WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.440 --> 00:00:03.240 When it comes to a great deal, Virgin Mobile doesn't 2 00:00:03.279 --> 00:00:07.599 play around, introducing a new simplan price locked at fifteen 3 00:00:07.639 --> 00:00:11.679 euro month for life with unlimited data, calls and text 4 00:00:11.880 --> 00:00:15.880 and ninety nine percent coverage. Switch today at Virgin Media 5 00:00:15.960 --> 00:00:19.000 dot Ie Virgin Media It's playtime. 6 00:00:19.719 --> 00:00:21.800 Tcnz s apply fifteen euro per month locked in while 7 00:00:21.800 --> 00:00:24.800 a Virgin Mobile customer twelve month contract include unlimited data, 8 00:00:24.839 --> 00:00:27.760 standard calls and text. All Iris Networks offer ends February eighteenth, 9 00:00:27.800 --> 00:00:29.839 twenty twenty six. See Virgin Media dote. 10 00:00:30.320 --> 00:00:33.119 Do you know what real power is? It's knowing you're 11 00:00:33.119 --> 00:00:35.840 on the same rate for energy all day, every day 12 00:00:35.880 --> 00:00:38.799 with a smart all Day plan from board Gosh Energy. 13 00:00:39.000 --> 00:00:41.200 Save up to eight hundred and eighty euro on dual 14 00:00:41.240 --> 00:00:43.679 fuel plus get a two hundred and thirty five You're 15 00:00:43.679 --> 00:00:47.000 a welcome bonus switch today at board Goosh Energy dot 16 00:00:47.039 --> 00:00:50.600 Ie Board Gosh Energy. Know your Power. 17 00:00:50.600 --> 00:00:52.880 Estimating annual ability twenty six hundred and twenty nine euro 18 00:00:52.960 --> 00:00:55.200 new customers only thirs percentI is kent of Smart all 19 00:00:55.240 --> 00:00:57.840 day electricity unit rates in twenty nine percent of gas unitrates. 20 00:00:57.880 --> 00:00:59.920 Sportcash Energy dot E for full secencies. 21 00:01:00.600 --> 00:01:03.920 Oh Hi, welcome to smologies. What are smologies. Okay, So 22 00:01:03.960 --> 00:01:08.159 these are shorter, kid friendly versions of classic episodes. So 23 00:01:08.200 --> 00:01:10.400 we took them, and we took all the swears out, 24 00:01:10.640 --> 00:01:13.400 nothing too racy. You can listen around kids, you can 25 00:01:13.439 --> 00:01:17.439 listen around your grandparents, perhaps, work colleagues, whatever. If you 26 00:01:17.439 --> 00:01:19.239 want the full length version of this episode, though, of course, 27 00:01:19.239 --> 00:01:20.519 it's going to be linked in the show notes. We 28 00:01:20.560 --> 00:01:26.079 also have more smologies up at aliwar dot com slash smologies. Okay, enjoy, Hey, 29 00:01:26.879 --> 00:01:29.920 it's your stepbrother's girlfriend, the one with the pet rat? 30 00:01:30.280 --> 00:01:34.319 What's up at sali ward? Welcome back another episode of ologies? 31 00:01:34.400 --> 00:01:35.040 Are you ready? 32 00:01:35.120 --> 00:01:42.439 Okay? Mars so that that orange orb in the night sky. 33 00:01:42.959 --> 00:01:46.760 It's fodder for science fiction and it's a place where 34 00:01:46.760 --> 00:01:49.959 billionaires ask themselves, can we go there when we ruin 35 00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:50.480 the planet? 36 00:01:50.640 --> 00:01:50.840 Or on? 37 00:01:51.640 --> 00:01:54.799 So, maybe you love Mars. Maybe you don't know why 38 00:01:54.840 --> 00:01:57.439 people love Mars. Maybe you're like me, and until a 39 00:01:57.480 --> 00:01:59.480 few years ago, I would think, wait, is Mars a 40 00:01:59.560 --> 00:02:02.920 really hot hot like fiery one? Because it's red and stuff? 41 00:02:03.319 --> 00:02:07.519 I had no idea. Okay, areology. Let's get into it. 42 00:02:07.920 --> 00:02:10.719 So first off, Mars has a lot of iron in 43 00:02:10.719 --> 00:02:13.199 the oil, which makes it red, which makes it look 44 00:02:13.360 --> 00:02:17.479 like the Solar System's big bloody eyeball. So hence we 45 00:02:17.560 --> 00:02:21.319 named it after the god of war, Mars. So it's 46 00:02:21.439 --> 00:02:23.840 Aris in Greek mythology, and if you want to know 47 00:02:23.879 --> 00:02:27.680 more about Roman's ripping off Greeks, listen to the mythology episode. 