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<v Speaker 1>You see something's going to happen. What what's going to happen?

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<v Speaker 1>He take.

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<v Speaker 2>What Welcome to the occult rejects, and today we journey

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<v Speaker 2>into the life of one of the most fascinating figures

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<v Speaker 2>of early modern science, Tycho Brahe, a man who lost

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<v Speaker 2>part of his nose and a duel over man, the

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<v Speaker 2>man who built an island laboratory palace, and who believed

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<v Speaker 2>the stars didn't just like the heavens, but shaped destinies.

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<v Speaker 1>Taycho is an.

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<v Speaker 2>Astronomer, astrologer, alchemist, and court mystic. In this episode, we

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<v Speaker 2>charted Tycho Brahe's astronomical achievements while interweaving the intimate episodes

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<v Speaker 2>that shaped him. The duel that quote from his nose,

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<v Speaker 2>the shadow of his unborn twin, the bonds of his marriage,

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<v Speaker 2>and the enigmatic presence of Jeppe the dwarf at Uraniborg.

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<v Speaker 2>Through his observatories and his household alike, we glimpsed the

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<v Speaker 2>Renaissance mind at work, where rigorous measurement meant al chemical

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<v Speaker 2>hope and the mystic's intuition shared a table with their

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<v Speaker 2>astronomer's instruments. In tracing both his calculations and his character,

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<v Speaker 2>we ask what the alchemists and mystics of the past

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<v Speaker 2>were truly like and what their world can still teach

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<v Speaker 2>us about the human hunger to know. I have measured

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<v Speaker 2>the sky, now I measure the shadows of the earth.

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<v Speaker 2>My mind belonged to the heavens, my body to the earth.

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<v Speaker 2>Written by Tycho Brahe, allegedly for his own epitaph. Tycho

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<v Speaker 2>was born on December fourteenth, fifteen forty six, in Nudstrup,

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<v Speaker 2>a region that was then part of Denmark but now

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<v Speaker 2>in southern Sweden. His parents, aate Brahe and biaate Baile,

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<v Speaker 2>belonged to prominent noble families within Danish society. The Brahe

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<v Speaker 2>and the Bile lineages were well established among the aristocracy,

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<v Speaker 2>granting Taycho a position of wealth and social standing. From birth,

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<v Speaker 2>aate Brahe served as a nobleman and privy counselor, reflecting

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<v Speaker 2>the family's involvement in political and court life. Taicho was

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<v Speaker 2>the eldest surviving son, though he had a twin brother

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<v Speaker 2>who was still born, which we will talk about more later.

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<v Speaker 2>He also had several other siblings, though his early separation

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<v Speaker 2>from his biological family altered his relationship with them. A

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<v Speaker 2>significant turning point in Tycho's family life occurred at the

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<v Speaker 2>age of two, when his childless uncle Jorgen Brahe and

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<v Speaker 2>aunt Inger Ox took him into their care. This arrangement,

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<v Speaker 2>often described as a q uassie adoption, was likely an

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<v Speaker 2>agreement between the families rather than a hostile act. Jorgen Brahe,

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<v Speaker 2>a vice admiral and nobleman and anger noted for her

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<v Speaker 2>intelligence and interest in science and humanities, raised Tycho in

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<v Speaker 2>their castle at Tustrom. This provided him with a much

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<v Speaker 2>better environment than from his biological parents' household, offering access

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<v Speaker 2>to resources in education that were later p crucial to

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<v Speaker 2>his development. Jorgen Brahe heroically died in fifteen sixty five

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<v Speaker 2>when he rescued King Frederick the Second of Denmark from

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<v Speaker 2>drowning and subsequently succumbed to illness. This further elevated the

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<v Speaker 2>family status and left Tycho with a substantial inheritance. This

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<v Speaker 2>financial independence allowed him to pursue his interests without the

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<v Speaker 2>immediate pressures faced by less privileged scholars. Tycho's upbringing under

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<v Speaker 2>Yorgan and Inger's care was marked by privilege and intellectual stimulation.

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<v Speaker 1>His and scholarly.

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<v Speaker 2>Inclinations may have influenced his curiosity why his uncle's status

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<v Speaker 2>ensured a stable and well connected environment. At around twelve

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<v Speaker 2>to thirteen years old, Tycho was sent to the University

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<v Speaker 2>of Copenhagen to study law, a common path for young

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<v Speaker 2>noblemen preparing for careers in civil service. However, his trajectory

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<v Speaker 2>shifted dramatically in fifteen sixty when, at the age of fourteen,

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<v Speaker 2>he observed a partial solar eclipse. This event ignited his

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<v Speaker 2>fascination with astronomy, prompting him to study the subject independently

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<v Speaker 2>by acquiring books and instruments, even as he continued his

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<v Speaker 2>formal education in law. In fifteen sixty two, Tycho traveled

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<v Speaker 2>to the University of Leipzig in Germany to further his studies.

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<v Speaker 2>Though en roll to pursue law, he devoted much of

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<v Speaker 2>his time to mathematics and astronomy during this period. In

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<v Speaker 2>fifteen sixty three, he observed a conjunction of Jupiter and

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<v Speaker 2>Saturn and noted desay discrepancies in existing astronomical tables, fueling

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<v Speaker 2>his determination to achieve greater precision in celestial observations. Tycho's

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<v Speaker 2>academic journey continued as he briefly attended the University of

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<v Speaker 2>Wittenberg before moving to the University of Rostock in fifteen

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<v Speaker 2>sixty six. While at Rostock, he ended up in a

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<v Speaker 2>dispute with another Danish nobleman, leading to a duel that

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<v Speaker 2>resulted in the loss of part of his nose. For

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<v Speaker 2>the rest of his life, he wore a prosthetic nose.

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<v Speaker 2>We will come back to this later. Following jorgenbrah his

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<v Speaker 2>death in fifteen sixty five, Tycho inherited his uncle's estate,

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<v Speaker 2>gaining the financial freedom to travel and study further. He

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<v Speaker 2>visited Basil and Augsburg, where in the latter he designed

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<v Speaker 2>and constructed a large quadrant for measuring the position of

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<v Speaker 2>celestial bodies. This instrument reflected his growing commitment to accurate

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<v Speaker 2>astronomical observation, a hallmark of his later career. After his travels,

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<v Speaker 2>he returned to Denmark around fifteen seventy, briefly considering careers

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<v Speaker 2>in alchemir medicine. The death of his father in fifteen

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<v Speaker 2>seventy one provided him with additional inheritance, further securing his resources.

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<v Speaker 1>How convenient, epivotal.

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<v Speaker 2>Movement came in fifteen seventy two, when he observed a

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<v Speaker 2>new star later identified as a supernova, an event that

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<v Speaker 2>cemented his dedication to astronomy and marked his transition into

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<v Speaker 2>a professional scientist. Tycho's family background was rooted in Danish nobility,

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<v Speaker 2>with his parents Ate Brahe and Biate Baile and his

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<v Speaker 2>uncle and aunt, Jorgen Brahe and Inger Ox, providing a

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<v Speaker 2>foundation of wealth, status and intellectual opportunity. Raised by his

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<v Speaker 2>uncle and aunt from age two, Tycho enjoyed a privileged

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<v Speaker 2>childhood that facilitated his education at prestigious universities across Europe.

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<v Speaker 2>His earlier years were shaped by a shift from law

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<v Speaker 2>to astronomy, marked by the fifteen sixty solar eclipse. Supported

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<v Speaker 2>by his family resources and his own curiosity, Tycho laid

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<v Speaker 2>the groundwork for his future astronomical achievements during these formative years.

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<v Speaker 2>Now we will talk a little bit more in depth

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<v Speaker 2>about his education and studies. Tycho's formal education was rooted

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<v Speaker 2>in the expectation of his noble family, but his interest

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<v Speaker 2>in astronomy emerged early and grew through self directed efforts.

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<v Speaker 2>His academic journey took him across several prestigious universities in Europe.

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<v Speaker 2>Again the University of Copenhagen from fifteen fifty nine to

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<v Speaker 2>fifteen sixty two. At the age of thirteen, Brahe enrolled

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<v Speaker 2>at the University of Copenhagen to study law and philosophy.

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<v Speaker 2>His family, particularly his uncle Jurgen Brahe, who raised him,

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<v Speaker 2>intended him to pursue a career in law of public service,

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<v Speaker 2>and then we have the University of Leipzig from fifteen

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<v Speaker 2>sixty two fifteen sixty five. In fifteen sixty two, Brahe

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<v Speaker 2>was sent to the university in Germany to continue his

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<v Speaker 2>legal studies. Despite this, he secretly pursued astronomy under the

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<v Speaker 2>guidance of Valentine Thoo, a professor of astronomy. During this period,

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<v Speaker 2>he began making his own observation and even constructed a

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<v Speaker 2>small globe to aid his studies, demonstrating his growing independence

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<v Speaker 2>in the field. And then we have the University of

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<v Speaker 2>Wittenberg at fifteen sixty five. In fifteen sixty five, Brahe

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<v Speaker 2>briefly attended the university, where he studied under Casper Puscher,

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<v Speaker 2>a scholar who supported the Copernican heliocentric model. This exposure

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<v Speaker 2>to the idea that the Earth orbited the Sun was

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<v Speaker 2>a significant departure from the dominant geocentric view and left

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<v Speaker 2>a lasting impression on Brahe, even though he did not

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<v Speaker 2>fully adopt it. Then we have the University of Rostock

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<v Speaker 2>from fifteen sixty six to fifteen sixty eight. Later, in

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<v Speaker 2>fifty teen sixty six, brah had transferred to the university,

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<v Speaker 2>where he continued his studies till fifteen sixty eight, and

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<v Speaker 2>while he was there he deepened his astronomical knowledge through

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<v Speaker 2>self study, further distancing himself.

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<v Speaker 1>From legal education.

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<v Speaker 2>As to completing his formal education, Brahde traveled through Europe,

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<v Speaker 2>visiting scholars and acquiring books and instruments. These travels exposed

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<v Speaker 2>him to a broader scientific community, including figures like Peter

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<v Speaker 2>Ramus and Johannes oh Man Praytorius praet r i U s.

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<v Speaker 2>And this helped enrich his understanding of astronomy beyond university

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<v Speaker 2>curricula offered. Despite his formal training in law, Brahe was

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<v Speaker 2>largely self taught in astronomy, relying on books, personal observations,

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<v Speaker 2>and instruments he built himself. His noble birth and the

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<v Speaker 2>resources provided by his family gave him the freedom to

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<v Speaker 2>pursue this passion. Culminating in his later establishment of the

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<v Speaker 2>Iranibourg Observatory. Tycho was deeply influenced by Renaissance humanism in

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<v Speaker 2>the revival of classical knowledge. His astronomical thought was shaped

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<v Speaker 2>by Ptolemy, and his astrology drew from Chechabiblos, but his

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<v Speaker 2>views were not purely classical. He was also deeply influenced

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<v Speaker 2>by the writings of Paracelsus, the Swiss alchemist and medical reformer.

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<v Speaker 2>From Paracelsus, Tycho inherited an interest in the healing properties

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<v Speaker 2>of metals, the philosophy of nature, and the idea that

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<v Speaker 2>celestial bodies influence health and fate. Tycho embraced Hermeticism and Neoplatanism,

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<v Speaker 2>world views that saw the cosmos as an interconnected whole,

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<v Speaker 2>alive with symbolic meaning. To Tycho, astronomy was a way

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<v Speaker 2>to read the language of God. Astrology was the interpretation

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<v Speaker 2>of divine messages. In fifteen seventy six, Tycho received a

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<v Speaker 2>royal grant in the island of Ven from King Frederick

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<v Speaker 2>of Denmark. There he built uranibor Wars, a state of

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<v Speaker 2>the art observatory research center and alchemical laboratory.

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<v Speaker 1>Uraniberg was more than.

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<v Speaker 2>A scientific center. It was a blueprint for Renaissance science, precise,

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<v Speaker 2>intero deplicnary, and steeped in symbolism. Tycho designed instruments of

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<v Speaker 2>unprecedented accuracy, including giant quadrants and sextants. He tracked the

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<v Speaker 2>stars and planets by naked eye, often assisted by his

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<v Speaker 2>team of apprentices and scholars. Uraniborg also featured in an

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<v Speaker 2>alchemical lab, herb garden, printing press, and underground observatory called Sternerberg.

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<v Speaker 2>It was a self contained world of science and symbolism.

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<v Speaker 2>Alchemy was also central to Tycho's worldview. He wasn't trying

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<v Speaker 2>to turn lead into gold. He was exploring the deeper

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<v Speaker 2>nature of substances. His work in iotrachemistry or chemical medicine

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<v Speaker 2>followed Paracelsian principles, prepared herbal and mineral remedies, often using

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<v Speaker 2>astrological charts to determine timing. He believed the macrocosm the

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<v Speaker 2>universe reflected the microcosm the human body. Planetary alignments affected health, temperament,

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<v Speaker 2>and the course of disease. At Uraniborg, Tycho mixed astronomical

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<v Speaker 2>observation without chemical theory, not a contradiction, but as a compliment.

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<v Speaker 2>Brahe's astronomical career was shaped by a mix of personal experiences,

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<v Speaker 2>academic mentors, and the scientific debates of his time. Now

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<v Speaker 2>we're going to take some time to talk about the

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<v Speaker 2>people and events that impact and influenced Tycho's life again.

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<v Speaker 2>Witnessing the fifteen sixty solar eclipse at age thirteen was

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<v Speaker 2>a defining moment for Brie. The event demonstrated that celestial

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<v Speaker 2>phenomena could be predicted with precision, sparking his curiosity and

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<v Speaker 2>showing him the practical power of astronomical knowledge. This inspired

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<v Speaker 2>him to study the skies beyond his formal legal education.

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<v Speaker 2>His professors and mentors, Valentine Thou and Casper Pusser were

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<v Speaker 2>a big influence. Gan Valentine Thos in Leipzig, he was

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<v Speaker 2>a professor of astronomy. Thou provided Brahe with early formal

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<v Speaker 2>instruction in the field. Thao's teachings gave Brahe the foundational

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<v Speaker 2>skills to begin his own observation, bridging the gap between

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<v Speaker 2>his legal studies and his astronomical interests. Casper Pusser Wittenberg

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<v Speaker 2>introduced Brahe to the Copernican heliocentric model. This exposure challenged

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<v Speaker 2>the traditional geocentric view and influenced Brahees's later development of

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<v Speaker 2>a hybrid model where planets orbited the Sun but the

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<v Speaker 2>Sun orbited the Earth. Also witnessing the fifteen seventy two

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<v Speaker 2>super and nova that influenced Brahyes's observation of a new

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<v Speaker 2>star now recognized as a supernova in fifteen seventy two

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<v Speaker 2>was a groundbreaking discovery. It contradicted the Aris Sstoleian belief

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<v Speaker 2>that the heavens were unchanging, reinforcing his commitment to observation

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<v Speaker 2>based astronomy. This event solidified his belief that empirical evidence

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<v Speaker 2>could challenge established theories. When I had satisfied myself that

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<v Speaker 2>no star of any of the known planets was situated

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<v Speaker 2>in that place in the sky, I knew that a

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<v Speaker 2>new star had really been born. That is, from the

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<v Speaker 2>d nova Stella on the New Star from fifteen seventy

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<v Speaker 2>three about the supernova of fifteen seventy two. Works of

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<v Speaker 2>Ptolemy and Copernicus also influenced Tycho brahe study Ptolemy's geosectric model,

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<v Speaker 2>which placed the Earth at the center of the universe.

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<v Speaker 2>Ptolemy's detailed observations were a benchmark for Brahe, but he

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<v Speaker 2>recognized flaws in the model's accuracy, motivating him to improve

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<v Speaker 2>upon it. Copernicus influenced him as well. Ernicus's helocentric model,

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<v Speaker 2>published in fifteen forty three, proposed that the Earth and

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<v Speaker 2>planets orbited the Sun. While Brahe admired its elegance, he

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<v Speaker 2>was skeptical of its full implications. This tension led him

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<v Speaker 2>to create his own system, blending elements of both models.

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<v Speaker 2>Brahe's frustration with inaccuracies and existing astronomical tables drove him

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<v Speaker 2>to conduct meticulous observations. He believed that resolving debates between

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<v Speaker 2>geocentric and heliocentric models required better data. This conviction led

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<v Speaker 2>him to build advance instruments and established Serannaburg, where he

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<v Speaker 2>compiled observations that later aided Johannes Kepler's work. Now we're

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<v Speaker 2>going to switch gears and talk about Tycho's medical practices

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<v Speaker 2>and influences. Medicine was also a practical necessity for Tycho.

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<v Speaker 2>His noble status included responsibility for the well being of

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<v Speaker 2>the people on his estate, especially on the island. Event

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<v Speaker 2>He ran a functioning laboratory and pharmacy at his observatory,

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<v Speaker 2>basically in a chemical laboratory for distillation and chemical processing.

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<v Speaker 2>There was also an herbal garden for growing medicinal plants.

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<v Speaker 2>This is where he prepared remedies for illness such as

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<v Speaker 2>the plague and epilepsy. He used the Paracelsia methods to

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<v Speaker 2>prepare tinctures, elixtures, and compound remedies from metals and herbs.

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<v Speaker 2>Tycho developed medicines for the plagues and fevers, epilepsy, and

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<v Speaker 2>skin and venereal diseases. His most famous compound was a

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<v Speaker 2>type of theiac, a complex antidote made from theiasa etheriaka

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<v Speaker 2>Andromachi or andromachi, an ancient antidote from Galenic tradition, alcohol, sulfur, mr, saffron, aloes,

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<v Speaker 2>and more. He provided the Emperor Rudolph with one preparation

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<v Speaker 2>against epidemic diseases, of which the principal ingredient was that compound.

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<v Speaker 2>The inventor was Andromachus, the elder court physician to the

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<v Speaker 2>Roman Emperor Nero mid the first century CE, and the

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<v Speaker 2>core ingredients could be up to around sixty items vipro, flesh, opium, cinnamon, mirr, frankincense,

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<v Speaker 2>various roots, resins, all sorts of stuff, all bound with

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<v Speaker 2>honey into a thick mixture. It was first and foremost

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<v Speaker 2>marketed as a counter poison against snake bite, a scorpion sting,

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<v Speaker 2>or deliberate poisoning. Patients took it prophylactically a peace sized

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<v Speaker 2>bolus daily as a curative dissolved in wine or water.

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<v Speaker 1>It was also.

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<v Speaker 2>Used for plague and fevers. During late Antique and Black

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<v Speaker 2>Death epidemics, it was dispersed as a cordial medicine, believed

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<v Speaker 2>to drive off corrupt airs, strengthen the heart, and stimulate sweating.

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<v Speaker 2>It was also a digestive and hepatic tonic. Medical writers

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<v Speaker 2>from Galen to Avicina note its warm combinative action, prescribed

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<v Speaker 2>for colic, flatulent, weak digested, and sluggish cold livers. The

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00:18:07.799 --> 00:18:11.720
<v Speaker 2>sizeable opium content made it popular for aching joints persistent

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<v Speaker 2>costs in insomnia, roughly the role later played by Laudanum.

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<v Speaker 2>The general panacea restorative apothecary sold it often at great

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<v Speaker 2>cost as a luxury and mixture to fortify the spirits

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<v Speaker 2>a convalescence and combat age related decline. Physicians might add

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<v Speaker 2>a little to almost any syrup. These remedies Tycho prescribed

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<v Speaker 2>were distributed free of charge to the inhabitants of Ven,

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<v Speaker 2>and Tycho reportedly treated many people himself. Tycho kept most

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<v Speaker 2>of his recipes secret, sharing them only with trusted nobles

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<v Speaker 2>and royalty, such as Emperor Rudulf the Second. He refused

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<v Speaker 2>to publish his medical writings, fearing scrutiny by the church

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00:18:56.720 --> 00:19:01.000
<v Speaker 2>or ridicule from other scholars. Was one of the first

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<v Speaker 2>figures to merge astronomy, alchemy, and medicine in a methodical way.

