WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.040 --> 00:00:01.840 Welcome back to the deep dive, the place where we 2 00:00:01.879 --> 00:00:05.000 take your source material and uh really turn it into 3 00:00:05.280 --> 00:00:07.759 actionable insight tailored just for you. 4 00:00:08.039 --> 00:00:08.480 That's right. 5 00:00:08.759 --> 00:00:13.199 Today we're plunging into well, the fascinating world of micro. 6 00:00:13.039 --> 00:00:19.160 Controllers, specifically using a source called arduinoworkshop dot pdf. Yeah exactly, 7 00:00:19.399 --> 00:00:24.199 And our mission here really is to unpack the Orduno platform. 8 00:00:24.280 --> 00:00:26.839 You know, understand what it is, how you work with it. 9 00:00:26.719 --> 00:00:28.559 And see what you can actually build with it, right. 10 00:00:28.440 --> 00:00:32.200 Absolutely, turn that technical info into hopefully some real inspiration 11 00:00:32.320 --> 00:00:33.039 for your projects. 12 00:00:33.399 --> 00:00:36.840 Think of this as you're like fast track to grasping 13 00:00:36.840 --> 00:00:39.920 the basics and seeing the cool electronic possibilities that are 14 00:00:39.960 --> 00:00:45.399 suddenly well possible. Okay, so first things first, the source 15 00:00:45.520 --> 00:00:48.320 dives straight into Urdueno. Let's unpack that. What is an 16 00:00:48.399 --> 00:00:49.679 Arduino fundamentally? 17 00:00:49.799 --> 00:00:53.399 Right, The source defines it as a cheap, flexible, open 18 00:00:53.439 --> 00:00:55.039 source microcontroller platform. 19 00:00:55.039 --> 00:00:57.880 Okay, open source micro controller platform. That sounds important. 20 00:00:57.920 --> 00:00:59.759 It is. It's not just one chip, it's a whole 21 00:00:59.799 --> 00:01:03.159 sort of ecosystem really designed to make electronics. 22 00:01:02.560 --> 00:01:06.200 Accessible accessible seems key, doesn't it? Making it easy for 23 00:01:06.400 --> 00:01:08.959 well anyone hobbyists, artists. 24 00:01:08.640 --> 00:01:11.519 Designers, Yeah, people who want to use electronics in homemade 25 00:01:11.519 --> 00:01:15.079 projects without needing you know, an engineering degree. 26 00:01:14.680 --> 00:01:18.000 Taking the scary complex stuff and making it friendly exactly. 27 00:01:18.400 --> 00:01:21.959 And the platform bid is crucial too. It's about connecting 28 00:01:21.959 --> 00:01:24.359 to the real world. How so, the source says, an 29 00:01:24.359 --> 00:01:30.719 almost unlimited range of input and output add ons, sensors, indicators, displays, motors, 30 00:01:30.760 --> 00:01:31.239 and more. 31 00:01:31.680 --> 00:01:35.719 So it bridges your code to like physical things happening. 32 00:01:35.400 --> 00:01:37.760 Precisely, sensing things, making things move. 33 00:01:37.920 --> 00:01:41.239 Okay, so you've got the Arduino board the hardware, but 34 00:01:41.359 --> 00:01:44.599 hardware needs instructions. Yeah, how do you tell it what 35 00:01:44.719 --> 00:01:45.040 to do? 36 00:01:45.719 --> 00:01:49.519 That's where the software comes in, the Ardueno Integrated Development Environment. 37 00:01:49.560 --> 00:01:51.519 Or id IDA. 38 00:01:51.560 --> 00:01:54.000 Install that on your computer, and that's where you write 39 00:01:54.000 --> 00:01:54.519 what they call. 40 00:01:54.439 --> 00:01:56.359 Sketches sketches like drawings. 41 00:01:56.719 --> 00:01:59.920 Huh No, not quite, it's just their term for the programs. 42 00:02:00.120 --> 00:02:02.239 Right for the Ardueno, you ride the sketch, then. 43 00:02:02.159 --> 00:02:04.840 Send it to the board and the ide itself. It 44 00:02:04.879 --> 00:02:07.439 looks pretty straightforward. The source compared it to a simple 45 00:02:07.560 --> 00:02:08.439 word processor. 46 00:02:08.560 --> 00:02:11.759 It really does, very deliberately simple. You've got your main 47 00:02:11.840 --> 00:02:12.360 space for. 48 00:02:12.319 --> 00:02:14.800 Typing code, and then men use and buttons. 49 00:02:14.879 --> 00:02:17.599 Yeah, standard men use file edit, that kind of thing, 50 00:02:18.039 --> 00:02:21.479 But the key icons are Verify and upload. 