Speaker 1: Chapter seven of History of Egypt. This is a LibriVox recording.
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Speaker 1: of Egypt by F. C. H. Wendel. Chapter seven The
Speaker 1: Close of the New Empire and the Period of Decline
Speaker 1: Dynasties twenty twenty one and twenty two about eleven eighty
Speaker 1: to eight hundred b C. Section one the Twentieth Dynasty
Speaker 1: and Close of the New Empire eleven eighty to ten
Speaker 1: fifty BC. With this dynasty closes the period called the
Speaker 1: New Empire and begins the period of Decline. The epoch
Speaker 1: known as the New Empire had begun auspiciously, and for
Speaker 1: several centuries the pharans of the eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties
Speaker 1: had succeeded in making and keeping Egypt the first power
Speaker 1: of the then known world. At the close of each dynasty,
Speaker 1: there had occurred periods of anarchy, which were, however, of
Speaker 1: short duration and entailed no serious consequences. The kings had
Speaker 1: nevertheless made a number of serious blunders, and the effects
Speaker 1: of these blunders began to show themselves in this period.
Speaker 1: The first of these was the great power which had
Speaker 1: been given to the priests of amon Ra after the
Speaker 1: suppression of the reform movement. We have seen how the
Speaker 1: bootsy won in the Asiatic Wars poured chiefly into the
Speaker 1: coffers of amun Rah. The money is paid into his treasury,
Speaker 1: where managed by the priesthood, a fact that is very significant.
Speaker 1: This priesthood was responsible apparently only to itself, and consequently
Speaker 1: vastly enriched itself. Add to the power of great wealth,
Speaker 1: the control of vass estates and consequently an immense patronage,
Speaker 1: and the enormous influence the priesthood generally has over the masses,
Speaker 1: and you can readily see that sooner or later this
Speaker 1: priesthood must become very dangerous to the state. In this dynasty.
Speaker 1: There must be added yet another factor, the vast influence
Speaker 1: the clergy gained over the weak and incompetent kings that
Speaker 1: ruled after Ramses the third. It is no wonder then
Speaker 1: that they should finally succeed in snatching the scepter from
Speaker 1: the weak hands of the lost Rmses. The second Sirgus
Speaker 1: plunder was their Libyan policy, which we have outlined in
Speaker 1: Chapter six section three. Sat Nagt ruled only a very
Speaker 1: short while, but he appointed his son Ramses Co regent
Speaker 1: shortly before he died. Ramses the third eleven eighty to
Speaker 1: eleven forty eight b C. The Rhumsges of the classical
Speaker 1: authors ascended the throne about eleven eighty b C. This
Speaker 1: pharaoh anxiously imitated roma Um their second, even giving his
Speaker 1: sons the same names as those borne by the sons
Speaker 1: of his great predecessor, and appointing them to the same
Speaker 1: offices the latter had held. He was, not, however, the
Speaker 1: equal of Roums's the Second in war, though he almost
Speaker 1: excelled him in Paradostiu. The lists of conquered lands are
Speaker 1: just as untrustworthy as those of Rumses the Second, and
Speaker 1: must be entirely disregarded in writing the history of this period.
Speaker 1: The only authentic sources are the accounts of specific campaigns,
Speaker 1: and on these alone is based the following account of
Speaker 1: his wars. The early part of this reign seems to
Speaker 1: have been taken up by cares of state the land had,
Speaker 1: it is true, been pacified by a sad nact, but
Speaker 1: still the reorganization of the state was by no means
Speaker 1: compelled when Romses came to the throne. In one of
Speaker 1: his edicts, this pharaoh gives orders to cleanse the temples
Speaker 1: of Upper Egypt of all that the God's hate, to
Speaker 1: restore the truth that is Orthodox faith, and to destroy
Speaker 1: the lie that is Orthodoxy. It was owing to this
Speaker 1: unsettled state of the country that he could not undertake
Speaker 1: his first campaign, which was an extremely important and absolutely
Speaker 1: necessary one, before his fifth year. Meanwhile, matters looked bad
Speaker 1: in the Delta. Libyan hordes under their princess Dedi, Mashakin
Speaker 1: Tamar and Jadmar had and the Delta, possibly during the
Speaker 1: period of Anarchi which followed on the death of Setti
Speaker 1: the second, and had penetrated to the main stream of
Speaker 1: the Nile. Here they occupied the banks of the river
Speaker 1: from Carbana to Memphis. In the fifth year of his reign,
Speaker 1: Roms's at laws had sufficiently settled the eternal affairs of
Speaker 1: his kingdom to allow of his turning his attention to
Speaker 1: foreign affairs, and he accordingly marched against the Libyans. After
Speaker 1: some hard fighting, he succeeded in driving them out of
Speaker 1: the country. Some three years later, the pharaoh was involved
Speaker 1: in a more serious war the peoples of the sea,
Speaker 1: the Shardana, to RuSHA and Shakarusha, who in all probability
Speaker 1: dwelt on the north coast of Africa and seem to
Speaker 1: have been great pirates. United with there Zakari, Prousta, Danauna
Speaker 1: and Washiwash four other seafaring peoples in a grand raid
Speaker 1: on the Asiatic coast. They advanced down the coast by
Speaker 1: land and water, bringing with them their women and children
Speaker 1: and all their possessions on courts drawn by Oxen. All
Speaker 1: the Syrian people, the Sheeta, the Kidi, Karamish, Arradus, and Aresa,
Speaker 1: were subdued, and then the mighty stream poured into Palestine,
Speaker 1: which was mercilessly devastated. Up to this time, Rams's had
Speaker 1: been looking on an unconcerned spectator, rather rejoiced than otherwise
Speaker 1: at the downfall of Egypt's old enemies. But as soon
Speaker 1: as Palestine was invaded, matters assumed a different aspect. Palestine
Speaker 1: was an Egyptian province and could not be sacrificed accordingly.
