phase. So we can actually 154 00:08:33.679 --> 00:08:37.600 see radiation coming from every direction in the sky. That 155 00:08:37.879 --> 00:08:43.000 is the radiation of that heat. Like that that radiation 156 00:08:43.120 --> 00:08:47.200 from that early time just reaching us now from really 157 00:08:47.279 --> 00:08:49.320 distant parts of the universe. And so we can look 158 00:08:49.360 --> 00:08:53.720 at it and we're looking at like the fireball universe. 159 00:08:53.720 --> 00:08:57.120 We're looking at that primordial plasma, and so like we 160 00:08:57.240 --> 00:09:00.440 see the yeah, yeah, and so like we know that 161 00:09:00.519 --> 00:09:03.559 it happened because we can see it. We can watch it, right, 162 00:09:03.840 --> 00:09:05.879 we can actually see parts of the universe that are 163 00:09:05.919 --> 00:09:07.799 still still there as far as we're. 164 00:09:07.720 --> 00:09:10.080 Concerned, and that can give you cosmic fartigogy. 165 00:09:10.159 --> 00:09:13.120 Yeah, yeah, just like just like thinking about like you know, 166 00:09:13.279 --> 00:09:15.840 that was like that was a big important event and 167 00:09:15.960 --> 00:09:19.399 like so this sort of like nice, gentle, stable universe 168 00:09:19.759 --> 00:09:23.440 is not That's not how it always was, and we 169 00:09:23.559 --> 00:09:27.759 don't know, you know, we think that most cosmologists think 170 00:09:27.759 --> 00:09:30.480 at the beginning of the universe, before that hot phase, 171 00:09:30.840 --> 00:09:32.879 there was a period of very rapid expansion of the 172 00:09:33.000 --> 00:09:36.799 universe called inflation. We don't know why that started. We 173 00:09:36.799 --> 00:09:38.399 don't know why that ended. We don't know that that 174 00:09:38.480 --> 00:09:41.759 couldn't just start happening again right here, right now. There 175 00:09:41.840 --> 00:09:46.600 are theories of the theories where you could have you 176 00:09:46.639 --> 00:09:50.399 can have the universe like and right here, right now 177 00:09:50.440 --> 00:09:50.960 in this room. 178 00:09:51.159 --> 00:09:51.679 Oh god. 179 00:09:52.000 --> 00:09:54.799 Oh so this is an idea called vacuum decay, where 180 00:09:54.799 --> 00:09:58.559 you can you can have like the universe like, have 181 00:09:58.720 --> 00:10:03.600 a quantum event happen where one point in the universe 182 00:10:03.720 --> 00:10:07.240 like transitions to this other state it's called another vacuum, 183 00:10:07.360 --> 00:10:11.519 a true vacuum state, and that would create this bubble 184 00:10:12.039 --> 00:10:12.360 of like. 185 00:10:12.600 --> 00:10:16.759 Death again, bubble of death. 186 00:10:18.159 --> 00:10:21.279 That expands out at the speed of light in every direction, 187 00:10:21.879 --> 00:10:25.000 so you would never see it coming. And it's a 188 00:10:25.080 --> 00:10:27.399 probabilistic event. It's a quantum event, so it could happen 189 00:10:27.440 --> 00:10:31.000 at any moment. It probably won't, oh god, you know 190 00:10:31.200 --> 00:10:33.919 it probably probably were just wrong about the theory. And 191 00:10:34.200 --> 00:10:36.080 even if we weren't wrong about the theory, like the 192 00:10:36.399 --> 00:10:38.840 the sort of timescale that we calculate for it. It 193 00:10:38.919 --> 00:10:42.000 would probably take like, you know, trillions of years or something, 194 00:10:42.600 --> 00:10:44.840 but like it's a probabilistic event. It could happen in 195 00:10:44.840 --> 00:10:47.519 any moment. Technically, it's just with very low probability. So 196 00:10:48.159 --> 00:10:50.120 like that could freak you out. And I've gotten emails 197 00:10:50.159 --> 00:10:51.919 from people like they read about that and they're like, 198 00:10:52.240 --> 00:10:55.360 I can't sleep, and I'm like, I'm sorry, do. 199 00:10:55.399 --> 00:10:56.639 You have any advice for that? 200 00:10:56.919 --> 00:10:59.799 I mean, you know, I tell them, like they so 201 00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:02.320 about vacuum decay, I can tell them like a few things. 