51 00:02:21.759 --> 00:02:23.599 Verify checks for mistakes. 52 00:02:23.240 --> 00:02:25.800 Yeap catches errors before you send the code saves a 53 00:02:25.840 --> 00:02:30.319 lot of headache. And upload well, that sends the compiled 54 00:02:30.360 --> 00:02:33.280 sketch over the USB cable to the Arduino board. 55 00:02:33.439 --> 00:02:35.199 Those sound like the main buttons you'd hit. 56 00:02:35.520 --> 00:02:38.400 Definitely you get very familiar with Verify and upload, Oh 57 00:02:38.520 --> 00:02:42.080 and new open save the usuals, and the. 58 00:02:42.039 --> 00:02:45.879 Source mentions something about comments in the code little notes. 59 00:02:45.719 --> 00:02:49.280 Oh yeah, super important. Adding comments notes for yourself or 60 00:02:49.319 --> 00:02:51.599 others makes your code way easier to understand when you 61 00:02:51.599 --> 00:02:53.800 come back to it later, like leaving little sign posts. 62 00:02:53.919 --> 00:02:56.479 Okay, makes sense, but you can't build much with just 63 00:02:56.599 --> 00:03:00.400 the board and code, right. You need stuff component. 64 00:03:00.199 --> 00:03:04.080 Exactly and the source covers the essentials. Resistors are usually 65 00:03:04.120 --> 00:03:05.240 the first things you encounter. 66 00:03:05.360 --> 00:03:07.800 The little components with the colored stripes. 67 00:03:07.879 --> 00:03:11.199 Those are the ones they resist the flow of electricity 68 00:03:11.560 --> 00:03:12.879 measured in omes. 69 00:03:12.599 --> 00:03:14.719 And the stripes are a code for the value like 70 00:03:15.000 --> 00:03:17.080 yellow violet orange. 71 00:03:16.919 --> 00:03:19.919 Forty seven thousand ohms or forty seven k. Yeah, it's 72 00:03:19.960 --> 00:03:22.479 a bit like learning a secret code. But essential and. 73 00:03:22.479 --> 00:03:25.000 The tiny flat ones chip resistors. 74 00:03:24.560 --> 00:03:28.000 They use number codes instead, like one O three means 75 00:03:28.159 --> 00:03:31.759 ten followed by three zeros, so ten thousand oms or 76 00:03:31.840 --> 00:03:32.199 ten k. 77 00:03:32.560 --> 00:03:34.680 But the source says you can just measure. 78 00:03:34.400 --> 00:03:38.000 Them best way. Honestly, a multimeter is your best friend 79 00:03:38.039 --> 00:03:40.439 for checking resistance, especially if the stripes are hard to 80 00:03:40.439 --> 00:03:41.120 read or. 81 00:03:41.080 --> 00:03:43.960 You're just not sure okay resistors. What about actually connecting 82 00:03:44.000 --> 00:03:45.960 things together before you solder. 83 00:03:45.919 --> 00:03:50.439 Ah, The solderless breadboard a total game changer for prototyping. 84 00:03:50.719 --> 00:03:52.840 Right the plastic block with all the holes. 85 00:03:53.080 --> 00:03:56.319 You just push component legs and wires into the sockets. 86 00:03:56.719 --> 00:03:59.400 The source shows how they're connected internally, columns in the middle, 87 00:03:59.479 --> 00:04:00.840 rowse on the side typically, so. 88 00:04:00.800 --> 00:04:03.039 You can wire things up, test them, change them. 89 00:04:02.919 --> 00:04:06.960 All without any permanent soldering. Yeah. Perfect for trying ideas out. 90 00:04:07.039 --> 00:04:11.360 What about components that control the flow? Not just resistant 91 00:04:11.680 --> 00:04:12.719 diodes are key there. 92 00:04:12.919 --> 00:04:15.520 The basic rectifier diode acts like a one way street. 93 00:04:15.240 --> 00:04:18.360 For current, a node to cathode blocks the other way. Simple. 94 00:04:19.240 --> 00:04:22.240 Then you have transistors. The source mentions the BC five 95 00:04:22.319 --> 00:04:22.759 forty eight. 96 00:04:23.000 --> 00:04:27.399 I always think of them as tiny electronic switches or amplifiers. 97 00:04:27.639 --> 00:04:29.519 That's a great way to think about it. The arduino 98 00:04:29.639 --> 00:04:35.360 pins themselves can't handle much power. Maybe twenty forty milliamps. 99 00:04:34.959 --> 00:04:37.360 Not enough for a motor or bright lights. 