48 00:02:27.680 --> 00:02:31.280 So the word areology means study of Mars. So this 49 00:02:31.400 --> 00:02:34.800 ologist was introduced to me via email by my NASA 50 00:02:34.800 --> 00:02:38.639 friend Casey. Hi, Casey Hi. Christine. Casey's email between us 51 00:02:38.680 --> 00:02:42.039 simply said, do you need introductions? No, you do not. 52 00:02:42.400 --> 00:02:45.080 Then I received a message back from her saying that 53 00:02:45.120 --> 00:02:48.960 she listens to the podcast. So this interview was on. 54 00:02:49.360 --> 00:02:51.560 It was happening. So I got off a plane from 55 00:02:51.560 --> 00:02:53.759 a work trip. I had it straight from the airport 56 00:02:53.840 --> 00:02:57.080 to a little conference room with squeaky chairs at Caltech 57 00:02:57.159 --> 00:03:00.840 in Pasadena to talk about like what Mars deal is? 58 00:03:01.159 --> 00:03:03.840 Why is it cold? Why was it named after the 59 00:03:03.879 --> 00:03:07.919 deity of battle? What's up with its two moons, one 60 00:03:08.080 --> 00:03:10.759 named after the fear and the other of the dread 61 00:03:10.840 --> 00:03:15.080 that a company wore, some super recent discoveries about life, 62 00:03:15.520 --> 00:03:19.919 insane dust storms. The rovers are building, so please prepare 63 00:03:19.960 --> 00:03:23.719 for a journey into space, and you're rocky subconscious with 64 00:03:24.000 --> 00:03:45.400 areologist Jennifer Booze alogy knowlogy knowli So you study Mars, 65 00:03:45.639 --> 00:03:47.240 Yes you're an areologist? 66 00:03:47.960 --> 00:03:49.080 Yes? Is that correct? 67 00:03:49.439 --> 00:03:49.680 Yeah? 68 00:03:49.680 --> 00:03:52.599 Well I think I'm a planetary geologist who studies Mars. 69 00:03:52.840 --> 00:03:54.240 But I study Mars. 70 00:03:54.360 --> 00:03:58.319 I'm an areologist as a planetary geologist. Can you run 71 00:03:58.360 --> 00:04:01.599 me through, Like, what's Mars? What's it steal? Why is 72 00:04:01.599 --> 00:04:04.159 it so dry? How cold is it? How big is it? 73 00:04:04.599 --> 00:04:06.199 Just tell me what we're working with here, Give me 74 00:04:06.240 --> 00:04:08.919 some specs, Like if you were if you were a dog, 75 00:04:08.960 --> 00:04:10.800 and you're like, I don't know what Mars is, like, 76 00:04:10.960 --> 00:04:11.879 how would you start? 77 00:04:12.080 --> 00:04:16.759 Okay, So Mars, you know, it's the next planet from 78 00:04:16.839 --> 00:04:19.519 our sun, so it's going to be like older. It's 79 00:04:19.560 --> 00:04:20.680 also a lot smaller. 80 00:04:21.040 --> 00:04:25.560 At its closest, Mars is around thirty four million miles 81 00:04:25.920 --> 00:04:30.240 that's fifty five million kilometers, So scale wise, Mars is 82 00:04:30.279 --> 00:04:33.800 about half the size of Earth and has roughly one 83 00:04:34.040 --> 00:04:37.040 third the gravity one third. So I looked up a 84 00:04:37.079 --> 00:04:40.839 few simulators of Mars gravity and in one there's this 85 00:04:41.040 --> 00:04:45.680 human in an orange onesie supported by slings, taking these 86 00:04:45.800 --> 00:04:49.480 graceful leaps around an indoor track, kind of like a 87 00:04:49.560 --> 00:04:53.800 giant Marionette. In another video, I saw what appeared to 88 00:04:53.839 --> 00:04:58.759 be a gaggle of French cosmonautical tourists taking a ride 89 00:04:58.800 --> 00:05:02.959 in a Vomit Comet, which is a seatless commercial jet 90 00:05:03.079 --> 00:05:07.160 that makes these roller coaster dips in flights and simulates 91 00:05:07.439 --> 00:05:09.680 lower gravity. I don't know from what I can tell, 92 00:05:09.759 --> 00:05:13.519 less gravity looks fun with these middle aged Parisians resorting 93 00:05:13.560 --> 00:05:18.519 to whoops, they're hooting like tiny happy donkeys, our kids 94 00:05:18.560 --> 00:05:24.959 in a ball pit. Ah, So, Mars gravity, take your weight, 95 00:05:25.439 --> 00:05:28.800 divide it by three. That is your bounding happy space 96 00:05:28.839 --> 00:05:29.439 pony weight. 