Speaker 1: In the eighth year of his reign, Ramses proceeded against
Speaker 1: the pirates with a large army and a great fleet.
Speaker 1: The decisive battle was fought on the coast of Syria,
Speaker 1: both on land and on sea, and the enemy was
Speaker 1: utterly routed and almost annihilated. Vast numbers of prisoners were taken.
Speaker 1: The people concerned in this attack were all seafaring The
Speaker 1: Shardana to Russia and Shaikarusha we have met before as
Speaker 1: allies of the Libyan tribes that attacked Egypt in the
Speaker 1: times of Marine Petah. They dwelt most probably on the
Speaker 1: north coast of Africa. That these tribes here appeared together
Speaker 1: with tribes coming most probably from Greece and Asia Minor
Speaker 1: is no argument against this, for these tribes were bold pirates,
Speaker 1: ready to join in any enterprise that promised booty. Though
Speaker 1: we can state with a considerable degree of certainty that
Speaker 1: the other four tribes came from Greece and Asia Minor,
Speaker 1: we cannot assign to each one its proper home. That
Speaker 1: Greek tribes took part in this expedition is made extremely
Speaker 1: probable when we remember that the Odyssey mentions raids of
Speaker 1: this character made by Greek pirates on the Egyptian coast.
Speaker 1: The threatened invasion was thus happily averted, and the Egyptian
Speaker 1: domination over Palestine, Phoenician and Southern Syria considerably strengthened. In
Speaker 1: these countries, the kings of the preceding dynasty had a
Speaker 1: req and garrisoned forts in order to keep the inhabitants
Speaker 1: under control. Ramses the third went one step further. He
Speaker 1: tried to force the Egyptian religion, or rather the religion
Speaker 1: of Almunrah on the Asiatics. A great temple was erected
Speaker 1: in this region to Almunrah, to which, in the language
Speaker 1: of the official record, all the peoples of shel Syria
Speaker 1: bring their tribute. Incidentally, an expedition against the shehzou pduins
Speaker 1: of sir Adom is mentioned. Three years after the great
Speaker 1: victory over the Pirates, the king was again compelled to
Speaker 1: march against the Libyans. The Mashawasha, under their chief Mahshah Shar,
Speaker 1: united with the Tamhu and Libu and invaded the western Delta.
Speaker 1: The Pharaoh easily defeated them in a great battle fought
Speaker 1: on the frontier. Large numbers of the enemy were killed,
Speaker 1: numerous prisoners were taken, and which booty was one. These
Speaker 1: four wars seemed to have been all that Romss was
Speaker 1: engaged in. We see that they were all defensive wars,
Speaker 1: and this is quite a change from the aggressive policy
Speaker 1: pursued by the kings of dynasties twenty eight and nineteen.
Speaker 1: After the close of the Second Libyan War, the kingdom
Speaker 1: was at peace with the world, and Thebia and Nubia
Speaker 1: remained tranquil. The trade with Peawnd was reopened, and a
Speaker 1: fleet scent there returned, laden with the products of its
Speaker 1: tropical coasts, and brought back with it ambassadors from the
Speaker 1: various rulers of the region. The copper and malachite mines
Speaker 1: of the Sinai were operated. The land seemed to have
Speaker 1: arrived at the highest point of tranquility and prosperity. Thus,
Speaker 1: at least the official inscriptions and Papyrus Harris the First
Speaker 1: the official record of this reign, would have us believe.
Speaker 1: In reality, matters were not so pleasant. In the immediate
Speaker 1: vicinity of the Faires capital, in the necropolis of Thebes,
Speaker 1: there was almost constant trouble with the laborers. These men
Speaker 1: were in the government service and where to receive regular
Speaker 1: monthly rations, but the payment was far from regular, and
Speaker 1: very often they had to strike for them. Thus we
Speaker 1: know of one gang of laborers that struck for their
Speaker 1: pay three times inside of half a year in the
Speaker 1: twenty ninth year of this reign. On these occasions, they
Speaker 1: would lead the necropolis in a body with their wives
Speaker 1: and children, and would not return until their demands had
Speaker 1: been ascended to. The first strike lasted five days, and
Speaker 1: at one stage of the proceedings matters assumed so serious
Speaker 1: an aspect that the military had to be called out.