100 00:04:37.279 --> 00:04:40.160 Exactly, so you use a transistor. The arduino sends a 101 00:04:40.199 --> 00:04:42.439 small signal to the transistor's base pin. 102 00:04:42.480 --> 00:04:45.399 And that controls a bigger current flowing through the transistor's 103 00:04:45.399 --> 00:04:46.519 other pins. 104 00:04:46.120 --> 00:04:49.439 Precisely the BC five forty eight, the source says, can 105 00:04:49.439 --> 00:04:51.800 switch up to one hundred million amps at thirty volts, 106 00:04:52.600 --> 00:04:54.639 way more than the arduino pin alone. 107 00:04:54.759 --> 00:04:56.800 And relays do something similar but differently. 108 00:04:56.879 --> 00:05:00.360 Yeah, relays use an electromagnet to flick a physical switch inside. 109 00:05:00.439 --> 00:05:03.199 The big advantage, the source points out is electrical isolation, 110 00:05:03.600 --> 00:05:07.160 meaning the circuit controlling the relay coil is completely separate 111 00:05:07.160 --> 00:05:10.680 from the circuit being switched. Safer for controlling say mains 112 00:05:10.759 --> 00:05:12.480 voltage or high current. 113 00:05:12.319 --> 00:05:14.519 DC loads, protects the arden know right. 114 00:05:14.879 --> 00:05:17.600 The example circuit shows using a transistor to drive the 115 00:05:17.680 --> 00:05:21.000 relay coil and importantly a diode across the coil to 116 00:05:21.040 --> 00:05:22.959 handle voltage spikes when it switches off. 117 00:05:23.040 --> 00:05:27.800 Okay. One more basic component capacitors, especially the electrolytic ones. 118 00:05:28.600 --> 00:05:32.079 The source mentions these for storing large amounts of electrical charge. 119 00:05:32.519 --> 00:05:35.639 Electrolytics are polarized. They have a plus and minus side 120 00:05:35.680 --> 00:05:36.519 you must get right? 121 00:05:36.560 --> 00:05:37.600 And what are they used for? 122 00:05:38.199 --> 00:05:42.120 Often for smoothing out fluctuations in power supply voltage or 123 00:05:42.160 --> 00:05:44.360 providing a quick burst of energy like when a motor 124 00:05:44.399 --> 00:05:46.160 starts up. They add stability. 125 00:05:46.319 --> 00:05:50.040 Okay, components breadboard, But if you have a complex circuit, 126 00:05:50.160 --> 00:05:53.399 just looking at the physical layout can be confusing. How 127 00:05:53.439 --> 00:05:55.560 do people share circuit designs cleanly? 128 00:05:55.920 --> 00:05:59.920 That's where schematic diagrams or circuit diagrams come in essential. 129 00:06:00.439 --> 00:06:03.000 The Source calls them a visual language. 130 00:06:02.519 --> 00:06:05.360 Instead of wires. Everywhere you use symbols exactly. 131 00:06:05.399 --> 00:06:08.000 Once you learn the symbols, you can understand the logic 132 00:06:08.040 --> 00:06:09.399 of the circuit no matter how it's. 133 00:06:09.279 --> 00:06:12.319 Physically built, like the zigzag line for a resistor. 134 00:06:12.120 --> 00:06:14.959 Or the triangle and bar for a diode. The triangle 135 00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:16.399 points the way current flows. 136 00:06:16.160 --> 00:06:19.800 Easily, and an led is that diode symbol with little 137 00:06:19.920 --> 00:06:20.920 arrows pointing. 138 00:06:20.600 --> 00:06:23.480 Out showing it gives off light. Yeah, transistors have their 139 00:06:23.480 --> 00:06:27.000 own symbols showing collector base, emmetter, the aero direction tells 140 00:06:27.040 --> 00:06:28.199 you if it's NPN or P and. 141 00:06:28.199 --> 00:06:29.680 P type capacitors. 142 00:06:29.839 --> 00:06:32.639 Other chips, they all have standard symbols. Learning them is 143 00:06:32.680 --> 00:06:34.959 like learning the alphabet of electronics. It lets you read 144 00:06:35.040 --> 00:06:36.120 and share ideas clearly. 145 00:06:36.240 --> 00:06:39.600 All right, hardware diagrams. Let's get into the code side 146 00:06:39.680 --> 00:06:41.399 the sketches. How are they structured? 