97 00:05:29.560 --> 00:05:32.079 It's like, atmosphere is super thin right now, but in 98 00:05:32.120 --> 00:05:34.720 the past it had a thicker atmosphere and there was 99 00:05:34.839 --> 00:05:37.319 water on it for sure, like we have evidence for 100 00:05:37.519 --> 00:05:40.560 like streams and lakes and all sorts of like things 101 00:05:40.600 --> 00:05:42.800 like that. And it was a lot warmer because it 102 00:05:42.839 --> 00:05:44.920 had an atmosphere, and it used to have a magnetic 103 00:05:44.920 --> 00:05:47.639 field like we had on Earth, but it doesn't have 104 00:05:47.759 --> 00:05:51.920 one anymore. How do magnetic fields die Mars? Because it's smaller, 105 00:05:51.920 --> 00:05:54.360 it kind of like cooled down a lot quicker. On Earth, 106 00:05:54.519 --> 00:05:56.600 it's like hot down in our core and we have 107 00:05:56.680 --> 00:05:59.600 got iron spinning around and it's also like a big 108 00:05:59.639 --> 00:06:02.600 plan but Mars doesn't have like all those things, and 109 00:06:02.680 --> 00:06:05.160 so it's core is like just not putting out that 110 00:06:05.240 --> 00:06:07.360 kind of motion anymore. So we're not getting a magnet 111 00:06:07.399 --> 00:06:08.040 field anymore. 112 00:06:08.120 --> 00:06:09.600 I had no idea that was even a thing. I 113 00:06:09.600 --> 00:06:12.480 didn't know that was an option. Yeah, does Mars have moons? 114 00:06:12.879 --> 00:06:16.000 It has two moons, Phobos and Demos. Okay, there's like 115 00:06:16.040 --> 00:06:17.439 some debate about. 116 00:06:17.160 --> 00:06:20.240 How the Moon's formed, but I think most people think 117 00:06:20.240 --> 00:06:23.319 they're like captured asteroids. So they're really small moons and 118 00:06:23.480 --> 00:06:26.759 not like ours, and I think from the surface they 119 00:06:26.759 --> 00:06:28.279 look more like a planet's. 120 00:06:28.360 --> 00:06:30.800 So if you're on Mars, yeah, do you see two 121 00:06:30.839 --> 00:06:33.519 moons in the sky at the same time. 122 00:06:34.040 --> 00:06:37.160 I think you can, but they're so small, I think 123 00:06:37.160 --> 00:06:38.639 that they look more like planets. 124 00:06:38.680 --> 00:06:41.079 Okay, they just are like little Dimi dots. 125 00:06:41.160 --> 00:06:43.199 Yeah, I don't think they don't look like Arman for sure. 126 00:06:43.240 --> 00:06:45.839 Okay, Yeah, I thought maybe have you ever cracked an 127 00:06:45.879 --> 00:06:49.160 egg and you got a double yoak an e? As 128 00:06:49.199 --> 00:06:53.480 for Mars's double moons, some hot goss Jennifer emailed me 129 00:06:54.079 --> 00:06:58.480 that Phobos, which she described as a twenty six kilometer wide, 130 00:06:58.759 --> 00:07:03.279 lumpy cocoa puff may not have been a captured asteroid, 131 00:07:03.480 --> 00:07:06.560 but possibly it was formed out of a cloud of 132 00:07:06.680 --> 00:07:10.279 dust that was left over from a giant impact, kind 133 00:07:10.279 --> 00:07:13.759 of like our own beloved moon, and that possibly possibly 134 00:07:14.040 --> 00:07:18.240 Phobos has formed many times over Mars history, and it 135 00:07:18.360 --> 00:07:22.759 just periodically crashes into the surface, forms a dust cloud 136 00:07:22.800 --> 00:07:26.879 around Mars again, and then recreates itself into a moon, 137 00:07:27.319 --> 00:07:31.439 and then crashes again, forms itself anew again, but smaller, 138 00:07:31.639 --> 00:07:33.800 over and over and over. So what do they think 139 00:07:33.879 --> 00:07:36.480 happened to make Mars such a dust bowl? 140 00:07:37.000 --> 00:07:40.079 So it got dry. Basically it used to have water, 141 00:07:40.279 --> 00:07:45.279 but because it's so much smaller, its atmosphere like got 142 00:07:45.360 --> 00:07:48.040 lost basically doesn't have as much gravity like pulling it in. 143 00:07:49.000 --> 00:07:51.720 And it also like didn't have a magnetic field anymore, 144 00:07:51.759 --> 00:07:54.399 and like we say, our magnet field protects us, and 145 00:07:54.480 --> 00:07:57.160 so like the atmosphere just got like stripped away over 146 00:07:57.240 --> 00:08:02.199 time by like the solar wind and other atmosphere loss processes, 147 00:08:02.319 --> 00:08:07.079 and so it just lost its atmosphere got drier and drier, 148 00:08:07.360 --> 00:08:10.319 and then now it has a thin atmosphere and everything's 149 00:08:10.399 --> 00:08:11.000 just dusty. 