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<v Speaker 1>Hello and welcome to episode one of Crime and Deviants

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<v Speaker 1>for the Sociology Show podcast. In this episode, we're going

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<v Speaker 1>to think about what's the difference between a criminal and

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<v Speaker 1>a devian act, how is crime and deviants relative, how

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<v Speaker 1>is crime and deviants socially constructed? And also who is

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<v Speaker 1>the typical victim according to official statistics. So let's start

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<v Speaker 1>with what is the difference between a crime and a

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<v Speaker 1>devian act? Well, a crime is to find as something

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<v Speaker 1>that breaks the law and as such may follow criminal

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<v Speaker 1>proceedings such as a police caution, court proceedings and for

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<v Speaker 1>serious offenses prison. Different societies have different laws and therefore

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<v Speaker 1>crime can be seen as fluid and relative as a concept.

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<v Speaker 1>Examples of crimes in the UK are theft, murder or rape.

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<v Speaker 1>Deviance is a much broader term, and it's something that

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<v Speaker 1>breaks the informal rules or the norms that are accepted

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<v Speaker 1>by the majority of a society. For example, burping during

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<v Speaker 1>a meal is considered a deviant act in some societies

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<v Speaker 1>but is socially acceptable in others. Nevertheless, you will not

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<v Speaker 1>get a fine, or go to court or be imprisoned

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<v Speaker 1>if you did commit a deviant act, as these are

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<v Speaker 1>dealt with via informal sections, so things such as exclusion

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<v Speaker 1>or shame, or gossiping or a glance. These terms can

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<v Speaker 1>become more complicated as most crimes are deviant, however, not

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<v Speaker 1>all are. A crime like murder, is both against the

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<v Speaker 1>law and deviant. However, some acts such as breaking the

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<v Speaker 1>law to protect the environment or parking on a double

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<v Speaker 1>yellow line, are criminal but not always seen as deviant.

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<v Speaker 1>We must remember that what is socially acceptable can be subjective,

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<v Speaker 1>and therefore we don't all categorize acts in exactly the

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<v Speaker 1>same way. To clarify, some acts are just criminal, some

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<v Speaker 1>are just deviant, and others are both criminal and deviant.

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<v Speaker 1>The key thing for you to remember is a criminal

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<v Speaker 1>act is something that breaks the law, whereas a deviant

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<v Speaker 1>act is something that just breaks a norm of society.

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<v Speaker 1>So let's move on to this idea of relativity. Room

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<v Speaker 1>and deviants are relative, and there are three factors that

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<v Speaker 1>you should really try and remember for your exam, and

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<v Speaker 1>that is that crime is relative to time, place, and person.

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<v Speaker 1>Let's start with time. What constitutes a criminal act can

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<v Speaker 1>depend on the time or era in which it took place.

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<v Speaker 1>For example, the sociologist Fuco shows us the homosexuality was

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<v Speaker 1>illegal in England and Wales until nineteen sixty seven. After

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<v Speaker 1>that it became legal. As we go through time, it

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<v Speaker 1>also becomes more socially acceptable. In the early two thousands,

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<v Speaker 1>people of the same sex could have a civil partnership,

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<v Speaker 1>and by twenty thirteen and twenty fourteen we allowed gay

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<v Speaker 1>marriage in the UK. So if we were asked, is

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<v Speaker 1>homosexuality illegal in the UK, well, it depends what time

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<v Speaker 1>we're talking about. Pre nineteen sixty seven it would be.