147 00:06:41.720 --> 00:06:46.680 Super simple? Actually, every Ardueno sketch must have two main parts, 148 00:06:46.959 --> 00:06:49.839 two functions, void setup and void loop. 149 00:06:50.199 --> 00:06:51.680 Set up and loop. What do they do? 150 00:06:51.879 --> 00:06:54.680 Set up runs only once right when the Arduino starts 151 00:06:54.680 --> 00:06:57.920 out for your press reset. It's for initialization, setting up pins, 152 00:06:57.959 --> 00:07:01.000 starting communications, that sort of thing, and runs over and 153 00:07:01.040 --> 00:07:04.519 over and over again continuously after setup finishes. This is 154 00:07:04.519 --> 00:07:07.040 where the main logic of your program lives. The repeating 155 00:07:07.040 --> 00:07:08.040 actions makes sense. 156 00:07:08.279 --> 00:07:11.399 Set up once, then loop forever. How do you actually 157 00:07:11.399 --> 00:07:14.560 control the Arduino's pins from the code. 158 00:07:14.439 --> 00:07:16.800 There are a few core functions. First, in set up, 159 00:07:17.120 --> 00:07:20.600 use the pin mode pin number in PP two output. 160 00:07:20.560 --> 00:07:22.720 Tells the pin whether it's listening or talking. 161 00:07:22.560 --> 00:07:25.959 Basically yeah on input TT for reading sensors or buttons 162 00:07:26.000 --> 00:07:28.879 outpu'd for controlling LEDs or motors. And then in the 163 00:07:28.920 --> 00:07:32.639 loop you use digital right pin number AGH or digital 164 00:07:32.680 --> 00:07:36.240 right pin number l LOW to turn it OUTPTPN on 165 00:07:36.480 --> 00:07:39.920 that's five volts or off a zoo volts okay soup 166 00:07:40.079 --> 00:07:42.800 on and to read an n NPT pin you use 167 00:07:42.879 --> 00:07:44.720 digital read pin number. It tells you if the pin 168 00:07:44.800 --> 00:07:46.279 is currently high GH or LOA W. 169 00:07:46.600 --> 00:07:50.279 What if you want something in between, like dimming an led, 170 00:07:50.480 --> 00:07:51.279 not just on off? 171 00:07:51.439 --> 00:07:54.959 Ah? Good question, that's analog right now, The source explains 172 00:07:55.000 --> 00:07:56.600 it's not true analog voltage. 173 00:07:56.720 --> 00:07:57.800 Now what is it? Then? 174 00:07:58.040 --> 00:08:02.639 It's called pulse width modulation or EM. On special pins 175 00:08:02.720 --> 00:08:05.279 often marked with a little squiggle, the RDWINO turns the 176 00:08:05.319 --> 00:08:07.839 pin on and off really really fast, okay, By changing 177 00:08:07.839 --> 00:08:10.439 the percentage of time the pin is on versus off 178 00:08:10.439 --> 00:08:13.120 the duty cycle, it fakes an average voltage level. 179 00:08:13.399 --> 00:08:16.439 Clever, so you can control brightness that way exactly, or 180 00:08:16.480 --> 00:08:18.920 even make tones on a piezo buzzer by varying the 181 00:08:18.959 --> 00:08:22.199 PWM signal rapidly. And can you read analog values too, 182 00:08:22.360 --> 00:08:23.199 not just high low? 183 00:08:23.439 --> 00:08:28.079 Yes? With analog read pin number, you use the dedicated 184 00:08:28.120 --> 00:08:30.439 analog input pins like a zero to. 185 00:08:30.399 --> 00:08:32.960 A five on an unoboard, and it gives you. 186 00:08:33.200 --> 00:08:36.159 A number between zero and twenty three three. That number 187 00:08:36.200 --> 00:08:39.519 represents the voltage measured on the pin from zero V 188 00:08:39.879 --> 00:08:43.919 up to the ardueno's reference voltage usually five VE. Perfect 189 00:08:43.919 --> 00:08:44.639 for reading. 190 00:08:44.399 --> 00:08:48.000 Sensors timing seems important. How do you make the Arduino 191 00:08:48.159 --> 00:08:49.519 weight or measure time? 192 00:08:49.720 --> 00:08:54.200 The simplest way is delay milliseconds just pauses everything for 193 00:08:54.240 --> 00:08:54.879 that amount. 194 00:08:54.600 --> 00:08:55.960 Of time, stops the whole program. 195 00:08:56.080 --> 00:08:58.960 Yeah, which can be a problem sometimes. So the source 196 00:08:59.039 --> 00:09:01.120 introduces milli and micros. 197 00:09:01.200 --> 00:09:01.720 What did he do? 198 00:09:01.799 --> 00:09:05.559 They return the number of milliseconds millis or microseconds micros 199 00:09:05.600 --> 00:09:07.799 that have passed since the Arduena boards started running. 200 00:09:07.840 --> 00:09:09.039 How's that different from delay? 201 00:09:09.279 --> 00:09:12.039 Crucially, they don't stop your code. You can check Millie's 202 00:09:12.240 --> 00:09:13.919 see how much time has passed and decide if it's 203 00:09:13.919 --> 00:09:17.279 time to do something without halting everything else. Great for multitasking. 