150 00:08:11.519 --> 00:08:14.040 Does the water evaporate into the solar system? 151 00:08:14.399 --> 00:08:17.720 Yeah, it just gets like lost and yeah, basically I 152 00:08:17.720 --> 00:08:20.279 wonder where it goes. Yeah, I don't know, just like 153 00:08:20.720 --> 00:08:22.240 out there. 154 00:08:22.079 --> 00:08:25.560 Can ition just oceans just kind of missing around. 155 00:08:26.079 --> 00:08:29.360 Maybe I think it's like probably really scattered apart. Okay, 156 00:08:29.519 --> 00:08:30.639 probably just a gas. 157 00:08:31.319 --> 00:08:33.360 So we have a super dusty planet. 158 00:08:33.480 --> 00:08:36.879 Yeah, why is it red? It has a lot of iron. 159 00:08:37.240 --> 00:08:38.080 It's like rusty. 160 00:08:38.519 --> 00:08:41.799 Oh yeah, and same as like Utah. 161 00:08:42.240 --> 00:08:45.000 Yeah yeah, kind of a lot of ways. 162 00:08:45.120 --> 00:08:47.720 So what parts of this chili desert are we really 163 00:08:47.759 --> 00:08:51.320 poking around? Now? The Curiosity rover landed in a crater, 164 00:08:51.480 --> 00:08:55.919 Gale Crater named for Walter Frederick Gael, who was an 165 00:08:56.000 --> 00:08:59.240 Australian banker by name, but he was a real space 166 00:08:59.320 --> 00:09:02.679 do we bind? So? Gale Crater is this huge dent 167 00:09:02.879 --> 00:09:06.200 in Mars, and it's filled with a mountain of perhaps 168 00:09:06.879 --> 00:09:11.360 wind whipped debrize that's taller than Mount Rainier. It looks 169 00:09:11.360 --> 00:09:13.879 like if you piled a bunch of brown sugar into 170 00:09:13.919 --> 00:09:17.279 a shallow bowl, or like a little tiny tuft of 171 00:09:17.360 --> 00:09:19.879 lint in a belly button. Now, why do we care 172 00:09:19.919 --> 00:09:23.080 about this crater? Because maybe it was a lake? 173 00:09:23.720 --> 00:09:24.240 Why did we. 174 00:09:24.200 --> 00:09:28.480 Put Curiosity in the crater that's where the lake was? Okay, 175 00:09:29.000 --> 00:09:31.360 And that's where the cool stuff was got it. So 176 00:09:31.600 --> 00:09:34.159 if there were gonna be like signs that people had 177 00:09:34.159 --> 00:09:36.759 a party there, we would find it in the bottom 178 00:09:36.799 --> 00:09:38.720 of what used to be lake, or we'd be like, 179 00:09:38.960 --> 00:09:40.480 there were maybe some old. 180 00:09:40.240 --> 00:09:43.960 Fish in here. Yeah, okay, yeah, it's like a basin, 181 00:09:44.159 --> 00:09:47.000 so stuff's gonna collect there. And we had seen from 182 00:09:47.159 --> 00:09:50.000 orbit that there were like layers that looked like they 183 00:09:50.000 --> 00:09:53.279 could have been from a lake or something wet or 184 00:09:53.360 --> 00:09:55.960 people actually really debated what the layers were and so 185 00:09:56.000 --> 00:09:58.720 it's just people were curious from many different perspectives, and 186 00:09:58.759 --> 00:10:01.039 so that's why we went there. But picking like the 187 00:10:01.159 --> 00:10:03.960 landing site is like a multi year thing with like 188 00:10:04.080 --> 00:10:05.960 hundreds of people involved and stuff. 189 00:10:06.120 --> 00:10:08.080 So what's the twenty twenty get a peep? What's it 190 00:10:08.120 --> 00:10:09.879 looking at? Where's it gonna land? So we don't know 191 00:10:09.960 --> 00:10:13.240 yet where it's gonna land. It's like down to three sites. Okay, now, 192 00:10:13.840 --> 00:10:17.960 according to a page up at marsnext dot JPL dot 193 00:10:18.039 --> 00:10:20.279 NASA dot gov. I'll put a link in the show 194 00:10:20.320 --> 00:10:24.120 notes all possible sites where life could have existed and 195 00:10:24.360 --> 00:10:27.279 or there's a lot of evidence for rocks and fluids 196 00:10:27.320 --> 00:10:28.279 having interacted. 