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<v Speaker 1>Post nineteen sixty seven it wouldn't be. There are also

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<v Speaker 1>other areas that have changed. For example, abortion was not

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<v Speaker 1>legalized in England, Scotland and Wales until the introduction of

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<v Speaker 1>the Aborda Act in nineteen sixty seven. Driving without a

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<v Speaker 1>seat belt was not criminalized in the UK until nineteen

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<v Speaker 1>eighty three. So one way in which crime can be

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<v Speaker 1>seen as relative is due to time or when a

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<v Speaker 1>crime actually took place. Let's think about place in terms

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<v Speaker 1>of place, we can see what constitutes a crime is

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<v Speaker 1>relative to where you are. Fuko again talks about how

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<v Speaker 1>an act can change from place to place in his

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<v Speaker 1>discourse theory. For example, having sex under the age of

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<v Speaker 1>sixteen in Britain is a criminal offense, whereas in Germany

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<v Speaker 1>and Italy the age of consent is fourteen, So having

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<v Speaker 1>sex at the age of fifteen is a criminal act

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<v Speaker 1>in some places but not in others. In Saudi Arabia,

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<v Speaker 1>homosexual or extramarital sexual relations, including adultery, are illegal and

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<v Speaker 1>can be subject to severe penalties. It's also illegal to

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<v Speaker 1>be transgender in Saudi Arabia. In addition, it could also

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<v Speaker 1>be unacceptable for men to wear shorts in public. In

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<v Speaker 1>regard to deviance, it could be deviant in the UK

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<v Speaker 1>to be naked on the street, but not in your

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<v Speaker 1>own home. Therefore, the place in which the act takes

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<v Speaker 1>place plays a significant role in classifying what is and

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<v Speaker 1>what isn't deviant or criminal. Then we have the person

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<v Speaker 1>that actually commits the act. In terms of person, what

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<v Speaker 1>is deemed a crime may depend on who you are.

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<v Speaker 1>For example, drinking alcohol is illegal for under sixteens in

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<v Speaker 1>the UK, yet adults are allowed to drink as much

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<v Speaker 1>as they want. Therefore, it is relative to a person's

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<v Speaker 1>age or status. Interactionists such as Sigarel are interested in

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<v Speaker 1>how the status of a person may affect their chances

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<v Speaker 1>of being labeled as a criminal. For example, he found

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<v Speaker 1>that working class youths were more likely to get a

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<v Speaker 1>criminal record than middle class uths because of police expectations,

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<v Speaker 1>regardless of the fact that they were both doing the

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<v Speaker 1>same types of crimes or activities. In terms of deviants,

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<v Speaker 1>it's normal if you were to skip along the street

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<v Speaker 1>if you're a young child, but if adults started to

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<v Speaker 1>do it, they will be looked at a little bit oddly. Therefore,

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<v Speaker 1>what constitutes a crime and deviant act is relative to

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<v Speaker 1>who you are to So if you were to get

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<v Speaker 1>a question on crime being relative, try and remember those

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<v Speaker 1>three factors time, person, and place. All of this demonstrates

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<v Speaker 1>then that crime and deviance is what we call socially constructed,

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<v Speaker 1>and this means that is created and defined by society.

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<v Speaker 1>A common sense understanding of crime and deviants is that

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<v Speaker 1>certain acts are wrong and will always be this way. However,

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<v Speaker 1>we should open our minds beyond this idea and think

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<v Speaker 1>what is classified as criminal or deviant is the result

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<v Speaker 1>of society's definitions and not the actual act itself. Think

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<v Speaker 1>of a soldier who has to kill in the line

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<v Speaker 1>of duty. Some people would call them a hero or

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<v Speaker 1>a heroine for what they did, whereas others would say

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<v Speaker 1>that they were a murderer. However, some sociologists, such as

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<v Speaker 1>the interactionist Howard Becker, wants us to think carefully about

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<v Speaker 1>this and ask ourselves, is is there really any difference

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<v Speaker 1>between a soldier and a person in prison for murder.

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<v Speaker 1>If crime is a social construction, as sociologists believer is,

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<v Speaker 1>then we need a fundamental shift away from seeing acts

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<v Speaker 1>and people as criminal or deviant and start looking at

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<v Speaker 1>the role of powerful groups like the police, courts, and

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<v Speaker 1>media who define a person's actions as criminal or deviant.