202 00:11:02.360 --> 00:11:05.320 One is that we don't know, we don't have any 203 00:11:05.440 --> 00:11:07.759 we don't know for sure that this is even possible. 204 00:11:09.279 --> 00:11:12.279 If it were possible, it probably would have happened in 205 00:11:12.399 --> 00:11:14.840 the very beginning of the universe because the conditions for 206 00:11:14.960 --> 00:11:17.679 it happening then were much more favorable. So it probably 207 00:11:17.679 --> 00:11:19.720 would have already happened if it was going to happen already, 208 00:11:20.039 --> 00:11:22.759 or if it if it was possible at all. And 209 00:11:23.080 --> 00:11:25.360 then I say, well, if it's gonna like you, there's 210 00:11:25.440 --> 00:11:27.559 nothing you can do. Yeah, I mean, like, like it's 211 00:11:27.679 --> 00:11:29.320 it's traveling at the speed of light, you won't even 212 00:11:29.360 --> 00:11:29.919 see it coming. 213 00:11:30.480 --> 00:11:32.360 That's the best way to die. Yeah, you won't. 214 00:11:32.360 --> 00:11:35.279 I mean you won't notice like basically, like like so 215 00:11:35.440 --> 00:11:37.960 it is absolutely the best because you don't see it coming, 216 00:11:38.159 --> 00:11:39.919 so you can't be scared of it. You don't even 217 00:11:39.960 --> 00:11:41.679 really notice it because it's happening at the speed of 218 00:11:41.759 --> 00:11:46.320 light and you're not like around afterward and nothing is around. 219 00:11:46.440 --> 00:11:48.240 Yeah, everyone you love dies at the same time. 220 00:11:48.399 --> 00:11:51.240 Everything dies, everything's gone immediately at the same time. There's 221 00:11:51.279 --> 00:11:53.679 no there's no fomo, right, there's nothing. You're not missing 222 00:11:53.720 --> 00:11:57.039 out on anything because the whole universe is done now, right, like, 223 00:11:57.240 --> 00:11:59.039 and so it's kind of in some sense, it's like 224 00:11:59.120 --> 00:12:02.840 really in consequence because there's like no consequences of it. 225 00:12:02.960 --> 00:12:06.039 It's yeah, so it doesn't matter. Like you could just blink, 226 00:12:06.159 --> 00:12:08.799 you know, and then like like you know, you blink 227 00:12:08.840 --> 00:12:10.559 and like maybe you open your eyes again. Maybe you're 228 00:12:10.639 --> 00:12:14.279 consumed by a vacuum bubble of death, but like who cares, 229 00:12:14.360 --> 00:12:15.080 like who, you don't know. 230 00:12:15.840 --> 00:12:17.919 If I could vote on a way for everything to end, 231 00:12:17.919 --> 00:12:22.480 I would be like totally yeah, vacuum vacuum decay, vacuum decay. Yeah, 232 00:12:22.600 --> 00:12:26.000 that's gonna be my platform. I'm gonna run hurt twenty 233 00:12:26.080 --> 00:12:28.440 twenty Vacuum decay. It is my platform. 234 00:12:28.519 --> 00:12:30.159 It is the best way to end the universe. 235 00:12:30.759 --> 00:12:33.919 Okay, so that's one way to chill out. Paula Herrera 236 00:12:34.000 --> 00:12:35.960 wants to know how scared should we be of a 237 00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:39.440 giant asteroid destroying Earth? Are any of the sci fi 238 00:12:39.759 --> 00:12:42.960 movie methods to save the planet plausible or are we 239 00:12:43.039 --> 00:12:44.960 basically doomed should an asteroid come our way? 240 00:12:45.600 --> 00:12:48.159 Yeah, that's that's a little bit of a sadder point 241 00:12:48.399 --> 00:12:53.200 because like, okay, so we're basically not really monitoring about 242 00:12:53.240 --> 00:12:54.519 half the sky right now. 243 00:12:55.080 --> 00:12:59.759 What Okay, no big deal, No big deal. 244 00:12:59.679 --> 00:13:02.600 Because we used to have some monitoring stations in the 245 00:13:02.840 --> 00:13:07.960 southern hemisphere and they lost funding, So we don't have 246 00:13:08.639 --> 00:13:13.759 as good a handle on like the number of objects 247 00:13:13.799 --> 00:13:17.000 out there that could cause really big problems. There is 248 00:13:17.120 --> 00:13:20.399 like we have there's some kind of like goals about 249 00:13:20.519 --> 00:13:25.440 how many like what fraction of objects above a certain 250 00:13:25.480 --> 00:13:28.679 size we should be you know, aware of, right And 251 00:13:28.799 --> 00:13:31.639 it's like you're supposed to see ninety percent of objects 252 00:13:31.679 --> 00:13:36.000 above some size or whatever, and we're not really there. 