197 00:10:28.480 --> 00:10:31.360 And so one of the big ideas behind like past 198 00:10:31.480 --> 00:10:34.559 Mars life is that that it was like microbes maybe 199 00:10:34.639 --> 00:10:37.799 living in like cracks and rocks and stuff, and so 200 00:10:37.879 --> 00:10:40.639 there's also in that area there's also like volcanism and 201 00:10:40.799 --> 00:10:44.200 a wide variety of rocks there and a wide variety 202 00:10:44.240 --> 00:10:47.600 of ages, which is crucial because Mars was like probably 203 00:10:47.679 --> 00:10:50.080 habitable in its like early history. 204 00:10:50.440 --> 00:10:54.840 How long ago do you think Mars was probably habitable? Right? 205 00:10:54.879 --> 00:10:57.399 Are we talking like five billion years ago or like 206 00:10:57.679 --> 00:10:59.120 thirty thousand billion years? 207 00:10:59.320 --> 00:11:01.960 No long time ago? Okay, billions of years, Okay, just 208 00:11:02.399 --> 00:11:05.600 billion years or something like. I mean maybe there's like 209 00:11:05.679 --> 00:11:10.080 still some fluid activity more recently, but it's like such 210 00:11:10.159 --> 00:11:13.759 small amounts that these would be like really lonely bugs. 211 00:11:15.159 --> 00:11:17.279 There's a big group of people that want to send 212 00:11:17.840 --> 00:11:20.240 a rover back to the same spot where Spirit is, 213 00:11:20.320 --> 00:11:22.039 which is kind of a cute thought in some way. 214 00:11:22.879 --> 00:11:24.320 A lot of people are like, no, we want to 215 00:11:24.360 --> 00:11:28.240 go somewhere new, but that spot there's like hydrothermal activity, 216 00:11:28.440 --> 00:11:30.919 so which is like on Earth where a lot of 217 00:11:30.919 --> 00:11:33.519 people think life might have started here. So that's why 218 00:11:33.679 --> 00:11:35.519 there's big arguments to go back there. 219 00:11:35.360 --> 00:11:39.480 To make primordial Martian soup. Yeah, kind of how much 220 00:11:39.519 --> 00:11:41.360 water is on Mars and when did we find it? 221 00:11:42.039 --> 00:11:43.639 I say we as though I had anything to do 222 00:11:43.679 --> 00:11:44.039 with it. 223 00:11:44.480 --> 00:11:47.799 Currently on Mars there's not a lot of water. There's 224 00:11:47.799 --> 00:11:51.799 like some water, like liquid water, just like in pores 225 00:11:51.840 --> 00:11:55.440 of rocks and like buried basically not really exposed on 226 00:11:55.440 --> 00:11:57.840 the surface. But there's like water ice in the caps. 227 00:11:58.159 --> 00:12:00.720 And when did we find it? I think think probably 228 00:12:00.919 --> 00:12:03.600 the best, Like when we started getting these early images 229 00:12:03.639 --> 00:12:06.720 that showed like channels, there was no solid evidence that 230 00:12:06.759 --> 00:12:08.480 it was formed by water, but people were like, the 231 00:12:08.559 --> 00:12:10.200 looks like it was formed by water, and then you know, 232 00:12:10.360 --> 00:12:11.840 get more and more info on it. 233 00:12:12.000 --> 00:12:15.840 Yeah, So what happened with the recent announcement, Like everyone, 234 00:12:16.600 --> 00:12:19.360 watch out, we have an announcement to make about Mars, 235 00:12:19.360 --> 00:12:21.559 and everyone's like, I'm setting my alarm clock, I'm staying 236 00:12:21.600 --> 00:12:23.679 up late. Yeah, what happened with that announcement? 237 00:12:23.919 --> 00:12:26.399 So there were what people call like the building blocks 238 00:12:26.440 --> 00:12:30.000 of life that were found with the Curiosity rover. These 239 00:12:30.080 --> 00:12:34.399 like molecules that are actually really hard to preserve. They 240 00:12:34.440 --> 00:12:39.000 were found by the rover pretty like fresh looking, and 241 00:12:39.080 --> 00:12:41.639 so they're I don't know, it's just like the building 242 00:12:41.720 --> 00:12:43.799 blocks of life that were found and we didn't think 243 00:12:43.840 --> 00:12:45.960 that we would find them because they can get destroyed 244 00:12:45.960 --> 00:12:48.720 really easily. So that means that they were like resurfaced 245 00:12:48.799 --> 00:12:51.279 like pretty recently, which is really exciting, and that they 246 00:12:51.279 --> 00:12:54.320 were there at all was exciting that they could have formed. 