WEBVTT

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<v Speaker 1>Get value. You can't argue with at Tesco with their

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<v Speaker 1>amazing club card prices. Serve up something special with our

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<v Speaker 1>finest meal deal for two starring one main, two sides

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<v Speaker 1>and a mix of rainbow root vegetables, and enjoy Goozillionaire

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<v Speaker 1>or Solder Caramel cheesecake. Can't argue with that shop in

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<v Speaker 1>store or online Tesco. Every little helps available the most stores,

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<v Speaker 1>prices very in express.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh hey, it's your sister's friend who ate string cheese

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<v Speaker 2>by just biting it, and you think of her with

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<v Speaker 2>disdain every time you eat a string cheese. Ali Ward

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<v Speaker 2>back with another episode of Ologies. So it's June and

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<v Speaker 2>here in the Northern Hemisphere things are getting balmy. Short

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<v Speaker 2>shorts are getting dusted off, mineral based coral safe sunscreens

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<v Speaker 2>are being applied, and days are getting longer, partly because

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<v Speaker 2>we may be stuck at a desk counting down until

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<v Speaker 2>we can be at a barbecue or on an island.

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<v Speaker 2>So let's do an episode on islands. Okay, great, we're

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<v Speaker 2>already doing it. Now before we sail into the horizon,

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<v Speaker 2>let's think a few folks, namely all the patrons on

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<v Speaker 2>patreon dot com who contribute a dollar a month or

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<v Speaker 2>more to submit questions. And thank you to all the

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<v Speaker 2>folks who boost up the show by rating and subscribing

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<v Speaker 2>and telling friends, and of course by reviewing, which we

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<v Speaker 2>all know. I gingerly creep and choose a fresh one

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<v Speaker 2>to read, such as this one by Charlie CC four,

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<v Speaker 2>who apparently describes me as if leslie Nope, and doctor

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<v Speaker 2>Johnson homeschooled and of green Gables until yesterday and then

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<v Speaker 2>released her totally feral on an unsuspecting faculty lounge. Oh

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<v Speaker 2>and she was goth and all of that was a compliment.

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<v Speaker 2>Those are facts and I appreciate them so much. Oh

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<v Speaker 2>and thank you Brian one nine five seven seven for

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<v Speaker 2>calling me the frosting on the pop tart of science,

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<v Speaker 2>which I'm going to tattoo on my back like a

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<v Speaker 2>book blurb. Okay, so island ecology, let's disembark. Let's get

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<v Speaker 2>into it. So the word island comes from some crackled

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<v Speaker 2>old Proto Germanic for thing on the water. But the

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<v Speaker 2>Latin for island is insula. So if something is very insular,

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<v Speaker 2>it's inaccessible or cut off. Even insulation comes from the

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<v Speaker 2>root for island. Isn't that cool? And payne in Latin

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<v Speaker 2>means almost, so a paynee insula peninsula is almost at island.

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<v Speaker 2>Thank you so much for still listening while we had

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<v Speaker 2>that word nerd detour.

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<v Speaker 3>Okay.

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<v Speaker 2>Also, ecology comes from a root word for dwelling, so

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<v Speaker 2>island ecology what dwells on these things in the water. Now,

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<v Speaker 2>this ologist was just a chance meeting in the middle

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<v Speaker 2>of the continent. I had just happened to have a

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<v Speaker 2>few hours free in Omaha on my recent Patreon funded

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<v Speaker 2>Midwest road trip to collect interviews and via Twitter, I

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<v Speaker 2>was headed to Creighton University to meet with behavioral ecologist

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<v Speaker 2>doctor Amy Worthington to talk about crickets boning, and as

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<v Speaker 2>it turned out, also in the building was this ologist

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<v Speaker 2>who studies how things live and develop and evolve on islands,

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<v Speaker 2>how Darwinian dramas play out on these tinier insular stages.

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<v Speaker 2>He is an adjunct assistant professor at Creighton University. He

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<v Speaker 2>got his BA in biology the University of Saint Thomas,

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<v Speaker 2>a PhD an ecology and evolutionary biology from Iowa State University,

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<v Speaker 2>and did postdoc work on Galapagos endemic snails. So before

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<v Speaker 2>I headed off to North Dakota that day, I was

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<v Speaker 2>able to sit down with him for thirty short, precious

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<v Speaker 2>minutes and ask him all about his research in where

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<v Speaker 2>else the Galapagos Islands themselves, which he's still doing so

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<v Speaker 2>we focus a lot on them as a model, and

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<v Speaker 2>he explained to me how adaptations are different in smaller territories,

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<v Speaker 2>how islands are impacted by invasive species, including humans. We

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<v Speaker 2>talked about spirate history, a weird disappearance of a barrenness,

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<v Speaker 2>goats throwing wrenches into things, giant animals, tiny animals, volcanoes, goldilocks, zones,

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<v Speaker 2>and what we're doing to re establish populations threatened by

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<v Speaker 2>the advances of you know, GPS and ships and planes

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<v Speaker 2>and us so brave, some rocky waters and drop an

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<v Speaker 2>anchor were island ecologists, Doctor Andy Kramer.

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<v Speaker 4>We're going to end up talking about islands and stuff. Okay, cool,

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<v Speaker 4>because I can, and I think that the best advocates

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<v Speaker 4>for what I study are the.

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<v Speaker 5>Things I study.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, so you are an island ecologist, and so does

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<v Speaker 2>that mean you study how islands kind of keep a

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<v Speaker 2>balance of.

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<v Speaker 6>Everything in part One thing that we find with a

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<v Speaker 6>lot of island systems is that things are not in

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<v Speaker 6>balance really, and so yeah, they're just all kind of

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<v Speaker 6>moving along at breakneck pace and things are incredibly dynamic.

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<v Speaker 2>My mind is already blown because I thought, like, if

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<v Speaker 2>you're an island and no one's come to fus with you,

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<v Speaker 2>everything's perfect and don't touch it.

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<v Speaker 6>Yeah, no, no, no, everything is always in flux. So

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<v Speaker 6>like I work in Galapagos, which is a volcanic archipelago,

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<v Speaker 6>and because of that, there are eruptions on a regular basis,

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<v Speaker 6>and so places that look like really nice little habitats

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<v Speaker 6>of the snails that I study. For example, you'd have

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<v Speaker 6>a little nice system and you might go there and

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<v Speaker 6>sample it, and then a year later it's covered in lava.

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<v Speaker 5>Oh wow.

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<v Speaker 6>So yeah, you always have to be ready for that change.

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<v Speaker 6>And on top of it, down there there's the El

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<v Speaker 6>Nino system hits it pretty heavily, and so there's incredible

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<v Speaker 6>variation from year to year. And so yeah, things are

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<v Speaker 6>always moving around, and.

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<v Speaker 2>How long have you been studying islands?

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<v Speaker 6>So let's see here. I finished my PhD into twenty fourteen,

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<v Speaker 6>and then I moved on to the University of Idaho

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<v Speaker 6>from Iowa State, and there are no islands in these places. Well,

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<v Speaker 6>there are lots of islands, but not the ocean archipelagos

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<v Speaker 6>that I'm most interested in.

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<v Speaker 2>There, I stand corrected, I'm humbled. I am a horse's

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<v Speaker 2>rear end.

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<v Speaker 6>And so I was her first post doc and I

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<v Speaker 6>got into that system.

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<v Speaker 2>Then, so there are islands in Idaho and Iowa.

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<v Speaker 6>I'm such a There are islands everywhere, so yeah, we'll

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<v Speaker 6>think about it Biologically, an island is a patch of

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<v Speaker 6>habitat that is isolated from other similar patches of habitat.

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<v Speaker 6>So you could think of a pond or a lake

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<v Speaker 6>as an island of sorts. Really, it's an island for

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<v Speaker 6>the fish, right.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh my god, you blow them on.

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<v Speaker 5>It's like everything is in reverse. Yeah, sure, so.

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<v Speaker 2>Quick side, real speedy. Let's define island. So the dictionary

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<v Speaker 2>says it means a piece of land surrounded by water,

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<v Speaker 2>or a thing resembling an island, especially in being isolated

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<v Speaker 2>or surrounded in some way. So, yes, a lake could

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<v Speaker 2>be an island. What this world is upside down?

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<v Speaker 4>Human sacrifice, dogs and cats living together.

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<v Speaker 2>So I looked up with the largest islands on the

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<v Speaker 2>planet are planet where and Greenland Friends is the chunkiest,

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<v Speaker 2>although it may be three land masses connected by an

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<v Speaker 2>ice sheet, so we'll see what happens there. Now. We

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<v Speaker 2>typically think of islands as kind of a respite from

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<v Speaker 2>other terrible human beings who'll ask us to email them

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<v Speaker 2>back or look at pictures of their children, but islands

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<v Speaker 2>also have historically been used as a storage heap for prisoners.

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<v Speaker 2>Take for example, Riker's Island, Alcatraz France had Devil's Island,

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<v Speaker 2>or just Australia the whole thing, which I'm sorry, mid

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<v Speaker 2>Sild doesn't count as an island because you're technically a continent. Sucks,

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<v Speaker 2>but let's give it up, Farossi's because your ancestors knew

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<v Speaker 2>how to have a good time. I'm sure some of

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<v Speaker 2>you descended from a person who was exiled for mooning

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<v Speaker 2>a magistrate or something, and we love you for it. Now,

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<v Speaker 2>what about tiny islands? I started to wonder what's the

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<v Speaker 2>tiniest island? And then I went down this kind of

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<v Speaker 2>existential wormhole about whether or not like a wee pile

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<v Speaker 2>of sand and still water counts, if just one grain

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<v Speaker 2>above the water line was the lilis island on Earth?