253 00:13:37.039 --> 00:13:39.840 So I think there are programs being put together now, 254 00:13:39.879 --> 00:13:44.039 and there's there's efforts to have a better catalog. It's 255 00:13:44.120 --> 00:13:46.919 not like we're due for a giant you know, impact 256 00:13:47.000 --> 00:13:49.320 or anything like. It's you know, these are still things 257 00:13:49.399 --> 00:13:52.320 that are probably not gonna happen anytime soon. But but 258 00:13:52.759 --> 00:13:56.159 I can't honestly tell you that, like we're on top 259 00:13:56.200 --> 00:14:00.279 of it. Wow, like we have you know, we're nitor 260 00:14:00.440 --> 00:14:03.320 a lot, but we're not monitoring enough to say that, 261 00:14:03.600 --> 00:14:08.080 Like we definitely don't have anything coming in. So okay, 262 00:14:08.200 --> 00:14:11.120 so whether or not we could stop it, like okay, 263 00:14:11.240 --> 00:14:14.919 So there's there are a couple of methods. If we 264 00:14:15.000 --> 00:14:18.759 find out about it early enough, like five years ahead, 265 00:14:18.840 --> 00:14:22.399 ten years ahead, then there's a possibility of sending a 266 00:14:22.440 --> 00:14:26.960 spacecraft to it and changing the course of it in 267 00:14:27.080 --> 00:14:29.879 some way. You don't want to just blow it up, 268 00:14:30.200 --> 00:14:32.799 partially because some of these things are like kind of 269 00:14:33.080 --> 00:14:36.720 loose rebbel piles and so it wouldn't really work to 270 00:14:36.840 --> 00:14:39.679 try to blow it up, but also because like if 271 00:14:39.720 --> 00:14:42.080 you have a huge asteroid and then you blow it up, 272 00:14:42.159 --> 00:14:44.159 then you have like a bunch of smaller asteroids and 273 00:14:44.200 --> 00:14:49.039 that's not always better. Yeah, But but there there are 274 00:14:49.080 --> 00:14:52.799 a bunch of really cool ideas for just nudging it 275 00:14:52.840 --> 00:14:54.200 a little bit. And if you find out about it 276 00:14:54.320 --> 00:14:56.759 long enough in the you know, before it comes, then 277 00:14:56.759 --> 00:14:58.240 you don't have to nudge it very far at all 278 00:14:58.440 --> 00:15:00.399 to get it totally off course it will miss the Earth. 279 00:15:01.360 --> 00:15:04.120 So like one of them is to take a really 280 00:15:04.200 --> 00:15:07.480 really massive spacecraft and just like park it next to 281 00:15:07.600 --> 00:15:09.759 the asteroid in the orbit for a while and so 282 00:15:10.200 --> 00:15:12.679 it gets like pulled a little bit by the gravity 283 00:15:12.720 --> 00:15:15.000 of the spacecraft. And that can if you get it 284 00:15:15.159 --> 00:15:19.440 early enough. That's called gravitational tractor. Yeah, if you get 285 00:15:19.480 --> 00:15:22.200 it early enough, that can work. There are other ideas 286 00:15:22.279 --> 00:15:27.519 about like creating like a giant sack and like like 287 00:15:28.320 --> 00:15:31.639 capturing it in a sack, because you can't necessarily it's 288 00:15:31.639 --> 00:15:33.320 not necessarily like a solid thing. 289 00:15:33.720 --> 00:15:35.200 How are you going to make a bag? They're gonna 290 00:15:35.200 --> 00:15:36.279 have to put her on an asteroid. 291 00:15:36.399 --> 00:15:38.200 I mean it depends on the size of the asteroid, right, 292 00:15:38.240 --> 00:15:38.879 But I mean. 293 00:15:38.759 --> 00:15:40.240 I don't know, like this is made out of like 294 00:15:40.440 --> 00:15:43.440 my lar cat on tape. 295 00:15:43.480 --> 00:15:43.879 I don't know. 296 00:15:44.440 --> 00:15:47.200 I'm sorry, I'm a little activated by this. I looked 297 00:15:47.279 --> 00:15:50.200 up asteroid bags. I was distracted for a few minutes 298 00:15:50.279 --> 00:15:53.399 on some Galaxy printed tots and duffels, and I was like, oh, 299 00:15:53.440 --> 00:15:55.840 that's nice, and then okay, I realized its space people 300 00:15:55.960 --> 00:15:58.639 call these capture bags like it's just no big deal, 301 00:15:59.240 --> 00:16:02.360 like just use to collect fallen leaves or a dog doodle. 