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<v Speaker 2>He implied empirical techniques, careful observation, and experimentation, just as

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<v Speaker 2>he did in astronomy. Some of Tycho's medicines were used

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<v Speaker 2>until the nineteenth century and were included in Danish pharmacopeias.

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<v Speaker 2>Some of them are in some of these names. Elixir

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<v Speaker 2>tyconis often elexur noblest doni, or as Tycho named it,

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00:19:31.920 --> 00:19:38.880
<v Speaker 2>elixa ad pestem and malignous febris was a alcoholic diaphoretic

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<v Speaker 2>to provoke sweating in plague and smallpox or English sweating sickness.

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<v Speaker 2>And then we have aqua ad morbon, epidemicom aqua instagram,

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<v Speaker 2>epidemicom swet aqua instagram epidemicum.

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<v Speaker 1>It was an.

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<v Speaker 2>Aromatic spirit to still from juniper wood rosemary sandage, taken

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<v Speaker 2>daily or sprinkled in rooms as a cleanser during epidemics.

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<v Speaker 2>It was reprinted verbatim in Bartholin's System Medica and then

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<v Speaker 2>in the National Pharmacopeia as a prophylactic epidemic water. And

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<v Speaker 2>then we have Aqua contra for brace, and that was

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<v Speaker 2>a cooling febrifuge made by double distillation of willow metal

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<v Speaker 2>suite violence, nitre, and a little spirit of vitual. It

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00:20:32.759 --> 00:20:37.680
<v Speaker 2>was adopted in Dispensatorium Half Needs and carried over unchained

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<v Speaker 2>in seventeen seventy two to eighteen oh five in the

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<v Speaker 2>Pharmacopeia Donica, and that was listed until eighteen sixty three.

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<v Speaker 2>We also have pulvs Mercurialis typhonus, and that was a

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<v Speaker 2>basic mercuria sulfate calcigned with nitre and antimony, powerful emetic

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<v Speaker 2>and cathartic, and it was also blown up the nose.

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<v Speaker 2>Dispensatorium half Means kept Tycho's exact recipe, but from seven

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<v Speaker 2>to seventy two the Pharmacopeia Danica simply listed turbith mineral

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<v Speaker 2>as an official substance. The name TIChE mineralis lingered in

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<v Speaker 2>apothecary catalogs until eighteen ninety three. Interesting fun fact, the

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<v Speaker 2>recent chemical analysis of glass shards from Uraniberg showed traces

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00:21:27.759 --> 00:21:35.039
<v Speaker 2>of mercury, antimony, copper, zinc, and even tungsten. These match

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00:21:35.160 --> 00:21:40.440
<v Speaker 2>ingredients he likely used for epilepsy and infectious diseases. Though

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00:21:40.480 --> 00:21:43.240
<v Speaker 2>not widely recognized for medicine, during his life, he was

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00:21:43.359 --> 00:21:47.359
<v Speaker 2>known as a respected healer in his region. His remedies

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00:21:47.400 --> 00:21:51.400
<v Speaker 2>were requested by royal patrons and nobles. Modern historians and

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00:21:51.480 --> 00:21:54.400
<v Speaker 2>chemists recognize him as a serious and early practitioner of

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<v Speaker 2>chemical medicine. Some of the people who helped shape Tycho's

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00:21:58.559 --> 00:22:03.240
<v Speaker 2>medical thinking are again Paracelsus, a radical Swiss physician and

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<v Speaker 2>alchemists who rejected classical medical authorities like Alan and emphasized

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<v Speaker 2>chemical treatments over blood letting or humoral balance. Paracelsus viewed

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<v Speaker 2>the human body as a microcosm that mirrored the macrocosm

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00:22:16.039 --> 00:22:20.039
<v Speaker 2>the universe. Tycho embraced this idea and believed celestial bodies

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<v Speaker 2>influenced human health, leading him to combine astronomy with medicine.

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<v Speaker 2>There was also Levinus Baddists, a professor of medicine at

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<v Speaker 2>the University of Rostock, where Tycho studied. He was a Paracelsian,

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<v Speaker 2>and Tycho likely attended his lectures on medical chemistry and

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00:22:37.599 --> 00:22:42.240
<v Speaker 2>the preparation of plant based medicines. He was also a

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<v Speaker 2>fan of Cornelius Gemmer, a contemporary physician and astronomer who

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00:22:46.599 --> 00:22:51.680
<v Speaker 2>also worked to combine astrology, astronomy, and medicine. Tycho exchanged

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00:22:51.720 --> 00:22:55.240
<v Speaker 2>ideas with Gemma on how celestial phenomena related to bodily,

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<v Speaker 2>health and disease. Tycho Brahe's work in medicine reflected the

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<v Speaker 2>interdisciplinary nature of Renaissance science. He wasn't just an astronomer,

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<v Speaker 2>but a Paracelsian physician, practicing alchemist, scientific herbalist, and a

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00:23:11.119 --> 00:23:15.640
<v Speaker 2>public health provider on his estate. Though he is remembered

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00:23:15.720 --> 00:23:20.200
<v Speaker 2>primarily for his contributions to astronomy, Tycho's chemical medicinal legacy

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00:23:20.319 --> 00:23:23.319
<v Speaker 2>reveals him as a pioneer of early scientific medicine and

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00:23:23.400 --> 00:23:28.039
<v Speaker 2>a transitional figure bridging medieval healing traditions with modern scientific approaches.

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<v Speaker 2>Now we're going to get a little off topic and

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<v Speaker 2>talk a bit about Tycho's personal life. Here's the story

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<v Speaker 2>of how Tycho lost part of his nose. Tycho lost

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<v Speaker 2>part of his nose in a dramatic sword duel in

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<v Speaker 2>fifteen sixty six, when he was just twenty years old.

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<v Speaker 2>At the time, he was a student at the University

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<v Speaker 2>of Rostock in Germany. Unlike many duels of the era,

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<v Speaker 2>which were often fought over matters of honor or romance,

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<v Speaker 2>this confrontation had an unusual cause. A disagreement over a

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00:23:59.160 --> 00:24:04.599
<v Speaker 2>mathematical problem. Tycho was turning it up. Brahe's adversary was

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<v Speaker 2>Manduin Parsburg, a fellow student and distant relative. Both young

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<v Speaker 2>men were known for their strong personalities, and their dispute

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00:24:12.000 --> 00:24:15.480
<v Speaker 2>arose from a heated debate about who was the superior mathematician.

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<v Speaker 2>Unable to settle the matter through discussion, they resorted to

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<v Speaker 2>the customs of the time and agreed to a duel

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<v Speaker 2>with swords to resolve their intellectual rivalry. The duel took

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<v Speaker 2>place on December twenty ninth, fifteen sixty six. During the encounter,

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<v Speaker 2>Parsburg landed a precise blow, striking Brahe acrossed the face

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<v Speaker 2>and severing part of his nose. The injury was significant,

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<v Speaker 2>leaving Brahe permanently disfigured. This event reflects not only fiery

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00:24:43.440 --> 00:24:46.599
<v Speaker 2>temperament for which Brahe was known, but also the culture

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<v Speaker 2>of dueling prevalent among students in the sixteenth century Europe,

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<v Speaker 2>where even academic disputes could escalate into physical confrontations. To

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00:24:55.279 --> 00:24:59.000
<v Speaker 2>deal with this disfigurement, Brahe wore a prosthetic nose for

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<v Speaker 2>the rest of his life. Popular stories often claim it

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00:25:02.599 --> 00:25:06.279
<v Speaker 2>was made of gold or silver materials, befitting his noble status,

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00:25:06.319 --> 00:25:10.079
<v Speaker 2>but recent studies suggest it was more likely crafted from bress.

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<v Speaker 2>The prosthetics served both a cosmetic purpose maintaining his public

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<v Speaker 2>appearance and a practical one, covering the wound left by

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00:25:19.160 --> 00:25:22.960
<v Speaker 2>the duel. Now we will get back to his works,

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<v Speaker 2>observations and accomplishments. The observation of fifteen seventy two super

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<v Speaker 2>and nova. In November of fifteen seventy two, Brahe noticed

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<v Speaker 2>a brilliant new star in the constellation Cassiopeia. He called

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00:25:37.160 --> 00:25:40.920
<v Speaker 2>it a nova Latin for new, attracted for eighteen months

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<v Speaker 2>as it shone brightly visible even in daylight before fading.

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<v Speaker 2>Using precise measurements, Brahe determined that this star showed no

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<v Speaker 2>detactable parallax apparent shift due to the Earth's position, proving

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<v Speaker 2>it was far beyond the Moon among the fixed stars.

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<v Speaker 2>This was later identified as a supernova, now known as

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<v Speaker 2>s N fifteen seventy two. The discovery contradicted the Aristolian

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<v Speaker 2>view that the heavens were unchanged and eternal. It showed

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<v Speaker 2>that new objects could appear in the supposed immutable celestial sphere,

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<v Speaker 2>shaking the foundations of ancient cosmology. Brahe meticulously observed comets,

359
00:26:26.119 --> 00:26:29.839
<v Speaker 2>especially the Great Comet of fifteen seventy seven, recording their

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00:26:29.880 --> 00:26:33.480
<v Speaker 2>position in parts across the sky over several months. He

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<v Speaker 2>found that comets exhibited no measurable parallax, meaning they were

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<v Speaker 2>located far beyond the Moon's orbit. This placed them in

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<v Speaker 2>the celestial realm, not the atmosphere as Aristotle had claimed.

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<v Speaker 2>By proving comets were astronomical rather than meteorological phenomena, Brahe

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<v Speaker 2>further undermined the Aristolian model and reinforced the idea that

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<v Speaker 2>the heavens were dynamic and subject to change. Over two decades,

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<v Speaker 2>recorded the positions of planets, with a particular focus on Mars,

368
00:27:04.279 --> 00:27:09.240
<v Speaker 2>using large, custom made instruments like quadrants and sextants. His

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00:27:09.359 --> 00:27:13.839
<v Speaker 2>observations were extraordinarily accurate, with errors as small as one

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<v Speaker 2>arcamented one sixtieth of a degree. He tracked planetary motions

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<v Speaker 2>relative to the fixed stars, creating a vast data set.

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<v Speaker 2>This data was later used by Johannes Kepler, Brahe's assistant

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<v Speaker 2>to formulate his three laws of planetary motion. These laws,

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<v Speaker 2>which describe elliptical orbits, were pivotal in confirming the heliocentric

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<v Speaker 2>model of the Solar system. Brahe proposed a hybrid solar

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<v Speaker 2>system model, where the planets orbited the Sun, but the

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00:27:45.720 --> 00:27:49.880
<v Speaker 2>Sun and Moon orbited the Earth. This ticonic system blended

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<v Speaker 2>elements of Ptolemy's geocentric model and Copernicus's heliocentric model, aligning

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<v Speaker 2>with Brahe's observations while preserving Earth's central position. Though ultimately incorrect,

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<v Speaker 2>the model was a practical compromise that explained many observed

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00:28:05.119 --> 00:28:09.440
<v Speaker 2>planetary motions. It gained traction in an error when heliocentrism

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<v Speaker 2>faced religious and philosophical resistance, serving as a stepping stone

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<v Speaker 2>to later theories. Ticho also compiled the catalog of over

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<v Speaker 2>one thousand stars, measuring their celestial coordinates right ascension and declination.

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<v Speaker 2>Using his advanced instruments. His catalog was far more accurate

386
00:28:28.160 --> 00:28:31.519
<v Speaker 2>than early ones like Ptolemy's, with positional errors often within

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00:28:31.720 --> 00:28:36.119
<v Speaker 2>one arc minute for many stars. This work became a

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<v Speaker 2>standard reference for astronomers for centuries, showcasing the value of

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<v Speaker 2>systematic observation and providing a baseline for studying stellar positions

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<v Speaker 2>over time. Brahe invented the equatorial armillary sphere, an instrument

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00:28:50.759 --> 00:28:54.599
<v Speaker 2>with rings representing the celestial equator, ecliptic, and other key

392
00:28:54.680 --> 00:28:59.720
<v Speaker 2>circles used to measure celestial coordinates. This too, allowed for

393
00:28:59.799 --> 00:29:03.200
<v Speaker 2>far far more precise tracking of stars and planets as

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00:29:03.200 --> 00:29:07.880
<v Speaker 2>they moved across the sky, surpassing earlier instruments in accuracy.

395
00:29:08.799 --> 00:29:15.119
<v Speaker 2>This sphere exemplified Brahe's innovative approach to instrumentation, significantly improving

396
00:29:15.160 --> 00:29:19.160
<v Speaker 2>the quality of astronomical observations. And then we have the

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00:29:19.279 --> 00:29:25.559
<v Speaker 2>establishment of Uraniberg and Sterniberg observatories. Uraniborg is not a

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00:29:25.680 --> 00:29:29.680
<v Speaker 2>palace for princes, but a temple for the stars. Here,

399
00:29:30.200 --> 00:29:34.119
<v Speaker 2>far from the noise of the court, the stars speak freely.

400
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<v Speaker 2>Brahe constructed two observatories on the island of Vent, Denmark,

401
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<v Speaker 2>Uraniberg completed fifteen eighty and Sterniberg completed fifteen eighty four.

402
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<v Speaker 2>These were equipped with cutting edge instruments like large quadrants

403
00:29:51.720 --> 00:29:58.960
<v Speaker 2>and armillary spheres. Sterneberg's underground design reduced wind and vibration interference,

404
00:29:59.039 --> 00:30:04.799
<v Speaker 2>enabling even more precise instruments. These facilities were among the

405
00:30:04.880 --> 00:30:09.599
<v Speaker 2>first dedicated astronomical research centers in Europe, setting a precedent

406
00:30:09.720 --> 00:30:14.480
<v Speaker 2>for modern observatories, enforstering systematic, long term study of the skies.

407
00:30:16.200 --> 00:30:20.480
<v Speaker 2>Brahe also tried to detect stellar parallax, the apparent shift

408
00:30:20.519 --> 00:30:23.079
<v Speaker 2>in a star's position due to the Earth's orbit around

409
00:30:23.079 --> 00:30:28.480
<v Speaker 2>the Sun. Using his precise instruments, He couldn't measure any parallax,

410
00:30:28.559 --> 00:30:31.359
<v Speaker 2>as the effect was too small to detect without a

411
00:30:31.440 --> 00:30:36.599
<v Speaker 2>telescope due to the immense distance to stars. His failure

412
00:30:36.640 --> 00:30:40.000
<v Speaker 2>to find parallax led him to reject the heliocentric model,

413
00:30:40.440 --> 00:30:44.640
<v Speaker 2>but it highlighted the need for greater position. This question

414
00:30:44.839 --> 00:30:52.160
<v Speaker 2>was resolved later when telescopes confirmed parallax, validating Copernicus's ideas.

415
00:30:52.200 --> 00:30:55.799
<v Speaker 2>After Brahe's death in sixteen oh one, his assistant Johannes

416
00:30:55.839 --> 00:31:02.960
<v Speaker 2>Kepler inherited his extensive observational records, particular the Mars data.

417
00:31:03.160 --> 00:31:06.440
<v Speaker 2>Kepler used Brahayes data to derive his three Laws of

418
00:31:06.480 --> 00:31:11.799
<v Speaker 2>planetary motion, which describe elliptical orbits and their mathematical relationship.

419
00:31:13.440 --> 00:31:16.759
<v Speaker 2>This work was a turning point in astronomy, confirming the

420
00:31:16.839 --> 00:31:21.200
<v Speaker 2>heliocentric model and cementing Brahees's legacy as a foundational figure.

421
00:31:22.519 --> 00:31:26.680
<v Speaker 2>Bra Hayes's work bridged ancient and modern astronomy, combining rigorous

422
00:31:26.680 --> 00:31:30.720
<v Speaker 2>observation with innovative tools. His legacy lies in his precision

423
00:31:31.000 --> 00:31:33.480
<v Speaker 2>is challenged to dogma and his role in paving the

424
00:31:33.480 --> 00:31:38.240
<v Speaker 2>way for scientific revolution. Now, before we get too far

425
00:31:38.359 --> 00:31:41.519
<v Speaker 2>into this episode, I would like to take time to

426
00:31:41.599 --> 00:31:48.400
<v Speaker 2>talk about Uraniberg and Sternerberg. Tycho armed with royal patronage

427
00:31:48.440 --> 00:31:51.880
<v Speaker 2>and a craftsman obsession for precision, set out to build

428
00:31:51.960 --> 00:31:57.599
<v Speaker 2>not merely a residence, but a Renaissance microcosmos where gardens, laboratories,

429
00:31:57.799 --> 00:32:03.359
<v Speaker 2>and observatories converged in geome harmony. In this unlikely sanctuary,

430
00:32:03.880 --> 00:32:08.000
<v Speaker 2>the massive quadrants, armillary spheres, and sextons he forged would

431
00:32:08.000 --> 00:32:11.000
<v Speaker 2>harvest starlight with the rigor no one had yet attempted.

432
00:32:11.240 --> 00:32:15.759
<v Speaker 2>While underground chambers cradled instruments so delicately poised that even

433
00:32:15.799 --> 00:32:19.000
<v Speaker 2>the island sea breeze cannot disturb them. It is to

434
00:32:19.039 --> 00:32:23.440
<v Speaker 2>these twin marvels Uraniberg, the Castle of Urania, and its

435
00:32:23.480 --> 00:32:29.000
<v Speaker 2>steadfast sibling Sternerberg, the Star Castle, sunk into bedrock, tracing

436
00:32:29.039 --> 00:32:32.680
<v Speaker 2>how their architecture, instruments and daily rhythms wove together the

437
00:32:32.720 --> 00:32:36.279
<v Speaker 2>most accurate naked eye astronomy the world has ever seen.

438
00:32:38.480 --> 00:32:42.039
<v Speaker 2>Uraniberg was constructed between fifteen seventy six and fifteen eighty

439
00:32:42.119 --> 00:32:46.440
<v Speaker 2>with royal funding and oversight by architect Hans van Steenwinkle

440
00:32:46.720 --> 00:32:52.680
<v Speaker 2>the Elder, a Flemish Danish architect in cooperation with Tycho.

441
00:32:52.920 --> 00:32:57.119
<v Speaker 2>Taycho envisioned Uraniberg as a scholarly palace and observatory. It

442
00:32:57.240 --> 00:32:59.920
<v Speaker 2>served not only his own work, but hosted students in

443
00:33:00.079 --> 00:33:04.400
<v Speaker 2>assistance from across Europe, effectively becoming a research institute as

444
00:33:04.480 --> 00:33:09.839
<v Speaker 2>much as a private castle. Tycho's sister, Sofia Brahe and

445
00:33:09.960 --> 00:33:14.000
<v Speaker 2>other aids helped with observations and calculations, and over thirty

446
00:33:14.079 --> 00:33:20.160
<v Speaker 2>research assistants worked there during its heyday. Tycho also pursued alchemy,

447
00:33:20.319 --> 00:33:24.440
<v Speaker 2>meteorology and astrology on ven, reflecting the Renaissance idea of

448
00:33:24.559 --> 00:33:29.640
<v Speaker 2>uniting various sciences. In fifteen eighty four to fifteen eighty six,

449
00:33:29.839 --> 00:33:33.720
<v Speaker 2>Tycho added the smaller observatory Sternerberg Castle of the Stars,

450
00:33:33.839 --> 00:33:36.359
<v Speaker 2>adjacent to Uraniberg, when he realized that some of his

451
00:33:36.440 --> 00:33:39.640
<v Speaker 2>large instruments were unstable in Uraniberg's upper floors due to

452
00:33:39.720 --> 00:33:44.359
<v Speaker 2>wind and vibrations. Sterniborg, completed in fifteen eighty six, was

453
00:33:44.400 --> 00:33:48.079
<v Speaker 2>dedicated purely to observation and built largely underground to give

454
00:33:48.160 --> 00:33:54.279
<v Speaker 2>instruments a firmer anchor in the bedrock, thereby improving their accuracy. Together,

455
00:33:54.559 --> 00:33:58.720
<v Speaker 2>Uraniberg and Sternerberg formed the centerpiece of Tycho's scientific enterprise

456
00:33:58.799 --> 00:34:03.200
<v Speaker 2>on venting from fifteen seventy six until fifteen ninety seven.