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<v Speaker 2>How many microscopic islands exist right now? How many islands

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<v Speaker 2>are being formed and destroyed right now? Luckily Google saved

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<v Speaker 2>me from a williwanka tunnel of thoughts, because, according to

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<v Speaker 2>the British government in eighteen sixty one, an island is

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<v Speaker 2>any dot of land that is either a inhabited or

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<v Speaker 2>b has enough grass for the summer's pasturage of at

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<v Speaker 2>least one sheep very eighteen sixty one. For a long time,

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<v Speaker 2>this tiny jagged nubbin known as Bishop Rock held the

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<v Speaker 2>record as the smallest and in the Middle Ages. Guess

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<v Speaker 2>who inhabited it, Yes, prisoners. Wardens would row them out,

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<v Speaker 2>toss him a few loaves of bread and a bucket

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<v Speaker 2>of fresh water, and then just peace out and let

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<v Speaker 2>them die there now. Centuries later it was home to

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<v Speaker 2>a lighthouse which had a pair of keeper's handy to

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<v Speaker 2>run the lights and warn ships of the rocky shore.

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<v Speaker 2>But then lighthouses became automated in the nineties, so those

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<v Speaker 2>folks were like, I'm out of here. They got off

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<v Speaker 2>the rock and another island then became the world's smallest.

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<v Speaker 2>About the size of a tennis court in a river

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<v Speaker 2>between New York and Ontario, you will find Just Enough

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<v Speaker 2>Room Island. Yes, they went with the I can't believe

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<v Speaker 2>it's not butter self aware naming convention here and what

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<v Speaker 2>you see is certainly what you get. There's a tiny house,

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<v Speaker 2>one tree, and water lapping all around the foundation of

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<v Speaker 2>Just Enough Room Island. Just looking at photos makes me

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<v Speaker 2>feel like I'm drowning. I compare, breathe. It looks like

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<v Speaker 2>the final gasp of a sinking ship. But it's been

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<v Speaker 2>there for a few generations. So Just Enough Room Island

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<v Speaker 2>the tiniest in the world. Look it up.

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<v Speaker 5>Really, you'll feel terrified.

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<v Speaker 2>Now, can you own an island? I don't know. I

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<v Speaker 2>don't know your bank statement. I googled can you buy

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<v Speaker 2>an island?

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<v Speaker 5>Or what?

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<v Speaker 2>And shit you not? You can browse around private islandsonline

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<v Speaker 2>dot com and you could call six acres of Nova

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<v Speaker 2>Scotia Island with otters and deer all yours for four

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<v Speaker 2>hundred thousand dollars. Six acres a Wisconsin private island with

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<v Speaker 2>a house just over three hundred thousand and it appears

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<v Speaker 2>to come with a futon and a barbecue. Now, a

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<v Speaker 2>few islands and Belize were also priced fairly, but that

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<v Speaker 2>might just all be in the title. Like Deadman Key

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<v Speaker 2>has been on the market for a while, and I

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<v Speaker 2>think I know why. Either way, you can buy an

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<v Speaker 2>island for less than a condo in Los Angeles, which

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<v Speaker 2>is inspiring and sad. Anyway, in island ecology, something that

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<v Speaker 2>is an ecosystem of its own is like an island.

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<v Speaker 6>And so really it's biologically. We think of patches of

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<v Speaker 6>habitat as the important thing there with islands, and that's

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<v Speaker 6>how we approach it with our work down in Galapagos.

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<v Speaker 2>And so do you study land islands surrounded by water

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<v Speaker 2>more than water islands surrounded by land.

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<v Speaker 5>Absolutely, I'm a terrestrial person. Certainly feels good to be

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<v Speaker 5>back on dry land.

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<v Speaker 6>Okay, I can swim, but I'm not someone to go

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<v Speaker 6>mucking about in the water collecting data points.

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<v Speaker 5>And where are you from? Originally Wisconsin?

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<v Speaker 2>And oh there's a lot of lakes and islands up there.

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<v Speaker 6>Oh absolutely, yep. But I am from central Wisconsin, which

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<v Speaker 6>is a bit more landlocked than the edges of the state.

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<v Speaker 5>So I guess there you.

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<v Speaker 2>And when did you start wanting to study ecology or

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<v Speaker 2>biology or biodiversity.

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<v Speaker 6>I think I fall into the camp of biologists of

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<v Speaker 6>kind of the standard origin story, where you you know, like, well,

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<v Speaker 6>you know, I always was out about in the woods

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<v Speaker 6>and you know, and it was just kind of I

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<v Speaker 6>guess faded in some way. I was pre med in

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<v Speaker 6>college for a long time, and then I realized I

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<v Speaker 6>really didn't want to deal with colds all day long.

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<v Speaker 5>And I at.

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<v Speaker 6>The time, I thought that that would have been what

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<v Speaker 6>a medical professional would deal with. And I wanted to

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<v Speaker 6>be able to, you know, start and want topic, study

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<v Speaker 6>it for a while, and then do something else if

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<v Speaker 6>I got bored. And I think being a scientist allows

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<v Speaker 6>you a lot of freedom to move from topic to

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<v Speaker 6>topic if you really.

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<v Speaker 2>Want to lesson. Don't be afraid to change course if

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<v Speaker 2>something feels like it's not the right thing. GTFO and

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<v Speaker 2>do what you love, because there are a lot of

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<v Speaker 2>people who would not love it as much as you do.

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<v Speaker 2>It's your life. Enjoy the snails. And so you went

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<v Speaker 2>to Idaho and you did a post doc and they

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<v Speaker 2>were studying snails in the galopgos. Had you ever been

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<v Speaker 2>to the Galopogos before, No.

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<v Speaker 6>I had not, uh, and I uh it was it

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<v Speaker 6>was quite an experience. Yeah, it's it's really special down there.

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<v Speaker 6>And uh, but I mean, like, so, when you think

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<v Speaker 6>of Galapagos, you think of like blue footed boobies.

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<v Speaker 2>Let's allow Sir David Frederick Attenborough, historian and naturalist, to

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<v Speaker 2>address these goofy dancy boobies, shall we.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes, well, I think they're called boobies because, in spite

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<v Speaker 3>of what you are inferring, which is one meaning of

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<v Speaker 3>the word booby, booby also means something foolish, there'd be

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<v Speaker 3>a big booby. Is also a perfect respectful thing to

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<v Speaker 3>say to somebody.

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<v Speaker 2>These legendary seafowl have beautiful powder blue webbed feet which

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<v Speaker 2>they flash during very very sexy courtship dancing. They have

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<v Speaker 2>these sensual, slow high kicks. They're kind of like ducks,

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<v Speaker 2>but a bit odd, okay, And of course the Globgos

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<v Speaker 2>also has marine iguanas, equatorial penguins, sea lions, a whole

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<v Speaker 2>menagerie of island critters.

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<v Speaker 6>And the finches in the finches and tortoises and all

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<v Speaker 6>the things that the tourists get to see. You often

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<v Speaker 6>don't think about the fact that there's like thirty thousand

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<v Speaker 6>people are there. Oh yeah, there's tons of people down

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<v Speaker 6>there in some places there are concentrated in the cities,

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<v Speaker 6>of course, but their effects are felt throughout the archipelago.

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<v Speaker 6>To grow food for that many people, you need to

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<v Speaker 6>open up some parts of it for agriculture and so like.

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<v Speaker 6>On a couple of the islands, the humid zone, which

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<v Speaker 6>is kind of the high elevation portion of the island,

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<v Speaker 6>it's completely converted. It's not native habitat anymore. And so

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<v Speaker 6>that was a real surprise for me going down there

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<v Speaker 6>the first time. It's just it's very different in some

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<v Speaker 6>ways than what you would expect, at least in some

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<v Speaker 6>of the parts.

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<v Speaker 2>How long have those thirty thousand people lived there? How

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<v Speaker 2>many people live there when Darwin came ashore.

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<v Speaker 6>When Darwin came ashore there, I don't think was anyone

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<v Speaker 6>living there at the time at all.

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<v Speaker 2>Historical side note, this was in the fall of seen

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<v Speaker 2>thirty five with the arrival of the HMS Beagle. Now

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<v Speaker 2>for more on Darwin's history and how his dad was

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<v Speaker 2>kind of a dick but bankrolled his adventures, which led

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<v Speaker 2>to the theory of evolution, but also how Alfred Wallace

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<v Speaker 2>got a little boned by fate. Listened to the evolutionary

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<v Speaker 2>biology episode in which we also talk about birds. But anyway,

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<v Speaker 2>the Galopos Islands means islands of the tortoises because of

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<v Speaker 2>its many species of absolute unit huge turtles, which means

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<v Speaker 2>that Galapagos tortoise means tortoise tortoise. So the oldest artifacts

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<v Speaker 2>on Galapagos they've dated our pre Inca. And then a

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<v Speaker 2>bishop of Panama stumbled upon the islands in the fifteen hundreds,

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<v Speaker 2>letting Spain know, and then a bunch of surly pirates

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<v Speaker 2>inhabited them like inconsistently for a few centuries until eighteen

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<v Speaker 2>thirty two, and the new Republic of Ecuador took them

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<v Speaker 2>from the Spanish and tossed some convicts, some farmers, a

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<v Speaker 2>few artists out there. Mere years before Charles Darwin came

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<v Speaker 2>by to collect some specimens and come up with his

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<v Speaker 2>theories that would enrage some deeply religious people for hundreds

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<v Speaker 2>of years to come.

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<v Speaker 6>And that was first colonized by people who really stayed

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<v Speaker 6>there for their lives I'd say a little over one

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<v Speaker 6>hundred years ago. It hasn't been very long. The population

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<v Speaker 6>really took off around nineteen seventy or so.

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<v Speaker 5>And who are those people?

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<v Speaker 2>Are they from Ecuador or are they from people who

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<v Speaker 2>are like I'm from Britain and I wanted to just retire.

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<v Speaker 6>You tend to have two groups, mostly those folks. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 6>So you have the most of the people that live

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<v Speaker 6>there are from mainland Ecuador, and so Galapagos YEP is

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<v Speaker 6>part of Ecuador. It's one of the provinces. But then

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<v Speaker 6>you have another set of people that have come from

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<v Speaker 6>further afield, expats from name your western country. People that

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<v Speaker 6>come there from further away tend to be eccentric and

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<v Speaker 6>one could say quite interesting backgrounds.

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<v Speaker 2>You're not, Doug, aren't you?

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<v Speaker 6>And the first inhabitants of Galapagos were actually Westerners from Europe.

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<v Speaker 6>I think Belgian and French or something along those lines.