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<v Speaker 1>So there's another couple of terms that are really useful

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<v Speaker 1>here to understand, and one is social order and the

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<v Speaker 1>other is social control. Social order is defined as the

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<v Speaker 1>general order of conformity to shared norms and values. We

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<v Speaker 1>don't always recognize this. Look around you and you'll see

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<v Speaker 1>examples of social order all the time, students working in

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<v Speaker 1>the classroom, people in the street, drivers adhering to the

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<v Speaker 1>rules of the road, and so on. Social control is

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<v Speaker 1>defined as the process by which people are persuaded to

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<v Speaker 1>obey rules and conform. Agents of socialization, such as the

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<v Speaker 1>police and courts, are influential in persuading us to adhere

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<v Speaker 1>to the rules or suffer the consequences for not doing so.

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<v Speaker 1>You must remember that there are two forms of social control,

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<v Speaker 1>and this is really useful to understand. We have informal

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<v Speaker 1>social control, and this is carried out by agencies such

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<v Speaker 1>as the media, family or friends. It's a more subtle

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<v Speaker 1>form of control and includes both positive and negative sanctions.

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<v Speaker 1>For example, if someone were to make a comment at

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<v Speaker 1>your give you a little glance, they are controlling your behavior,

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<v Speaker 1>but in no more subtle and informal way. Formal social

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<v Speaker 1>control is carried out by agencies specifically set up to

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<v Speaker 1>control our behavior, such as the police, the courts, and

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<v Speaker 1>the army, and of course they can give more severe punishments.

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<v Speaker 1>As already mentioned, the police can give fines, they can

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<v Speaker 1>give cautions, and ultimately they can also give prison sentences

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<v Speaker 1>as well. So let's now move on to the victims

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<v Speaker 1>of crime. According to official statistics, who are more likely

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<v Speaker 1>to be victims. When we analyze the data for the

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<v Speaker 1>Crime Survey for England and Wales, we can see lots

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<v Speaker 1>of dif different variations. For example, with gender, one variation

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<v Speaker 1>between male and female victimization shows that males are much

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<v Speaker 1>more likely to be victims of homicide that means murder,

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<v Speaker 1>whereas females are much more likely to be the victims

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<v Speaker 1>of domestic abuse. However, we also need to consider what

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<v Speaker 1>we call intersectionality. This is a person's multiple identities such

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<v Speaker 1>as their class, their age, their gender, ethnicity, etc. That

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<v Speaker 1>create different levels of discrimination or privilege. To these findings,

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<v Speaker 1>the variations within these gender trends and patterns of victimization change.

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<v Speaker 1>So let's take victims of homicide and think about gender

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<v Speaker 1>and age. Variations between male and female homicide rates in

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<v Speaker 1>England and Wales show that males are sixty four percent

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<v Speaker 1>more likely to be victims and females at thirty six percent. However,

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<v Speaker 1>intersectionality if we apply age to these findings, we can

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<v Speaker 1>see that female homicide victims were mostly older than males,

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<v Speaker 1>often between the ages of twenty five to thirty four.

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<v Speaker 1>Male victims were comparatively younger, with higher proportions within the

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<v Speaker 1>age of sixteen to twenty four. Therefore, males are more

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<v Speaker 1>likely to view victim of murder, but this is more

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<v Speaker 1>likely to happen between the ages of sixteen and twenty four,

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<v Speaker 1>whereas female murder victims are less frequent but more likely

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<v Speaker 1>to be slightly older between the ages of twenty five

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<v Speaker 1>to thirty four. Let's compare that to victims of domestic violence.

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<v Speaker 1>The variation between males and females and domestic violence shows

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<v Speaker 1>that the proportion of females experiencing domestic violence is around

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<v Speaker 1>seven point three percent of the population. That is around

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<v Speaker 1>double that of males at three point six percent. Is

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<v Speaker 1>therefore clear that females experience domestic violence more than males. However,

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<v Speaker 1>with intersectionality, there seems to be clear variations within these

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<v Speaker 1>statistics based on age and social class. Women aged twenty

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<v Speaker 1>to twenty four years were significantly more likely to be

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<v Speaker 1>victims of any domestic abuse in the last twelve months

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<v Speaker 1>than women in Ana any other age group. Therefore, younger

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<v Speaker 1>females are statistically more likely to experience domestic violence. When

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<v Speaker 1>we look at social class, females with a lower household

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<v Speaker 1>income were around twenty one percent of all domestic violence victims.