Speaker 1: The men finally received their dues and returned to work.
Speaker 1: On the second strike, which occurred a month later, the
Speaker 1: men marched to the gates of the city, where the
Speaker 1: governor of thebes met them and, after some discussion, paid
Speaker 1: them half of their dues, whereupon they returned to the necropolis.
Speaker 1: Two months later they struck again, but were soon pacified.
Speaker 1: This record, which no doubt represents the experience of these
Speaker 1: unfortunates not only during this half a year but during
Speaker 1: the entire reign, stands in strange contrast to the accounts
Speaker 1: given by the official documents. From another source, too, we
Speaker 1: learned something more of the real condition of affairs. This
Speaker 1: is a papyrus giving the minutes of a criminal procedure
Speaker 1: against several members of the royal family, and several high
Speaker 1: civil and military officers for high treason. Several ladies belonging
Speaker 1: to the Royal Harim, headed by Queen Tay, who had
Speaker 1: a son called Pentower, as the minutes hint he wore
Speaker 1: another name, probably he was a son of the king,
Speaker 1: formed a conspiracy against the Pharaoh. In all probability, the
Speaker 1: conspiracy had for ultimate object the placing of disprince on
Speaker 1: the throne after his father had been murdered. Most of
Speaker 1: the Harem officials were implicated. The head overseer of the Harem,
Speaker 1: even conducting the the correspondence for Tay, the commander of
Speaker 1: the troops stationed in Ethiopia, whose sister was in the
Speaker 1: Royal Harem, was won over an order to revolt against
Speaker 1: the Pharaoh and invade Egypt. Many other officials and army
Speaker 1: officers were implicated. The conspiracy was, however, betrayed, and the
Speaker 1: conspirators were arrested. A special commission of eleven, vested with
Speaker 1: extraordinary powers and even permitted to pause sentence of death,
Speaker 1: was appointed to try this conspiracy case. The commission began
Speaker 1: its labors, but soon it was found that three of
Speaker 1: its members had been corrupted, having attended a banquet given
Speaker 1: them by some of the accused ladies. They were tried,
Speaker 1: found guilty, and sentenced to have their ears and noses
Speaker 1: cut off. After this unas pleasant interlude, the commission succeeded
Speaker 1: in accomplishing its labors without further interruption. The conspirators were
Speaker 1: found guilty and sentenced to death, the nobles being permitted
Speaker 1: to commit suicide and the others being executed. In this reign,
Speaker 1: the power of the priesthood greatly increased. We have already
Speaker 1: touched on the causes of this, But there was no
Speaker 1: pharaoh who did more for the priests and their temples
Speaker 1: than did Romsus the Third. The larger part of the
Speaker 1: great Papyrus Harris the first is taken up with lists
Speaker 1: of presents given the various temples. The temples of Amundrah,
Speaker 1: of course, received the line's share of these rich gifts,
Speaker 1: and attained to an unheard of wealth proportionately with the
Speaker 1: wealth of their temple. The wealth and influence of the
Speaker 1: priests increased. This was the great mistake of this reign.
Speaker 1: But we must say in palliation that Ramses was but
Speaker 1: carrying out the policy of his forefathers. Ramses was a
Speaker 1: great builder. In all parts of Egypt we find his
Speaker 1: name connected with the temples and other monuments. His chief
Speaker 1: attention was directed to Thieves and the Delta. At Thieves,
Speaker 1: he made additions to the great temple of Almundra and
Speaker 1: restored some of the temples of the Necropolis. Following the
Speaker 1: example of his great namesake, Ramses the Second, he built
Speaker 1: in the Necropolis a temple dedicated to Almundra and commemorative
Speaker 1: of his victories. Behind this temple where the Vosse treasury vaults,
Speaker 1: in which were stored up the great masses of gold, silver,
Speaker 1: precious stones, copper, et cetera, dedicated to Amundra, and on
Speaker 1: the walls are inscribed records of the immense wealth here deposited.
Speaker 1: It is probable that these treasures represent the state treasury
Speaker 1: placed under the protection of the God, rather than the
Speaker 1: presence made him. Before the gates of the temple stood
Speaker 1: a two story house, probably destined to be the residence
Speaker 1: of the Pharaoh and his attendants on his visits to
Speaker 1: this city of the dead. At Talulihuda in the Delta,
Speaker 1: he built a temple of limestone, albast and granite. Many
Speaker 1: of the other temples were repaired by him, and it
Speaker 1: seems to have required no small amount of labor to
Speaker 1: keep the temples of Kemet in constant repair. The king
Speaker 1: died in the thirty second year of his reign, shortly
Speaker 1: after having proclaimed his son Ramses the four regent. The
Speaker 1: successors of Ramses the Third eleven forty eight ten fifty pc.