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<v Speaker 6>But yeah, they're really there was some of the first

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<v Speaker 6>colonists were very weird people. There's some really strange stories.

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<v Speaker 5>Really, any names that I should google.

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<v Speaker 6>Well, La Baronessa, okay, in Floriana, which Floriana was the

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<v Speaker 6>first island that was colonized, and there was a family

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<v Speaker 6>that settled there, and.

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<v Speaker 5>There's just really weird folks.

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<v Speaker 6>Okay, yeah, like there's this whole, whole murder mystery story

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<v Speaker 6>involved with that.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, yes, I got you. I will look this up.

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<v Speaker 2>One of the first things that comes up when you

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<v Speaker 2>google Love, Baronessa and Galapagos is a highly lauded twenty

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<v Speaker 2>thirteen documentary titled The Galapagos Affair. Satan came to Eden.

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<v Speaker 1>Friedrick and I had been made to look like a

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<v Speaker 1>pair of eccentrics escape from some psychological Now.

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<v Speaker 2>I don't know if I should spoil anything. I'm just

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<v Speaker 2>gonna give you a brief over you because you'll be

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<v Speaker 2>frustrated if I don't. Okay. So a German couple moves

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<v Speaker 2>to Floriana. They love to be naked, and they rip

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<v Speaker 2>out their own teeth for health reasons, and then they

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<v Speaker 2>share one pair of metal dentures. Totally normal, nothing to

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<v Speaker 2>see here.

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<v Speaker 3>Now.

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<v Speaker 2>Another family moves in the Whimers and they're living off

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<v Speaker 2>the land. But then a lady calling herself a baroness

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<v Speaker 2>moves to the island with her two lovers and a

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<v Speaker 2>manservant who may also be her lover. And this barrenness

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<v Speaker 2>runs around with guns and terrorizes everyone. The naked couple

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<v Speaker 2>and the other family do not like her much. And

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<v Speaker 2>then she and a lover go missing in the night,

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<v Speaker 2>and then the other lover flees but ends up shipwrecked

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<v Speaker 2>and dead on a nearby island. Then the toothless nudes

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<v Speaker 2>eat a rotting chicken and one of them dies but

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<v Speaker 2>curses his wife on his deathbed, so the chicken may

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<v Speaker 2>have actually been poisoned. Now the two remaining wives each

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<v Speaker 2>write memoir accusing the other of homicide. It's just a

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<v Speaker 2>bunch of white people on an island. They shouldn't be

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<v Speaker 2>on making a damn mess, which is colonialism in a nutshell. Now,

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<v Speaker 2>what is this kind of foot traffic in this kind

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<v Speaker 2>of colonization due to island ecology. If you're doing research

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<v Speaker 2>down there to see how the native flora and fauna

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<v Speaker 2>are doing, I feel like that's a little bit of

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<v Speaker 2>a different a different reason to go. But what are

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<v Speaker 2>I mean, what are people doing to the islands.

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<v Speaker 6>They're throwing a wrench in it in some ways there

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<v Speaker 6>really are changing the ecosystems and the dynamics of those places.

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<v Speaker 6>It's really hard to know exactly how research down there

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<v Speaker 6>in some ways is straightforward and in others is really difficult.

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<v Speaker 2>Andy says that there's a lot of variation year to

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<v Speaker 2>year because of al Nino weather systems and other just

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<v Speaker 2>earthy hiccups like the wet season might be all over

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<v Speaker 2>the place months wise. So given that unpredictability, it's hard

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<v Speaker 2>to directly correlate some ecological effects just to humans.

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<v Speaker 6>But you can look at the islands where people are

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<v Speaker 6>present and those that are not there, and you do

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<v Speaker 6>see some pretty clear differences.

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<v Speaker 2>So, yeah, what are some of the differences.

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<v Speaker 6>Population sizes and a lot of them. So I look

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<v Speaker 6>at I study the snails, right, see these really cool

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<v Speaker 6>land snails, lots of different colors.

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<v Speaker 2>I love how you can just hear him smiling talking

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<v Speaker 2>about snails.

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<v Speaker 6>They are arranged across the islands in a somewhat predictable way.

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<v Speaker 6>The youngest islands there aren't that many yet. They haven't

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<v Speaker 6>gotten there, they haven't diversified. On the oldest islands, there

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<v Speaker 6>are relatively fewer species because those islands have worn down.

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<v Speaker 6>They're smaller and the diversity has been stripped away in

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<v Speaker 6>some ways. But kind of the goldilocks zone of the

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<v Speaker 6>islands you see the most diversity. Unfortunately, that's where the

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<v Speaker 6>people are.

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<v Speaker 1>You've got quite a crowd out there.

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<v Speaker 6>Oh so, for example, on Scent Cruise that had the

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<v Speaker 6>highest diversity of these snails two dozen species.

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<v Speaker 5>Pretty cool. They have.

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<v Speaker 6>Also exhibited the greatest population growth, and the number of

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<v Speaker 6>species there is way less than it used to be

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<v Speaker 6>forty fifty years ago. We just can't find them anymore.

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<v Speaker 6>And the problem is a lot of them were limited

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<v Speaker 6>to the humid zone, and because it's now mostly farming,

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<v Speaker 6>their habitat's gone. It's kind of weird though, because, like

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<v Speaker 6>I said, it's really hard to understand those dynamics of

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<v Speaker 6>how people impact species because, for example, the humid agricultural

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<v Speaker 6>zone doesn't cover the entire humid zone. The highest elevations

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<v Speaker 6>are off limits. They haven't really been touched by people.

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<v Speaker 6>They're just too steep and I guess not really fit

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<v Speaker 6>for farming. The snails have disappeared from those place.

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<v Speaker 5>How come we don't know? We have no idea why.

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<v Speaker 2>So another murder mystery, but with snails.

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<v Speaker 6>And so there's just a big question, like we it

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<v Speaker 6>seems like humans are at least in part responsible, but

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<v Speaker 6>we just don't understand the system well enough. And I

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<v Speaker 6>think that's the case for a lot of galapago species

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00:22:19.799 --> 00:22:21.279
<v Speaker 6>that are changing around.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, so what does your research look at I mean,

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00:22:23.960 --> 00:22:25.319
<v Speaker 2>are you trying to figure out where do they go,

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00:22:25.400 --> 00:22:27.839
<v Speaker 2>when do they go, and what is influencing that?

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00:22:28.279 --> 00:22:28.519
<v Speaker 5>Yeah?

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00:22:28.599 --> 00:22:32.799
<v Speaker 6>Well, and my research is kind of looks at those

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00:22:32.880 --> 00:22:38.920
<v Speaker 6>dynamics with a deeper lens on, not as much the

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00:22:39.000 --> 00:22:45.240
<v Speaker 6>human impacts as the evolutionary dynamics of these species and

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<v Speaker 6>so like, people like the Grants have been working on

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<v Speaker 6>the finches for years. Yeah, and they've learned a lot

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<v Speaker 6>about adaptive radiation.

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<v Speaker 2>So quick refresher course. Adaptive radiation sounds like getting comfy

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00:22:57.640 --> 00:23:02.000
<v Speaker 2>with nuclear waste, but adaptive radiation is actually an evolutionary

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<v Speaker 2>biology term. It means organisms diversified pretty quickly from an

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<v Speaker 2>ancestral species, so taking on a bunch of new forms,

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<v Speaker 2>having adapted to different conditions, like a change in the

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00:23:13.839 --> 00:23:18.319
<v Speaker 2>environment like hellow new volcanic land or some new challenges.

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<v Speaker 2>So think Darwin's finches, which apparently aren't true finches their passerines.

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00:23:23.799 --> 00:23:26.960
<v Speaker 2>Why don't we talk about that more anyway, Darwin's finches

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<v Speaker 2>air quotes succeeded in becoming adapted to each island's environment

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<v Speaker 2>and food sources. As evidence through specialized beak shapes, some

420
00:23:36.480 --> 00:23:40.960
<v Speaker 2>beaks graded kraken nuts, others adapted to munch fruits. Now

421
00:23:41.079 --> 00:23:44.319
<v Speaker 2>Doctors b Rosemary and Peter Grant of Princeton have been

422
00:23:44.359 --> 00:23:47.680
<v Speaker 2>living and researching on the Galapagos Islands for decades, and

423
00:23:47.880 --> 00:23:50.680
<v Speaker 2>last year one of their studies revealed that a new

424
00:23:50.720 --> 00:23:54.799
<v Speaker 2>species of bird can emerge after just two generations, So

425
00:23:55.200 --> 00:23:57.160
<v Speaker 2>islands things can change quickly.

426
00:23:57.400 --> 00:23:59.839
<v Speaker 6>The more species you have at your disposal, the e

427
00:24:00.079 --> 00:24:04.400
<v Speaker 6>here it is to understand the factors that are driving

428
00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:08.119
<v Speaker 6>patterns that we see. Okay, we have seventy species of

429
00:24:08.119 --> 00:24:10.920
<v Speaker 6>snails and so we have more power to ask those

430
00:24:10.920 --> 00:24:16.079
<v Speaker 6>same questions in some ways. So I look at mostly

431
00:24:16.400 --> 00:24:22.400
<v Speaker 6>color evolution because they're incredibly diverse in color. Oh. One

432
00:24:22.440 --> 00:24:25.640
<v Speaker 6>of the things that is kind of neat about that

433
00:24:25.839 --> 00:24:29.039
<v Speaker 6>is that you know, you have some species that are

434
00:24:29.079 --> 00:24:32.279
<v Speaker 6>like brilliant white, others are jet black, every shade of

435
00:24:32.279 --> 00:24:37.440
<v Speaker 6>brown in between, and it doesn't really seem like there's

436
00:24:37.480 --> 00:24:41.319
<v Speaker 6>a rhyme or reason for that on the surface. But

437
00:24:41.400 --> 00:24:44.000
<v Speaker 6>we found that when you really dig into it, one

438
00:24:44.000 --> 00:24:47.039
<v Speaker 6>of the things that is apparent is that there are

439
00:24:48.200 --> 00:24:51.400
<v Speaker 6>predators that are potentially really important.