302 00:16:02.879 --> 00:16:05.279 But NASA introduced a plant a few years ago, and 303 00:16:05.519 --> 00:16:08.559 I asked the search engine gods what the bag might 304 00:16:08.639 --> 00:16:11.480 be made of, and I found out it could be inflatable, 305 00:16:11.879 --> 00:16:15.960 could be metal mesh, or could just be high strength material. 306 00:16:16.240 --> 00:16:18.840 Sounds like they're figuring that out too. My guess is 307 00:16:19.320 --> 00:16:22.080 it's just a very large blue Ikia bag toe that 308 00:16:22.159 --> 00:16:23.600 fucker in. Those things are strong. 309 00:16:23.679 --> 00:16:26.279 It's another idea, which is even which is also really cool, 310 00:16:26.320 --> 00:16:29.840 where you like spray spray paint half of the object 311 00:16:29.960 --> 00:16:33.080 so that it changes like the reflectivity, and then that 312 00:16:33.240 --> 00:16:35.279 means that like the solar wind will push a little 313 00:16:35.320 --> 00:16:37.240 bit more on one half than the other in some way, 314 00:16:37.279 --> 00:16:39.679 and that can change the trajectory. So there are a 315 00:16:39.679 --> 00:16:40.720 couple of possibilities. 316 00:16:40.799 --> 00:16:41.960 Those are some good options. 317 00:16:42.159 --> 00:16:44.720 Yeah yeah, but you need a lot of lean time and. 318 00:16:46.240 --> 00:16:48.039 A lot of paint in a really big bag. 319 00:16:48.279 --> 00:16:49.120 Yeah yeah. 320 00:16:49.320 --> 00:16:51.200 Oh my god. I just can't believe that we're kind 321 00:16:51.200 --> 00:16:52.240 of sleeping on the job there. 322 00:16:52.360 --> 00:16:54.679 I mean, it's like we're not. I mean, there are people, 323 00:16:54.799 --> 00:16:57.360 there's a lot of a lot of these things are 324 00:16:57.399 --> 00:17:00.320 being monitored, and there's nothing that we know about that's 325 00:17:00.360 --> 00:17:03.799 anytime soon coming as a threat. But there's also like 326 00:17:03.960 --> 00:17:06.319 we're not we're not fully on top of this in 327 00:17:06.359 --> 00:17:07.759 the way that I feel like we should be. 328 00:17:07.880 --> 00:17:09.079 Oh Man, good to know. 329 00:17:09.440 --> 00:17:12.119 Yeah, Russell Kelly wants to know. Will the universe expand 330 00:17:12.160 --> 00:17:14.519 forever or will it eventually collapse in on itself? 331 00:17:14.640 --> 00:17:18.640 That is a great question. Based on our current understanding 332 00:17:18.720 --> 00:17:20.400 and the data that we have now, it looks like 333 00:17:20.480 --> 00:17:22.920 it will expand forever, which will lead to something called 334 00:17:22.920 --> 00:17:26.319 the heat death, which is the most depressing way for 335 00:17:26.440 --> 00:17:30.480 the universe to and which is that like that we 336 00:17:30.599 --> 00:17:32.960 have dark energy. Dark energy is whatever is making the 337 00:17:33.039 --> 00:17:36.680 universe expand faster and faster. If it's a cosmological constant, 338 00:17:36.759 --> 00:17:38.839 which is just a kind of dark energy that first 339 00:17:39.200 --> 00:17:41.319 invented by Einstein, but it seems to be the case, 340 00:17:42.519 --> 00:17:46.000 then what will happen is that over time the other 341 00:17:46.240 --> 00:17:49.599 galaxies will get farther and farther away. Not Andramata, the 342 00:17:49.640 --> 00:17:52.799 Andromeda galaxy is coming for us now. It's on its way. 343 00:17:52.839 --> 00:17:55.039 It's going to collide with the Milky Way in about 344 00:17:55.079 --> 00:17:58.720 four billion years. Okay, that'll be fine whatever, But then 345 00:17:59.039 --> 00:18:01.400 you know, the more dist galaxies will just get farther 346 00:18:01.480 --> 00:18:03.880 and farther away, and eventually we won't be able to 347 00:18:03.920 --> 00:18:06.640 see any other galaxies outside of our little local group. 348 00:18:06.799 --> 00:18:08.880 This is like when all your friends grow up and 349 00:18:08.960 --> 00:18:11.599 move out to the suburbs or like get rich and 350 00:18:11.640 --> 00:18:12.839 go to Santa Monica. 