204 00:09:17.440 --> 00:09:20.320 Okay. To handle data, you need variables. The source mentions 205 00:09:20.320 --> 00:09:20.840 the basics. 206 00:09:20.919 --> 00:09:24.679 Right, you've got info integers, whole numbers, float for numbers 207 00:09:24.679 --> 00:09:27.120 with decimal points, really useful for sensor math. 208 00:09:27.120 --> 00:09:30.799 Like converting a sensor reading to degrees celsius exactly. 209 00:09:31.120 --> 00:09:34.759 Then booleon for simple tru or false values. And byte 210 00:09:34.960 --> 00:09:37.639 which holds a small number from zero to two fifty five, 211 00:09:37.879 --> 00:09:39.399 often used for binary data. 212 00:09:39.440 --> 00:09:42.080 And you can mix types like int and float yep. 213 00:09:42.120 --> 00:09:45.279 The source nodes you can do calculations mixing them. Ardueno 214 00:09:45.360 --> 00:09:46.639 handles the conversion. 215 00:09:46.399 --> 00:09:50.080 Standard mass is there plus minus multiplied divide. 216 00:09:49.639 --> 00:09:52.360 For basic arithmetic operators, but you also need way to 217 00:09:52.360 --> 00:09:53.480 compare values, like. 218 00:09:53.480 --> 00:09:56.240 Checking if a sensor reading is above a threshold exactly. 219 00:09:56.360 --> 00:09:59.759 You use comparison operators here for equals for not, equals 220 00:09:59.759 --> 00:10:02.039 great than, less than and so on. 221 00:10:02.000 --> 00:10:04.440 And combining conditions like is this nd. 222 00:10:04.440 --> 00:10:07.519 That logical operators do that for not and for and 223 00:10:07.600 --> 00:10:11.639 d for r lets you build complex decision logic, which. 224 00:10:11.399 --> 00:10:14.879 Brings us to control flow, making the program make decisions 225 00:10:14.960 --> 00:10:15.799 or repeat things. 226 00:10:16.000 --> 00:10:19.399 The is statement is the cornerstone. If this condition is true, 227 00:10:19.919 --> 00:10:22.799 then run this block of code simpler. Then if LS 228 00:10:22.799 --> 00:10:25.480 adds an alternative if the condition is true, do this. 229 00:10:25.799 --> 00:10:29.720 Otherwise do that class example, checking if a button digital 230 00:10:29.720 --> 00:10:30.799 read is AGH. 231 00:10:31.120 --> 00:10:32.879 And for repeating stuff loops. 232 00:10:33.279 --> 00:10:35.080 For loops are great when you know how many times 233 00:10:35.120 --> 00:10:37.960 you need to repeat, like flashing in LED five times. 234 00:10:38.600 --> 00:10:42.440 The LED wave project uses this. Okay, wile and do 235 00:10:42.519 --> 00:10:44.960 wile loops keep repeating as long as a certain condition 236 00:10:45.039 --> 00:10:48.720 remains true. The source mentions do wile for the Electronic 237 00:10:48.799 --> 00:10:52.200 Dye project because it guarantees the code inside runs at 238 00:10:52.279 --> 00:10:53.200 least once before. 239 00:10:53.120 --> 00:10:56.120 Checking useful sometimes and switch case it's a. 240 00:10:56.120 --> 00:10:59.639 Neat way to handle multiple specific possibilities for a variable's value, 241 00:11:00.080 --> 00:11:03.639 cleaner than a bunch of nested IFL statements. Sometimes good 242 00:11:03.639 --> 00:11:05.960 for reacting to different button presses or commands. 243 00:11:06.120 --> 00:11:08.480 Lastly, functions grouping code. 244 00:11:08.559 --> 00:11:10.679 Yeah. Functions let you bundle up a piece of code 245 00:11:10.679 --> 00:11:13.399 that does a specific task, give it a name, and 246 00:11:13.440 --> 00:11:15.080 then just call that name whenever you need it. 247 00:11:15.120 --> 00:11:16.480 Avoids repeating code. 248 00:11:16.240 --> 00:11:19.200 Exactly makes code cleaner easier to manage. You can even 249 00:11:19.240 --> 00:11:21.879 create your own functions that take inputs and return a result, 250 00:11:22.360 --> 00:11:25.960 like the sources example of converting temperature scales. Like building 251 00:11:26.039 --> 00:11:27.799 your own custom Arduino commands. 