440
00:24:51.799 --> 00:24:53.920
<v Speaker 2>So at this point, Andy pull up a video on

441
00:24:54.000 --> 00:24:57.039
<v Speaker 2>his laptop and it featured this spry kind of long

442
00:24:57.119 --> 00:25:01.039
<v Speaker 2>legged brown and whitebird thrashing and object to the ground

443
00:25:01.440 --> 00:25:04.480
<v Speaker 2>with the intensity of a drunk guy in a hair

444
00:25:04.519 --> 00:25:08.119
<v Speaker 2>metal band destroying a hotel room in the nineteen eighties.

445
00:25:08.480 --> 00:25:09.240
<v Speaker 5>That's amazing.

446
00:25:09.480 --> 00:25:12.759
<v Speaker 6>But this I'm showing you right now a video of

447
00:25:12.920 --> 00:25:17.440
<v Speaker 6>a Galapagos mocking bird predating a snail. And so what

448
00:25:17.480 --> 00:25:20.119
<v Speaker 6>they do is they grab the snails by the aperture,

449
00:25:20.160 --> 00:25:22.519
<v Speaker 6>so the opening of the shell, they find a really

450
00:25:22.559 --> 00:25:28.000
<v Speaker 6>good rock or log or root, and they just go

451
00:25:28.079 --> 00:25:35.319
<v Speaker 6>to town on it. You important prendrift until they break

452
00:25:35.319 --> 00:25:37.480
<v Speaker 6>off the apex or the very tip of the shell.

453
00:25:38.079 --> 00:25:40.200
<v Speaker 6>And that's the only place where the body, the soft

454
00:25:40.240 --> 00:25:43.319
<v Speaker 6>body of the snail is actually attached to the shell itself,

455
00:25:43.920 --> 00:25:46.319
<v Speaker 6>so then they can flip it around, flick off the

456
00:25:46.359 --> 00:25:49.319
<v Speaker 6>rest of the shell, and just gobble it down. I

457
00:25:49.359 --> 00:25:54.319
<v Speaker 6>know they're heartless, but these birds are really intelligent and

458
00:25:54.359 --> 00:25:55.960
<v Speaker 6>they're very interesting.

459
00:25:56.039 --> 00:25:58.079
<v Speaker 5>They follow you around all the time. And what kind

460
00:25:58.079 --> 00:26:00.519
<v Speaker 5>of bird is it? Again? This is the Galapagos making bird,

461
00:26:00.680 --> 00:26:01.640
<v Speaker 5>a mocking bird.

462
00:26:02.359 --> 00:26:05.359
<v Speaker 2>And so when you're there, how long are you staying

463
00:26:05.359 --> 00:26:10.759
<v Speaker 2>there and taking footage and taking samples and essentially collecting

464
00:26:10.880 --> 00:26:11.440
<v Speaker 2>data points.

465
00:26:11.880 --> 00:26:16.799
<v Speaker 6>It's expensive in Galapagos, and it's the cost to stay

466
00:26:16.799 --> 00:26:18.359
<v Speaker 6>down there is about the same as it is in

467
00:26:18.400 --> 00:26:21.519
<v Speaker 6>the States in some cases a little bit more, especially

468
00:26:21.519 --> 00:26:23.880
<v Speaker 6>if you want to go to the uninhabited islands. Each

469
00:26:23.920 --> 00:26:26.319
<v Speaker 6>trip is thousands of dollars. You have to charter a

470
00:26:26.319 --> 00:26:32.119
<v Speaker 6>boat or helicopter if you're really lucky and have a

471
00:26:32.160 --> 00:26:32.480
<v Speaker 6>lot of.

472
00:26:32.400 --> 00:26:33.640
<v Speaker 5>Resources, which I don't.

473
00:26:34.839 --> 00:26:37.720
<v Speaker 6>So it's expensive, and so we try to make the

474
00:26:37.720 --> 00:26:41.799
<v Speaker 6>most of the time we have and so in total,

475
00:26:42.599 --> 00:26:45.519
<v Speaker 6>typically it's just a couple few weeks at a time.

476
00:26:45.680 --> 00:26:46.559
<v Speaker 5>Oh wow, yep.

477
00:26:47.240 --> 00:26:50.119
<v Speaker 2>And then how do you make certain that the work

478
00:26:50.160 --> 00:26:54.480
<v Speaker 2>that you're doing is benefiting local communities or indigenous communities,

479
00:26:54.519 --> 00:26:57.640
<v Speaker 2>and how do you incorporate, you know, as many local researchers.

480
00:26:58.039 --> 00:26:58.960
<v Speaker 5>Yep, we do.

481
00:26:59.440 --> 00:27:04.079
<v Speaker 6>Galapago is kind of a special case because most of

482
00:27:04.119 --> 00:27:08.880
<v Speaker 6>the local communities are directed towards tourism, right that's where

483
00:27:08.880 --> 00:27:11.200
<v Speaker 6>the money is in the area. But there's also a

484
00:27:11.240 --> 00:27:13.559
<v Speaker 6>lot of researchers down there already, and they have a

485
00:27:13.599 --> 00:27:18.519
<v Speaker 6>pretty good system of scientists and local park rangers that

486
00:27:18.680 --> 00:27:24.519
<v Speaker 6>help coordinate those efforts with the tourist industry. And so

487
00:27:24.880 --> 00:27:27.200
<v Speaker 6>One of the things that we do down there is

488
00:27:27.359 --> 00:27:31.799
<v Speaker 6>we talk to some of the tourists down there, We

489
00:27:31.920 --> 00:27:35.440
<v Speaker 6>organize with some of the tour guides and can walk

490
00:27:35.480 --> 00:27:38.119
<v Speaker 6>through some of our own research. A lot of scientists

491
00:27:38.119 --> 00:27:38.839
<v Speaker 6>do that sort of thing.

492
00:27:39.240 --> 00:27:42.519
<v Speaker 2>One of Andy's collaborators at the University of Idaho, Christine Parent,

493
00:27:42.640 --> 00:27:47.079
<v Speaker 2>works with local schools teaching evolutionary and ecological ideas, so

494
00:27:47.319 --> 00:27:51.319
<v Speaker 2>involving and sharing their findings with the Galapagos community with

495
00:27:51.720 --> 00:27:56.079
<v Speaker 2>bilingual guide books, and they have workshops for Galapagos Park rangers,

496
00:27:56.200 --> 00:27:59.079
<v Speaker 2>which is awesome. More scientists should do this now in

497
00:27:59.119 --> 00:28:02.480
<v Speaker 2>the Research can Unity. There's also a term called parachute science,

498
00:28:02.799 --> 00:28:04.839
<v Speaker 2>and I feel like I should touch on it. This

499
00:28:04.880 --> 00:28:07.680
<v Speaker 2>would be a great topic for a whole episode. But

500
00:28:07.839 --> 00:28:11.319
<v Speaker 2>essentially it means researchers just pop in by a country

501
00:28:11.400 --> 00:28:14.359
<v Speaker 2>or territory, taking samples and then being like hey bye,

502
00:28:14.920 --> 00:28:17.720
<v Speaker 2>and sharing the science just with other academics and never

503
00:28:17.880 --> 00:28:22.119
<v Speaker 2>acknowledging the communities they may have just learned from or disrupted.

504
00:28:22.599 --> 00:28:25.759
<v Speaker 2>So there's building awareness of avoiding this. And I read

505
00:28:25.759 --> 00:28:28.680
<v Speaker 2>a blog post called the Dirty Truth starting a conversation

506
00:28:28.759 --> 00:28:32.119
<v Speaker 2>about colonialism and field work that said a step toward

507
00:28:32.160 --> 00:28:37.279
<v Speaker 2>correcting this is through community based participatory research CBPR, so

508
00:28:37.400 --> 00:28:40.720
<v Speaker 2>that means involving the community, working with local scientists and

509
00:28:40.799 --> 00:28:43.960
<v Speaker 2>acknowledging their contributions. So either way, this is a really

510
00:28:44.039 --> 00:28:46.640
<v Speaker 2>fascinating and important topic and I would like to do

511
00:28:46.680 --> 00:28:48.720
<v Speaker 2>it justice with someone who knows way more about the

512
00:28:48.759 --> 00:28:50.960
<v Speaker 2>approach than I do in this aside, but it's something

513
00:28:50.960 --> 00:28:53.640
<v Speaker 2>to be aware of, and it's great that Andy's collaborators

514
00:28:53.720 --> 00:28:56.960
<v Speaker 2>are getting the community so involved with their work. Now

515
00:28:57.200 --> 00:29:00.839
<v Speaker 2>with a quarter million visitors a year, Galapagos officials have

516
00:29:00.880 --> 00:29:03.680
<v Speaker 2>to make sure there aren't any plants or animals or

517
00:29:03.720 --> 00:29:07.279
<v Speaker 2>fungi tagging along on shoes or boats, so they have

518
00:29:07.400 --> 00:29:12.319
<v Speaker 2>these biosecurity protocols to protect against invasive species. They have

519
00:29:12.359 --> 00:29:14.720
<v Speaker 2>to inspect every boat and then they have to turn

520
00:29:14.799 --> 00:29:18.319
<v Speaker 2>away any that have non native hitchhikers stuck to them.

521
00:29:18.359 --> 00:29:22.759
<v Speaker 2>So so far, scientists have detected five non native marine

522
00:29:22.799 --> 00:29:28.240
<v Speaker 2>species living in the island waters. Well until last week. Ooh,

523
00:29:28.559 --> 00:29:31.680
<v Speaker 2>so a fresh study just published in the Journal of

524
00:29:31.720 --> 00:29:38.079
<v Speaker 2>Aquatic Invasions documented fifty three non native marine species living

525
00:29:38.079 --> 00:29:40.720
<v Speaker 2>in coastal waters around the islands. They thought it was

526
00:29:40.799 --> 00:29:43.680
<v Speaker 2>just five. It's up to fifty three, and this includes

527
00:29:43.720 --> 00:29:47.759
<v Speaker 2>things like muscles that bore into local corals. Now, this

528
00:29:47.839 --> 00:29:52.079
<v Speaker 2>is what they call scientifically a big oh no. So

529
00:29:52.440 --> 00:29:55.960
<v Speaker 2>why is preserving the Galopougo so important? Why is so

530
00:29:56.039 --> 00:29:59.200
<v Speaker 2>much research center there? In essence, why is science so

531
00:29:59.359 --> 00:30:02.720
<v Speaker 2>horny for these islands? And then why is the Galapago

532
00:30:03.000 --> 00:30:06.680
<v Speaker 2>such a kind of obviously a hotbed of interest in

533
00:30:06.759 --> 00:30:09.240
<v Speaker 2>terms of research. I mean, I know that this is

534
00:30:09.279 --> 00:30:12.200
<v Speaker 2>such a basic, stupid question, but why Galapagos?