Speaker 1: The late king had managed to keep Egypt on much
Speaker 1: the same level as it had occupied under Ramses the Second,
Speaker 1: but under his successors the prestige of the once all
Speaker 1: but a mighty ruler of the world rapidly declined. The
Speaker 1: following pharaohs were all weaklings who could scarcely hold their
Speaker 1: own at home and dared not to interfere in the
Speaker 1: foreign affairs. Under them, the priesthood that had been greatly
Speaker 1: favored by Ramses the Third rose to a commanding position,
Speaker 1: and the lost kings of this line were mere puppets
Speaker 1: in the hands of the Theepan high priests. These rulers cover
Speaker 1: about a century, but all this time we have but
Speaker 1: few monuments of historic value, and to two of the
Speaker 1: most important documents we possess of this time show it
Speaker 1: in no pleasant light. Ramses the Fourth the sixth the
Speaker 1: seventh and the eighth, where brothers Ramses the fifth was
Speaker 1: a usurper. The very fact that a usurper could ascend
Speaker 1: the throne after the son of Ramses the third shows
Speaker 1: that there was something wrong somewhere. It is true that
Speaker 1: we possess a steely on which Ramses the fourth eleven
Speaker 1: forty eight to eleven thirty seven BC mentions the fact
Speaker 1: that the Syrian rn to broad tribute, but this is
Speaker 1: not significant, for Southern Syria had been for some time
Speaker 1: an intergo part of the kingdom. Ramses the fourth sent
Speaker 1: a great expedition to the Wadi Hammamed quarries in the
Speaker 1: third year of his reign, to quarries to one for temple.
Speaker 1: He also worked the Sinai copper mines of his buildings,
Speaker 1: but little remains. He seems to have been a man
Speaker 1: of promise, but like most men of his character, he
Speaker 1: did not keep his promises, and appears as one of
Speaker 1: the weakest monarchs of his line. He died or was
Speaker 1: disthroned after a reign of only eleven years. Ramses the
Speaker 1: fifth eleven thirty six two eleven thirty two BC, though
Speaker 1: strong enough to wrest the crown from its legitimate holder
Speaker 1: was not able long to retain the position he owned
Speaker 1: to himself alone, for he reigned but four years in
Speaker 1: about eleven thirty one b. C. Ramses the sixth, one
Speaker 1: of the legitiment heirs of Ramses the third, succeeded in
Speaker 1: outset the usurper, but he was otherwise of little account.
Speaker 1: We do not even know how long he reigned. Ramses
Speaker 1: the seventh and the eighth, where alike unimportant. Of the latter,
Speaker 1: We know only that he reigned about seven years. Of
Speaker 1: the former we know nothing. Romses the ninth holds a
Speaker 1: rather unenviable prominence among these rulers. To Papyrae have come
Speaker 1: down to us that show how utterly weak and corrupt
Speaker 1: the government of Egypt was in those days. The first
Speaker 1: of these contains the minutes of a criminal procedure against
Speaker 1: a desperate band of robberers that invested the Necropolis of thieves,
Speaker 1: dated from the nineteenth year of this reign. Some knowledge
Speaker 1: of the robberies in the Necropolis having come to the
Speaker 1: ears of the governor of things, he immediately with a
Speaker 1: view to injuring his enemy. The governor of the Necropolis
Speaker 1: reported the case to the vizier. This official appointed a
Speaker 1: commission to investigate the charges. This commission made an investigation
Speaker 1: and reported that of ten royal pyramids examined, only one
Speaker 1: had been entered and robbed, while all the private tombs
Speaker 1: had been broken into and stripped of everything that had
Speaker 1: any value. During the investigation, one of the witnesses, a
Speaker 1: fellow that poor a desperate character, confessed that he had
Speaker 1: robbed the tomb of one of the wives of Ramses
Speaker 1: the second, and the investigation proved the truth of his story.