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<v Speaker 1>More middle class women are around twelve point five percent,

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<v Speaker 1>and with high income around four percent. These figures show

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<v Speaker 1>us that age and social class are very important factors,

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<v Speaker 1>and this intersectionality gives us a better understanding of patterns

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<v Speaker 1>and trends of domestic violence among female victims. So for yourself,

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<v Speaker 1>it's really important if you were giving examples in relation

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<v Speaker 1>to gender, to remember that men are more likely to

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<v Speaker 1>be victims of being attacked or being a victim of homicide,

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<v Speaker 1>whereas females are more likely to be a victim of

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<v Speaker 1>domestic violence. Let's think about some statistics in terms of

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<v Speaker 1>victimization and ethnicity. First of all, we have what's called

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<v Speaker 1>interracial crime rates. This is between different racial or ethnic groups.

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<v Speaker 1>These statistics that people of mixed ethnicity are more likely

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<v Speaker 1>to be the victim of crime. In twenty twenty, the

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<v Speaker 1>figure for ethnic groups and victimization where mixed twenty percent,

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<v Speaker 1>Asian fifteen percent, Black groups fourteen percent, and white thirteen percent.

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<v Speaker 1>Home Office figures also show that black people are five

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<v Speaker 1>times more likely to be murdered than white people in

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<v Speaker 1>the UK. That's clear evidence of interracial victimization. We also

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<v Speaker 1>have what's called intra racial crime rates. This is within

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<v Speaker 1>racial or ethnic groups, and these statistics shasts that the

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<v Speaker 1>most violent crime is interracial. That means black on black

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<v Speaker 1>or white on white, etc. Home Office intraracial figures show

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<v Speaker 1>that one third of gun murder victims and suspects were black.

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<v Speaker 1>So all of these figures show us there are clear

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<v Speaker 1>variations between different social groups, i e. Males are more

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<v Speaker 1>likely to be victims of murder, females are more likely

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<v Speaker 1>to be victims of domestic violence, Mixed ethnicity groups are

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<v Speaker 1>more likely to be the victims of crime in general. However,

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<v Speaker 1>it's also important to pinpoint these variations within these trends

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<v Speaker 1>and patterns ies. Social class can play a huge significant

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<v Speaker 1>role in domestic violence, age can play a role in homicide.

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<v Speaker 1>Social class plays a role in differing ethnic levels of victimization.

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<v Speaker 1>This intersectionality provides a deeper understanding of patterns and trends

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<v Speaker 1>of victimization. However, it is also important to note that

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<v Speaker 1>the Crime Survey for England and Wales is only one

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<v Speaker 1>way of measuring crime, and this method does have some weaknesses.

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<v Speaker 1>It's also important to keep in mind that different sociological

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<v Speaker 1>perspectives have differing and sometimes contrasting views on crime and

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<v Speaker 1>victims of crime. For example, Marxists would point out that

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<v Speaker 1>all proletariats are victims of crime because of the bourgeoisie

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<v Speaker 1>and due to capitalism, whereas feminists would argue that patriarchy

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<v Speaker 1>victimizes all females in ways that can be seen as

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<v Speaker 1>criminal in today's society. So just to recap have a

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<v Speaker 1>think about these areas. Can you now define what is

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<v Speaker 1>meant by crime? Can you define what is meant by deviants?

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<v Speaker 1>Could you give an example of a criminal act? Could

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<v Speaker 1>you give an example of a deviant act? Could you

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<v Speaker 1>name the three factors which make crime and deviance relative?

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<v Speaker 1>Could you name at least three different patterns in relation

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<v Speaker 1>to victimization and crime. Thank you for listening to part one.

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<v Speaker 1>In part two, we will look at how crime is measured.

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<v Speaker 1>The Sociology Show podcast now offers online tutoring. Whether you

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<v Speaker 1>Thank you for your continued to support of the show.