535
00:30:12.359 --> 00:30:16.000
<v Speaker 6>No, No, it's awesome. The nice thing about islands and

536
00:30:16.680 --> 00:30:20.480
<v Speaker 6>especially work in Galapagos is that you have these little,

537
00:30:21.039 --> 00:30:27.559
<v Speaker 6>replicated experimental studies of evolution. Right, it's really hard to

538
00:30:27.599 --> 00:30:31.400
<v Speaker 6>study the evolution of new species in real time. It

539
00:30:31.440 --> 00:30:34.880
<v Speaker 6>can be done, but it is painstaking and some of

540
00:30:34.920 --> 00:30:39.519
<v Speaker 6>the big macro evolutionary consequences of evolution, you know, the

541
00:30:39.559 --> 00:30:43.240
<v Speaker 6>evolution of a completely new structure, for example, it takes

542
00:30:43.319 --> 00:30:45.440
<v Speaker 6>a lot of time. And so what we try to

543
00:30:45.480 --> 00:30:48.440
<v Speaker 6>do is we try to find places where the same

544
00:30:49.640 --> 00:30:52.400
<v Speaker 6>tape has been played a few times.

545
00:30:52.720 --> 00:30:55.680
<v Speaker 2>By tapes andy means challenges essentially.

546
00:30:56.000 --> 00:30:57.799
<v Speaker 6>And we look to see whether it has happened the

547
00:30:57.839 --> 00:31:00.440
<v Speaker 6>same way more than once, or if nature up with

548
00:31:00.480 --> 00:31:03.799
<v Speaker 6>a new solution every time, and so Galapagos and other

549
00:31:03.799 --> 00:31:06.920
<v Speaker 6>islands are really powerful in that way because you have

550
00:31:07.880 --> 00:31:11.880
<v Speaker 6>the same closely related species colonizing a new island, then

551
00:31:11.920 --> 00:31:13.359
<v Speaker 6>you let it run for a little amount of time,

552
00:31:13.400 --> 00:31:14.880
<v Speaker 6>and then they colonize a new island, and you let

553
00:31:14.920 --> 00:31:16.839
<v Speaker 6>it run for amount of time, and so you can

554
00:31:16.880 --> 00:31:21.160
<v Speaker 6>actually look at the islands as snapshots of evolution through time.

555
00:31:21.720 --> 00:31:23.680
<v Speaker 2>So I was going to list all the islands in

556
00:31:23.799 --> 00:31:26.119
<v Speaker 2>order of age here, but y'all, there are eighteen main

557
00:31:26.200 --> 00:31:29.839
<v Speaker 2>islands and four islets and they each have two different names.

558
00:31:29.960 --> 00:31:34.000
<v Speaker 2>So I direct you to a site called Wykapadia dot com,

559
00:31:34.240 --> 00:31:37.759
<v Speaker 2>which has a tidy list along with the many species

560
00:31:37.799 --> 00:31:41.440
<v Speaker 2>found on each island. I'll give you two standouts. Fernandina

561
00:31:41.480 --> 00:31:45.119
<v Speaker 2>aka Narborough Island is the youngest. It's still being formed

562
00:31:45.240 --> 00:31:48.680
<v Speaker 2>by lava who fresh as hell, and there are hundreds

563
00:31:48.720 --> 00:31:52.839
<v Speaker 2>of marine iguanas just kicking it there on black lava rocks.

564
00:31:52.960 --> 00:31:58.160
<v Speaker 2>They have flightless cormorants, Galapagos penguins, pelicans, sea lions, fur

565
00:31:58.240 --> 00:32:01.039
<v Speaker 2>seals and side note, my friend doctor Jason Goldman has

566
00:32:01.079 --> 00:32:06.720
<v Speaker 2>a company called Saifari alongside Ology's lepidopterologist Butterfly expert phil

567
00:32:06.759 --> 00:32:10.799
<v Speaker 2>Taurus and Jason told me that marine iguanas can shrink

568
00:32:10.839 --> 00:32:14.240
<v Speaker 2>their skeletons when they're hungry and just need to reuse

569
00:32:14.279 --> 00:32:16.680
<v Speaker 2>some of the minerals in them. They're the only vertebrate

570
00:32:16.720 --> 00:32:19.680
<v Speaker 2>in the world that can do that. Now, the oldest

571
00:32:19.680 --> 00:32:23.160
<v Speaker 2>island on the Galapagos is Espanola or Hood Island. Now

572
00:32:23.200 --> 00:32:25.519
<v Speaker 2>this is the southernmost one. It has its own species

573
00:32:25.559 --> 00:32:32.119
<v Speaker 2>of lava lizard, mockingbird, Galapagos tortoise. They have nesting waved albatrosses,

574
00:32:32.799 --> 00:32:35.960
<v Speaker 2>swallowtailed goals, they got some bluefoot of boobies, they got

575
00:32:36.000 --> 00:32:40.279
<v Speaker 2>Galapagos hawks, three species of Darwin's finches. Again, for the

576
00:32:40.319 --> 00:32:43.480
<v Speaker 2>fullest of the islands and what lives there, please see

577
00:32:43.640 --> 00:32:44.240
<v Speaker 2>the internet.

578
00:32:45.960 --> 00:32:49.119
<v Speaker 6>So like the youngest island in Galapagos sixty thousand years old,

579
00:32:50.000 --> 00:32:53.799
<v Speaker 6>it's the youngest snapshot. The oldest one is a little

580
00:32:53.799 --> 00:32:56.799
<v Speaker 6>over three million years old. And then we have last

581
00:32:56.799 --> 00:32:59.240
<v Speaker 6>slices through there and so we can then look at

582
00:32:59.279 --> 00:33:02.359
<v Speaker 6>the trends and the patterns and see how those things

583
00:33:02.880 --> 00:33:03.559
<v Speaker 6>change through time.

584
00:33:04.119 --> 00:33:08.359
<v Speaker 2>Do you think that Galabagos shouldn't allow tourism or living there.

585
00:33:09.160 --> 00:33:12.839
<v Speaker 6>It's a difficult question. I mean, in the end. It's

586
00:33:13.200 --> 00:33:14.079
<v Speaker 6>the ship has.

587
00:33:13.960 --> 00:33:16.839
<v Speaker 2>Hailed, specifically the HMS Bgle.

588
00:33:18.480 --> 00:33:21.079
<v Speaker 6>You know, like, you have people living there. They need

589
00:33:21.119 --> 00:33:25.240
<v Speaker 6>to have a way to live, and a lot of

590
00:33:25.319 --> 00:33:28.680
<v Speaker 6>the damage has already been done in some ways. You know,

591
00:33:28.759 --> 00:33:30.759
<v Speaker 6>some of the species of snails that we would love

592
00:33:30.799 --> 00:33:34.680
<v Speaker 6>to study, they're gone. They're not coming back. Others are

593
00:33:35.079 --> 00:33:39.119
<v Speaker 6>less certainly gone. We find populations scrolled away here and there,

594
00:33:39.359 --> 00:33:44.119
<v Speaker 6>and that's always fun. But we, I think, need to

595
00:33:44.279 --> 00:33:48.359
<v Speaker 6>think about in conservation what is important, what are our

596
00:33:48.480 --> 00:33:55.759
<v Speaker 6>values and how do we want to organize them right?

597
00:33:55.839 --> 00:33:58.000
<v Speaker 6>People are going to be there. I think that you

598
00:33:58.000 --> 00:34:03.160
<v Speaker 6>should be able to to enjoy this amazing place. I've

599
00:34:03.160 --> 00:34:05.799
<v Speaker 6>been able to. Yeah, you know, and I'm not selfish

600
00:34:05.920 --> 00:34:08.119
<v Speaker 6>enough to think that only scientists should be allowed on

601
00:34:08.119 --> 00:34:10.880
<v Speaker 6>those islands. That's not fair, and so you have to

602
00:34:10.960 --> 00:34:12.880
<v Speaker 6>kind of make those decisions and then live with them,

603
00:34:13.000 --> 00:34:15.800
<v Speaker 6>whatever those decisions are. But it's it's a really hard question.

604
00:34:15.880 --> 00:34:17.320
<v Speaker 6>I don't have a good solution there.

605
00:34:17.639 --> 00:34:20.039
<v Speaker 2>Have you ever read Galapagos by Kurt Bonnegat.

606
00:34:21.280 --> 00:34:24.000
<v Speaker 5>No, but I have, I've heard of it. I haven't.

607
00:34:24.400 --> 00:34:26.639
<v Speaker 2>It's so good, you got to read it. Is there

608
00:34:26.679 --> 00:34:29.280
<v Speaker 2>any book? Is there any book or movie about the

609
00:34:29.400 --> 00:34:32.039
<v Speaker 2>about islands that are always really stuck with you, or

610
00:34:32.039 --> 00:34:34.639
<v Speaker 2>that maybe kind of like inspired you or fostered a

611
00:34:34.679 --> 00:34:35.440
<v Speaker 2>love of islands.

612
00:34:35.519 --> 00:34:39.400
<v Speaker 5>Well it has to be Jurassic part Yeah, come on, yeah,

613
00:34:39.480 --> 00:34:40.559
<v Speaker 5>that's yeah.

614
00:34:40.639 --> 00:34:43.159
<v Speaker 6>No, I just I always loved that that idea that

615
00:34:43.199 --> 00:34:46.360
<v Speaker 6>you could have or you know, think back to the

616
00:34:46.400 --> 00:34:47.800
<v Speaker 6>original Lost World right.