Speaker 1: Eight robbers were tried and found guilty. Great was the
Speaker 1: joy of the commissioners, who immediately made public the results
Speaker 1: of their investigation. The governor of the city, however, whose
Speaker 1: vague charges had in no way been substantiated, was not satisfied,
Speaker 1: but openly declared the entire investigation of fraud and threatened
Speaker 1: to bring the matter before the Pharaoh. After as judicial hearing,
Speaker 1: the matter was hushed, both sides evidently fearing an official
Speaker 1: investigation into the conduct of their offices. There was evidently
Speaker 1: a good deal of crookedness. The governor of the necropolis
Speaker 1: was undoubtedly guilty at least of criminal negligence, and the
Speaker 1: commission did their work pretty carelessly, evidently not caring to
Speaker 1: expose their friend too much. The second of the above
Speaker 1: mentioned papyri is the journal of a gang of laborers
Speaker 1: employed in the Theepan necropolis. We learn from this document
Speaker 1: that these men were paid in wais of fish, pulse, grain, beer, fat,
Speaker 1: and fuel, but these provisions were rarely issued on time
Speaker 1: and sometimes were not paid at all. In the latter case,
Speaker 1: the men struck, or as the Egyptian phrase goes, lay
Speaker 1: at home. The journal of this party contains the record
Speaker 1: of two strikes. The first was peaceable. On the second
Speaker 1: they marched two theebs in a body and laid their
Speaker 1: complaints before the authorities. Their request for pay was granted,
Speaker 1: and they returned to work. These strikes give proof of
Speaker 1: the corruption that was rife in the government. The men's
Speaker 1: rations were withheld not because the state could not pay,
Speaker 1: but because the officials charged with the distribution chose to
Speaker 1: let the rations disappear. The pharaoh died after a reign
Speaker 1: of a little more than its seen in years, shortly
Speaker 1: after proclaiming his son Ramses, the tenth co regent. The
Speaker 1: last three kings of this line are very unimportant in
Speaker 1: the early part of the reign of Ramses the Tenth
Speaker 1: sixty thieves, among them a number of minor government officials
Speaker 1: and priests of lower grades were arrested and punished for
Speaker 1: disigrations and depredations committed in the Necropolis. But even the
Speaker 1: most stringent measures proved of no avail. The great symmetry
Speaker 1: had grown so enormously that the proper policing of this
Speaker 1: district was out of the question. And besides, it would
Speaker 1: seem that the governor of the Necropolis and the chief
Speaker 1: of this police had a finger in the pie and
Speaker 1: were not over vigilant. Ramses the Tenth ruled eight years
Speaker 1: and was succeeded by Ramses the Eleventh, of whom we
Speaker 1: know nothing. Ramses their twelves was the last king of
Speaker 1: this house. Of him we know little more than that
Speaker 1: he ruled about twenty seven years. In his reign there
Speaker 1: lived a high Priest of Ammon and general of the army,
Speaker 1: hera Ho, who became the successor of Ramses. The king
Speaker 1: was a mere puppet in the hands of the al
Speaker 1: mighty High Priest, and it is not to be wondered
Speaker 1: at that herah Ho finally seized the crown. One of
Speaker 1: these kings, which one we do not know, was the
Speaker 1: contemporary of the mighty Assyrian king Tiglath Pieser the first
Speaker 1: and sent him tribute about eleven ten BC. A fact
Speaker 1: that it is characteristic of the weakness of these kings.
Speaker 1: The twenty first Dynash the priest Kings ten fifty two
Speaker 1: nine hundred and fifty BC. We have here again a
Speaker 1: period that is very obscure. There is some disagreement among
Speaker 1: the historians about the order of succession of the priest kings,
Speaker 1: and the fact that Manethou states that the dynasty originated
Speaker 1: from Tennis has induced some scholars to assume that a
Speaker 1: Tenetic king had opposed Harraho, the founder of the dynasty.
Speaker 1: Such an assumption we consider utterly unwarranted, as it is
Speaker 1: not constant with the facts of the case. As represented
Speaker 1: on the monuments, Harraho and all his descendants were high
Speaker 1: priests of al Mundrah in Thebes, and a long line
Speaker 1: of Haraho's ancestors occupied the same position. We can trace
Speaker 1: on the monuments the gradual rise of the high priests
Speaker 1: of Amundra. We find the high priests Rua, Amnana and
Speaker 1: Rams's net mentioned, together with the kings on the walls
Speaker 1: of the Temple of Karnak, a distinction enjoyed in the
Speaker 1: older times only by the co regent. Under Ramses the ninth,
Speaker 1: the power of these priests seems to have been still greater. Evidently,
Speaker 1: the king was a mere puppet in the hands of
Speaker 1: Rams's nexts son and successor, the high priest Amenhautop. This
Speaker 1: dignitary no longer inscribed his name was the name of
Speaker 1: the Pharaoh, but declares in the inscriptions that he erected
Speaker 1: this or that building in the name of the Pharaoh.
Speaker 1: He rose to the high position of manager of the
Speaker 1: temple states, thus holding in his hand all the wealth
Speaker 1: and influence of the great temples of Amunrah sah ahman
Speaker 1: Herahom ten fifty two ten thirty four b C. Took
Speaker 1: the deciding step about ten fifty b C. He had
Speaker 1: held high offices of trust and honor under Rams's the
Speaker 1: twelfth being to mention only his most exalted offices high
Speaker 1: priests of Amundra, chief architect to the Pharaoh, general of
Speaker 1: the army, and head of Upper and Lower Egypt. We
Speaker 1: see this man thus combined the highest religious, military, and
Speaker 1: civil offices of the land, and was virtually the ruler.
Speaker 1: No wonder then, that, on Rams's death he pushed aside
Speaker 1: that king's legitimate heir and placed the double crown on
Speaker 1: his own head. It would seem, however, that Egypt gained
Speaker 1: but little by the change rulers. The new king could
Speaker 1: do no more than preserve the then boundaries of his kingdom.