247 00:12:54.440 --> 00:12:56.960 And so this was a heads up. We have the 248 00:12:57.159 --> 00:13:01.919 ingredients to make life. We didn't find it yet, but 249 00:13:01.960 --> 00:13:05.320 we found the ingredients. Ye, and that's a big deal. Yeah, 250 00:13:05.399 --> 00:13:08.200 I have one million questions for you. Okay, is it 251 00:13:08.200 --> 00:13:09.799 okay if I ask you one million? 252 00:13:10.039 --> 00:13:10.799 Yeah? Okay. 253 00:13:11.320 --> 00:13:14.679 But before we take questions from you, our beloved listeners, 254 00:13:14.720 --> 00:13:17.039 we're going to take a quick break for sponsors of 255 00:13:17.039 --> 00:13:19.759 the show. Sponsors. Why sponsors? You know what they do? 256 00:13:19.879 --> 00:13:22.840 They help us give money to different charities every week. 257 00:13:23.000 --> 00:13:25.360 So if you want to know where Ologies gives our money, 258 00:13:25.559 --> 00:13:28.039 you can go to aliword dot com and look for 259 00:13:28.080 --> 00:13:31.159 the tab Ologies gives back. There's like one hundred and 260 00:13:31.200 --> 00:13:34.320 fifty different charities that we've given to already, with more 261 00:13:34.480 --> 00:13:36.480 every single week. So if you need a place to 262 00:13:36.519 --> 00:13:37.960 go donate a little bit of money but you're not 263 00:13:37.960 --> 00:13:41.039 sure where to go, those are all picked biologists who 264 00:13:41.120 --> 00:13:44.639 work in those fields. And this ad break allows us 265 00:13:44.639 --> 00:13:46.240 to give a ton. 266 00:13:46.080 --> 00:13:47.000 Of money to them. 267 00:13:47.320 --> 00:13:50.360 So thanks for listening and thank sponsors. 268 00:13:50.320 --> 00:13:51.799 When it comes to a great deal. 269 00:13:51.919 --> 00:13:56.600 Virgin Mobile doesn't play around introducing our new simplan price 270 00:13:56.679 --> 00:14:00.360 locked at fifteen euro month for life with unlimited data, 271 00:14:00.519 --> 00:14:04.679 calls and text and ninety nine percent coverage. 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Know your Power. 284 00:14:40.519 --> 00:14:42.639 Estimating Annuel bill A twenty six hundred and twenty nine 285 00:14:42.639 --> 00:14:44.960 your new customers only thirst percentI is kent of Smart 286 00:14:45.000 --> 00:14:47.039 all day electricity unit rates in twenty nine percent of 287 00:14:47.080 --> 00:14:49.879 gas US Sportcash Energy dot E for full SEESNCS. 288 00:14:50.639 --> 00:14:57.240 Okay, your questions, Greg ariel Belk, Craig Curry, and Jorge 289 00:14:57.320 --> 00:15:00.559 Barnett all ask the same basic question. So this is 290 00:15:00.559 --> 00:15:03.559 a super question, Okay, in light of the giant ust 291 00:15:03.600 --> 00:15:05.600 storm that seems to have knocked out the curiosity, what 292 00:15:05.759 --> 00:15:09.960 is the most useful to humanity right now information that 293 00:15:10.039 --> 00:15:13.039 it has collected since its arrival to the red planet? 294 00:15:13.320 --> 00:15:16.080 So what's the best stuff that the rovers have gotten? 295 00:15:17.240 --> 00:15:19.840 Okay? So, like I was thinking about this a lot, 296 00:15:19.919 --> 00:15:23.000 and I think the seeing that Mars was habitable in 297 00:15:23.039 --> 00:15:26.080 the past was probably the most interesting and maybe useful 298 00:15:26.080 --> 00:15:28.799 to humanity kind of thing because we see how Mars 299 00:15:28.799 --> 00:15:32.080 has changed with time, and like how Earth might change 300 00:15:32.080 --> 00:15:35.720 with time to and also like what the different extremes 301 00:15:35.799 --> 00:15:38.600 like that we can have on different planets are. So 302 00:15:38.720 --> 00:15:40.039 that's like super interesting. 303 00:15:41.440 --> 00:15:48.039 Mariner Cosplay, Al Martinez, Irakasha, Stephen Titus, and Justin M. 304 00:15:48.039 --> 00:15:51.919 Gifford all wanted to know what are the biggest hurdles 305 00:15:51.960 --> 00:15:55.639 for terraforming and is there an initiative within NASA or 306 00:15:55.679 --> 00:15:58.840 another agency to do so? Also follow up question from 307 00:15:58.879 --> 00:16:00.279 Ali Ward, what is terror? 