457
00:34:05.039 --> 00:34:07.920
<v Speaker 2>In fifteen ninety seven, Taycho fell out of favor with

458
00:34:08.000 --> 00:34:11.760
<v Speaker 2>the new King, Christian fourth and was forced to leave Denmark.

459
00:34:12.639 --> 00:34:16.119
<v Speaker 2>Shortly after his death in sixteen oh one, the observatories

460
00:34:16.159 --> 00:34:20.119
<v Speaker 2>were abandoned and eventually demolished by the Danish Crown, marking

461
00:34:20.159 --> 00:34:25.320
<v Speaker 2>an end to this remarkable chapter in pre telescopic astronomy.

462
00:34:26.039 --> 00:34:26.760
<v Speaker 1>Now we're going.

463
00:34:26.679 --> 00:34:29.880
<v Speaker 2>To get into the architecture and the layout of the

464
00:34:29.960 --> 00:34:33.400
<v Speaker 2>Castle of Urania, which I think you might find really interesting.

465
00:34:34.679 --> 00:34:38.639
<v Speaker 2>Randebourg was designed as a small palace that elegantly blended

466
00:34:38.679 --> 00:34:44.000
<v Speaker 2>domestic residence with scientific functionality. Externally, it was a square

467
00:34:44.039 --> 00:34:47.639
<v Speaker 2>brick mansion about fifteen meters on each side, built in

468
00:34:47.719 --> 00:34:52.800
<v Speaker 2>the Northern Renaissance style with decorative sandstone and limestone trim.

469
00:34:53.599 --> 00:34:57.199
<v Speaker 2>Two semi circular towers projected from the north and south walls,

470
00:34:57.400 --> 00:35:02.159
<v Speaker 2>giving the building a rectangular footprint overall. The name Uraniburg

471
00:35:02.320 --> 00:35:07.239
<v Speaker 2>literally means castle of Urania, and Tycho deliberately orientated and

472
00:35:07.280 --> 00:35:11.840
<v Speaker 2>proportioned the building and gardens according to geometric grits, possibly

473
00:35:11.880 --> 00:35:16.000
<v Speaker 2>believing the harmonious proportions would act as an astrological talisman

474
00:35:16.360 --> 00:35:21.639
<v Speaker 2>to bless the research within the construction was overseen by

475
00:35:21.840 --> 00:35:27.880
<v Speaker 2>architect Hans van Steinwickel and sculptor Johann Gregor van Duchard,

476
00:35:28.719 --> 00:35:37.119
<v Speaker 2>incorporating elaborate iconography and inscriptions reflecting the astronomical purpose. Uraniberg

477
00:35:37.199 --> 00:35:40.800
<v Speaker 2>had three main stories plus a basement, each level serving

478
00:35:40.840 --> 00:35:45.320
<v Speaker 2>distinct purposes. The ground floor featured a residential suite and

479
00:35:45.360 --> 00:35:49.320
<v Speaker 2>workspace for Tycho, his family and visiting scholars. It was

480
00:35:49.360 --> 00:35:53.079
<v Speaker 2>divided into four rooms, one occupied by Tycho's family and

481
00:35:53.119 --> 00:35:56.440
<v Speaker 2>the others for visiting astronomers. The north tower on this

482
00:35:56.559 --> 00:35:59.719
<v Speaker 2>level housed the kitchen, while the south tower held Tycho's

483
00:35:59.719 --> 00:36:04.039
<v Speaker 2>person in a library which bore the engraved motto Nonhbiri

484
00:36:04.199 --> 00:36:08.880
<v Speaker 2>said essay to be rather than to be seen, a

485
00:36:09.000 --> 00:36:13.519
<v Speaker 2>humanist sentiment reminding scholars to seek true substance over appearance.

486
00:36:15.639 --> 00:36:19.320
<v Speaker 2>The second floor was dedicated to astronomical observation. The two

487
00:36:19.400 --> 00:36:23.480
<v Speaker 2>round towers here served as an enclosed observatories containing Tycho's

488
00:36:23.480 --> 00:36:27.280
<v Speaker 2>principal instruments, which could be accessed from indoor doorways or

489
00:36:27.320 --> 00:36:33.199
<v Speaker 2>from outside platforms. Balconies encircled the towers, supported by wooden posts,

490
00:36:33.280 --> 00:36:36.480
<v Speaker 2>allowing additional instruments to be mounted slightly away from the

491
00:36:36.519 --> 00:36:40.599
<v Speaker 2>walls for a wider view of the sky. A special

492
00:36:40.719 --> 00:36:44.280
<v Speaker 2>royal apartment was also on the second floor for VIP guests.

493
00:36:45.280 --> 00:36:48.760
<v Speaker 2>King James the sixth of Scotland later James First of England,

494
00:36:48.800 --> 00:36:53.719
<v Speaker 2>stayed there in fifteen ninety. The third floor was a

495
00:36:53.800 --> 00:36:57.440
<v Speaker 2>loft divided into eight small rooms to lodge Tycho's students

496
00:36:57.440 --> 00:37:01.000
<v Speaker 2>and assistants, reflecting Uraniberg's role as as an early research

497
00:37:01.039 --> 00:37:05.880
<v Speaker 2>center attracting trainees from many countries. Above the loft rose

498
00:37:05.920 --> 00:37:10.800
<v Speaker 2>a small central observatory turret which offered a three sixty view.

499
00:37:11.559 --> 00:37:15.239
<v Speaker 2>Tycho could ascend to this rooftop platform for observations, and

500
00:37:15.360 --> 00:37:18.599
<v Speaker 2>it was topped by a gilded pegasus wind vane as

501
00:37:18.599 --> 00:37:24.760
<v Speaker 2>a symbol of poetic inspiration. Lastly, beneath the castle lay

502
00:37:24.760 --> 00:37:27.719
<v Speaker 2>a large basement, half of which Tycho outfitted as an

503
00:37:27.719 --> 00:37:32.840
<v Speaker 2>alchemical laboratory, complete with furnaces and distillation equipment. The other

504
00:37:32.920 --> 00:37:35.800
<v Speaker 2>half served as a storage for food, fuel and supplies

505
00:37:35.800 --> 00:37:41.119
<v Speaker 2>to support the self sufficient estate. Notably, Tycho even included

506
00:37:41.159 --> 00:37:44.199
<v Speaker 2>a tiny jail cell in the basement to detain unruly

507
00:37:44.239 --> 00:37:47.920
<v Speaker 2>island tenants or servants if needed, a reminder that as

508
00:37:47.920 --> 00:37:51.119
<v Speaker 2>a feudal lord of ven he governed the island's inhabitants.

509
00:37:51.159 --> 00:37:56.119
<v Speaker 2>In addition to conducting science, Uraniberg's building stood at the

510
00:37:56.159 --> 00:38:02.480
<v Speaker 2>center of a meticulously planned Renaissance garden complex. Tycho surrounded

511
00:38:02.480 --> 00:38:05.559
<v Speaker 2>the main house with a formal walled garden laid out

512
00:38:05.639 --> 00:38:11.400
<v Speaker 2>in geometric patterns, squares and circular paths. Initially, he intended

513
00:38:11.400 --> 00:38:14.199
<v Speaker 2>to fortify the compound with a thick brick wall seventy

514
00:38:14.239 --> 00:38:17.199
<v Speaker 2>five meters on a side and five point five meters high,

515
00:38:18.239 --> 00:38:22.519
<v Speaker 2>but this was never completed. Instead, an earthen rampart or

516
00:38:22.599 --> 00:38:26.639
<v Speaker 2>mound was heaped around the perimeter, forming a square earthwork

517
00:38:26.719 --> 00:38:31.840
<v Speaker 2>that partially shielded the observatory from winds. Inside the enclosure,

518
00:38:32.559 --> 00:38:36.320
<v Speaker 2>Tycho cultivated herb gardens and orchids in each quadrant around

519
00:38:36.360 --> 00:38:42.239
<v Speaker 2>the house. The gardens were both ornamental and practical. Tycho,

520
00:38:42.360 --> 00:38:45.440
<v Speaker 2>interested in medicine, grew medicinal herbs for his chemical and

521
00:38:45.480 --> 00:38:49.599
<v Speaker 2>alchemical experiments, and the neat beds also reflected the cosmic

522
00:38:49.800 --> 00:38:55.559
<v Speaker 2>order he sought to discern. Contemporary accounts describe hundreds of

523
00:38:55.639 --> 00:38:59.599
<v Speaker 2>fruit trees and even recreational features like small pavilions in

524
00:38:59.639 --> 00:39:03.519
<v Speaker 2>games within the grounds at the east and west entrances

525
00:39:03.519 --> 00:39:07.159
<v Speaker 2>of the compounds to gatehouse pavilions, Tycho used one as

526
00:39:07.159 --> 00:39:10.960
<v Speaker 2>a printing workshop to publish his own astronomical books on site,

527
00:39:11.119 --> 00:39:13.800
<v Speaker 2>and another as quarters for staff or even kennels for

528
00:39:13.880 --> 00:39:19.360
<v Speaker 2>guard dogs to alert against intruders. Tycho also engineered water

529
00:39:19.400 --> 00:39:22.960
<v Speaker 2>supply and craft production on the island. He constructed fish

530
00:39:23.000 --> 00:39:26.840
<v Speaker 2>ponds and drainage ditches across ven, channeling water to power

531
00:39:26.880 --> 00:39:29.920
<v Speaker 2>a paper mill near the shore, which supplied paper for

532
00:39:29.960 --> 00:39:34.360
<v Speaker 2>his printing press. Uraniberg thus was more than a house.

533
00:39:34.519 --> 00:39:40.199
<v Speaker 2>It was a self contained scientific estate with observatories, laboratories, gardens,

534
00:39:40.239 --> 00:39:46.239
<v Speaker 2>workshops and living quarters integrated into one visionary complex. Now

535
00:39:46.360 --> 00:39:51.400
<v Speaker 2>we're going to focus on Sterniberg, Tycho's underground observatory for precision.

536
00:39:53.800 --> 00:39:56.719
<v Speaker 2>By the mid fifteen eighties, tycho brahes drive for even

537
00:39:56.760 --> 00:40:00.679
<v Speaker 2>more precise measurements led him to build Sterniberg, he specialized

538
00:40:00.679 --> 00:40:04.719
<v Speaker 2>observatory just a few hundred meters from Uranaberg. Unlike the

539
00:40:04.800 --> 00:40:10.679
<v Speaker 2>towering Uranaberg, Snnerberg was largerly, Sternerberg was largely subterranean, addressing

540
00:40:10.719 --> 00:40:14.599
<v Speaker 2>a key problem Tycho had encountered. His huge instruments mounted

541
00:40:14.599 --> 00:40:18.320
<v Speaker 2>in Uraniberg's upper rooms were susceptible to wind and slight

542
00:40:18.400 --> 00:40:25.599
<v Speaker 2>building movements, which introduced observational errors. Sterniberg, meaning Star Castle,

543
00:40:26.000 --> 00:40:28.599
<v Speaker 2>was constructed in fifteen eighty four to fifteen eighty six

544
00:40:28.719 --> 00:40:32.800
<v Speaker 2>as a low profile, ground level facility purely dedicated to astronomy.

545
00:40:33.679 --> 00:40:36.320
<v Speaker 2>It had no grand house above it. Essentially, it was

546
00:40:36.360 --> 00:40:39.280
<v Speaker 2>an array of instrument vaults built into the ground and

547
00:40:39.360 --> 00:40:43.920
<v Speaker 2>covered with small domes or shutters. Tycho designed Sternerberg to

548
00:40:43.960 --> 00:40:47.800
<v Speaker 2>give his instruments solid foundations on the bedrock beneath Van's

549
00:40:47.880 --> 00:40:54.519
<v Speaker 2>sandy soil, thereby greatly increasing stability and accuracy. This site

550
00:40:54.559 --> 00:40:57.559
<v Speaker 2>was laid out with a similar geometric plan to Uraniberg,

551
00:40:57.639 --> 00:41:02.159
<v Speaker 2>but at a more modest scale, a small square enclosure

552
00:41:02.719 --> 00:41:07.239
<v Speaker 2>with an earth embankment and perhaps a few outbuildings. Some

553
00:41:07.320 --> 00:41:10.639
<v Speaker 2>period illustrations show a pattern of five little cupolas or

554
00:41:10.719 --> 00:41:15.960
<v Speaker 2>roof structures corresponding to the instrument chambers below. In fact,

555
00:41:16.119 --> 00:41:20.000
<v Speaker 2>five underground chambers were built, each housing a single large

556
00:41:20.039 --> 00:41:23.760
<v Speaker 2>instrument mounted on masonry piers and metal frames anchored in

557
00:41:23.840 --> 00:41:27.840
<v Speaker 2>the earth above. Each chamber and opening to the sky

558
00:41:27.960 --> 00:41:30.159
<v Speaker 2>could be closed off by either a pair of wooden

559
00:41:30.199 --> 00:41:33.480
<v Speaker 2>shutters or a rotating dome to protect the instruments when

560
00:41:33.519 --> 00:41:38.480
<v Speaker 2>not observing. This design allowed observations to be done essentially indoors.

561
00:41:38.480 --> 00:41:41.440
<v Speaker 2>At ground level. Observers could work in each pit with

562
00:41:41.480 --> 00:41:44.480
<v Speaker 2>their instruments sheltered from wind and weather, looking up through

563
00:41:44.480 --> 00:41:49.920
<v Speaker 2>the open hatch at the target store planet. Cernerberg's construction

564
00:41:50.079 --> 00:41:54.760
<v Speaker 2>was technically innovative. Tycho himself likely oversaw the engineering, integrating

565
00:41:54.840 --> 00:41:59.400
<v Speaker 2>instrument and architecture. Each observation room had a steeped, bowl

566
00:41:59.440 --> 00:42:03.039
<v Speaker 2>shaped floor, so the instrument's space sat low and stable,

567
00:42:03.360 --> 00:42:05.960
<v Speaker 2>and the observer could move around to site along it.

568
00:42:06.519 --> 00:42:09.320
<v Speaker 2>Iron supports were built into the walls to brace the

569
00:42:09.440 --> 00:42:13.920
<v Speaker 2>instruments rigidly in three dimensions. For example, the chamber for

570
00:42:14.000 --> 00:42:18.280
<v Speaker 2>Tycho's Great equatorial Armorllary sphere included a sturdy iron framework

571
00:42:18.320 --> 00:42:21.519
<v Speaker 2>bolted into the masonry, forming a cradle that held the

572
00:42:21.559 --> 00:42:27.800
<v Speaker 2>instrument's polar axis firmly in alignment. This entire arrangement minimized

573
00:42:27.840 --> 00:42:32.400
<v Speaker 2>flexi wobble. While Uraniberg had used removable tower roofs for viewing,

574
00:42:33.000 --> 00:42:38.119
<v Speaker 2>Sternerberg's flush hatches provided even better protection from gusts. Tycho

575
00:42:38.199 --> 00:42:42.159
<v Speaker 2>also attempted to connect Sternerberg to Uraniburg via underground tunnel,

576
00:42:42.679 --> 00:42:46.960
<v Speaker 2>but this tunnel was never completed. Still, Sturnerberg's functioned in

577
00:42:47.039 --> 00:42:51.840
<v Speaker 2>tandem with Uraniberg. Tycho often ran parallel observation at both sites,

578
00:42:51.960 --> 00:42:53.960
<v Speaker 2>using data from one to check the others.

579
00:42:54.000 --> 00:42:56.400
<v Speaker 1>In order to eliminate instrumental errors.

580
00:42:57.559 --> 00:43:00.880
<v Speaker 2>Uranaberg was outfitted with the most advanced answer comical instruments

581
00:43:00.920 --> 00:43:05.280
<v Speaker 2>of the late sixteenth century, all designed for naked eye observation.

582
00:43:06.239 --> 00:43:11.280
<v Speaker 2>Tycho a skilled instrument maker continuously innovated to improve precision.

583
00:43:13.159 --> 00:43:17.599
<v Speaker 2>All of Tycho's instruments were operated without telescopic optics. They

584
00:43:17.639 --> 00:43:22.719
<v Speaker 2>relied on naked eye sightings, using mechanical sights. To enhance accuracy,

585
00:43:22.920 --> 00:43:27.920
<v Speaker 2>Tycho introduced technical innovations. He improved the traditional pinhole sites

586
00:43:28.079 --> 00:43:31.840
<v Speaker 2>by using a peg and slit sighting system. One site

587
00:43:31.920 --> 00:43:34.360
<v Speaker 2>had a tiny slit and the opposite site had a

588
00:43:34.400 --> 00:43:37.920
<v Speaker 2>fine peg or wire, so that the observer would line

589
00:43:38.039 --> 00:43:40.760
<v Speaker 2>up the star exactly between the peg as seen through

590
00:43:40.800 --> 00:43:45.079
<v Speaker 2>the slit. This produced a sharper line of sight in

591
00:43:45.159 --> 00:43:50.159
<v Speaker 2>a simple circular hole, reducing parallax error in the observer's eye.

592
00:43:50.280 --> 00:43:54.440
<v Speaker 2>He also employed highly refined gradations on his scales, even

593
00:43:54.480 --> 00:43:58.519
<v Speaker 2>devising new methods to subdivide degrees into minutes of arc

594
00:43:58.880 --> 00:44:03.400
<v Speaker 2>and fractions thereof by transversals, so readings could be intipolated

595
00:44:03.480 --> 00:44:08.880
<v Speaker 2>very finely. Tycho was obsessed with calibration. He would regularly

596
00:44:08.920 --> 00:44:12.559
<v Speaker 2>compare observations of the same object made with different instruments

597
00:44:12.599 --> 00:44:17.119
<v Speaker 2>to detect any offsets. In practice, he often used multiple

598
00:44:17.159 --> 00:44:19.960
<v Speaker 2>devices for the same measurement and averaged the results to

599
00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:24.960
<v Speaker 2>eliminate random errors. Thanks to these measures, the precision Tycho

600
00:44:25.000 --> 00:44:30.000
<v Speaker 2>achieved was astonishing for pre telescope astronomy. Again, his best

601
00:44:30.039 --> 00:44:34.320
<v Speaker 2>observations were accurate to within one arc minute one sixtieth

602
00:44:34.360 --> 00:44:37.400
<v Speaker 2>of a degree, roughly ten times better than the previous

603
00:44:37.440 --> 00:44:43.440
<v Speaker 2>generation of astronomers. Modern analysis of Tycho's observing log books

604
00:44:44.000 --> 00:44:46.400
<v Speaker 2>found that many of his instruments had a typical era

605
00:44:46.519 --> 00:44:51.239
<v Speaker 2>of only thirty to fifty arcseconds, limited mainly by human

606
00:44:51.280 --> 00:44:55.320
<v Speaker 2>factor of reading the scale. Such accuracy would not be

607
00:44:55.400 --> 00:44:59.079
<v Speaker 2>significantly surpassed until the use of telescopic sites in the

608
00:44:59.119 --> 00:45:05.159
<v Speaker 2>seventeenth and eighteen century. While Uraniberg housed most of Tycho's instruments, initially,

609
00:45:05.760 --> 00:45:08.480
<v Speaker 2>Sternerberg was created to host a select few of his

610
00:45:08.719 --> 00:45:14.079
<v Speaker 2>largest and most advanced instruments under optimal conditions. Among the

611
00:45:14.119 --> 00:45:20.639
<v Speaker 2>instruments deployed at Sterninberg were the Great Equatorial Armillary Sphere,

612
00:45:21.559 --> 00:45:25.039
<v Speaker 2>Completed around fifteen eighty five. This was Tycho's master work,

613
00:45:25.960 --> 00:45:29.559
<v Speaker 2>a massive armillary sphere about nine feet in diameter, designed

614
00:45:29.559 --> 00:45:34.079
<v Speaker 2>for measuring star positions in the equatorial coordinate system. It

615
00:45:34.159 --> 00:45:37.960
<v Speaker 2>improved on his earlier armillaries by mounting the polar axis

616
00:45:38.000 --> 00:45:41.480
<v Speaker 2>firmly in the ground and using a reduced ring structure

617
00:45:41.519 --> 00:45:47.400
<v Speaker 2>to minimize weight and flex. This equatorial armillary, sheer size

618
00:45:47.519 --> 00:45:50.960
<v Speaker 2>and stable installation in Sternerberg allowed Tycho to observe faint

619
00:45:51.000 --> 00:45:56.679
<v Speaker 2>stars with greater position and to systematically account for atmospheric refraction.