Speaker 1: And when we read in his inscriptions that he repulsed
Speaker 1: the enemies, we must take this to refer to minor
Speaker 1: compacts with Perouins, who were connstly prowling about the borders.
Speaker 1: This pharaoh built chiefly in Karnak, restoring the temple of Chensu,
Speaker 1: the son of Ahmunrah, and decorating its walls with long
Speaker 1: religious inscriptions. In one of these inscriptions, he had depicted
Speaker 1: his entire family, consisting of his wife, Queen Nejimate, his
Speaker 1: nineteen sons and grandsons, and five daughters. The government seems
Speaker 1: to have remained quite as weak and corrupt as it
Speaker 1: had been under the lost Rameses sides, and no wonder,
Speaker 1: for Haraho was a descendant of the high priest who
Speaker 1: so long had governed the land. In fact, and he
Speaker 1: himself had actually ruled the country long before he seized
Speaker 1: the scepter, so that it was but natural that the
Speaker 1: old state of affairs continued. Thus the old debridations in
Speaker 1: the necropolis, and instead of seizing or becoming less, became
Speaker 1: worse and more desperate than ever. The police of the necropolis,
Speaker 1: where it is true not quite efficient, but might have
Speaker 1: kept the desparatus in some check, have bade themselves not
Speaker 1: been implicated. Accordingly, Heraho bethought himself of some means of
Speaker 1: protecting the mummies of his predecessors. The mummis of King
Speaker 1: razakyunin Ahmus, the first a Manhatov, the first to Hotmust,
Speaker 1: the first to Hotmust, the second to Houtmost, the third
Speaker 1: Ramses the first Seti the first, and Rams's the second,
Speaker 1: where for a while moved about from place to place,
Speaker 1: and finally were hid in a shaft at Der el Bahari,
Speaker 1: where they could be better guarded. This shaft was opened
Speaker 1: in eighteen eighty one by Mespiro and brush Bay, and
Speaker 1: in it where discovered. Besides the mummis already mentioned those
Speaker 1: of the early kings and queens of this dynasty, the
Speaker 1: mummy of this pharaoh was not found here either, because
Speaker 1: it never was deposited here, or because, like many other
Speaker 1: objects found in the shaft, it is still in the
Speaker 1: hands of the Arabs who discovered and to some extent
Speaker 1: blundered this improvised tomb before the discovery was brought to
Speaker 1: the attention of the government. The mummy of Queen Negimate,
Speaker 1: cased in a beautiful saragophagus of guilt wood, was however,
Speaker 1: found here. Whether or not this king is identical with
Speaker 1: a king raanatur Chopper set up a Ahmen mari Aman
Speaker 1: sa Aman, whose name has hitherto been found only in
Speaker 1: the Delta, is one of the vexed questions regarding this dynasty.
Speaker 1: It may be that Heraho used the title of High
Speaker 1: Priests of Amen as coronation name in Theeves only, while
Speaker 1: he adopted another coronation name for use in Lower Egypt.
Speaker 1: But such a course would seem void of sense. Still,
Speaker 1: we have no cause to assume that two kings, one
Speaker 1: of Upper and one of Lower Egypt, ruled at the
Speaker 1: same time. The whole matter must be laid over until
Speaker 1: further monuments are discovered in proof of one or the
Speaker 1: other hypothesis. Harahou ruled about sixteen years. Herahu's successors ten
Speaker 1: thirty three two nine hundred and forty five b C.
Speaker 1: Benetajim the first, the grandson of Heraho, ascended the throne
Speaker 1: about ten thirty three b C. Pianchi, the father of
Speaker 1: this pharaoh, had been high priest of Amunrah, but he
Speaker 1: seems to have died before Heraho, so that his ride
Speaker 1: to the throne passed to his son. This king had
Speaker 1: two wives, Queen hat hour hend Taui and Queen Makara,
Speaker 1: of which latter lady an inscription distinctly says that Amundra
Speaker 1: had given her the kingdom. It would seem from this
Speaker 1: that Makara was a Ramsa's side princess whom Heraho hadet
Speaker 1: compelled to add his grandson in order to legalize his usurpation,
Speaker 1: a very common measure of Egyptian usurpers at all events.
Speaker 1: It is a very curious fact that, while the names
Speaker 1: of both queens are always enclosed in kartouches, that of
Speaker 1: pinat Jem is without the kartoush in several inscriptions. Again,
Speaker 1: there appears in a number of inscriptions the name of
Speaker 1: a king, cheaper cha Ra pinat Jem, whose wife was
Speaker 1: Queen hat hoor Hand Taui that Pinetjem, the High Priest
Speaker 1: of Amen, and this king are one and the same person.
Speaker 1: There can be no doubt the mummy of Queen Makara
Speaker 1: was like his mummy and that of hat hoor hand Taui.