308 00:16:00.960 --> 00:16:03.399 I think terraforming. I don't know the definition, but I 309 00:16:03.399 --> 00:16:07.240 feel like it's when you make the surface like have 310 00:16:08.279 --> 00:16:12.799 grass on it. Really no, no, definitely not. That's just 311 00:16:12.840 --> 00:16:14.240 what I imagine is Like what. 312 00:16:14.360 --> 00:16:19.600 Terraforming is landscaping, it's partial landscaping. Yeah, uh, you'll have 313 00:16:19.600 --> 00:16:23.559 to look that up. But so quick definition here. Terraforming 314 00:16:23.720 --> 00:16:26.879 is mostly at present a sci fi term, and it 315 00:16:26.919 --> 00:16:30.039 means to transform a planet to be more like Earth, 316 00:16:30.240 --> 00:16:33.360 presumably so that we can go live there. So I imagine 317 00:16:33.240 --> 00:16:36.200 in the future HGTV will have a whole flip or 318 00:16:36.200 --> 00:16:40.679 Flop esque series dedicated to making over dry, barren planets 319 00:16:40.679 --> 00:16:44.440 into like lush, boho habitats of our dreams. All we 320 00:16:44.519 --> 00:16:49.000 have to do is just painstakingly alter but already naturally exists. 321 00:16:49.360 --> 00:16:50.399 Can you review the question? 322 00:16:50.559 --> 00:16:54.240 Yeah, essentially, what are the biggest hurdles for terraforming? 323 00:16:54.519 --> 00:16:56.720 Okay, so, yeah, that we don't have a lot of 324 00:16:56.759 --> 00:17:00.279 water or oxygen in the atmosphere, or that the amr 325 00:17:00.320 --> 00:17:03.559 so thin in general, So it's either going to have 326 00:17:03.600 --> 00:17:07.039 to be like you make the atmosphere thicker somehow by 327 00:17:07.079 --> 00:17:10.400 like melting the caps or like taking an atmosphere. But 328 00:17:10.440 --> 00:17:12.200 then you need a shield for the atmosphere. 329 00:17:12.279 --> 00:17:13.519 So, like I think if they. 330 00:17:13.400 --> 00:17:17.119 Existed in bubbles, like if we had like a big dome, 331 00:17:17.400 --> 00:17:20.200 maybe you could kind of start doing that that way, 332 00:17:20.599 --> 00:17:23.960 where you can like contain your atmosphere and your water 333 00:17:24.079 --> 00:17:26.759 and stuff like that. Yeah, so those are the big hurdles. 334 00:17:26.759 --> 00:17:28.680 In Radiation is another hurdle. 335 00:17:28.640 --> 00:17:30.680 Because there's not a lot of atmosphere to shieldy from 336 00:17:30.720 --> 00:17:33.279 it exactly. Even though the sun is farther away, you're 337 00:17:33.319 --> 00:17:37.279 still like sizzling. So even if you landscape Mars, you're 338 00:17:37.359 --> 00:17:39.960 still going to get a pretty high dose of radiation 339 00:17:40.279 --> 00:17:43.599 because of a really thin atmosphere. And also the place 340 00:17:43.720 --> 00:17:48.160 is pretty dry, it's pretty sandy. Now there is water 341 00:17:48.400 --> 00:17:50.519 trapped in minerals, but getting it out would be, in 342 00:17:50.599 --> 00:17:54.319 technical terms, a ton of work. Christopher Barley had a 343 00:17:54.319 --> 00:17:57.759 great question that I didn't even I hadn't considered. He says, 344 00:17:58.119 --> 00:18:00.440 I seem to remember that the northern half of is 345 00:18:00.440 --> 00:18:04.039 completely smooth, while the southern half is full of craters. Yeah, 346 00:18:04.119 --> 00:18:06.799 what's up? Do we understand what caused this and why 347 00:18:06.839 --> 00:18:07.759 the inconsistency? 