620
00:45:58.719 --> 00:46:03.119
<v Speaker 2>Tycho considered this into crowning achievement of its instrumental arsenal,

621
00:46:04.119 --> 00:46:06.880
<v Speaker 2>and with it he scrutinized the motion of the stars

622
00:46:06.880 --> 00:46:11.519
<v Speaker 2>and planets to an unprecedented degree. For instance, in fifteen

623
00:46:11.559 --> 00:46:15.519
<v Speaker 2>eighty seven, he intensely used a great armillary to attempt

624
00:46:15.519 --> 00:46:19.199
<v Speaker 2>a measurement of the parallax of Mars, the apparent shift

625
00:46:19.320 --> 00:46:23.760
<v Speaker 2>of Mars position at opposition. Although the technology of the

626
00:46:23.840 --> 00:46:28.199
<v Speaker 2>time and imperfect refraction tables prevented a conclusion detection of

627
00:46:28.239 --> 00:46:31.960
<v Speaker 2>Mars parallax, these observations were critical in yielding the most

628
00:46:32.000 --> 00:46:36.119
<v Speaker 2>precise orbit data of the era. Although the technology of

629
00:46:36.159 --> 00:46:40.320
<v Speaker 2>the time prevented a conclusive detection of Mars parallax, these

630
00:46:40.440 --> 00:46:43.920
<v Speaker 2>observations were critical in yielding the most precise Mars orbit

631
00:46:44.000 --> 00:46:49.840
<v Speaker 2>data of the era. Then we have the large azumuthal quadrant.

632
00:46:50.679 --> 00:46:54.480
<v Speaker 2>Tycho installed a heavy altitude quadrant in one of Stnenberg's chambers,

633
00:46:54.880 --> 00:46:58.679
<v Speaker 2>often referred to as the Great Zenith quadrant or Great

634
00:46:58.760 --> 00:47:04.000
<v Speaker 2>as a Mouth quadrant. This instrument depicted in Tycho's illustrations,

635
00:47:04.239 --> 00:47:08.159
<v Speaker 2>had a radius of several feet. Some sources describe a

636
00:47:08.239 --> 00:47:12.360
<v Speaker 2>one point fifty five metre diameter quadrant in Sternerberg. It

637
00:47:12.440 --> 00:47:15.599
<v Speaker 2>was likely constructed of brass and iron, fixed on a

638
00:47:15.679 --> 00:47:18.760
<v Speaker 2>central pivot, with the arc along the perimeter of the pit.

639
00:47:19.840 --> 00:47:23.559
<v Speaker 2>This quadrant allowed Tycho to measure star altitudes with extreme care,

640
00:47:23.599 --> 00:47:27.199
<v Speaker 2>and also determined their azimuth using a circular scale on

641
00:47:27.280 --> 00:47:31.599
<v Speaker 2>the floor of the observing cell. The stable underground location

642
00:47:31.679 --> 00:47:35.119
<v Speaker 2>eliminated the wobble he had encountered with the tower mounted quadrants.

643
00:47:35.920 --> 00:47:40.920
<v Speaker 2>Tycho's star catalog benefited from these high accuracy meridian altitude measurements.

644
00:47:43.360 --> 00:47:46.840
<v Speaker 2>Cunenberg also hosted at least one great sexton of perhaps

645
00:47:46.880 --> 00:47:51.960
<v Speaker 2>Tycho's improved triagonal sexton, likely a sturdy metal framed sextint

646
00:47:52.039 --> 00:47:56.880
<v Speaker 2>used for measuring angles between stars across the sky. Tycho's

647
00:47:56.880 --> 00:48:00.679
<v Speaker 2>notes and the later inventory by his biographer Drea indicate

648
00:48:00.760 --> 00:48:04.159
<v Speaker 2>that a six foot radius steel quadrant and a large

649
00:48:04.159 --> 00:48:09.119
<v Speaker 2>sexton were among the equipment installed in the subterranean observatory.

650
00:48:09.480 --> 00:48:13.440
<v Speaker 2>Each was custom mounted in its own chamber. One chamber's

651
00:48:13.480 --> 00:48:17.800
<v Speaker 2>instruments could even be used to observe circumpolar stars continuously

652
00:48:17.840 --> 00:48:21.880
<v Speaker 2>by rotating around. Another chamber might have held a telescope

653
00:48:22.039 --> 00:48:27.199
<v Speaker 2>like pinhole camera obscura for solar observations. While details on

654
00:48:27.320 --> 00:48:31.480
<v Speaker 2>every Sernerberg instruments are scarce, we know five instruments in

655
00:48:31.519 --> 00:48:36.719
<v Speaker 2>total were housed there, each under its own hatch. Operating

656
00:48:36.719 --> 00:48:40.840
<v Speaker 2>these instruments at Sterniberg followed similar principles as at Uraniberg,

657
00:48:41.199 --> 00:48:45.400
<v Speaker 2>but with improved comfort and accuracy. Observers would stand in

658
00:48:45.440 --> 00:48:48.880
<v Speaker 2>the pit room, often in near darkness except for starlight,

659
00:48:49.000 --> 00:48:51.920
<v Speaker 2>aligning the sights of the instrument on a celestial target

660
00:48:51.960 --> 00:48:56.440
<v Speaker 2>through the open roof. Assistance with lanterns or perhaps luminescent

661
00:48:56.480 --> 00:48:59.599
<v Speaker 2>paint would then help read off the angles on the

662
00:48:59.599 --> 00:49:04.480
<v Speaker 2>graduate scales. Tycho's team could work sheltered from wind and

663
00:49:04.599 --> 00:49:08.320
<v Speaker 2>even continue observing in winter cold more effectively by closing

664
00:49:08.320 --> 00:49:14.039
<v Speaker 2>the hatches when not sighting. The results were excellent. Sternerberg

665
00:49:14.119 --> 00:49:16.719
<v Speaker 2>yielded some of the most precise data of the age,

666
00:49:17.119 --> 00:49:23.320
<v Speaker 2>essentially confirming and refining the measurements taken at Uraniburg. Tycho

667
00:49:23.360 --> 00:49:26.559
<v Speaker 2>Brahe's departure from ven in fifteen ninety seven marked the

668
00:49:26.679 --> 00:49:31.360
<v Speaker 2>end of Uranaburg and Cnerberg's active life. Lacking Tycho's leadership

669
00:49:31.400 --> 00:49:35.800
<v Speaker 2>and royal favor, the facilities fell into neglect. After Tycho's

670
00:49:35.800 --> 00:49:38.840
<v Speaker 2>sudden death in sixteen oh one, the new King, Christian

671
00:49:38.920 --> 00:49:42.199
<v Speaker 2>the Fourth, who had been hostile to Tycho, ordered the

672
00:49:42.199 --> 00:49:48.079
<v Speaker 2>demolition of the Venn observatories. Uraniburg, which had been costly

673
00:49:48.159 --> 00:49:52.000
<v Speaker 2>to maintain. It's estimated to have consumed about one percent

674
00:49:52.039 --> 00:49:55.840
<v Speaker 2>of Denmark state budget during its construction, was torn down

675
00:49:55.880 --> 00:50:00.000
<v Speaker 2>by locals recycling its bricks, and Sternerberg's above ground structures

676
00:50:00.119 --> 00:50:05.119
<v Speaker 2>were likewise dismantled. By the mid seventeenth century. Only ruins

677
00:50:05.119 --> 00:50:10.159
<v Speaker 2>and earth and mound remained on the windswept island. For century,

678
00:50:10.199 --> 00:50:13.760
<v Speaker 2>the site language, but in the twentieth century, Denmark and

679
00:50:13.840 --> 00:50:18.599
<v Speaker 2>later Sweden renewed interest in Tycho's legacy. A Tycho Brahe

680
00:50:18.760 --> 00:50:22.480
<v Speaker 2>Museum was established on ven In the nineteen thirties and

681
00:50:22.519 --> 00:50:27.400
<v Speaker 2>the nineteen fifties, archaeologists undertook systematic excavations of Uraniberg and Sterninberg.

682
00:50:28.239 --> 00:50:31.480
<v Speaker 2>They uncovered the foundation walls of Uraniberg cellar and mapped

683
00:50:31.480 --> 00:50:34.599
<v Speaker 2>out the layout of the castle confirming the dimensions and

684
00:50:34.639 --> 00:50:39.960
<v Speaker 2>locations of towers, wells, etc. At Sternerberg. The team exposed

685
00:50:39.960 --> 00:50:44.760
<v Speaker 2>the underground observatory intact masonry. The instrument pits, stairways and

686
00:50:44.840 --> 00:50:49.639
<v Speaker 2>mounting bases were revealed. To preserve these remains, a protective

687
00:50:49.800 --> 00:50:53.639
<v Speaker 2>concrete dome was built over Sternerberg's central portion in nineteen

688
00:50:53.719 --> 00:50:59.079
<v Speaker 2>fifty seven, later replaced by a low brick vault structure. Today,

689
00:50:59.480 --> 00:51:03.480
<v Speaker 2>visitors can and descend into the partially reconstructed Sternerberg chambers,

690
00:51:03.840 --> 00:51:07.360
<v Speaker 2>where the replicas of Tycho's instruments stand in their original positions.

691
00:51:08.599 --> 00:51:12.000
<v Speaker 2>A multi media show projects stars on the chamber ceilings

692
00:51:12.039 --> 00:51:17.039
<v Speaker 2>and narrates Tycho's nightly routine, bringing the sixteenth century science

693
00:51:17.079 --> 00:51:21.119
<v Speaker 2>to life. This immersive installation gives a vivid impression of

694
00:51:21.119 --> 00:51:24.480
<v Speaker 2>how Tycho and his assistance observed in the cold, dark

695
00:51:24.519 --> 00:51:30.519
<v Speaker 2>pits of Sternerberg four centuries ago. Meanwhile, the Uraniberg site

696
00:51:30.599 --> 00:51:33.559
<v Speaker 2>above ground has been turned into an open air historical

697
00:51:33.599 --> 00:51:38.320
<v Speaker 2>park based on archaeological findings in Tycho's own descriptions. A

698
00:51:38.400 --> 00:51:42.039
<v Speaker 2>section of Uranisberg's castle footings and gardens has been restored.

699
00:51:43.119 --> 00:51:46.159
<v Speaker 2>One quadrant of the Renaissance herb garden was replanted in

700
00:51:46.199 --> 00:51:49.800
<v Speaker 2>the nineteen nineties with period appropriate plants and herbs laid

701
00:51:49.840 --> 00:51:53.159
<v Speaker 2>out in box beds exactly as Tycho had them. Thanks

702
00:51:53.159 --> 00:51:56.679
<v Speaker 2>to seeds found on site and analysis of Brahe's writings.

703
00:51:58.199 --> 00:52:00.800
<v Speaker 2>The earth mound outlines of the four tortress are still

704
00:52:00.880 --> 00:52:03.840
<v Speaker 2>visible encircling the site, and a portion of the mound

705
00:52:03.880 --> 00:52:07.199
<v Speaker 2>and ramparts was reconstructed to its original height to give

706
00:52:07.239 --> 00:52:12.079
<v Speaker 2>a sense of scale within the old Uraniberg footprint. Low

707
00:52:12.199 --> 00:52:15.400
<v Speaker 2>walls now mark the location of the castle. In the

708
00:52:15.400 --> 00:52:18.320
<v Speaker 2>center of the garden, an orchard pavilion with fruit trees

709
00:52:18.360 --> 00:52:22.639
<v Speaker 2>has been planted, echoing Tycho's original orchards. The nearby Tycho

710
00:52:22.679 --> 00:52:26.199
<v Speaker 2>Brahe Museum itself is housed in a restored sixteenth century

711
00:52:26.280 --> 00:52:31.320
<v Speaker 2>church on Vent and contains exhibits about Tycho's life. It

712
00:52:31.360 --> 00:52:36.079
<v Speaker 2>displays full sized replicas of Brahe's instruments, Interactive models and

713
00:52:36.119 --> 00:52:39.519
<v Speaker 2>panels explain how Uraniberg lurked and operated. There is even

714
00:52:39.559 --> 00:52:42.840
<v Speaker 2>a scale model of the Solar System path outside, with

715
00:52:42.920 --> 00:52:47.840
<v Speaker 2>distances between planet markers proportional to Tycho's cosmology, allowing guests

716
00:52:47.880 --> 00:52:53.400
<v Speaker 2>to walk the planets. Through These preservation and reconstruction efforts,

717
00:52:54.039 --> 00:52:56.880
<v Speaker 2>the Island of Vent today serves as a unique historic

718
00:52:56.960 --> 00:53:02.400
<v Speaker 2>site commemorating Tycho's achievements. Legacy of Uraniburg and Sterniberg is

719
00:53:02.440 --> 00:53:05.679
<v Speaker 2>not only visible in the ruins and replicas, but also

720
00:53:05.760 --> 00:53:09.119
<v Speaker 2>in their impact on science. They are celebrated as the

721
00:53:09.159 --> 00:53:13.000
<v Speaker 2>first modern observatories in Europe, a place where, as one

722
00:53:13.079 --> 00:53:16.679
<v Speaker 2>museum sign puts it, then became a brilliant center of

723
00:53:16.760 --> 00:53:22.119
<v Speaker 2>European science in Tycho's era. The data produced here fundamentally

724
00:53:22.320 --> 00:53:25.320
<v Speaker 2>changed astronomy and led directly to the work of Kepler

725
00:53:25.360 --> 00:53:30.679
<v Speaker 2>and ultimately Newton's law of gravitation. Visitors walking among the

726
00:53:30.719 --> 00:53:34.280
<v Speaker 2>herb gardens and peering into the subterranean Cuniberg can appreciate

727
00:53:34.320 --> 00:53:39.079
<v Speaker 2>how Tycho Brahe's determination to methodically chart the heavens with

728
00:53:39.159 --> 00:53:41.159
<v Speaker 2>the aid of advanced instruments.

729
00:53:41.079 --> 00:53:43.320
<v Speaker 1>Paved the way for a new worldview.

730
00:53:44.519 --> 00:53:49.400
<v Speaker 2>In some Uraniberg and Sterniberg on the island event represent

731
00:53:49.440 --> 00:53:54.599
<v Speaker 2>a remarkable fusion of architecture, science, and art. A Renaissance

732
00:53:54.719 --> 00:53:58.480
<v Speaker 2>observatory castle and its underground adjunct built to pursue the

733
00:53:58.519 --> 00:54:01.599
<v Speaker 2>secrets of the stars, and whose influence is still felt

734
00:54:01.639 --> 00:54:07.679
<v Speaker 2>in the foundation of modern astronomy now Before we move

735
00:54:07.760 --> 00:54:12.400
<v Speaker 2>on to discuss Tycho's alchemical practices, We're going to talk

736
00:54:12.599 --> 00:54:18.239
<v Speaker 2>about Jeffe and who's jeff A Tycho Brahees Court Dwarf.

737
00:54:20.719 --> 00:54:24.920
<v Speaker 2>In this mealieu of empirical inquiry and curious extravagance, one

738
00:54:24.960 --> 00:54:28.159
<v Speaker 2>of the most colorful figures in Tycho's household was Jepe,

739
00:54:28.880 --> 00:54:34.679
<v Speaker 2>the resident court dwarf. Jepe also spelled j e p

740
00:54:35.920 --> 00:54:40.519
<v Speaker 2>or l e Ppe in some sources, was a little person,

741
00:54:40.880 --> 00:54:43.599
<v Speaker 2>a man with dwarf ism who lived and served in

742
00:54:43.639 --> 00:54:49.119
<v Speaker 2>Tycho Brahe's household at Uraniborg. Contemporary accounts referred to him

743
00:54:49.119 --> 00:54:53.920
<v Speaker 2>as brahes Fool or court Chester. Beyond a few descriptions, however,

744
00:54:54.239 --> 00:54:57.360
<v Speaker 2>very little is known about Jepa's own life. He is

745
00:54:57.400 --> 00:55:01.119
<v Speaker 2>effectively no more than a footnote of history. Even his

746
00:55:01.239 --> 00:55:04.280
<v Speaker 2>origins and what became of him after Brahe's tenure on

747
00:55:04.400 --> 00:55:09.599
<v Speaker 2>Ven remain unknown. We do not know Jepa's age. Some

748
00:55:09.719 --> 00:55:12.800
<v Speaker 2>later fictional portrayals imagine him as a teenager, though this

749
00:55:12.920 --> 00:55:16.599
<v Speaker 2>is speculative, or how he came to be in Tycho's service.

750
00:55:17.840 --> 00:55:20.480
<v Speaker 2>What we have are a handful of anecdotes preserved in

751
00:55:20.559 --> 00:55:24.519
<v Speaker 2>letters and biographies after Brahe's death. Which paint Jeppey as

752
00:55:24.559 --> 00:55:28.280
<v Speaker 2>an endlessly chattering dwarf whom Tycho kept at his estate

753
00:55:28.440 --> 00:55:32.559
<v Speaker 2>for amusement and perhaps for something more mystical. Despite the

754
00:55:32.599 --> 00:55:36.760
<v Speaker 2>cassidy of biographical detail, historians generally accept that Brahe did

755
00:55:36.880 --> 00:55:39.960
<v Speaker 2>indeed have a dwarf jester named Jepe and his employee.

756
00:55:40.880 --> 00:55:44.840
<v Speaker 2>He is mentioned by Brahe's contemporaries and later chroniclers, though

757
00:55:44.880 --> 00:55:48.400
<v Speaker 2>always in relation to Brahe, rather than an independent figure.