252 00:11:27.840 --> 00:11:30.679 Okay, so you're writing code testing things. How do you 253 00:11:30.720 --> 00:11:33.639 actually see what the ardweno's thinking or send it commands 254 00:11:33.639 --> 00:11:34.399 while it's running. 255 00:11:34.679 --> 00:11:38.039 Ah, this serial monitor it's built right into the ardweno ID. 256 00:11:38.519 --> 00:11:40.840 It's your communication channel over the USB. 257 00:11:40.720 --> 00:11:42.320 Cable, so data goes both ways. 258 00:11:42.440 --> 00:11:46.519 Yep. The arduino can send text or numbers to the 259 00:11:46.559 --> 00:11:48.480 serial monitor window on your computer. 260 00:11:48.360 --> 00:11:50.919 And you can type stuff into the monitor to send 261 00:11:50.919 --> 00:11:52.320 it to the arduino exactly. 262 00:11:52.720 --> 00:11:55.240 Super useful for debugging or simple interaction. 263 00:11:55.759 --> 00:11:57.600 How do you set it up in the code in. 264 00:11:57.559 --> 00:12:00.440 Your setup function. You start it with serial begin and 265 00:12:00.519 --> 00:12:03.399 bod rate. The bod rate is the communication speed like 266 00:12:03.480 --> 00:12:05.200 ninety six hundred bits per second. 267 00:12:05.240 --> 00:12:07.919 And that speed has to match the setting in the 268 00:12:07.960 --> 00:12:09.159 serial monitor window. 269 00:12:09.200 --> 00:12:12.159 Itself critically important. Yes, they have to agree. 270 00:12:11.879 --> 00:12:14.600 On the speed, and to send data from the ARDUINO. 271 00:12:14.440 --> 00:12:17.759 You use cerial dot print for cereal dot print LN. 272 00:12:18.360 --> 00:12:20.480 The only difference is print LIN adds a character, return 273 00:12:20.840 --> 00:12:22.600 moves to the next line in the monitor. 274 00:12:22.279 --> 00:12:24.279 So you can print messages, variable. 275 00:12:24.039 --> 00:12:27.600 Values, anything. It's invaluable for seeing what's going on inside 276 00:12:27.600 --> 00:12:31.159 your sketch. The source even shows formatting like serial dot 277 00:12:31.200 --> 00:12:34.480 print number bi in to see the binary value. 278 00:12:34.600 --> 00:12:36.960 And how does the ARDWENO know If you type something 279 00:12:37.000 --> 00:12:38.159 into the monitor, it. 280 00:12:38.200 --> 00:12:41.519 Checks using serial dot available. If that returns a value 281 00:12:41.519 --> 00:12:44.399 greater than zero, it means there's data waiting to. 282 00:12:44.360 --> 00:12:46.919 Be read, and you read it with cereal dot read. 283 00:12:47.399 --> 00:12:49.960 It usually reads one character or bite at a time 284 00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:53.399 from the incoming buffer. Project seventeen uses this for a 285 00:12:53.440 --> 00:12:57.080 binary guessing game. Okay, the real magic happens when you 286 00:12:57.120 --> 00:12:59.879 apply all this stuff in projects. The source walks through 287 00:12:59.879 --> 00:13:02.919 a lot of examples that build skills progressively. 288 00:13:02.559 --> 00:13:04.519 Like the classic blinking led. 289 00:13:04.679 --> 00:13:08.639 Project hashtag one, Yeah, your basic digital right high gh 290 00:13:08.720 --> 00:13:12.720 delay digital right LW delay the Hello world of hardware. 291 00:13:12.919 --> 00:13:16.240 But then project hashtag two immediately improves it using a 292 00:13:16.279 --> 00:13:16.799 for loop. 293 00:13:17.279 --> 00:13:20.399 Shows how programming structures make code more elegant and efficient 294 00:13:20.440 --> 00:13:23.039 for repetitive tasks like that LED wave effect. 295 00:13:23.120 --> 00:13:24.759 Right, what about something using sensors? 296 00:13:24.840 --> 00:13:27.399 Project hashtag eight the quick read thermometer that's the great 297 00:13:27.399 --> 00:13:30.080 one uses analogreed to get data from a TMP thirty 298 00:13:30.120 --> 00:13:31.120 six temperature sensor. 299 00:13:31.240 --> 00:13:32.480 Doesn't just read it though, right. 300 00:13:32.440 --> 00:13:35.080 No, it shows the whole process. Read the raw analog 301 00:13:35.159 --> 00:13:38.440 value converted to voltage, then convert the voltage to degrees 302 00:13:38.440 --> 00:13:39.440 celsius using a. 303 00:13:39.399 --> 00:13:42.240 Formula, and then use that temperature value exactly. 