348 00:18:08.200 --> 00:18:11.200 Yeah, So, like, uh, I think that maybe the major 349 00:18:11.319 --> 00:18:14.000 idea for this is that there was a big impact 350 00:18:14.359 --> 00:18:17.440 that came in like at an oblique angle and just 351 00:18:17.480 --> 00:18:20.319 like shaved off the top of Mars, and then it 352 00:18:20.440 --> 00:18:23.400 was like low And there's also a lot of debate 353 00:18:23.480 --> 00:18:26.759 about the they're called the Northern Lowlands the Southern Highlands, 354 00:18:26.759 --> 00:18:28.960 and so like the Southern Highlands are like way older, 355 00:18:29.039 --> 00:18:31.599 and there's like what we think were like catastrophic floods 356 00:18:31.640 --> 00:18:33.440 going up there. So is there some idea that there 357 00:18:33.440 --> 00:18:36.400 was an ocean up there too, which may explain that, 358 00:18:36.559 --> 00:18:40.119 and then like volcanism related to that like impact, so 359 00:18:40.440 --> 00:18:42.119 all things that could have smoothed it out. 360 00:18:42.359 --> 00:18:46.119 Oh my gosh. Katherine Woodrow and Michelle Sullivan both asked 361 00:18:46.160 --> 00:18:49.559 about microbia life on Mars. Which type of bacteria do 362 00:18:49.640 --> 00:18:51.440 you think would be the most likely to be found? 363 00:18:51.519 --> 00:18:55.440 Michelle Sullivan was like, cinobacteria, Yeah, so like extremophiles. 364 00:18:55.519 --> 00:18:57.440 I think for sure, I couldn't like tell you a 365 00:18:57.440 --> 00:19:01.119 specific bacteria, but like extremo files are things that live 366 00:19:01.160 --> 00:19:03.599 in extreme places, and so I think that's what we 367 00:19:03.599 --> 00:19:05.240 could find there. And I think there are some ciano 368 00:19:05.279 --> 00:19:09.039 bacteria that fit that category. And then like these microfossils 369 00:19:09.039 --> 00:19:12.400 that they thought were in this meteorite, those were magnetotactic bacteria. 370 00:19:12.519 --> 00:19:15.000 So if it were true that that were that they 371 00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:17.720 were fossils and maybe we could find that there. And 372 00:19:17.839 --> 00:19:19.960 since Mars did have a magnetic feel, it's not totally 373 00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:23.200 out of the question that they could have used it. Interesting. Yeah, 374 00:19:23.519 --> 00:19:25.799 and there's a lot of iron theres that's another possibility. 375 00:19:26.079 --> 00:19:27.960 Jude kidding wants to know what color is the sky 376 00:19:28.079 --> 00:19:31.000 on Mars. Are there long sunsets or does it switch 377 00:19:31.039 --> 00:19:34.160 to dark quickly? And can you see Earth from Mars? 378 00:19:34.319 --> 00:19:37.559 Okay, so the color of Mars, the color of the 379 00:19:37.599 --> 00:19:41.000 sky on Mars is like a butter scotch color, yeah, 380 00:19:41.359 --> 00:19:43.680 which we know, like from taking pictures and stuff of Mars. 381 00:19:43.680 --> 00:19:46.039 So there's a lot of like dust in the atmosphere, 382 00:19:46.839 --> 00:19:50.279 so it's dimmer. It's like way further from the sun 383 00:19:50.319 --> 00:19:53.599 than Earth is, so it's dimmer. But there it's still sunlight, 384 00:19:53.759 --> 00:19:56.480 but it's just darker. And so you think, and the 385 00:19:56.599 --> 00:19:59.200 days are about the same length, so I guess in 386 00:19:59.240 --> 00:20:02.319 a way it gets darker quicker, but only because there's 387 00:20:02.359 --> 00:20:05.480 less of light to begin with. Maybe, Yeah, But then 388 00:20:05.680 --> 00:20:09.000 the dust interacts with the atmosphere in the sunlight differently 389 00:20:09.039 --> 00:20:10.960 than it does on Earth because it's just like super 390 00:20:10.960 --> 00:20:13.319 iron rich dust, and so I think that's why it's 391 00:20:13.319 --> 00:20:15.119 like a more butter Scotch color than here we have 392 00:20:15.160 --> 00:20:16.119 like this blue color. 393 00:20:17.200 --> 00:20:19.880 What is one thing about Mars that people don't know 394 00:20:20.160 --> 00:20:24.119 that would really flabbergas them. 395 00:20:23.160 --> 00:20:26.680 Just how wet it used to be? People often ask 396 00:20:26.799 --> 00:20:29.559 me like, is it true that we found water on Mars? 397 00:20:29.559 --> 00:20:31.319 And then like, yeah, we found that like a million 398 00:20:31.359 --> 00:20:35.000 times already. Like, but that's the thing that they're often 399 00:20:35.039 --> 00:20:37.640 blown away by, right, But I think it's just still, 400 00:20:37.720 --> 00:20:40.079 for some reason not common knowledge yet that Mars used 401 00:20:40.119 --> 00:20:42.799