758
00:55:49.480 --> 00:55:53.280
<v Speaker 2>In essence, Jeppe's identity in this historical record is defined

759
00:55:53.320 --> 00:55:56.880
<v Speaker 2>by his role in Tycho's household, a role that straddles

760
00:55:56.920 --> 00:56:00.840
<v Speaker 2>the lines between fact and legends. As we will explore now,

761
00:56:02.880 --> 00:56:05.880
<v Speaker 2>sources from Brahe's Erra portray Jepe as more than a

762
00:56:05.920 --> 00:56:10.480
<v Speaker 2>mere entertainer. According to Tycho's pupil, Christian Longo Montanas, the

763
00:56:10.599 --> 00:56:14.159
<v Speaker 2>dwarf was believed to possess second sight, a kind of

764
00:56:14.239 --> 00:56:19.960
<v Speaker 2>clairvoyant ability. During meals at Uraniberg, Jeppe sat at Tycho's feet,

765
00:56:20.239 --> 00:56:24.000
<v Speaker 2>often literally under the dinner table, receiving food scraps from

766
00:56:24.000 --> 00:56:28.960
<v Speaker 2>his hand. He would babble incessantly, but his strange utterances

767
00:56:29.119 --> 00:56:33.639
<v Speaker 2>were taken seriously if they seemed prophetic. Brahe's assistants and

768
00:56:33.719 --> 00:56:37.960
<v Speaker 2>family listened attentively whenever Jepe went into a trance like pronouncement.

769
00:56:39.400 --> 00:56:45.000
<v Speaker 2>Several striking antidotes illustrate Jepe's reputed powers. On one occasion,

770
00:56:45.320 --> 00:56:49.440
<v Speaker 2>brahe had sent two assistants to Copenhagen. On the very

771
00:56:49.519 --> 00:56:52.719
<v Speaker 2>day they were expected to return, Jepa suddenly piped up

772
00:56:52.800 --> 00:56:56.920
<v Speaker 2>during supper, see how your people are washing themselves in

773
00:56:57.039 --> 00:57:02.320
<v Speaker 2>the sea. Alarmed, Tycho interpretated this as a vision of

774
00:57:02.360 --> 00:57:05.639
<v Speaker 2>a shipwreck. He dispatched to look out to the shore,

775
00:57:05.880 --> 00:57:09.320
<v Speaker 2>and indeed, a capsized boat was soon spotted with two

776
00:57:09.480 --> 00:57:13.599
<v Speaker 2>dripping wet men. Just as Jepe's cryptic remark had implied.

777
00:57:14.800 --> 00:57:19.159
<v Speaker 2>In another off repeated story, whenever someone fell ill on ven,

778
00:57:19.960 --> 00:57:23.440
<v Speaker 2>Jepe would pronounce whether they would recover or die, and

779
00:57:23.480 --> 00:57:28.079
<v Speaker 2>he was always proven correct. These pronouncements earned him a

780
00:57:28.119 --> 00:57:32.199
<v Speaker 2>reputation as a seer. Even the prankish side of Tycho's

781
00:57:32.239 --> 00:57:36.480
<v Speaker 2>students intersected with Jepe's site. If the young scholars were

782
00:57:36.480 --> 00:57:40.159
<v Speaker 2>slacking off in Tycho's absence, they would post Jepe as

783
00:57:40.199 --> 00:57:43.920
<v Speaker 2>a lookout. When the dwarf sensed or spotted his master

784
00:57:44.000 --> 00:57:48.760
<v Speaker 2>returning unexpectedly, he would call out a warning Junker par

785
00:57:49.000 --> 00:57:52.599
<v Speaker 2>landed the squire is on the land, giving the other

786
00:57:52.719 --> 00:57:56.159
<v Speaker 2>times to look busy. In this way, Jepe served as

787
00:57:56.239 --> 00:58:01.280
<v Speaker 2>both jester and unwitting guardian of discipline. By all accounts,

788
00:58:01.840 --> 00:58:06.519
<v Speaker 2>Tycho Brahe valued Jepe's peculiar talons. One source notes that

789
00:58:06.559 --> 00:58:09.199
<v Speaker 2>Tycho kept him for these skills and appeared to take

790
00:58:09.239 --> 00:58:14.280
<v Speaker 2>his prophecies seriously. Brahe's diary and scientific writings do not

791
00:58:14.480 --> 00:58:17.800
<v Speaker 2>mention Jepe, but the private respect he offered the dwarf's

792
00:58:17.840 --> 00:58:22.559
<v Speaker 2>predictions suggests that Brahe, despite being a pioneering empiricist, was

793
00:58:22.599 --> 00:58:27.039
<v Speaker 2>not immune to the arismistical mindset. At the very least,

794
00:58:27.280 --> 00:58:31.400
<v Speaker 2>Jepa provided entertainment and conversation. At times. He may have

795
00:58:31.440 --> 00:58:34.719
<v Speaker 2>offered Brahe counsel or omens of a sort that conventional

796
00:58:34.760 --> 00:58:39.599
<v Speaker 2>advisors could not. We should note the more fantastical aspect

797
00:58:39.679 --> 00:58:42.559
<v Speaker 2>of these stories. A one hundred percent success rate in

798
00:58:42.599 --> 00:58:48.679
<v Speaker 2>predicting illness's outcomes, for example, invite skepticism. Nevertheless, they were

799
00:58:48.719 --> 00:58:51.599
<v Speaker 2>recorded by people close to Brahe and have become part

800
00:58:51.719 --> 00:58:56.280
<v Speaker 2>of the law of Urannaberg. It is important to distinguish

801
00:58:56.320 --> 00:59:01.119
<v Speaker 2>confirmed facts about Jepe from later embellishments. The primary references

802
00:59:01.119 --> 00:59:03.920
<v Speaker 2>to Jepe come not from Brahe himself, but those who

803
00:59:04.000 --> 00:59:09.679
<v Speaker 2>documented Brahe's life shortly after his death. Pierre Gesende, a

804
00:59:09.760 --> 00:59:13.159
<v Speaker 2>seventeenth century scholar, wrote a biography of Tycho Brahe in

805
00:59:13.199 --> 00:59:18.960
<v Speaker 2>sixteen fifty four that includes the tale of Brahes Dwarf. Gassende,

806
00:59:19.079 --> 00:59:23.199
<v Speaker 2>in turn, was relaying information from correspondences with Danish antiquerary

807
00:59:23.360 --> 00:59:28.679
<v Speaker 2>old Worm and others. In these letters, Brahe's one time assistant,

808
00:59:29.079 --> 00:59:33.480
<v Speaker 2>Onengo Montanas is cited as the authority for Jeppe's clairvoyants.

809
00:59:34.760 --> 00:59:39.280
<v Speaker 2>The chain of transmission appears to be Brahes contemporaries told

810
00:59:39.320 --> 00:59:43.480
<v Speaker 2>stories of Jepe. Old Worm gathered these anecdotes, and Gassende

811
00:59:43.639 --> 00:59:47.320
<v Speaker 2>published them, albeit with minor errors. He misspelled Jep's name

812
00:59:47.400 --> 00:59:52.440
<v Speaker 2>as l Ppe in one instance. Much later, in eighteen ninety,

813
00:59:53.119 --> 00:59:57.079
<v Speaker 2>historian J. L. E. Dreyer compiled Brahe's life and included

814
00:59:57.119 --> 01:00:00.559
<v Speaker 2>the full Jepe narrative with references to those earlier sources.

815
01:00:02.199 --> 01:00:05.800
<v Speaker 2>Drea's biography is the source of many modern retellings and

816
01:00:05.880 --> 01:00:10.079
<v Speaker 2>is considered a reliable secondary account of Brahe's life. Thus,

817
01:00:10.199 --> 01:00:13.039
<v Speaker 2>the existence of a Dwarf Jester at Uraniberg and the

818
01:00:13.079 --> 01:00:16.639
<v Speaker 2>specific anecdotes about his foresight come to us through credible,

819
01:00:17.039 --> 01:00:22.719
<v Speaker 2>if secondhand, historical testimony. What remains unconfirmed are those more

820
01:00:22.760 --> 01:00:28.400
<v Speaker 2>sensational aspects. Did Jepa truly possess paranormal insight or is

821
01:00:28.440 --> 01:00:33.800
<v Speaker 2>his predictions coincidental and then exaggerated by storytellers. Such claims

822
01:00:33.800 --> 01:00:37.360
<v Speaker 2>of second sight were not uncommon in folklore, especially regarding

823
01:00:37.400 --> 01:00:41.320
<v Speaker 2>court fools or marginalized figures, as we must view them critically.

824
01:00:42.920 --> 01:00:46.840
<v Speaker 2>We also lack any independent record of Jepa's life. For example,

825
01:00:46.880 --> 01:00:50.519
<v Speaker 2>we do not know his surname, birthdate, or fate. No

826
01:00:50.679 --> 01:00:54.559
<v Speaker 2>portrait or direct description of his appearance survives. All we

827
01:00:54.719 --> 01:00:57.320
<v Speaker 2>have are the tales of his behavior at Brahyes's table.

828
01:00:58.800 --> 01:01:02.000
<v Speaker 2>The scarcity of hard evidence is why Catherine Marsh, a

829
01:01:02.079 --> 01:01:05.719
<v Speaker 2>modern novelist who researched Jepe, notes that beyond a few

830
01:01:05.840 --> 01:01:08.920
<v Speaker 2>mentioned little is known about him, including who he was

831
01:01:09.079 --> 01:01:14.039
<v Speaker 2>or how he ended up in Uraniberg. Historians generally treat

832
01:01:14.079 --> 01:01:20.559
<v Speaker 2>Jepe's prophetic feats as anecdotal, interesting but not verifiable. The

833
01:01:20.639 --> 01:01:23.599
<v Speaker 2>core facts that Brahe had a dwarf chester named Jeppe

834
01:01:23.679 --> 01:01:26.920
<v Speaker 2>who sat under his table and babbled, and that Brahe's

835
01:01:26.920 --> 01:01:30.920
<v Speaker 2>circle ascribed psychic powers to him or well attested, but

836
01:01:30.960 --> 01:01:34.719
<v Speaker 2>whether Jepe actually foresaw events or was simply given retroactive

837
01:01:34.760 --> 01:01:39.320
<v Speaker 2>credit for lucky guesses is impossible to know. The reliability

838
01:01:39.360 --> 01:01:43.239
<v Speaker 2>of the sources varies, and contemporary like Longo Montanas, is

839
01:01:43.360 --> 01:01:46.840
<v Speaker 2>likely to have met Jepe lending some credibility, whereas later

840
01:01:46.880 --> 01:01:51.880
<v Speaker 2>writers may have edited a dramatic flourish. In some Jepe

841
01:01:52.039 --> 01:01:55.760
<v Speaker 2>the person is historical, while Jeppe the seer belongs to

842
01:01:55.800 --> 01:01:59.320
<v Speaker 2>the realm of legend and war. For a figure of

843
01:01:59.400 --> 01:02:03.079
<v Speaker 2>scant history, the oracle footprint Jeppi has made a surprisingly

844
01:02:03.159 --> 01:02:07.480
<v Speaker 2>large imprint on later culture. Early biographies of Tycho Brahe,

845
01:02:07.800 --> 01:02:11.199
<v Speaker 2>like Ascendes and Dreas, ensure that the tale of the

846
01:02:11.280 --> 01:02:15.679
<v Speaker 2>dwarf Jester would be remembered in Brahe's lore. Since then,

847
01:02:15.760 --> 01:02:19.880
<v Speaker 2>almost every popular recounting of Brahe's life mentions Jep, typically

848
01:02:19.960 --> 01:02:23.800
<v Speaker 2>alongside Brahe's other oddities, such as his metal nose and

849
01:02:23.880 --> 01:02:29.480
<v Speaker 2>drunken elk. For instance, a twenty ten Scientific American piece

850
01:02:29.519 --> 01:02:34.079
<v Speaker 2>on Brahy's exhumation quoted Dre's description of Jepe to illustrate

851
01:02:34.360 --> 01:02:39.000
<v Speaker 2>the law surrounding Tycho Brahe. The story captivates because it

852
01:02:39.079 --> 01:02:43.320
<v Speaker 2>humanizes and dramatizes the astronomer's image. The idea of a

853
01:02:43.360 --> 01:02:47.039
<v Speaker 2>brilliant scientist who kept a psychic dwarf is simply too

854
01:02:47.039 --> 01:02:52.000
<v Speaker 2>intriguing to omit. Modern writers have picked up Jepe's threat

855
01:02:52.039 --> 01:02:56.400
<v Speaker 2>and wove it into new narratives. In twenty twelve, Catherine

856
01:02:56.480 --> 01:03:00.960
<v Speaker 2>Marsh published jep Who Defied the Stars, a well received

857
01:03:00.960 --> 01:03:03.920
<v Speaker 2>young adulte's historical novel that places Jepe at the center

858
01:03:04.079 --> 01:03:08.719
<v Speaker 2>of the story. Marsh took the few known facts Jepe's

859
01:03:08.719 --> 01:03:12.599
<v Speaker 2>presence at Uraniberg as a team dwarf Chester and imaginatively

860
01:03:12.880 --> 01:03:16.119
<v Speaker 2>filled in a life for him, first in the Spanish

861
01:03:16.199 --> 01:03:20.440
<v Speaker 2>Netherlands and then at Brahe's castle. The novel explores themes

862
01:03:20.440 --> 01:03:24.159
<v Speaker 2>of fate versus free will, reflecting the very tension between

863
01:03:24.199 --> 01:03:29.000
<v Speaker 2>astrology and astronomy in Brahe's time. By making Jepa a protagonist,

864
01:03:29.519 --> 01:03:33.239
<v Speaker 2>Marsh invents his historical role as a footnote, instead giving

865
01:03:33.280 --> 01:03:36.239
<v Speaker 2>him an agency in depth while engaging with real figures

866
01:03:36.280 --> 01:03:40.599
<v Speaker 2>like Tycho Brahe. This work of fiction underscores how compelling

867
01:03:41.320 --> 01:03:45.880
<v Speaker 2>Jepay's fragmentary story is. Readers and authors are drawn to

868
01:03:45.920 --> 01:03:49.320
<v Speaker 2>the what ifs of his life, how a person of

869
01:03:49.400 --> 01:03:53.280
<v Speaker 2>short stature might navigate the grand courts and lovely sciences

870
01:03:53.320 --> 01:03:57.440
<v Speaker 2>of the Renaissance. Beyond literature, Jepa often appears in popular

871
01:03:57.559 --> 01:04:01.639
<v Speaker 2>science and history outlets as an anecdote that colorfully encapsulates

872
01:04:01.639 --> 01:04:08.760
<v Speaker 2>Brahe's eccentricity. Articles, blogs, and even trivialists frequently mentioned that

873
01:04:08.840 --> 01:04:12.360
<v Speaker 2>Tycho Brahe had a dwarf jester named Jep, who he

874
01:04:12.440 --> 01:04:18.000
<v Speaker 2>believed to be clairvoyant. Such pieces sometimes embellished the image further,

875
01:04:18.840 --> 01:04:23.159
<v Speaker 2>describing Jepe as Brahe's pet dwarf, or claiming he lived

876
01:04:23.239 --> 01:04:25.800
<v Speaker 2>under the table and only popped out to make prophecies,

877
01:04:26.119 --> 01:04:29.599
<v Speaker 2>as one tongue in cheek account putting. While these popular

878
01:04:29.639 --> 01:04:33.599
<v Speaker 2>retellings may sacrifice nuance for humor, they have kept Jep's

879
01:04:33.639 --> 01:04:38.440
<v Speaker 2>memory alive in the public imagination. In a sense, jep

880
01:04:38.480 --> 01:04:42.719
<v Speaker 2>has achieved a curious kind of immortality. An obscure sixteenth

881
01:04:42.719 --> 01:04:46.800
<v Speaker 2>century dwarf is now regularly cited in anecdotes from Reddit

882
01:04:46.840 --> 01:04:51.639
<v Speaker 2>discussions debunking historical myths to mainstream science podcasts and now

883
01:04:51.760 --> 01:04:55.880
<v Speaker 2>the Occult rejects all pondering whether the story of Tycho's

884
01:04:55.880 --> 01:05:00.760
<v Speaker 2>clairvoyant dwarf is true. The consensus is that it is

885
01:05:00.920 --> 01:05:04.760
<v Speaker 2>true at least an outline, albeit often retold with a wink.

886
01:05:06.760 --> 01:05:09.199
<v Speaker 2>It is often worth noting that Brahes Dwarf has also

887
01:05:09.280 --> 01:05:14.159
<v Speaker 2>been conflated with or compared to other legendary figures. Some

888
01:05:14.199 --> 01:05:17.679
<v Speaker 2>writers mentioned Jepe in the same breath as Brahes contemporaries

889
01:05:17.719 --> 01:05:20.719
<v Speaker 2>at the eccentric court of Emperor Rulf the Second in Prague.

890
01:05:21.840 --> 01:05:23.840
<v Speaker 1>Rudolf's court was famous.

891
01:05:23.400 --> 01:05:27.039
<v Speaker 2>For its alchemist's, astrologers and wonders, so a dwarf seer

892
01:05:27.079 --> 01:05:31.719
<v Speaker 2>fits right in. Though Jepe himself likely never went to Prague,

893
01:05:31.880 --> 01:05:35.960
<v Speaker 2>Jepe's presence reinforces the meliau of the late Renaissance as

894
01:05:36.039 --> 01:05:38.239
<v Speaker 2>one where science, superstition.

895
01:05:37.719 --> 01:05:39.280
<v Speaker 1>And spectacle coexisted.

896
01:05:40.320 --> 01:05:45.079
<v Speaker 2>Jepe's presence at Uraniberg exemplifies how Brahees's household blended rationality

897
01:05:45.199 --> 01:05:48.840
<v Speaker 2>with the arcane. On one hand, Tycho brahe relied on

898
01:05:48.920 --> 01:05:52.880
<v Speaker 2>precise measurements in data, constructing instruments and catalogs that rejected

899
01:05:52.880 --> 01:05:56.199
<v Speaker 2>superstition in astronomy, and on the other hand he was

900
01:05:56.239 --> 01:06:00.960
<v Speaker 2>intrigued by prophecy and the occult qualities of nature. Jeppey's

901
01:06:01.000 --> 01:06:05.679
<v Speaker 2>presence at Uraniberg exemplifies how Brahes's household blended rationality with

902
01:06:05.760 --> 01:06:10.440
<v Speaker 2>the arcane. On one hand, Tycho brahe relied on precise

903
01:06:10.519 --> 01:06:15.719
<v Speaker 2>measurements and data, constructing instruments and catalogs that rejected superstition.

904
01:06:15.840 --> 01:06:19.760
<v Speaker 2>In astronomy, For example, he debunked the idea that commets

905
01:06:19.800 --> 01:06:24.079
<v Speaker 2>are atmospheric omens, showing they traveled through the heavens. On

906
01:06:24.119 --> 01:06:27.559
<v Speaker 2>the other hand, he was intrigued by prophecy and the

907
01:06:27.559 --> 01:06:31.360
<v Speaker 2>occult qualities of nature. Having a dwarf who could seemingly

908
01:06:31.400 --> 01:06:35.800
<v Speaker 2>foretell events would have appealed to Brahees's philosophical curiosity about

909
01:06:35.800 --> 01:06:39.719
<v Speaker 2>the hidden forceing in the cosmos. It also accorded with

910
01:06:39.800 --> 01:06:42.880
<v Speaker 2>the noble tradition of the court fool, whose madness or

911
01:06:42.920 --> 01:06:47.519
<v Speaker 2>otherwise gave him license to speak truths. In Brahe's case,

912
01:06:48.000 --> 01:06:51.719
<v Speaker 2>the eccentric scientists trusted an unlikely source of knowledge, an

913
01:06:51.760 --> 01:06:58.239
<v Speaker 2>illiterate dwarf, alongside his own meticulous observations. This juxtaposition has

914
01:06:58.320 --> 01:07:01.519
<v Speaker 2>become a key part of Tycho's legend. The same era

915
01:07:01.679 --> 01:07:05.920
<v Speaker 2>that produced heliocentric theory and the scientific method also clung

916
01:07:06.039 --> 01:07:09.199
<v Speaker 2>to astrological portins and talismans.