Speaker 1: Found at Der el Bahri. At the feet of Makara
Speaker 1: was found the mummy of a very young infant, designated
Speaker 1: as the Princess, the wife of the Pharaoh, the lady
Speaker 1: of both lands, Madame heat. It would seem from this
Speaker 1: that the infant had been declared the legitimate wife of
Speaker 1: its father immediately after its birth. This precaution was taken
Speaker 1: to preclude the chance that any usurper could pays claims
Speaker 1: to the throne on a marriage with this infant. The
Speaker 1: child and its mother died, however, long before any such
Speaker 1: eventuality could arise. Pinejim reigned twenty five years ten thirty
Speaker 1: three two one thousand and eight BC. Ra Chapper set
Speaker 1: up a Amen passip Chano, the first the successor of Pinadjim,
Speaker 1: has left us but few monuments, but from these we
Speaker 1: see that, like his predecessors, he was both High Priest
Speaker 1: of Amundra and King of Egypt. One of his sons
Speaker 1: named Pinatjim, was high priest of Amundra under King Ahmun
Speaker 1: am Abit men Chaparrah is another priest, king of whom
Speaker 1: we know nothing. The same is true of King Ahmen
Speaker 1: am Abit. Passib Chanu the second has but little significance
Speaker 1: beyond the fact that his daughter Makara became the wife
Speaker 1: of Usarkin the First, the son of Shashenki the first,
Speaker 1: thus legalizing the usurpation of that monarch. Passib Chanu has
Speaker 1: also some interest for the Biblical student. It was in
Speaker 1: all probability this king who came into connection with King Solomon.
Speaker 1: He gave Solomon his daughter in marriage and as a
Speaker 1: dowry captured for the Jewish king the city of Ghaza.
Speaker 1: There was instituted at this time also a commercial intercourse
Speaker 1: between Egypt and Israel, the latter state facilitating the trade
Speaker 1: in horses and wagons between the Egyptians and the Hathiths
Speaker 1: and Aramians. The twenty second dynasty the Libyan kings nine
Speaker 1: hundred and forty five to eight hundred BC. The reader
Speaker 1: will no doubt remember what was said on a former
Speaker 1: page concerning the Libyan wars of Seti the First and
Speaker 1: Ramses the second and concerning the ingress of Libyan mercenaries.
Speaker 1: In these reigns, these mercenaries were called Ma, an abbreviation
Speaker 1: of the name of Mashahwasha tribe, and their leaders bore
Speaker 1: the titles of Or and Ma. There is Duke of
Speaker 1: the Ma and our a m Ma Grand Duke of
Speaker 1: the Ma. They seemed to have settled in great numbers
Speaker 1: in the western part of the Delta. The family of
Speaker 1: one of these leaders that lived in Buddhapest rose to
Speaker 1: great power, and finally one of its members, Shashinki the first,
Speaker 1: succeeded in resting the scepter from the weak hands of
Speaker 1: Passip Shanu the second, the lost of the priest kings.
Speaker 1: The first member of this family who migrated from Libya
Speaker 1: to Egypt was the Dehn Libyan Biwawa. He came in
Speaker 1: about the time of hera Ho. His son Mausen already
Speaker 1: had the title of Grand Duke of the Ma in
Speaker 1: this position. His son Nebnesha and his grandson Petut succeeded him.
Speaker 1: Patut's son Shakshinki, was married to Princess mahatim Oret and
Speaker 1: their son Nambrod married ten Tispah. This latter couple lived
Speaker 1: about the time of King pine Jim. Their son was Shashinki,
Speaker 1: the First, who, on the death of Nemart, succeeded him
Speaker 1: in the offices of Grand Duke of the Ma and
Speaker 1: commander in chief of the army. Shashinki the first nine
Speaker 1: hundred forty five to nine hundred twenty four BC. The
Speaker 1: Shi Shakh of the Bible, an inscription in Abby shows
Speaker 1: how highly King Basib Shanu esteemed Shashinki and his family,
Speaker 1: for it tells us this monarch kept in repair the
Speaker 1: tomb of the late Grand Duke Nomart and prayed to
Speaker 1: Amunra for the success of Shishanki's arms. Holding the entire
Speaker 1: power of the land the army in his grasp, Shashenki
Speaker 1: was the real ruler of Egypt, and it was not
Speaker 1: at all unnatural that he, at length about nine hundred
Speaker 1: and forty five PC, either deposed King Basib Shanno or
Speaker 1: took advantage of that king's death to become king in
Speaker 1: name as well as in fact. Makara, the daughter of
Speaker 1: the late king, was compelled to marry the crown Prince Usarkin,
Speaker 1: so that he might have a legitiment claim to the throne.