304 00:13:42.480 --> 00:13:44.799 Uses if all statements to light up different LEDs. Maybe 305 00:13:44.960 --> 00:13:48.480 red for hot, green for normal, blue for cold. It's sensing, 306 00:13:48.600 --> 00:13:50.679 processing and acting based on the environment. 307 00:13:51.200 --> 00:13:53.679 Cool The electronic dye project sounds fun too. 308 00:13:53.840 --> 00:13:56.759 Project hashtag fifteen Yeah uses the random function to pick 309 00:13:56.759 --> 00:13:59.600 a number, lights up the corresponding LEDs, and it uses 310 00:13:59.600 --> 00:14:01.679 that do t while one loop to keep the results 311 00:14:01.679 --> 00:14:04.440 showing until you reset it. Neat demo of do while 312 00:14:05.080 --> 00:14:08.039 The source also makes a point about binary base two numbers. 313 00:14:08.080 --> 00:14:08.559 Why is that. 314 00:14:08.559 --> 00:14:13.320 Important because computers, including the Arduino think in ones and zos. Fundamentally. 315 00:14:13.919 --> 00:14:16.720 Understanding binary helps when you work with data at a 316 00:14:16.759 --> 00:14:17.639 lower level, like. 317 00:14:17.600 --> 00:14:20.320 The byte variable type zero to two fifty five. 318 00:14:20.279 --> 00:14:23.440 Exactly, that's eight bits. The source shows how to print 319 00:14:23.480 --> 00:14:27.320 values in binary using serial dot print value BIM, and 320 00:14:27.440 --> 00:14:29.759 introduces bitwise operators. 321 00:14:29.200 --> 00:14:34.039 Bit wise like A and D or x or xo, 322 00:14:34.320 --> 00:14:37.440 and also bit shifting. These let you manipulate individual bits 323 00:14:37.480 --> 00:14:40.240 within a byte or integer. Sounds obscure, but it's crucial 324 00:14:40.240 --> 00:14:43.360 when interfacing with certain chips are packing data efficiently. Project 325 00:14:43.399 --> 00:14:46.000 seventeen's guessing game makes learning it fun okay. 326 00:14:46.039 --> 00:14:49.759 One common challenge Orduenos have a limited number of pins. 327 00:14:50.080 --> 00:14:52.679 What if you need to control lots of outputs like 328 00:14:52.840 --> 00:14:55.200 tons of LEDs AH shift registers. 329 00:14:55.799 --> 00:14:58.360 The source highlights the seventy four HC five ninety five. 330 00:14:58.480 --> 00:14:59.440 This is a classic solution. 331 00:14:59.559 --> 00:15:00.360 How does it work? 332 00:15:00.559 --> 00:15:04.080 You use just a feword winopins typically data latch and 333 00:15:04.200 --> 00:15:08.200 kilock to send data serially into the shift register. The 334 00:15:08.279 --> 00:15:11.320 register then shifts the data along internally and holds it 335 00:15:11.600 --> 00:15:14.159 controlling many output pins, usually eight per. 336 00:15:14.120 --> 00:15:16.480 Chip, so a few pins control many exactly. 337 00:15:16.759 --> 00:15:19.759 You can even chain multiple shift registers together. The source 338 00:15:19.840 --> 00:15:22.320 uses this for an eight y eight LED matrix. In 339 00:15:22.360 --> 00:15:25.519 Project twenty one, just two shift registers control all sixty 340 00:15:25.519 --> 00:15:29.559 four LEDs shows scrolling text two. It's a fundamental technique 341 00:15:29.600 --> 00:15:30.559 for expanding outputs. 342 00:15:30.720 --> 00:15:33.519 The source also mentions a arrays, what are they useful for. 343 00:15:33.440 --> 00:15:36.200 Storing collections of related data. Instead of having say ten 344 00:15:36.240 --> 00:15:38.600 separate temperature variables, you can have one array holding ten 345 00:15:38.639 --> 00:15:41.919 temperature readings. Cleaner code useful for lists of sensor data, 346 00:15:42.039 --> 00:15:44.960 RFID tags, pin numbers, et cetera. And the modulle operator 347 00:15:45.039 --> 00:15:46.879 percent It seems specific. 348 00:15:47.039 --> 00:15:50.120 It gives you the remainder after division. The source points 349 00:15:50.159 --> 00:15:52.919 out it's handy for tasks like separating the digits of 350 00:15:52.919 --> 00:15:55.840 a number like twenty three per ten. Ten gives you three. 351 00:15:56.320 --> 00:15:58.559 Useful if you need to display digits individually. 