917
01:07:10.280 --> 01:07:12.800
<v Speaker 1>Jepay. The court dwarf thus lives.

918
01:07:12.559 --> 01:07:16.679
<v Speaker 2>On as an intriguing fragment of Tycho Brahees's story, a

919
01:07:16.719 --> 01:07:21.840
<v Speaker 2>reminder that scientific revolution had its share of strange bedfellows. Historically,

920
01:07:22.360 --> 01:07:25.320
<v Speaker 2>Jepa's biography may be scant, but the legends around him

921
01:07:25.360 --> 01:07:29.119
<v Speaker 2>speak volumes about the culture of Brahees time. In presenting

922
01:07:29.199 --> 01:07:32.480
<v Speaker 2>Jepe's tale, a careful narrative will separate what is known

923
01:07:32.880 --> 01:07:36.039
<v Speaker 2>a dwarf jest at i Ranneberg, noted for his cryptic pronouncements,

924
01:07:36.480 --> 01:07:40.960
<v Speaker 2>from what is law his supposed psychic accuracy, all while

925
01:07:41.039 --> 01:07:44.360
<v Speaker 2>painting the rich backdrop of Renaissance court life and the

926
01:07:44.360 --> 01:07:50.280
<v Speaker 2>psyche of an extraordinary astronomer. Jepay's presence in Tycho's household

927
01:07:50.440 --> 01:07:53.960
<v Speaker 2>is more than a curious anecdote. It highlights the blend

928
01:07:54.000 --> 01:07:58.079
<v Speaker 2>of mysticism and empiricism, superstition and science in the late

929
01:07:58.119 --> 01:08:01.760
<v Speaker 2>sixteenth century. He knows how even a figure devoted to

930
01:08:01.840 --> 01:08:04.679
<v Speaker 2>measurement and reason could give quarter to the magical and

931
01:08:04.719 --> 01:08:08.320
<v Speaker 2>the absurd. In the end, the story of Jeppe and

932
01:08:08.400 --> 01:08:11.679
<v Speaker 2>Tycho invites us to ponder the complexities of historical truth

933
01:08:12.039 --> 01:08:15.199
<v Speaker 2>versus legend, and to marvel at a moment in history

934
01:08:15.360 --> 01:08:18.800
<v Speaker 2>when a dwarf beneath a dinner table could whisper prophecies

935
01:08:18.800 --> 01:08:23.720
<v Speaker 2>to a man charting the stars. And as we continue

936
01:08:24.199 --> 01:08:27.319
<v Speaker 2>now we are going to focus on Tycho's alchemical practices,

937
01:08:27.439 --> 01:08:28.680
<v Speaker 2>lunar theories.

938
01:08:28.239 --> 01:08:29.159
<v Speaker 1>And much more.

939
01:08:31.600 --> 01:08:35.880
<v Speaker 2>The alchemists think they can make gold from the basist metals,

940
01:08:36.479 --> 01:08:39.800
<v Speaker 2>but I say unto you, it is nobler to extract

941
01:08:39.800 --> 01:08:45.159
<v Speaker 2>the truth from error than gold from dirt. Uraniborg, Tycho's

942
01:08:45.159 --> 01:08:48.880
<v Speaker 2>observatory palace on Ven was not only an astronomical center,

943
01:08:49.039 --> 01:08:54.199
<v Speaker 2>but also a chemical and alchemical laboratory. Tycho's interest leaned

944
01:08:54.279 --> 01:08:58.600
<v Speaker 2>more toward chemical medicine, which was part of Paracelsian alchemy,

945
01:08:58.840 --> 01:09:03.680
<v Speaker 2>a practical medical application of alchemical principles. He pursued the

946
01:09:03.720 --> 01:09:07.399
<v Speaker 2>transmutation of metals, but more realistically aimed at the refinement

947
01:09:07.479 --> 01:09:12.199
<v Speaker 2>and synthesis of medicinal compounds. Tycho, on his assistance, produced

948
01:09:12.279 --> 01:09:16.279
<v Speaker 2>medicines for the poor and for nobles, experimenting with substances

949
01:09:16.319 --> 01:09:20.239
<v Speaker 2>like aquavite salts and tinctures. In case you're not show

950
01:09:20.279 --> 01:09:23.039
<v Speaker 2>what aquavita is, it's an archaic name for a strong

951
01:09:23.079 --> 01:09:29.000
<v Speaker 2>ocueous solution of ethanol. He believed that celestial influences, astrology

952
01:09:29.439 --> 01:09:34.119
<v Speaker 2>and terrestrial substances alchemy were deeply connected, forming a basis

953
01:09:34.119 --> 01:09:38.640
<v Speaker 2>for diagnosis and treatment. Tycho was heavily influenced in alchemy

954
01:09:38.680 --> 01:09:41.079
<v Speaker 2>by some of the usual suspects and some you may have.

955
01:09:41.159 --> 01:09:42.760
<v Speaker 1>Never heard of.

956
01:09:42.760 --> 01:09:46.720
<v Speaker 2>Of course, Paracelsus, who advocated for using chemical substance to

957
01:09:46.800 --> 01:09:51.399
<v Speaker 2>cure illness. He also rejected traditional galanic medicine and emphasized

958
01:09:51.479 --> 01:09:57.119
<v Speaker 2>observation and experiment, aligning with Tycho's empirical spirit. Tycho was

959
01:09:57.159 --> 01:10:00.319
<v Speaker 2>also steeped to medieval and Renaissance alchemical texts in his works,

960
01:10:00.319 --> 01:10:05.960
<v Speaker 2>attributed to Gerber Raymond Lowell, and Hermes Trismegistus. These sources

961
01:10:06.000 --> 01:10:10.640
<v Speaker 2>influenced his metaphysical beliefs, particularly the idea of correspondences between

962
01:10:10.720 --> 01:10:16.159
<v Speaker 2>macrocosm and microcosm, heaven and human Tycho employed assistants who

963
01:10:16.159 --> 01:10:20.920
<v Speaker 2>were also trained in alchemy, like Elias Olsen Morson. He

964
01:10:21.000 --> 01:10:24.279
<v Speaker 2>corresponded with other intellectuals across Europe, many of whom are

965
01:10:24.279 --> 01:10:27.520
<v Speaker 2>interested in both alchemy and astronomy, such as John d.

966
01:10:29.439 --> 01:10:32.319
<v Speaker 2>There is some notable achievements in alchemy for Tycho that

967
01:10:32.359 --> 01:10:35.079
<v Speaker 2>are worth mentioning. Quickly, he built one of the most

968
01:10:35.079 --> 01:10:38.199
<v Speaker 2>advanced alchemy labs of the sixteenth century comparable. In ambition

969
01:10:38.279 --> 01:10:42.520
<v Speaker 2>to his astronomical work, he produced medicines distributed both to

970
01:10:42.560 --> 01:10:46.920
<v Speaker 2>peasants and aristocrats, and he created a self sustaining research

971
01:10:47.000 --> 01:10:53.600
<v Speaker 2>ecosystem combining astronomy, alchemy, astrology, and weather forecasting. Tycho also

972
01:10:53.680 --> 01:10:56.800
<v Speaker 2>spent some time studying the moon, and we're going to

973
01:10:56.800 --> 01:11:01.399
<v Speaker 2>touch on some of brahe's lunar theories now. Tycho systematically

974
01:11:01.439 --> 01:11:06.199
<v Speaker 2>recorded lunar positions over decades at his Uraniburg observatory. Tycho

975
01:11:06.279 --> 01:11:10.720
<v Speaker 2>systematically recorded lunar positions over decades at his Uraniburg observatory.

976
01:11:11.399 --> 01:11:15.520
<v Speaker 2>He wanted to resolve persistent discrepancies in the ptolemaic tables

977
01:11:15.560 --> 01:11:21.039
<v Speaker 2>and to refine the mathematical description of lunar inequalities. From

978
01:11:21.079 --> 01:11:25.880
<v Speaker 2>that there was the discovery of the variation. The variation

979
01:11:26.000 --> 01:11:28.520
<v Speaker 2>was discovered by Tycho, who noticed that, starting from a

980
01:11:28.600 --> 01:11:31.840
<v Speaker 2>lunar eclipse in December fifteen ninety, at the times of

981
01:11:31.840 --> 01:11:35.319
<v Speaker 2>syzygy new or full more, the apparent velocity of the

982
01:11:35.319 --> 01:11:38.720
<v Speaker 2>motion of the moon was faster than expected. On the

983
01:11:38.760 --> 01:11:41.560
<v Speaker 2>other hand, at times of first and last quarter, its

984
01:11:41.640 --> 01:11:47.039
<v Speaker 2>velocity was correspondingly slower than expected. Building on this observation,

985
01:11:47.720 --> 01:11:53.159
<v Speaker 2>Tycho quantified the effects amplitude and period. The variation has

986
01:11:53.199 --> 01:11:56.079
<v Speaker 2>a period of half a synodic month and causes the

987
01:11:56.079 --> 01:11:59.520
<v Speaker 2>Moon's ecliptic longitude to vary by nearly two thirds of

988
01:11:59.520 --> 01:12:04.960
<v Speaker 2>a degree. Tycho's investigations also uncovered oscillations in the Moon's

989
01:12:05.039 --> 01:12:09.199
<v Speaker 2>orbital plane and nodes. He also discovered librations in the

990
01:12:09.199 --> 01:12:13.399
<v Speaker 2>inclination of the plane of the lunar orbit relative to

991
01:12:13.439 --> 01:12:17.079
<v Speaker 2>the ecliptic, and accompanying oscillations in the longitude of the

992
01:12:17.159 --> 01:12:22.239
<v Speaker 2>lunar node. His work thereby doubled the number of known

993
01:12:22.319 --> 01:12:26.880
<v Speaker 2>lunar inequalities, introducing a monthly or semi annual libration of

994
01:12:26.920 --> 01:12:31.239
<v Speaker 2>the nodes in inclination to earlier schemes. Tycho went on

995
01:12:31.319 --> 01:12:35.840
<v Speaker 2>to identify a yearly perturbation, the first systematic recognition of

996
01:12:35.880 --> 01:12:39.640
<v Speaker 2>the annual equation of the Moon. There is also an

997
01:12:39.680 --> 01:12:43.239
<v Speaker 2>annual effect by which the lunar motion slows down a

998
01:12:43.279 --> 01:12:46.319
<v Speaker 2>little in January and speeds up a little in July.

999
01:12:47.800 --> 01:12:50.880
<v Speaker 2>This finding was later characterized as a variation in the

1000
01:12:50.920 --> 01:12:54.079
<v Speaker 2>Moon's speed tied to the Earth's changing distance from the Sun.

1001
01:12:56.039 --> 01:13:00.159
<v Speaker 2>One of Tycho's most impressive astronomical achievements was his discoveryver

1002
01:13:00.319 --> 01:13:04.119
<v Speaker 2>of the Moon's so called annual variation, a variation of

1003
01:13:04.119 --> 01:13:07.159
<v Speaker 2>the Moon's orbital speed associated with the gravitational pull of

1004
01:13:07.199 --> 01:13:10.159
<v Speaker 2>the Sun, which shows a yearly pattern due to the

1005
01:13:10.199 --> 01:13:13.479
<v Speaker 2>slightly varying distance between the Earth and Sun over the

1006
01:13:13.520 --> 01:13:18.439
<v Speaker 2>course of the year. Tycho's comprehensive lunar theory reduced the

1007
01:13:18.479 --> 01:13:21.279
<v Speaker 2>discrepancies of lunar models to about a fifth of their

1008
01:13:21.319 --> 01:13:26.439
<v Speaker 2>previous values, making it the most accurate framework before Newtonian gravitation.

1009
01:13:27.600 --> 01:13:31.760
<v Speaker 2>As Johannes Keppler later noted, Tycho's lunar theory doubled the

1010
01:13:31.840 --> 01:13:36.159
<v Speaker 2>number of distinct lunar inequalities and reduced the discrepancies of

1011
01:13:36.239 --> 01:13:39.279
<v Speaker 2>lunar theory to about a fifth of their previous amounts.

1012
01:13:40.920 --> 01:13:43.560
<v Speaker 2>It was published by Kepler in sixteen oh two, and

1013
01:13:43.640 --> 01:13:47.960
<v Speaker 2>Kepler's own derivative form appears in Kepler's Rudolphine Tables of

1014
01:13:48.039 --> 01:13:54.159
<v Speaker 2>sixteen twenty seven. By the early seventeenth century, Tycho's lunar theory,

1015
01:13:54.399 --> 01:13:59.279
<v Speaker 2>largely refined by his assistant Christian Longo Montanas, was recognized

1016
01:13:59.319 --> 01:14:02.760
<v Speaker 2>as the most advanced and accurate of its error. The

1017
01:14:02.840 --> 01:14:07.560
<v Speaker 2>meticulous empirical foundation he laid not only transformed lunar astronomy,

1018
01:14:08.119 --> 01:14:12.319
<v Speaker 2>but also provided the essential data that enabled Kepler's laws,

1019
01:14:12.359 --> 01:14:15.600
<v Speaker 2>cementing Tycho Brahe's role as a pivotal figure in the

1020
01:14:15.640 --> 01:14:21.199
<v Speaker 2>scientific revolution. Now we will look at how Tycho viewed

1021
01:14:21.279 --> 01:14:28.000
<v Speaker 2>and utilized astrology. Not one single tiny spark of truth

1022
01:14:28.279 --> 01:14:32.399
<v Speaker 2>has yet been found by the strivings of the astrologers.

1023
01:14:35.239 --> 01:14:39.079
<v Speaker 2>Tycho did not see astrology as separate from astronomy. Instead,

1024
01:14:39.119 --> 01:14:42.640
<v Speaker 2>he believed that accurate celestial measurements were essential for creating

1025
01:14:42.680 --> 01:14:47.439
<v Speaker 2>reliable horoscopes and predicting earthly events, a viewpoint common in

1026
01:14:47.439 --> 01:14:52.600
<v Speaker 2>Renaissance natural philosophy. And what kind of astrology did Tycho practice?

1027
01:14:52.600 --> 01:14:52.920
<v Speaker 1>You ask?

1028
01:14:53.760 --> 01:15:00.279
<v Speaker 2>Judicial astrology focus on interpreting celestial influence on human affairs, births, politics, illnesses,

1029
01:15:00.359 --> 01:15:06.239
<v Speaker 2>and weather. Mundane astrology. Tycho made predictions about weather, famines, plagues,

1030
01:15:06.279 --> 01:15:09.760
<v Speaker 2>and political events based on celestial alignments, and then we

1031
01:15:09.840 --> 01:15:14.279
<v Speaker 2>have medical astrology. He also practiced medicine, using star positions

1032
01:15:14.279 --> 01:15:18.119
<v Speaker 2>to diagnose and treat illness. This overlapped with his alchemy

1033
01:15:18.159 --> 01:15:23.399
<v Speaker 2>and medicine. He created horoscopes and natal charts. Tycho cast

1034
01:15:23.479 --> 01:15:27.800
<v Speaker 2>natal charts for nobles, royalty, and himself. He created a

1035
01:15:27.840 --> 01:15:31.279
<v Speaker 2>detailed horoscope for King Frederick the Second of Denmark, his patron.

1036
01:15:32.199 --> 01:15:35.680
<v Speaker 2>He also analyzed the birth charts of historical mythical figures,

1037
01:15:35.720 --> 01:15:40.119
<v Speaker 2>comparing the astrological traits with historical records. Before we go

1038
01:15:40.159 --> 01:15:43.319
<v Speaker 2>any further, let's touch on some of Tycho's astrological influences.

1039
01:15:44.680 --> 01:15:49.279
<v Speaker 2>Claudius Ptolemy, author of the Tetra Biblos, a foundational text

1040
01:15:49.359 --> 01:15:54.399
<v Speaker 2>in astrology. Tycho respected Tolmaic astrology just as he admired

1041
01:15:54.439 --> 01:15:59.399
<v Speaker 2>Tolmaic astronomy, even though he modified it and then Paracelsus

1042
01:15:59.520 --> 01:16:03.760
<v Speaker 2>a major influence on Tycho's views about medical astrology. Paracelsus

1043
01:16:03.760 --> 01:16:07.159
<v Speaker 2>emphasized the influence of celestial bodies on health and disease.

1044
01:16:08.159 --> 01:16:12.239
<v Speaker 2>He was also influenced by Arabic and medieval astrologists. Tycho

1045
01:16:12.319 --> 01:16:17.000
<v Speaker 2>drew from traditions shaped by Islamic scholars like Alkindi, Albumasar,

1046
01:16:17.560 --> 01:16:22.880
<v Speaker 2>and Avaros, as well as European medieval astrologists. These sources

1047
01:16:23.000 --> 01:16:29.239
<v Speaker 2>emphasized both planetary positions and celestial omens. Uraniberg wasn't just

1048
01:16:29.279 --> 01:16:34.199
<v Speaker 2>a site for astronomical observation. It also housed Tycho's astrological offices,

1049
01:16:36.159 --> 01:16:41.479
<v Speaker 2>he maintained detailed records of planetary movements, specifically for astrological calculations.

1050
01:16:42.520 --> 01:16:45.800
<v Speaker 2>He produced almanacs and predictions distributed to both the common

1051
01:16:45.840 --> 01:16:51.159
<v Speaker 2>public and elite clients. Tycho made several predictions regarding European

1052
01:16:51.199 --> 01:16:56.279
<v Speaker 2>political events, including wars, plagues, and deaths of monarchs. Although

1053
01:16:56.359 --> 01:16:59.920
<v Speaker 2>not always accurate, these predictions enhanced his reputation at core

1054
01:17:00.039 --> 01:17:04.159
<v Speaker 2>Art and secured funding. He used astrology to determine the

1055
01:17:04.199 --> 01:17:09.119
<v Speaker 2>best times for medical treatments, consistent with humoral theory. He

1056
01:17:09.199 --> 01:17:14.000
<v Speaker 2>also created estrological diagnosises for illnesses, often in conjunction without

1057
01:17:14.079 --> 01:17:18.720
<v Speaker 2>chemical remedies. King Frederick the Second and other nobles valued

1058
01:17:18.760 --> 01:17:22.920
<v Speaker 2>Tycho's astrological work. His blend of astronomy and astrology made

1059
01:17:23.000 --> 01:17:27.760
<v Speaker 2>him both a court scientist and a court prophet. The

1060
01:17:27.840 --> 01:17:31.600
<v Speaker 2>starry Vault of Heaven is in truth the open book

1061
01:17:31.680 --> 01:17:37.039
<v Speaker 2>of cosmic projection. This powaphrase captures his approach to astronomy

1062
01:17:37.039 --> 01:17:43.039
<v Speaker 2>as divine revelation. Now, Tycho wasn't just a master of

1063
01:17:43.079 --> 01:17:48.600
<v Speaker 2>celestial observation. He also applied that data in practical astrology.

1064
01:17:49.079 --> 01:17:52.479
<v Speaker 2>He cast horoscopes for nobles, political figures and even himself.

1065
01:17:53.159 --> 01:17:57.079
<v Speaker 2>Many of these were used for diagnosis, prognosis, or political predictions.

1066
01:17:58.399 --> 01:18:01.960
<v Speaker 2>One of them that he did Tycho Quia himself date

1067
01:18:02.000 --> 01:18:05.079
<v Speaker 2>of birth December fourteenth, fifteen forty six on the Julian calendar.