617
00:34:47.920 --> 00:34:51.800
<v Speaker 3>Now, it's only a matter of time before this lost

618
00:34:51.880 --> 00:34:53.360
<v Speaker 3>world is found.

619
00:34:54.159 --> 00:35:00.280
<v Speaker 6>So Arthur Conan Doyle, that system is an island system, right.

620
00:35:00.360 --> 00:35:05.800
<v Speaker 6>It was modeled after the Sky Island mountains tabletop mountains

621
00:35:05.840 --> 00:35:08.840
<v Speaker 6>of South America. Those are real things. If you go there,

622
00:35:08.880 --> 00:35:11.320
<v Speaker 6>you will find species on tops of those mountains that

623
00:35:11.320 --> 00:35:13.119
<v Speaker 6>you won't find anywhere else. Oh, I go, and so

624
00:35:13.159 --> 00:35:16.039
<v Speaker 6>those are islands, And I think that that's a really

625
00:35:16.079 --> 00:35:21.199
<v Speaker 6>neat idea and the fact that you might have remarkable

626
00:35:21.199 --> 00:35:25.199
<v Speaker 6>diversity hidden away somewhere, we just have to get there

627
00:35:25.239 --> 00:35:27.719
<v Speaker 6>and find it and discover it is I don't know,

628
00:35:27.719 --> 00:35:30.679
<v Speaker 6>it's really powerful as an idea for exploration.

629
00:35:31.000 --> 00:35:33.000
<v Speaker 2>Can I ask you some listener questions?

630
00:35:33.159 --> 00:35:33.400
<v Speaker 5>Sure?

631
00:35:33.559 --> 00:35:36.400
<v Speaker 2>Okay, okay, Now before we get to your patron questions,

632
00:35:36.440 --> 00:35:39.280
<v Speaker 2>a few words from sponsors at the show. But before that,

633
00:35:39.480 --> 00:35:42.039
<v Speaker 2>the sponsors make it possible to donate to a different

634
00:35:42.119 --> 00:35:45.519
<v Speaker 2>charity of theologists choosing each episode, and this week Andy

635
00:35:45.599 --> 00:35:49.239
<v Speaker 2>chose Island Conservation, which she says does really great work

636
00:35:49.440 --> 00:35:54.039
<v Speaker 2>restoring island ecosystems. So Island Conservation's mission is to prevent

637
00:35:54.199 --> 00:35:58.760
<v Speaker 2>extinction by removing invasive species from islands, and an additional

638
00:35:58.760 --> 00:36:02.559
<v Speaker 2>donation was made to Coology Project dot org. Ecology Project

639
00:36:02.559 --> 00:36:06.800
<v Speaker 2>International is a nonprofit educational organization whose mission is to

640
00:36:06.880 --> 00:36:11.199
<v Speaker 2>improve and inspire science education and conservation efforts worldwide through

641
00:36:11.320 --> 00:36:15.599
<v Speaker 2>field based student scientists partnerships, so they empower youth to

642
00:36:15.639 --> 00:36:18.440
<v Speaker 2>take an active role in conservation. And the majority of

643
00:36:18.440 --> 00:36:22.119
<v Speaker 2>EPI students live adjacent to their project sites, which is

644
00:36:22.199 --> 00:36:25.679
<v Speaker 2>so cool that local students get to participate in the research. Okay,

645
00:36:25.880 --> 00:36:28.840
<v Speaker 2>now some words about so cool. Sponsors who make these

646
00:36:28.920 --> 00:36:30.639
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647
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648
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656
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657
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<v Speaker 2>Okay, back to your questions now. This first one is

658
00:37:05.480 --> 00:37:09.800
<v Speaker 2>about how essentially galapaghost turtles got so honk and other

659
00:37:09.840 --> 00:37:13.119
<v Speaker 2>species are soul. I know, but I'm going to ask

660
00:37:13.159 --> 00:37:16.840
<v Speaker 2>you a couple of questions from listeners. Ok Anna Thompson

661
00:37:16.840 --> 00:37:20.000
<v Speaker 2>wants to know how is there both island gigantism and

662
00:37:20.119 --> 00:37:21.039
<v Speaker 2>island dwarfism.

663
00:37:21.320 --> 00:37:24.400
<v Speaker 6>Ooh, that's a good one. So I think it depends

664
00:37:24.480 --> 00:37:28.199
<v Speaker 6>on the species. Right, So you have some some things

665
00:37:28.239 --> 00:37:32.320
<v Speaker 6>where some cases where it might be happening just kind

666
00:37:32.360 --> 00:37:36.679
<v Speaker 6>of in a random manner. So with islands often come

667
00:37:36.760 --> 00:37:40.440
<v Speaker 6>small population sizes, and with small populations you end up

668
00:37:40.440 --> 00:37:44.679
<v Speaker 6>with drift, evolutionary drift where things kind of start moving

669
00:37:44.679 --> 00:37:47.199
<v Speaker 6>in one direction and then there's nothing stopping them, and

670
00:37:47.320 --> 00:37:50.119
<v Speaker 6>you might not have as much selection against that sort

671
00:37:50.119 --> 00:37:53.159
<v Speaker 6>of a change. In other cases, there might be reasons

672
00:37:53.159 --> 00:37:55.599
<v Speaker 6>for it, and so I think it really depends on

673
00:37:55.639 --> 00:37:59.639
<v Speaker 6>the case. So if you're a predator and your prey

674
00:37:59.880 --> 00:38:03.840
<v Speaker 6>is getting larger to avoid being.

675
00:38:03.679 --> 00:38:06.280
<v Speaker 5>Eaten, I've been on more than I can chew, you know.

676
00:38:06.679 --> 00:38:08.239
<v Speaker 6>Right, if it's too big to fit in your mouth,

677
00:38:08.280 --> 00:38:11.599
<v Speaker 6>then it might not be eaten. Well, then you have

678
00:38:11.679 --> 00:38:14.960
<v Speaker 6>selection to become larger as well. And so I think

679
00:38:15.400 --> 00:38:21.880
<v Speaker 6>there's a mix of kind of natural so selective forces

680
00:38:21.960 --> 00:38:27.599
<v Speaker 6>driving that change and kind of just who random yeft

681
00:38:27.920 --> 00:38:31.519
<v Speaker 6>does random luck it happens. Anna Thompson wants to know.

682
00:38:31.559 --> 00:38:34.079
<v Speaker 6>Can an island ever be restored after humans introduce new

683
00:38:34.119 --> 00:38:37.039
<v Speaker 6>animals to the ecosystem that devastate wild populations?

684
00:38:37.360 --> 00:38:41.719
<v Speaker 5>Yes, okay, and Galapagos is a fantastic example of that. Yep.

685
00:38:46.159 --> 00:38:50.000
<v Speaker 6>So Carl Campbell and some of his colleagues down in

686
00:38:50.199 --> 00:38:56.320
<v Speaker 6>Galapagos a number of years ago started the project. I

687
00:38:56.360 --> 00:39:00.880
<v Speaker 6>think it was Project Galapagos or Isabella anyway.

688
00:39:01.239 --> 00:39:02.559
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, yeah, you'll have to look that up.

689
00:39:02.800 --> 00:39:05.239
<v Speaker 2>Yes, it was called the Isabella Project. Okay.

690
00:39:05.360 --> 00:39:08.360
<v Speaker 6>But they what they did is they started removing the

691
00:39:08.480 --> 00:39:11.960
<v Speaker 6>goats that have been just eating Galapagos to death. The

692
00:39:11.960 --> 00:39:13.760
<v Speaker 6>goats had been just eating the hell out of it,

693
00:39:14.280 --> 00:39:18.159
<v Speaker 6>and it was a huge damage to the system, and

694
00:39:18.199 --> 00:39:20.079
<v Speaker 6>it was a problem for the tortoises. They didn't have

695
00:39:20.079 --> 00:39:24.960
<v Speaker 6>anything to eat. And so they the Carl Campbell, some

696
00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:29.559
<v Speaker 6>other scientists and the park went through and just they

697
00:39:29.760 --> 00:39:33.199
<v Speaker 6>just killed them all. Oh shoot, And it was a huge,

698
00:39:33.440 --> 00:39:36.159
<v Speaker 6>huge undertaking. In one year or in a few years,

699
00:39:36.199 --> 00:39:38.199
<v Speaker 6>they ended up killing over one hundred thousand goats.

700
00:39:38.280 --> 00:39:40.000
<v Speaker 5>Oh my god. Yeah, there were tons of them.

701
00:39:40.360 --> 00:39:42.760
<v Speaker 6>And they said on some places, some parts of the island,

702
00:39:42.960 --> 00:39:48.159
<v Speaker 6>it actually stank if you were there. But yeah, but anyway,

703
00:39:48.400 --> 00:39:52.639
<v Speaker 6>since then, the systems have recovered quite a lot, and

704
00:39:52.679 --> 00:39:55.360
<v Speaker 6>so right now they're working on removing the rats, which

705
00:39:55.360 --> 00:39:56.639
<v Speaker 6>are another problem.

706
00:39:56.760 --> 00:39:57.559
<v Speaker 5>Yeah introduced.

707
00:39:57.639 --> 00:39:59.880
<v Speaker 2>Right, no word on what to do about the humans.

708
00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:03.519
<v Speaker 2>But what are some of the where did it go?

709
00:40:03.719 --> 00:40:06.800
<v Speaker 2>What are some of the most extreme examples of isolation effects?

710
00:40:10.159 --> 00:40:14.679
<v Speaker 6>Let's see isolation effects. So I think one of the

711
00:40:14.719 --> 00:40:17.480
<v Speaker 6>things about islands is that the farther away you get

712
00:40:17.519 --> 00:40:21.480
<v Speaker 6>from the continent, whatever the nearest continent is, the fewer

713
00:40:21.519 --> 00:40:23.519
<v Speaker 6>species are able to get there.