351 00:18:13.000 --> 00:18:14.559 And then you know, we won't be able to see 352 00:18:14.599 --> 00:18:17.240 like the cosm mic right background anymore that the after 353 00:18:17.319 --> 00:18:19.279 glow of the Big Bang. It'll so the universe will 354 00:18:19.319 --> 00:18:21.880 just get really really dark and really empty, and then 355 00:18:22.000 --> 00:18:24.519 our our little group of galaxies will kind of be 356 00:18:24.640 --> 00:18:28.480 combined to one big blob. But eventually, like all the 357 00:18:28.519 --> 00:18:30.559 stars will burn out because they'll run out of fuel 358 00:18:30.599 --> 00:18:32.559 and there's no more like gas coming in to make 359 00:18:32.640 --> 00:18:35.640 new stars from other galaxies, So the stars will burn out, 360 00:18:35.759 --> 00:18:37.720 and then like a bunch of things will collapse into 361 00:18:37.759 --> 00:18:40.559 black holes, and the black holes will evaporate, and like 362 00:18:40.720 --> 00:18:43.920 the protons will decay, and like everything will just kind 363 00:18:43.960 --> 00:18:48.480 of like decay into nothingness. And then then like there'll 364 00:18:48.519 --> 00:18:53.079 be this like it'll be this really empty, cold, dark 365 00:18:53.839 --> 00:18:57.160 universe with nothing in it and no like and just 366 00:18:57.319 --> 00:19:01.039 like this tiny amount of radiation and no ability for 367 00:19:01.200 --> 00:19:04.759 any new structures to form, except maybe through some kind 368 00:19:04.799 --> 00:19:06.559 of quantum process, which is kind of a cool thing 369 00:19:06.599 --> 00:19:07.920 with those is another topic. 370 00:19:07.880 --> 00:19:09.680 That's so goddamn lonely. Yeah. 371 00:19:10.119 --> 00:19:11.200 Yeah, it's called the heat death. 372 00:19:11.440 --> 00:19:13.920 So what happens when the Andromeda Galaxy collides with the 373 00:19:13.960 --> 00:19:16.279 Milky Way though you've cleaned right over that, What the 374 00:19:16.359 --> 00:19:17.079 hell is that about? 375 00:19:18.279 --> 00:19:21.599 That's really cool? Actually, So the Andromeda galaxy is a 376 00:19:21.880 --> 00:19:26.400 spiral galaxy like her own. It's it's got about it's 377 00:19:26.400 --> 00:19:29.799 got about a trillion stars, it's more massive than the 378 00:19:29.839 --> 00:19:32.799 Milky Way, and it's got a super massive black hole. 379 00:19:33.599 --> 00:19:37.640 And they're all coming toward us at something like I 380 00:19:37.680 --> 00:19:42.240 think it was like one hundred kilometers a second. Anyway, 381 00:19:42.319 --> 00:19:44.160 they're all they're all coming toward us right now. 382 00:19:44.400 --> 00:19:46.279 And is it gonna smishy smash. 383 00:19:46.519 --> 00:19:48.759 Yeah, it's gonna it's gonna come and in about four 384 00:19:48.799 --> 00:19:52.240 billion years it'll get here and it'll it'll collide with 385 00:19:52.319 --> 00:19:54.640 the Milky Way galaxy. And the way that galaxies collide 386 00:19:54.680 --> 00:19:57.079 is kind of cool. They like sort of merge and 387 00:19:57.240 --> 00:19:59.960 like they make these long trails of stars coming out 388 00:20:00.319 --> 00:20:03.680 and it'll be this sort of like really spectacular light 389 00:20:03.759 --> 00:20:06.880 show of like gasle collide and make new stars, and 390 00:20:06.920 --> 00:20:09.359 there'll be this burst of star formation, and the black 391 00:20:09.440 --> 00:20:12.359 holes might like turn on and start like pulling in 392 00:20:12.480 --> 00:20:15.480 matter and like getting really bright, and stars will be 393 00:20:15.559 --> 00:20:18.680 flung out into space and on these long tails. 394 00:20:19.000 --> 00:20:22.079 The sounds like a warehouse space rave. I'm not gonna lie. 395 00:20:22.599 --> 00:20:23.359 I'd be down for this. 396 00:20:23.799 --> 00:20:27.359 But because galaxy is, because there is so much space 397 00:20:27.519 --> 00:20:31.559 between stars in galaxies, probably our solar system will not 398 00:20:32.119 --> 00:20:35.200 be affected. Okay, like probably we'll just like this. The 399 00:20:35.279 --> 00:20:37.759 sky will get really interesting, but you know, it'll also 400 00:20:37.799 --> 00:20:39.920 be four billion years from now, so the Sun will 401 00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:42.599