1068
01:18:05.960 --> 01:18:09.760
<v Speaker 2>He interpreted his chart as showing a strong Martian influence,

1069
01:18:10.600 --> 01:18:14.960
<v Speaker 2>possibly reflected in his fiery temperament and resilience, as well

1070
01:18:15.000 --> 01:18:17.199
<v Speaker 2>as the duel that led to the loss of part

1071
01:18:17.279 --> 01:18:22.399
<v Speaker 2>of his nose. The horoscope also showed a Saturn Mars configuration,

1072
01:18:22.720 --> 01:18:26.199
<v Speaker 2>which Tycho associated with a lifelong pursuit of serious and

1073
01:18:26.279 --> 01:18:30.239
<v Speaker 2>even secretive knowledge, linking it to his work in alchemy

1074
01:18:30.279 --> 01:18:34.359
<v Speaker 2>and occult studies. He did the horoscope of King Frederick

1075
01:18:34.439 --> 01:18:39.359
<v Speaker 2>the Second of Denmark. Tycho cast and interpreted a nativity

1076
01:18:39.439 --> 01:18:43.199
<v Speaker 2>chart for his royal patron, King Frederick the Second. He

1077
01:18:43.279 --> 01:18:48.479
<v Speaker 2>emphasized planetary placements that suggested noble rulership, military strength, but

1078
01:18:48.600 --> 01:18:53.399
<v Speaker 2>also personal excess or indulgence, likely based on Jupiter and

1079
01:18:53.479 --> 01:18:57.920
<v Speaker 2>Venus placements. Tycho used this horoscope to guide medical and

1080
01:18:57.960 --> 01:19:01.720
<v Speaker 2>political advice to the king, strengthening his standing at court.

1081
01:19:03.079 --> 01:19:06.159
<v Speaker 2>Tycho attempted to reconstruct Burch charts from major historical and

1082
01:19:06.199 --> 01:19:11.399
<v Speaker 2>religious figures like Christ, mohammedd and Martin Luther. These charts

1083
01:19:11.439 --> 01:19:15.039
<v Speaker 2>were not just astrological curiosities. He used them to compare

1084
01:19:15.079 --> 01:19:19.119
<v Speaker 2>celestial influences across time and explore patterns of destiny and fate.

1085
01:19:20.600 --> 01:19:25.159
<v Speaker 2>Tycho didn't just cast horoscopes. He also interpreted celestial phenomenas,

1086
01:19:25.159 --> 01:19:28.239
<v Speaker 2>such as comments and eclipses, as signs of impending events,

1087
01:19:28.920 --> 01:19:34.239
<v Speaker 2>often of great political or natural consequence. The comment of

1088
01:19:34.279 --> 01:19:38.439
<v Speaker 2>fifteen seventy seven was one of Tycho's most important observations.

1089
01:19:38.960 --> 01:19:41.960
<v Speaker 2>He tracked the comment meticulously and proved that it was

1090
01:19:42.079 --> 01:19:47.000
<v Speaker 2>far beyond the moon, contradicting Aristolian cosmology, which said comments

1091
01:19:47.000 --> 01:19:52.600
<v Speaker 2>were atmospheric. Tycho interpreted the comet as a warning of turmoil,

1092
01:19:53.399 --> 01:19:57.359
<v Speaker 2>especially political and religious conflict. He connected it with the

1093
01:19:57.439 --> 01:20:00.479
<v Speaker 2>unrest in the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic Protestant

1094
01:20:00.560 --> 01:20:04.840
<v Speaker 2>tensions of the time. He also tied it to potential

1095
01:20:04.920 --> 01:20:08.600
<v Speaker 2>royal deaths or wars in the coming years. This was

1096
01:20:08.680 --> 01:20:13.520
<v Speaker 2>consistent with astological tradition comets were omens of change uphevil

1097
01:20:13.680 --> 01:20:19.319
<v Speaker 2>and celestial dissatisfaction. It was also the solar eclipse of

1098
01:20:19.359 --> 01:20:22.720
<v Speaker 2>fifteen eighty observed across Europe and tracked in great detail

1099
01:20:22.760 --> 01:20:28.279
<v Speaker 2>by Tycho. Eclipses were considered major omens, especially solar eclipses,

1100
01:20:28.279 --> 01:20:32.199
<v Speaker 2>which represented a temporary blotting out of power or authority.

1101
01:20:33.600 --> 01:20:36.760
<v Speaker 2>Tycho interpreted this as a sign of illness or danger

1102
01:20:36.880 --> 01:20:41.680
<v Speaker 2>to a reigning monarch, possibly Frederick the second. He may

1103
01:20:41.720 --> 01:20:44.720
<v Speaker 2>have tied this eclipse to changes in political alliances and

1104
01:20:44.800 --> 01:20:48.840
<v Speaker 2>crop a filiures in certain regions. Then we have the

1105
01:20:48.880 --> 01:20:53.199
<v Speaker 2>comet of fifteen ninety, less famous than fifteen seventy seven comet,

1106
01:20:53.600 --> 01:20:57.079
<v Speaker 2>but Tycho again interpreted it as a sign of impending conflict,

1107
01:20:57.479 --> 01:21:01.960
<v Speaker 2>possibly tied to the decline of peace in Misthern Europe.

1108
01:21:02.039 --> 01:21:08.079
<v Speaker 2>As usual, he kept detailed observational records alongside interpretive astrological notes.

1109
01:21:10.079 --> 01:21:14.880
<v Speaker 2>Tycho believed that planets, comets, and eclipses influenced both individual

1110
01:21:14.920 --> 01:21:19.279
<v Speaker 2>destiny and collective history. Astrology was not mystical nonsense, but

1111
01:21:19.359 --> 01:21:23.119
<v Speaker 2>a natural science of correlations, a way to understand divine

1112
01:21:23.239 --> 01:21:28.079
<v Speaker 2>order in the cosmos. His precise astronomical data was essential

1113
01:21:28.119 --> 01:21:33.479
<v Speaker 2>to making accurate estrological predictions. Tycho brahe stood at a

1114
01:21:33.600 --> 01:21:37.680
<v Speaker 2>unique moment in history. He believed in astrology deeply, but

1115
01:21:37.800 --> 01:21:42.279
<v Speaker 2>revolutionized astronomy in a way that would ultimately separate the two.

1116
01:21:42.680 --> 01:21:46.520
<v Speaker 2>His horoscopes and interpretations of celestial events reflected time when

1117
01:21:46.600 --> 01:21:50.319
<v Speaker 2>science and spirituality were still one language.

1118
01:21:50.199 --> 01:21:53.239
<v Speaker 1>Not two.

1119
01:21:53.520 --> 01:21:56.800
<v Speaker 2>It is necessary to understand that the understanding of the

1120
01:21:56.840 --> 01:22:04.680
<v Speaker 2>heavens must be founded on observations, not speculations. We're going

1121
01:22:04.680 --> 01:22:07.039
<v Speaker 2>to change it up a little bit again and talk

1122
01:22:07.079 --> 01:22:12.720
<v Speaker 2>about Tycho's love life and his marriage. Tycho entered into

1123
01:22:12.720 --> 01:22:17.000
<v Speaker 2>a morganatic marriage with Kirsten Jorgen's daughter, a woman of

1124
01:22:17.079 --> 01:22:21.399
<v Speaker 2>common birth, around fifteen seventy two. This type of marriage,

1125
01:22:21.600 --> 01:22:25.520
<v Speaker 2>prevalent among European nobility during this period, allowed a person

1126
01:22:25.560 --> 01:22:28.079
<v Speaker 2>of high social rank to marry someone of a lower

1127
01:22:28.119 --> 01:22:33.439
<v Speaker 2>status without extending noble titles, privileges, or of full inheritance

1128
01:22:33.560 --> 01:22:38.279
<v Speaker 2>rights to the spouse or their offspring. What is a

1129
01:22:38.359 --> 01:22:43.039
<v Speaker 2>morganatic marriage. A morganatic marriage is a legal arrangement where

1130
01:22:43.079 --> 01:22:46.159
<v Speaker 2>a noble marries a commoner, but the lower ranking spouse

1131
01:22:46.199 --> 01:22:48.960
<v Speaker 2>and any children born from the union do not inherit

1132
01:22:49.039 --> 01:22:53.319
<v Speaker 2>the noble titles, the states, or privileges of the higher

1133
01:22:53.399 --> 01:22:57.840
<v Speaker 2>ranking partner. This practice was designed to preserve the purity

1134
01:22:57.960 --> 01:23:04.319
<v Speaker 2>of noble lineage and prevent the dilution of aristocratic status. Tycho,

1135
01:23:04.359 --> 01:23:07.920
<v Speaker 2>born into a prominent noble family, was expected to marry

1136
01:23:07.960 --> 01:23:12.119
<v Speaker 2>within his social class. However, he choose to form a

1137
01:23:12.159 --> 01:23:18.319
<v Speaker 2>lifelong partnership with Kirsten Jorgensdatter, a woman of peasant origins.

1138
01:23:18.840 --> 01:23:23.079
<v Speaker 2>Their relationship began around fifteen seventy two, and under Danish law,

1139
01:23:23.239 --> 01:23:27.560
<v Speaker 2>after three years of cohabitation, by approximately fifteen seventy five,

1140
01:23:28.239 --> 01:23:33.319
<v Speaker 2>their union was legally recognized as a marriage. Despite the recognition,

1141
01:23:33.479 --> 01:23:38.239
<v Speaker 2>it remained morganatic due to the disparity in their social standings.

1142
01:23:38.960 --> 01:23:43.199
<v Speaker 2>Kirstin did not acquire noble status, and their children, while legitimate,

1143
01:23:43.560 --> 01:23:48.520
<v Speaker 2>were excluded from inheriting Tycho's noble titles or privileges. The

1144
01:23:48.560 --> 01:23:52.079
<v Speaker 2>couple had eight children, six of whom survived to adulthood.

1145
01:23:53.079 --> 01:23:55.600
<v Speaker 2>Tycho and Kirstin lived together as a family for nearly

1146
01:23:55.640 --> 01:23:59.680
<v Speaker 2>three decades, demonstrating a deep commitment that defied the societal

1147
01:23:59.720 --> 01:24:04.239
<v Speaker 2>noise of the time. They resided primarily on the island

1148
01:24:04.239 --> 01:24:07.880
<v Speaker 2>of Ven, where Tycho constructed his famous observatory in Ranneberg,

1149
01:24:08.239 --> 01:24:11.079
<v Speaker 2>and later moved to Prague. When Tycho accepted a position

1150
01:24:11.199 --> 01:24:15.680
<v Speaker 2>under Emperor Rudolph the Second in fifteen ninety nine. The

1151
01:24:15.720 --> 01:24:20.640
<v Speaker 2>morganatic nature of their marriage had significant consequences. As a commoner,

1152
01:24:20.800 --> 01:24:23.520
<v Speaker 2>Kirsten did not gain noble rank or privileges through her

1153
01:24:23.560 --> 01:24:28.000
<v Speaker 2>marriage to Tycho. She remained outside the aristocratic sphere despite

1154
01:24:28.079 --> 01:24:33.039
<v Speaker 2>being his wife. Their eight children were legally legitimate, a

1155
01:24:33.079 --> 01:24:36.880
<v Speaker 2>status secured by Danish legal provision recognizing the marriage after

1156
01:24:36.920 --> 01:24:41.479
<v Speaker 2>three years of cohabitation. However, they could not inherit Tycho's

1157
01:24:41.560 --> 01:24:45.039
<v Speaker 2>noble titles or the associated privileges, such as certain land

1158
01:24:45.119 --> 01:24:50.319
<v Speaker 2>rights reserved for nobility. Tycho's decision to marry in commoner

1159
01:24:50.720 --> 01:24:54.479
<v Speaker 2>likely raised eyebrows among his noble peers, as it deviated

1160
01:24:54.479 --> 01:24:57.199
<v Speaker 2>from the expectation that he would marry within his class

1161
01:24:57.199 --> 01:25:03.640
<v Speaker 2>to strengthen familial alliances or enhance his status. Nevertheless, Tycho

1162
01:25:03.720 --> 01:25:07.960
<v Speaker 2>appeared to prioritize his personal bond with Kirsten over societal approval.

1163
01:25:09.520 --> 01:25:10.800
<v Speaker 1>Tycho Brahe died.

1164
01:25:10.640 --> 01:25:14.239
<v Speaker 2>In sixteen oh one, and his passing triggered legal disputes

1165
01:25:14.239 --> 01:25:18.199
<v Speaker 2>over his estate. His noble relatives contested the inheritance rights

1166
01:25:18.239 --> 01:25:22.680
<v Speaker 2>of his children, arguing that their morganatic status disqualified them

1167
01:25:22.680 --> 01:25:27.800
<v Speaker 2>from claiming Tycho's wealth. However, King Christian, the fourth of

1168
01:25:27.880 --> 01:25:34.239
<v Speaker 2>Denmark intervened, ensuring that Tycho's children could inherit his property,

1169
01:25:34.920 --> 01:25:39.119
<v Speaker 2>though not his noble titles or privileges. This royal intervention

1170
01:25:39.319 --> 01:25:43.079
<v Speaker 2>underscored the legitimacy of Tycho's offspring and highlighted the king's

1171
01:25:43.079 --> 01:25:49.000
<v Speaker 2>authority to override familial objections in such matters. Tycho's morganatic

1172
01:25:49.000 --> 01:25:52.479
<v Speaker 2>marriage to Kirston reflects his willingness to challenge the rigid

1173
01:25:52.560 --> 01:25:57.880
<v Speaker 2>social conventions of the sixteenth century Denmark. Despite his stature

1174
01:25:57.880 --> 01:26:01.199
<v Speaker 2>as a nobleman and a leading scientific figure known for

1175
01:26:01.279 --> 01:26:05.600
<v Speaker 2>his precise astronomical observation and contributions to the Copernican Revolution,

1176
01:26:06.199 --> 01:26:11.680
<v Speaker 2>Tycho chose a path that prioritized personal devotion over aristocratic tradition.

1177
01:26:12.840 --> 01:26:17.279
<v Speaker 2>His enduring partnership with Kirsten, spanning nearly thirty years, and

1178
01:26:17.399 --> 01:26:21.000
<v Speaker 2>his recognition of their children as his heirs, albeit without

1179
01:26:21.079 --> 01:26:27.560
<v Speaker 2>noble status, demonstrate a commitment that transcended legal and social barriers.

1180
01:26:28.800 --> 01:26:31.920
<v Speaker 2>Now we are going to talk about some of Tycho's inventions.

1181
01:26:32.560 --> 01:26:34.399
<v Speaker 2>Some of them may have been brought up earlier, but

1182
01:26:34.479 --> 01:26:36.640
<v Speaker 2>we're going to talk about them again in a little

1183
01:26:36.640 --> 01:26:43.880
<v Speaker 2>bit more detail. Let me not seem to have lived

1184
01:26:43.960 --> 01:26:49.840
<v Speaker 2>in vain inscription on Tycho's mural quadrant, often cited as

1185
01:26:49.880 --> 01:26:55.399
<v Speaker 2>his personal motto. First, we have the mural quadrant. The

1186
01:26:55.520 --> 01:26:58.760
<v Speaker 2>mural quadrant was a large wall mounted instrument with a

1187
01:26:58.880 --> 01:27:02.239
<v Speaker 2>radius of approximately six feet of one point eight meters.

1188
01:27:02.920 --> 01:27:05.399
<v Speaker 2>It was fixed in position in a line to measure

1189
01:27:05.439 --> 01:27:08.600
<v Speaker 2>the altitude of celestial bodies as they crossed the meridian,

1190
01:27:09.319 --> 01:27:12.159
<v Speaker 2>the imaginary line where stars reached their highest point in

1191
01:27:12.159 --> 01:27:17.119
<v Speaker 2>the sky. This quadrant enabled Brahe to determine the precise

1192
01:27:17.199 --> 01:27:20.720
<v Speaker 2>positions of stars and planets by measuring their angular height

1193
01:27:20.840 --> 01:27:27.760
<v Speaker 2>during meridian transits, focusing on declination celestial latitude. Known for

1194
01:27:27.840 --> 01:27:32.079
<v Speaker 2>its size and precision, the muro quadrant allowed measurements accurate

1195
01:27:32.199 --> 01:27:37.399
<v Speaker 2>to within zero point zero one degrees, far surpassing earlier instruments.

1196
01:27:38.079 --> 01:27:40.720
<v Speaker 2>It was a corner stone of Brahe's efforts to challenge

1197
01:27:40.720 --> 01:27:46.760
<v Speaker 2>existing astronomical models. Then we have the revolving wooden quadrant.

1198
01:27:46.960 --> 01:27:50.720
<v Speaker 2>The revolving wooden quadrant was a portable instrument made of wood,

1199
01:27:50.920 --> 01:27:53.800
<v Speaker 2>designed to rotate and track celestial bodies as they moved

1200
01:27:53.800 --> 01:27:59.039
<v Speaker 2>across the sky. It featured a citing mechanism for continuous observation.

1201
01:28:00.439 --> 01:28:04.199
<v Speaker 2>Unlike the fixed MUA Quadrant. This instrument allowed Brahe to

1202
01:28:04.239 --> 01:28:09.199
<v Speaker 2>measure both altitude and asmuth horizontal angle the celestial objects

1203
01:28:09.199 --> 01:28:11.960
<v Speaker 2>at any time, making it ideal for tracking their motion

1204
01:28:12.079 --> 01:28:18.399
<v Speaker 2>over extended periods. Its mobility and flexibility complemented Brahyes fixed instruments,

1205
01:28:18.600 --> 01:28:24.520
<v Speaker 2>enhancing his ability to gather dynamic observational data. And then

1206
01:28:24.560 --> 01:28:28.800
<v Speaker 2>we have the Great Steel Quadrant. The Great Steel Quadrant

1207
01:28:28.880 --> 01:28:32.600
<v Speaker 2>was a durable version of the quadrant, constructed from steel

1208
01:28:32.640 --> 01:28:36.680
<v Speaker 2>to reduce warping and flexing compared to wooden models. It

1209
01:28:36.760 --> 01:28:41.039
<v Speaker 2>provided stable, high precision measurements of celestial altitudes, improving the

1210
01:28:41.079 --> 01:28:46.439
<v Speaker 2>reliability of long term observations. The use of steel reflected

1211
01:28:46.439 --> 01:28:50.680
<v Speaker 2>Brahe's dedication to refining his tools, minimizing errors caused by

1212
01:28:50.720 --> 01:28:55.520
<v Speaker 2>material instability, and ensuring greater accuracy. And then there is

1213
01:28:55.560 --> 01:28:59.920
<v Speaker 2>the sextant. Brahes Secon was a large precision instrument disa

1214
01:29:00.000 --> 01:29:03.960
<v Speaker 2>trying to measure the angular distance between two visible objects

1215
01:29:04.000 --> 01:29:08.239
<v Speaker 2>such as stars or planets, spanning sixty degrees, and included

1216
01:29:08.319 --> 01:29:13.520
<v Speaker 2>sites for accurate alignment. By measuring angles between celestial bodies,

1217
01:29:13.840 --> 01:29:17.880
<v Speaker 2>Brahe could determine their relative positions and monitor changes over time,

1218
01:29:18.279 --> 01:29:22.840
<v Speaker 2>essential for studying planetary motion. The sextant was vital for

1219
01:29:22.920 --> 01:29:27.600
<v Speaker 2>Brahe's attempts to measure stellar parallax, though unsuccessful due to

1220
01:29:27.680 --> 01:29:32.439
<v Speaker 2>technological limits, and contributed to his detailed records of planetary orbits.

1221
01:29:33.439 --> 01:29:37.279
<v Speaker 2>And then we have the armillary sphere. The armillary sphere

1222
01:29:37.319 --> 01:29:41.239
<v Speaker 2>was a complex model of the celestial sphere, featuring interlocking

1223
01:29:41.399 --> 01:29:47.640
<v Speaker 2>rings that represented key astronomical circles such as the equator, ecliptic, tropics.