714
00:40:23.880 --> 00:40:27.719
<v Speaker 2>This makes heaps of sense. Of course, organisms are like, ugh,

715
00:40:27.840 --> 00:40:31.719
<v Speaker 2>that island looks so cool, but it's so far The

716
00:40:31.760 --> 00:40:36.119
<v Speaker 2>costs and risks and potential benefits must be weighed kind

717
00:40:36.159 --> 00:40:38.679
<v Speaker 2>of like going to a friend of a friend's birthday party.

718
00:40:38.840 --> 00:40:41.360
<v Speaker 2>That's a forty five minute train right away. Will there

719
00:40:41.400 --> 00:40:44.199
<v Speaker 2>be food and someone to mate with? You never know

720
00:40:44.280 --> 00:40:45.039
<v Speaker 2>till you get there.

721
00:40:45.360 --> 00:40:49.440
<v Speaker 6>Yeah, And so this was one of the biggest first

722
00:40:49.440 --> 00:40:55.760
<v Speaker 6>steps in understanding island biogeography or the the the collection

723
00:40:55.800 --> 00:40:59.800
<v Speaker 6>of species that you find on islands. And like, that's

724
00:40:59.840 --> 00:41:02.519
<v Speaker 6>some thing that you see in Hawaii, right. So Hawaii

725
00:41:02.639 --> 00:41:04.880
<v Speaker 6>is about as far away from anything as you can get,

726
00:41:05.400 --> 00:41:07.920
<v Speaker 6>and as a result, few species have gotten there. But

727
00:41:08.000 --> 00:41:10.800
<v Speaker 6>those that have, once they get a foothold, then they

728
00:41:10.840 --> 00:41:14.639
<v Speaker 6>have a world open to them, and in the intervening

729
00:41:14.719 --> 00:41:19.480
<v Speaker 6>time they've evolved into all kinds of interesting species. And

730
00:41:19.519 --> 00:41:21.880
<v Speaker 6>so you see that with these snails. You see it

731
00:41:21.920 --> 00:41:26.519
<v Speaker 6>with Darwin's finches. In Hawaii. There are some really cool insects.

732
00:41:26.840 --> 00:41:30.960
<v Speaker 6>Some spiders have really diversified. The silver swords, which are

733
00:41:30.960 --> 00:41:33.000
<v Speaker 6>a group of plants that have diversified into just like

734
00:41:33.039 --> 00:41:34.480
<v Speaker 6>all kinds of different habitats.

735
00:41:35.400 --> 00:41:37.760
<v Speaker 2>Okay, I looked up silver swords and there are one

736
00:41:37.800 --> 00:41:42.119
<v Speaker 2>handed weapons found in the Elder Scrolls versus Skyrim. I

737
00:41:42.119 --> 00:41:44.760
<v Speaker 2>don't know what that means, but apart from nerds, dabbies.

738
00:41:45.119 --> 00:41:48.440
<v Speaker 2>Silver swords are also plants endemic to Hawaii, and they

739
00:41:48.480 --> 00:41:52.599
<v Speaker 2>are really well adapted to low nutrient soils, so buster soils,

740
00:41:52.800 --> 00:41:55.079
<v Speaker 2>so they can hang out in rocky lava flows in

741
00:41:55.239 --> 00:41:58.079
<v Speaker 2>bogs and open forests like no big deal, which is

742
00:41:58.119 --> 00:41:58.880
<v Speaker 2>pretty badass.

743
00:41:59.320 --> 00:42:04.159
<v Speaker 6>And so you see that one ancestor ends up playing

744
00:42:04.599 --> 00:42:07.760
<v Speaker 6>lots of different roles in you know, long into the future,

745
00:42:08.880 --> 00:42:11.519
<v Speaker 6>and they've you know, they evolve into just tons of

746
00:42:11.559 --> 00:42:14.360
<v Speaker 6>different species. So you see that a lot in the

747
00:42:14.400 --> 00:42:17.599
<v Speaker 6>really isolated archipelagos that are around for a long period

748
00:42:17.639 --> 00:42:21.280
<v Speaker 6>of time. Madagascar is another example of that. Yeah, right,

749
00:42:21.360 --> 00:42:24.039
<v Speaker 6>you know, it's been its own thing forever, and so

750
00:42:24.119 --> 00:42:26.639
<v Speaker 6>that's why you have lemurs there that there are tons

751
00:42:26.639 --> 00:42:27.159
<v Speaker 6>of species.

752
00:42:27.159 --> 00:42:28.519
<v Speaker 5>They're still finding new species.

753
00:42:30.559 --> 00:42:33.199
<v Speaker 6>I love a lemur. India was like that too, right,

754
00:42:33.280 --> 00:42:34.639
<v Speaker 6>for a long period of time it was on its

755
00:42:34.639 --> 00:42:37.360
<v Speaker 6>own and so if you go to India and compare

756
00:42:37.360 --> 00:42:40.239
<v Speaker 6>it to other parts of Asia that are nearby, they're

757
00:42:40.280 --> 00:42:44.320
<v Speaker 6>just completely different faunas because of that history.

758
00:42:45.239 --> 00:42:48.239
<v Speaker 2>If you were to wash up on an island, what

759
00:42:48.280 --> 00:42:49.000
<v Speaker 2>would you take with you?

760
00:42:51.159 --> 00:42:57.000
<v Speaker 6>I think for irony, I would probably want to bring

761
00:42:57.440 --> 00:42:59.880
<v Speaker 6>Treasure Island as a book.

762
00:43:01.440 --> 00:43:02.840
<v Speaker 5>But otherwise, I don't know.

763
00:43:02.920 --> 00:43:05.000
<v Speaker 6>I'm a pragmatist, so I try to think of all

764
00:43:05.039 --> 00:43:06.400
<v Speaker 6>the things that would help me survive.

765
00:43:06.920 --> 00:43:08.679
<v Speaker 5>You can bring one thing to an island.

766
00:43:08.920 --> 00:43:12.639
<v Speaker 6>Oh, Marguerite to mix in tequila.

767
00:43:13.360 --> 00:43:15.320
<v Speaker 2>Okay, that's two things, but in this case I let

768
00:43:15.400 --> 00:43:17.800
<v Speaker 2>him mix them together before, so it's just one thing.

769
00:43:19.400 --> 00:43:21.119
<v Speaker 2>What's the worst thing about your job.

770
00:43:21.000 --> 00:43:21.719
<v Speaker 5>Or about eyelids?

771
00:43:22.920 --> 00:43:25.239
<v Speaker 6>The worst thing is that I'm not able to get

772
00:43:25.280 --> 00:43:28.480
<v Speaker 6>down there as much as I want to. Yeah, I mean,

773
00:43:28.519 --> 00:43:31.480
<v Speaker 6>some of the things that keep me from going down

774
00:43:31.519 --> 00:43:34.960
<v Speaker 6>there more often I are not really bad things, right,

775
00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:38.079
<v Speaker 6>Like I've got a daughter, Yeah, I just I hate

776
00:43:38.119 --> 00:43:41.440
<v Speaker 6>spending that much time away from her, and so I

777
00:43:41.480 --> 00:43:44.360
<v Speaker 6>try to limit my time out in the field that way.

778
00:43:45.719 --> 00:43:47.440
<v Speaker 6>But I you know, it's kind of nice to be

779
00:43:47.480 --> 00:43:47.840
<v Speaker 6>home too.

780
00:43:47.880 --> 00:43:48.079
<v Speaker 5>Yeah.

781
00:43:48.079 --> 00:43:49.880
<v Speaker 6>So yeah, like that's there's kind of some give and

782
00:43:49.920 --> 00:43:54.119
<v Speaker 6>take there. But otherwise, things I hate, well, I don't know.

783
00:43:54.199 --> 00:43:54.480
<v Speaker 3>That's it.

784
00:43:55.119 --> 00:43:57.119
<v Speaker 6>I don't love doing answering that type of question.

785
00:43:57.519 --> 00:43:59.079
<v Speaker 2>I always ask the thing that you hate and the

786
00:43:59.119 --> 00:44:00.440
<v Speaker 2>thing that you love the most?

787
00:44:01.840 --> 00:44:02.840
<v Speaker 5>Yes, okay.

788
00:44:02.880 --> 00:44:06.800
<v Speaker 2>Now you may remember from behavioral Ecology aka the Cricket

789
00:44:06.840 --> 00:44:11.320
<v Speaker 2>Sex episode, doctor Amy Worthington, who well hot gossip is

790
00:44:11.360 --> 00:44:16.679
<v Speaker 2>also Andy's wife. What and doctor Worthington said, uh, dead

791
00:44:16.679 --> 00:44:17.280
<v Speaker 2>cricket smell.

792
00:44:18.000 --> 00:44:19.920
<v Speaker 5>Oh, yeah, I don't have to worry about that. Yeah,

793
00:44:19.960 --> 00:44:20.199
<v Speaker 5>I know.

794
00:44:21.440 --> 00:44:24.199
<v Speaker 6>Oh, dead snail snip spell is the worst, really, the

795
00:44:24.239 --> 00:44:25.159
<v Speaker 6>dead snail smell.

796
00:44:25.280 --> 00:44:28.679
<v Speaker 5>Oh that's bad. Yeah, I trust you.

797
00:44:29.119 --> 00:44:31.239
<v Speaker 2>What do you love the most about islands or about

798
00:44:31.280 --> 00:44:31.679
<v Speaker 2>what you do?

799
00:44:32.039 --> 00:44:32.519
<v Speaker 5>Oh?

800
00:44:32.599 --> 00:44:36.159
<v Speaker 6>What I love most about what I do is being

801
00:44:36.199 --> 00:44:41.280
<v Speaker 6>able to move onto a new question when I want

802
00:44:41.320 --> 00:44:44.639
<v Speaker 6>to m hm. And with islands there's always new questions.

803
00:44:46.719 --> 00:44:48.679
<v Speaker 6>The thing that we are working on right now is

804
00:44:48.719 --> 00:44:51.719
<v Speaker 6>we're actually kind of getting away from the islands and

805
00:44:51.760 --> 00:44:54.840
<v Speaker 6>we're looking at the continent. We're trying to find the

806
00:44:54.880 --> 00:45:00.199
<v Speaker 6>closest living relatives of those snails on the mainland to

807
00:45:00.280 --> 00:45:02.960
<v Speaker 6>road trip around Ecuador, And in a couple of weeks

808
00:45:02.960 --> 00:45:05.599
<v Speaker 6>I'll be going down to Peru and we'll be running

809
00:45:05.639 --> 00:45:10.079
<v Speaker 6>around there looking for more snails in the desert valleys.