352 00:15:59.120 --> 00:16:03.519 Okay, moving beyond simil LEDs displaying actual text or numbers. 353 00:16:03.639 --> 00:16:07.399 Liquid crystal displays or LCDs. The source covers the common 354 00:16:07.480 --> 00:16:10.799 character LCDs like sixteen by two or twenty by four. 355 00:16:10.679 --> 00:16:12.080 Characters requires special code. 356 00:16:12.200 --> 00:16:15.120 Usually use a library like liquid crystal makes pretty easy. 357 00:16:15.519 --> 00:16:18.679 You initialize it, then use commands like LCD dot print 358 00:16:19.159 --> 00:16:22.000 or LCD dot set cursor column yeah row to position 359 00:16:22.080 --> 00:16:22.720 the text. 360 00:16:22.559 --> 00:16:24.519 And Project fifty eight uses this for a clock. 361 00:16:24.720 --> 00:16:27.240 Yeah, a digital clock displayed right on the LCD. Much 362 00:16:27.240 --> 00:16:28.799 more informative than just blinking lights. 363 00:16:29.159 --> 00:16:32.759 Now, the concept of shields seems central to our dueno's 364 00:16:32.799 --> 00:16:33.360 ease of use. 365 00:16:33.440 --> 00:16:36.279 Oh, definitely. Shields are pre built circuit boards that just 366 00:16:36.279 --> 00:16:37.960 plug right on top of the oduena. 367 00:16:37.720 --> 00:16:39.240 Instantly adding new hardware. 368 00:16:38.879 --> 00:16:43.320 Features exactly Ethernet shields for network connection, micro SD shields 369 00:16:43.320 --> 00:16:47.440 for file storage, GPS shields for location, motor driver shields, 370 00:16:47.639 --> 00:16:48.600 LCD shields. 371 00:16:49.080 --> 00:16:51.480 You name it, so someone else did the hard wiring 372 00:16:51.519 --> 00:16:55.320 part pretty much. You plug it in low the corresponding library, 373 00:16:55.399 --> 00:16:58.120 and you can start using that feature relatively easily. It 374 00:16:58.240 --> 00:17:00.759 massively accelerates development for us common tasks. 375 00:17:00.919 --> 00:17:02.960 But the source warns about stacking them. 376 00:17:03.320 --> 00:17:07.279 Yes, crucial point. Different shields might try to use the 377 00:17:07.319 --> 00:17:11.359 same arduinopins. If they conflict, stacking them won't work or worse, 378 00:17:11.640 --> 00:17:14.480 could damage something. Always check the pin usage. 379 00:17:14.680 --> 00:17:17.720 And proto shields are kind of the opposite blank shields. 380 00:17:17.480 --> 00:17:20.359 Right their prototyping brees laid out like an Arduino shield. 381 00:17:20.759 --> 00:17:23.319 You build and solder your own custom circuit onto them, 382 00:17:23.519 --> 00:17:27.160 making your breadburd design more permanent and stackable. Project twenty 383 00:17:27.160 --> 00:17:29.480 eight shows building a custom LED driver shield. 384 00:17:29.640 --> 00:17:32.960 Data logging is a big application micro SD cards YEP. 385 00:17:33.079 --> 00:17:35.880 Projects twenty nine and thirty cover using a micro SD 386 00:17:35.960 --> 00:17:39.319 shield and the SDH library, you could open files, write 387 00:17:39.400 --> 00:17:42.200 data like sensor readings with timestamps, and close. 388 00:17:41.960 --> 00:17:44.599 Files, creating log files you can read later exactly. 389 00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:47.319 The data usually gets saved as a plaintext file dot 390 00:17:47.359 --> 00:17:50.359 txt or dot csv. You can then pop the SD 391 00:17:50.440 --> 00:17:52.720 card in your computer and analyze the data and Excel 392 00:17:52.799 --> 00:17:55.440 or another program. Super useful for long term. 393 00:17:55.319 --> 00:17:58.559 Monitor interrupts sound a bit more advanced Project thirty two 394 00:17:59.039 --> 00:18:00.000 reacting instantly. 395 00:18:00.279 --> 00:18:04.279 They are powerful. Instead of your main loop constantly checking 396 00:18:04.319 --> 00:18:07.839 if say a button is pressed, Digital read and interrupt 397 00:18:07.920 --> 00:18:11.359 automatically triggers a specific function the moment a change happens 398 00:18:11.400 --> 00:18:12.920 on certain pins pins two. 399 00:18:12.759 --> 00:18:14.599 And three on the you know, like a signal edge 400 00:18:14.599 --> 00:18:15.119 triggers it. 401 00:18:15.200 --> 00:18:18.680