Speaker 1: That Egypt gained by this change of rulers is an
Speaker 1: undeniable fact. Immediately after ascending the throne, the new pharaoh
Speaker 1: issued a stringent edict against all debrigations on the property
Speaker 1: of the dead. The tombs and states set aside for
Speaker 1: payment of sacrificial offers were considered the property of the
Speaker 1: dead by priests or other persons. This edict proved that
Speaker 1: he was determined not to tolerate the state of affairs
Speaker 1: that had existed in the necropolis under his predecessors. The
Speaker 1: edict in question prescribes the funeral sacrifices for his father.
Speaker 1: The king expressly states that he had punished those priests
Speaker 1: that had stolen from the funeral state. This was, no
Speaker 1: doubt a warning to all inclined to go and do likewise,
Speaker 1: and seems to have no doubt, backed by an effective police,
Speaker 1: had the desired effect, for we hear of no further
Speaker 1: robberies in the Theban Necropolis in this and the following reigns.
Speaker 1: Early in this reign, Jeroboim had fled to his court.
Speaker 1: He returned to Israel only after the death of Solomon
Speaker 1: to become king of the Ten Tribes. It may be
Speaker 1: that Shashinki assisted him to return and gain the throne,
Speaker 1: as he had married the pharaoh's sister in la Anu.
Speaker 1: The most important event of Shashinki's reign was his Asiatic campaign.
Speaker 1: He invaded Palestine, and after overrunning and plundering the country
Speaker 1: and taking its chief towns, he finally invested and captured
Speaker 1: the city of Jerusalem. In the fifth year of King
Speaker 1: Rihoboam's reign, the Egyptians sacked the town and and carried off,
Speaker 1: among other things, that treasure Solomon had deposited in the temple.
Speaker 1: The city is designated as yet Haamlik, the Royal Jewish
Speaker 1: City in the Egyptian inscription treating of this raid, the
Speaker 1: king appointed his son Abbut, high Priest of a Munrah,
Speaker 1: the fattest office in his gift, thus uniting in his
Speaker 1: family the highest civil, military, and religious powers of the realm.
Speaker 1: This pharaoh built chiefly in Thebes. At Karnak, he began
Speaker 1: the so called whole of the Buba sides, which was
Speaker 1: completed by his successors. He died after a reign of
Speaker 1: about twenty one years, and Usarkin, his son by Queen Kurama,
Speaker 1: succeeded him. Shashinki's successors. Usarkin the first Osarkin ascended the
Speaker 1: throne about nine hundred twenty three b c. He was
Speaker 1: an unimportant ruler. All we know of him is that
Speaker 1: he continued the work begun by his father at Karnak,
Speaker 1: and that his wife Makara, conveyed all her rights and
Speaker 1: domains to her family, that is, her husband and his sons.
Speaker 1: In consideration of this, her son Shashinki was proclaimed co
Speaker 1: regent and appointed governor of the South, But he never
Speaker 1: ascended the throne, having, in all probability died before Usarkin.
Speaker 1: How long this pharaoh ruled we do not know. On
Speaker 1: his death, take Lot, the first, son of Queen Tamah Shansu,
Speaker 1: ascended the throne. Of him. We know only that he
Speaker 1: was married to Queen Capps, and that his son by
Speaker 1: this lady, Usarkin, succeeded him. Usarkin the second ruled twenty
Speaker 1: three years and built at Karnak, Buddhabest, and other places.
Speaker 1: The following king, take Lot the second, was a little
Speaker 1: more important. In his reign occurred two rebellions, which are
Speaker 1: unfortunately not described in detail. In the eleventh year of
Speaker 1: his reign, a rebellion broke out where he does not
Speaker 1: tell Us in his inscription, which was subdued four years afterward.
Speaker 1: Another text states that children of the rebels attacked Egypt
Speaker 1: from the north and from the south, but were repulsed
Speaker 1: after a long struggle, whereupon they fell into internal dissensions. Unfortunately,
Speaker 1: these texts do not inform us who these rebels and
Speaker 1: children of the rebels were. Possibly, we find in these
Speaker 1: rebellions the beginning of the disintegration of Egypt, which was
Speaker 1: completed at the time the Ethiobian king Pianchi invaded the country.
Speaker 1: Techlot seems to have been strong enough, however, to keep
Speaker 1: the land together. In the course of the latter text,
Speaker 1: there is a notice that on a certain date the
Speaker 1: sky had become unrecognizable and the moon had assumed a
Speaker 1: terrible aspect. After a reign of over fifteen years, the
Speaker 1: king died, and his son Sheshinki the third succeeded him.
Speaker 1: This pharaoh was the last of this line, whose name
Speaker 1: appears in the inscriptions of Karnak. It would seem that
Speaker 1: either he or his next successor had been driven out
Speaker 1: of the capital. He reigned fifty two years. The last
Speaker 1: kings of this dynasty, Pimai Shashinki, the fourth and Usarkin
Speaker 1: the Third were in all probability confined to the Delta
Speaker 1: at the time of Pianchi's invasion. Usarkin the third was
Speaker 1: King of Buddhapest merely or perhaps divided the Delta with
Speaker 1: abbut king of Klisma end of chapter seven.