810
00:45:10.679 --> 00:45:13.079
<v Speaker 6>And here's helping we find some cousins.

811
00:45:13.239 --> 00:45:14.480
<v Speaker 2>Pilot snail trip.

812
00:45:14.840 --> 00:45:17.320
<v Speaker 5>Oh, it's fantastic, except when you get stuck. That's the

813
00:45:17.400 --> 00:45:21.079
<v Speaker 5>worst in mud. Yeah, see there's something you hate, Okay,

814
00:45:21.119 --> 00:45:21.719
<v Speaker 5>that's true.

815
00:45:22.280 --> 00:45:26.719
<v Speaker 6>The isolation of the field work sometimes leads to some

816
00:45:26.800 --> 00:45:28.199
<v Speaker 6>harrowing drives.

817
00:45:28.679 --> 00:45:31.440
<v Speaker 2>Oh god, I bet, I bet, there's definitely not like

818
00:45:31.519 --> 00:45:33.880
<v Speaker 2>quickie marts along the way. But no, no, no, no,

819
00:45:35.000 --> 00:45:36.559
<v Speaker 2>thank you so much for doing this.

820
00:45:36.639 --> 00:45:39.239
<v Speaker 6>Oh, thank you, Ellie. This was a lot of fun.

821
00:45:39.559 --> 00:45:43.840
<v Speaker 6>I did not expect to have an interview today. When

822
00:45:43.840 --> 00:45:44.800
<v Speaker 6>I got it, I know.

823
00:45:45.440 --> 00:45:47.400
<v Speaker 5>Well, thank you so much for doing this. This is great.

824
00:45:47.840 --> 00:45:50.360
<v Speaker 5>Thank you. Yay No brascot.

825
00:45:50.239 --> 00:45:53.159
<v Speaker 2>So tap on the shoulder of a nearbiologist and ask

826
00:45:53.199 --> 00:45:57.760
<v Speaker 2>a smart person a stupid question. Because old land is crumbling,

827
00:45:58.079 --> 00:46:01.760
<v Speaker 2>New Land is being burped up from lava all the time.

828
00:46:02.000 --> 00:46:04.159
<v Speaker 2>Nothing is permanent. What do you have to lose?

829
00:46:04.440 --> 00:46:04.599
<v Speaker 6>Oh?

830
00:46:04.639 --> 00:46:07.480
<v Speaker 2>And you can follow Andy on Twitter at Andy Kramer

831
00:46:07.599 --> 00:46:10.719
<v Speaker 2>A N D y k R A E M e R.

832
00:46:10.920 --> 00:46:13.119
<v Speaker 2>There's a link in the show notes and it's up

833
00:46:13.119 --> 00:46:17.559
<v Speaker 2>at aliward dot com, slash ologies, slash island ecology now

834
00:46:17.599 --> 00:46:21.119
<v Speaker 2>ologies is at ologies on Twitter and Instagram. You can

835
00:46:21.159 --> 00:46:23.800
<v Speaker 2>say hello there, I'm at ali Ward with one L

836
00:46:24.119 --> 00:46:27.599
<v Speaker 2>on Twitter and Instagram. Thank you Hannah Lippo and Aaron

837
00:46:27.719 --> 00:46:31.239
<v Speaker 2>Talbert for admining the Facebook Ologies podcast group full of

838
00:46:31.360 --> 00:46:35.880
<v Speaker 2>wonderful compassionate nerds. Ologiesmerch dot com has all of your

839
00:46:35.960 --> 00:46:39.480
<v Speaker 2>ologies podcast Merch needs. If you post a photo to

840
00:46:39.559 --> 00:46:43.119
<v Speaker 2>Instagram tagged with hashtag ologies merch, I repost to you

841
00:46:43.159 --> 00:46:45.800
<v Speaker 2>on Mondays. Thank you Shannon Felts and Bonnie Dutch for

842
00:46:45.840 --> 00:46:48.639
<v Speaker 2>helping manage that. They are two sisters who have a

843
00:46:48.679 --> 00:46:52.280
<v Speaker 2>brand new, wonderfully fun podcast called You Are That and

844
00:46:52.360 --> 00:46:54.880
<v Speaker 2>it's out now wherever you get podcasts. Their first episodees

845
00:46:55.119 --> 00:46:59.039
<v Speaker 2>just dropped like yesterday, June tenth, So show them some love,

846
00:46:59.199 --> 00:47:03.119
<v Speaker 2>subscribe the witty, Amazing ear Candy, I love them. Assistant

847
00:47:03.159 --> 00:47:06.159
<v Speaker 2>editing was done by Jarrett Sleeper of mind Jam Media

848
00:47:06.199 --> 00:47:08.679
<v Speaker 2>and of the mental health podcast Make Good, Bad Brain.

849
00:47:09.079 --> 00:47:11.280
<v Speaker 2>And thank you to Stephen Ray Morris of the per

850
00:47:11.400 --> 00:47:15.199
<v Speaker 2>Cast and See Jurassic Right for being an island on

851
00:47:15.239 --> 00:47:17.960
<v Speaker 2>the storm and helping assemble the show each and every week.

852
00:47:18.000 --> 00:47:21.000
<v Speaker 2>I'd be just lost at sea without you. And if

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00:47:21.039 --> 00:47:22.280
<v Speaker 2>you stay till the end of the episode, you know

854
00:47:22.360 --> 00:47:24.599
<v Speaker 2>I tell you a secret. And this week's secret is

855
00:47:24.679 --> 00:47:26.400
<v Speaker 2>I guess it's just more of a pro tip. But

856
00:47:26.480 --> 00:47:29.960
<v Speaker 2>I recently moved and instead of cardboard boxes that you

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00:47:30.039 --> 00:47:32.400
<v Speaker 2>have to tape up and then throw away, I rented

858
00:47:32.400 --> 00:47:35.840
<v Speaker 2>these bins made out of recycled plastic and the company

859
00:47:35.960 --> 00:47:38.079
<v Speaker 2>delivered them and then I get to keep them for

860
00:47:38.119 --> 00:47:40.039
<v Speaker 2>two weeks, so I have time to unpack them, but

861
00:47:40.079 --> 00:47:42.800
<v Speaker 2>it's also making me unpack them because there's a deadline

862
00:47:42.840 --> 00:47:44.599
<v Speaker 2>and then the company will come back and pick them

863
00:47:44.679 --> 00:47:46.519
<v Speaker 2>up and you can stack them four on top of

864
00:47:46.559 --> 00:47:49.039
<v Speaker 2>the others on a dolly. So they were fast to

865
00:47:49.079 --> 00:47:51.400
<v Speaker 2>move and they're easy to reopen if you want to

866
00:47:51.400 --> 00:47:54.320
<v Speaker 2>toss more in one. Anyway, ten out of ten would

867
00:47:54.400 --> 00:47:58.079
<v Speaker 2>move with Again, I use the company Leafy, but there's

868
00:47:58.159 --> 00:48:00.880
<v Speaker 2>also like Piggyboxes is another one. You can just google

869
00:48:00.920 --> 00:48:04.119
<v Speaker 2>plastic moving boxes or moving bins. Not having to tape

870
00:48:04.159 --> 00:48:07.199
<v Speaker 2>up box bottoms and then hope that they don't fall apart.

871
00:48:07.559 --> 00:48:11.320
<v Speaker 2>Saved so much time, so much stress. So pro tip

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00:48:11.679 --> 00:48:15.400
<v Speaker 2>from old dad Word. Also my dad Word advised numbering

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00:48:15.400 --> 00:48:18.639
<v Speaker 2>the boxes and keeping a master list of what's in

874
00:48:18.679 --> 00:48:21.119
<v Speaker 2>each number box and I totally did not do that

875
00:48:21.480 --> 00:48:24.079
<v Speaker 2>and I should have. So there's some good advice from

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00:48:24.199 --> 00:48:26.880
<v Speaker 2>granddad Word fun podcast. Okay, if you go to an

877
00:48:26.920 --> 00:48:29.519
<v Speaker 2>island and you're not from the island, please try to

878
00:48:29.559 --> 00:48:32.400
<v Speaker 2>respect the inhabitants in the culture and uses little single

879
00:48:32.480 --> 00:48:34.320
<v Speaker 2>use plastic as possible, and don't let her and make

880
00:48:34.320 --> 00:48:38.480
<v Speaker 2>sure your sunscreen is beach safe. Okay it's almost summer.

881
00:48:39.519 --> 00:48:53.880
<v Speaker 2>Yay forbye Pacadermatology, biology or doe, zoology, lithology, technology, meteorology, otology, anthology, zeriology, elinology.

882
00:49:31.440 --> 00:49:33.679
<v Speaker 1>Get value. You can't argue with that Tesco with their

883
00:49:33.719 --> 00:49:36.760
<v Speaker 1>amazing club card prices. Serve up something special with our

884
00:49:36.840 --> 00:49:39.559
<v Speaker 1>finest meal deal for two starring one main, two sides

885
00:49:39.599 --> 00:49:42.519
<v Speaker 1>and dessert for only sixteen euros like succulent board be

886
00:49:42.599 --> 00:49:45.039
<v Speaker 1>approved Irish Aang the Strip loin steaks with pepper corn

887
00:49:45.119 --> 00:49:48.800
<v Speaker 1>butter or delicious Irish Chicken Parmeshana served with creamy potato

888
00:49:48.880 --> 00:49:51.960
<v Speaker 1>gratam and her mix of rainbow root vegetables. And enjoy

889
00:49:52.079 --> 00:49:56.079
<v Speaker 1>Goozillionaire or Solder Caramel cheesecake. Can't argue with that shop

890
00:49:56.119 --> 00:49:59.599
<v Speaker 1>in store or online. Tesco every Little Helps available the

891
00:49:59.639 --> 00:50:01.039
<v Speaker 1>most stores. His prices vary in express