1224
01:29:47.119 --> 01:29:47.840
<v Speaker 1>And meridians.

1225
01:29:49.600 --> 01:29:52.680
<v Speaker 2>It allowed Brihay to visualize and measure the coordinates of

1226
01:29:52.720 --> 01:29:56.760
<v Speaker 2>celestial objects relative to their reference circles, aiding in the

1227
01:29:56.760 --> 01:30:02.039
<v Speaker 2>study of the Sun, Moon, and planet's apparent motion. Brahey's

1228
01:30:02.119 --> 01:30:05.960
<v Speaker 2>version was larger and more accurate than its predecessors, reflecting

1229
01:30:06.000 --> 01:30:08.680
<v Speaker 2>his focus on precision and supporting his development of a

1230
01:30:08.760 --> 01:30:15.359
<v Speaker 2>new cosmological model. We also have the equatorial armillary, a

1231
01:30:15.399 --> 01:30:19.399
<v Speaker 2>specialized variant of the armillary sphere. The equatorial armillary was

1232
01:30:19.479 --> 01:30:22.720
<v Speaker 2>aligned with the art's equator, featuring rings for the celestial

1233
01:30:22.720 --> 01:30:28.520
<v Speaker 2>equator and equatorial coordinates. It facilitated measurements in the equatorial

1234
01:30:28.560 --> 01:30:33.479
<v Speaker 2>coordinate system right ascension and declination, aligning with the art's rotation,

1235
01:30:33.600 --> 01:30:38.439
<v Speaker 2>for easier tracking of celestial objects. By adopting this system,

1236
01:30:38.880 --> 01:30:42.720
<v Speaker 2>still used in modern astronomy, Brahe improved the efficiency and

1237
01:30:42.800 --> 01:30:47.199
<v Speaker 2>accuracy of his observations, making his data more accessible and consistent.

1238
01:30:48.600 --> 01:30:53.079
<v Speaker 2>And the next is the Great Celestial Globe. The Great

1239
01:30:53.119 --> 01:30:57.800
<v Speaker 2>Celestial Globe was a large, meticulously crafted sphere where Brahe

1240
01:30:57.840 --> 01:31:01.079
<v Speaker 2>recorded the positions of stars and planets, serving as a

1241
01:31:01.079 --> 01:31:05.279
<v Speaker 2>three dimensional star map and enabled him to visualize and

1242
01:31:05.359 --> 01:31:09.840
<v Speaker 2>tracks celestial movements over time, plotting over one thousand stars

1243
01:31:09.920 --> 01:31:13.680
<v Speaker 2>as a physical catalog of his observations. One of the

1244
01:31:13.680 --> 01:31:16.960
<v Speaker 2>most accurate star maps of its era, the Globe was

1245
01:31:17.000 --> 01:31:20.800
<v Speaker 2>a testament to Brahees's comprehensive approach and a valuable reference

1246
01:31:20.840 --> 01:31:26.159
<v Speaker 2>for his research. Brahees's instruments were distinguished by their large scale,

1247
01:31:26.239 --> 01:31:31.880
<v Speaker 2>meticulous calibration, and innovative designs, all aimed at achieving unprecedented precision.

1248
01:31:32.920 --> 01:31:36.640
<v Speaker 2>He often employed multiple observers and cross verification techniques to

1249
01:31:36.680 --> 01:31:42.600
<v Speaker 2>minimize errors. His observatories Uranaberg and Sterniberg were as much

1250
01:31:42.640 --> 01:31:47.239
<v Speaker 2>inventions as his instruments, reflecting his holistic approach to advancing astronomy.

1251
01:31:48.039 --> 01:31:51.039
<v Speaker 2>The data he gathered accurate to within minutes of arc,

1252
01:31:51.680 --> 01:31:54.920
<v Speaker 2>challenged the geocentric model and provided the empirical foundation for

1253
01:31:55.000 --> 01:32:01.680
<v Speaker 2>Kepler's laws of planetary motion. While much of his astrological

1254
01:32:01.720 --> 01:32:05.760
<v Speaker 2>output was not formally published, since astrology was more practical

1255
01:32:05.800 --> 01:32:12.000
<v Speaker 2>than theoretical, several records and horoscopes, survive letters and manuscripts

1256
01:32:12.039 --> 01:32:18.279
<v Speaker 2>show his astrological calculations and predictions. His diary contains astrological notes, observations,

1257
01:32:18.279 --> 01:32:22.520
<v Speaker 2>and planetary conjunctions tied to political events. One of his

1258
01:32:22.560 --> 01:32:26.119
<v Speaker 2>published writings, I Wanted to Touch On is translated as

1259
01:32:26.359 --> 01:32:31.119
<v Speaker 2>Introductory Exercises to the Restorations of Astronomy, is one of

1260
01:32:31.119 --> 01:32:34.600
<v Speaker 2>the most impactful works. Though it remained incomplete at his

1261
01:32:34.720 --> 01:32:39.239
<v Speaker 2>death in sixteen oh one, his assistant Johannes Kepler finalized

1262
01:32:39.239 --> 01:32:42.479
<v Speaker 2>and published it in sixteen oh two, preserving its legacy.

1263
01:32:43.960 --> 01:32:47.760
<v Speaker 2>The Introductory Exercises to the Restoration of Astronomy was envisioned

1264
01:32:47.800 --> 01:32:51.640
<v Speaker 2>as the first volume of a trilogy on recent astronomical phenomena,

1265
01:32:52.520 --> 01:32:55.920
<v Speaker 2>a key source notes the first volume of a projected

1266
01:32:55.960 --> 01:33:00.239
<v Speaker 2>work on recent astronomical phenomena. This second volume had been

1267
01:33:00.239 --> 01:33:04.039
<v Speaker 2>printed and privately distributed at Uranaburg in fifteen eighty eight

1268
01:33:04.359 --> 01:33:08.560
<v Speaker 2>under title deem Monday a Theory, while the third volume

1269
01:33:08.720 --> 01:33:12.720
<v Speaker 2>was never completed, this initial work remains a monumental contribution.

1270
01:33:13.960 --> 01:33:18.079
<v Speaker 2>This writing focuses on three primary areas, each reflecting Brahe's

1271
01:33:18.119 --> 01:33:22.800
<v Speaker 2>innovative approach won the super and Ova of fifteen seventy two.

1272
01:33:23.000 --> 01:33:26.720
<v Speaker 2>Brahe documented the sudden appearance of a new star in Cassiopeia,

1273
01:33:26.880 --> 01:33:30.520
<v Speaker 2>now recognized as a super and nova. His detailed records

1274
01:33:30.520 --> 01:33:34.119
<v Speaker 2>of its brightness and position were groundbreaking, offering early evidence

1275
01:33:34.159 --> 01:33:40.479
<v Speaker 2>of dynamic stellar phenomena. Then we have restoration of celestial motions.

1276
01:33:40.600 --> 01:33:44.319
<v Speaker 2>Brahe aimed to refine astronomical models by correcting the motions

1277
01:33:44.319 --> 01:33:47.880
<v Speaker 2>of the Sun, Moon, and fixed stars. He compiled a

1278
01:33:47.960 --> 01:33:52.880
<v Speaker 2>catalog of seven hundred and seventy seven seven seven seven

1279
01:33:53.319 --> 01:33:59.600
<v Speaker 2>fixed stars, significantly approving upon earlier charts. And then we

1280
01:33:59.640 --> 01:34:04.560
<v Speaker 2>have a stronomical instruments and methods. Brahees's precision stemmed from

1281
01:34:04.600 --> 01:34:09.640
<v Speaker 2>his innovative instruments like quadrants and sextants. The introductory exercises

1282
01:34:09.680 --> 01:34:13.720
<v Speaker 2>to the Restoration of Astronomy alludes to these methods, underscoring

1283
01:34:13.760 --> 01:34:18.920
<v Speaker 2>his unprecedented accuracy for the pre telescopic error. Brahy's death

1284
01:34:19.000 --> 01:34:22.399
<v Speaker 2>left the Restoration of astronomy unfinished, but Kepler stepped in

1285
01:34:22.439 --> 01:34:26.479
<v Speaker 2>to complete it as one reference states, prepared for publication

1286
01:34:26.640 --> 01:34:30.119
<v Speaker 2>after the author's death by Johannes Kepler, who also wrote

1287
01:34:30.119 --> 01:34:35.520
<v Speaker 2>the appendix. Kepler's appendix and editorial efforts ensured the work's dissemination,

1288
01:34:35.960 --> 01:34:39.640
<v Speaker 2>while Brahees's dat of fueled Kepler's later discoveries, notably the

1289
01:34:39.720 --> 01:34:46.279
<v Speaker 2>laws of planetary motion. The restoration of astronomy transcends mere observation,

1290
01:34:46.720 --> 01:34:51.359
<v Speaker 2>making a shift in astronomical thought. Brahees's supernova findings challenged

1291
01:34:51.399 --> 01:34:55.720
<v Speaker 2>long held doctrines, and his precise measurements enabled Kepler's breakthroughs.

1292
01:34:56.319 --> 01:34:59.760
<v Speaker 2>One source highlights this impact. Thanks to the precision of

1293
01:34:59.800 --> 01:35:03.359
<v Speaker 2>ti Ko's measurements, Kepler discovered the first two laws of

1294
01:35:03.399 --> 01:35:07.399
<v Speaker 2>planetary motion and that the Martian orbit was elliptical, not

1295
01:35:07.560 --> 01:35:12.880
<v Speaker 2>circular as previously believed. Tycho's book is a seminal text

1296
01:35:12.920 --> 01:35:16.520
<v Speaker 2>that captures his revolution, the observations of the fifteen supernova,

1297
01:35:16.960 --> 01:35:22.600
<v Speaker 2>refined celestial mechanics, and meticulous star catalog published by Kepler,

1298
01:35:22.960 --> 01:35:27.239
<v Speaker 2>It bridged Renaissance astronomy to the scientific revolution, providing the

1299
01:35:27.279 --> 01:35:31.199
<v Speaker 2>empirical foundation for Kepler's laws and reshaping our understanding of

1300
01:35:31.199 --> 01:35:35.600
<v Speaker 2>the universe. Its legacy endures as a testament to Brahe's

1301
01:35:35.640 --> 01:35:40.720
<v Speaker 2>genius and the collaborative triumph of early modern science. There

1302
01:35:40.760 --> 01:35:43.319
<v Speaker 2>is one more publication I would like to cover before

1303
01:35:43.359 --> 01:35:51.279
<v Speaker 2>we move on, Epistolarum Astronomic harm Libre. Tycho Brahe projected

1304
01:35:51.319 --> 01:35:55.800
<v Speaker 2>a series of printed volumes of selected scientific correspondence, but

1305
01:35:55.920 --> 01:36:01.199
<v Speaker 2>only the first book, Liber Primus actually appeared. It was

1306
01:36:01.239 --> 01:36:04.600
<v Speaker 2>printed on his own private press at Uraniberg in fifteen

1307
01:36:04.720 --> 01:36:10.199
<v Speaker 2>ninety six with imperial and royal privileges. This physical volume

1308
01:36:10.239 --> 01:36:14.760
<v Speaker 2>contains correspondence between Tycho and Landgrave Wilhelm the fourth of Hess,

1309
01:36:15.279 --> 01:36:19.439
<v Speaker 2>who we have mentioned before, together with the Landgrave's court

1310
01:36:19.479 --> 01:36:24.000
<v Speaker 2>astronomer Christopher Rothmann. Letters in German are followed by Latin

1311
01:36:24.079 --> 01:36:30.720
<v Speaker 2>translations a bilingual presentation to maximize scholarly reach. Original plans

1312
01:36:30.760 --> 01:36:34.680
<v Speaker 2>for further volumes were never realized. Contemporary and later notices

1313
01:36:34.760 --> 01:36:39.399
<v Speaker 2>emphasized that only the first installment saw print, despite Tycho's

1314
01:36:39.399 --> 01:36:46.720
<v Speaker 2>broader publishing scheme. The volume includes engraved illustrations, initials, tale pieces,

1315
01:36:46.760 --> 01:36:51.680
<v Speaker 2>and crucially for historians of instrumentation, plates in descriptive sections

1316
01:36:51.720 --> 01:36:55.800
<v Speaker 2>of Uraniberg and Sterniberg, plus a map of the island

1317
01:36:55.880 --> 01:37:00.960
<v Speaker 2>of Ven integrating architectural and instrumental contexts with the epistolary

1318
01:37:01.239 --> 01:37:10.079
<v Speaker 2>material publishing. Selected correspondents served several strategic aims, securing priority

1319
01:37:10.199 --> 01:37:16.760
<v Speaker 2>for observational results and instrumental innovations, advertising, methodological rigor enforstering

1320
01:37:16.800 --> 01:37:22.319
<v Speaker 2>elite patronage networks. Wilhelm Fourth was himself an accomplished astronomical patron.

1321
01:37:23.520 --> 01:37:27.119
<v Speaker 2>Tycho's curation of letters with a princely collaborator positioned his

1322
01:37:27.279 --> 01:37:31.319
<v Speaker 2>reform program with a courtly scientific culture in which rulers

1323
01:37:31.560 --> 01:37:37.920
<v Speaker 2>participated intellectually, reinforcing a legitimacy for large scale observational enterprises.

1324
01:37:39.439 --> 01:37:45.159
<v Speaker 2>Epistolarum Astronomicarium Libra libra i is organized as a chronological

1325
01:37:45.239 --> 01:37:50.239
<v Speaker 2>set of letters, incorporating technical discussions on constructing and calibrating

1326
01:37:50.319 --> 01:37:56.239
<v Speaker 2>large quadrants, sects, and globes, positional or observational data exchanges

1327
01:37:56.239 --> 01:38:03.840
<v Speaker 2>intended to refine starmplanetary positions, cosmological argumentation related to comet trajectories,

1328
01:38:03.880 --> 01:38:08.399
<v Speaker 2>and the rejection of solid celestial spheres. Continuous of themes

1329
01:38:08.479 --> 01:38:12.680
<v Speaker 2>Tycho published separately in fifteen eighty eight. They talked on

1330
01:38:12.840 --> 01:38:18.439
<v Speaker 2>administrative or logistic matters typical for collaborative large projects use

1331
01:38:18.479 --> 01:38:23.840
<v Speaker 2>bilingual presentation German originals plus Latin translations to bridge vernacular

1332
01:38:23.920 --> 01:38:29.319
<v Speaker 2>court usage and the Pan European scholarly Republic. Also within

1333
01:38:29.439 --> 01:38:34.399
<v Speaker 2>these letters is discussion on precision instruments. Let us detail

1334
01:38:34.520 --> 01:38:38.199
<v Speaker 2>design principles of large, fixed and mobile instruments to achieve

1335
01:38:38.399 --> 01:38:43.319
<v Speaker 2>sub arc minute accuracy. The inclusion of plans visually corroborates

1336
01:38:43.359 --> 01:38:50.319
<v Speaker 2>these discussions, serving both technical dissemination and reputational display. There

1337
01:38:50.399 --> 01:38:55.880
<v Speaker 2>is also methodical standardization amidst these letters. Exchange of construction

1338
01:38:56.039 --> 01:39:01.479
<v Speaker 2>instructions and calibration approaches with Wilhelm. Cussle's observery illustrates a

1339
01:39:01.560 --> 01:39:07.159
<v Speaker 2>push towards standardized observational protocols, a precursor to later trans

1340
01:39:07.199 --> 01:39:13.119
<v Speaker 2>European data networks. Tycho writes about the cosmological system as well.

1341
01:39:13.600 --> 01:39:16.600
<v Speaker 2>While the volume does not present a full systematic exposition,

1342
01:39:16.960 --> 01:39:23.159
<v Speaker 2>the correspondence undergirds Tycho's geoheliocentric compromise, later outlined formally in

1343
01:39:23.279 --> 01:39:28.000
<v Speaker 2>other works, showing him negotiating theoretical space between Ptolemic and

1344
01:39:28.039 --> 01:39:34.399
<v Speaker 2>Copernican frameworks. The inclusion of Rothman's letters a working Astronomer

1345
01:39:34.479 --> 01:39:39.039
<v Speaker 2>under Wilhelm showcases an intra professional dialogue that could preempt

1346
01:39:39.439 --> 01:39:44.640
<v Speaker 2>rival narratives about who advanced specific observational or computational improvements.

1347
01:39:46.640 --> 01:39:50.600
<v Speaker 2>By fixing common and nova discussions in a prestige printed form,

1348
01:39:51.039 --> 01:39:55.760
<v Speaker 2>Tycho reinforced his critique of traditional celestial ontology against residual

1349
01:39:55.920 --> 01:40:02.039
<v Speaker 2>Aristolian defenders. Although only Book one appeared, it influenced the

1350
01:40:02.119 --> 01:40:06.199
<v Speaker 2>perception of observatory based instruments sent to astronomy as a

1351
01:40:06.199 --> 01:40:10.840
<v Speaker 2>collaborative enterprise, feeding into the early seventeenth century shift toward

1352
01:40:11.000 --> 01:40:15.800
<v Speaker 2>organized data collection later exemplified in Kempler's and afterwards national

1353
01:40:15.840 --> 01:40:19.800
<v Speaker 2>observatory programs. Now, as we begin to come to the end,

1354
01:40:20.359 --> 01:40:22.399
<v Speaker 2>I would like to leave us with a story about

1355
01:40:22.439 --> 01:40:27.279
<v Speaker 2>Tycho's twin and a poem he wrote. As we mentioned earlier,

1356
01:40:27.960 --> 01:40:31.239
<v Speaker 2>Tycho brahe was born at twin, but his twin brother.

1357
01:40:31.119 --> 01:40:31.920
<v Speaker 1>Died at birth.

1358
01:40:33.119 --> 01:40:36.159
<v Speaker 2>The loss of his still born twin brother remained a

1359
01:40:36.199 --> 01:40:40.920
<v Speaker 2>part of Tycho's family story and personal identity. In fifteen

1360
01:40:40.960 --> 01:40:44.359
<v Speaker 2>seventy two, at about the age of twenty five, Tycho

1361
01:40:44.479 --> 01:40:48.720
<v Speaker 2>composed a Latin poem titled to My Twin Brother Having

1362
01:40:48.760 --> 01:40:51.520
<v Speaker 2>Died in the Womb as a memorial to his lost

1363
01:40:51.560 --> 01:40:58.159
<v Speaker 2>twin This short poem was Tycho's first published work, printed

1364
01:40:58.199 --> 01:41:02.239
<v Speaker 2>in Copenhagen in fifteen seventy two. It takes the form

1365
01:41:02.319 --> 01:41:07.479
<v Speaker 2>of adapitaph written from the perspective of the deceased twin.

1366
01:41:07.680 --> 01:41:11.600
<v Speaker 2>Tycho's classical education had trained him in Latin language and poetry,

1367
01:41:12.159 --> 01:41:15.279
<v Speaker 2>a prize skill for a Renaissance scholar, and he drew

1368
01:41:15.359 --> 01:41:20.800
<v Speaker 2>on that training to craft this poignant elegy. The piece

1369
01:41:20.920 --> 01:41:25.479
<v Speaker 2>was published as a standalone leaflet and essentially marks Tycho's

1370
01:41:25.479 --> 01:41:30.039
<v Speaker 2>debut as a writer, demonstrating his humanist literary abilities alongside

1371
01:41:30.039 --> 01:41:36.680
<v Speaker 2>his emerging scientific interests. In the Brahe family, the surviving twin,

1372
01:41:36.800 --> 01:41:40.399
<v Speaker 2>Tycho was given the name of his paternal grandfather, Thiej

1373
01:41:41.199 --> 01:41:46.159
<v Speaker 2>latinizes Tycho. By contrast, this stillborn brother was not Christianed

1374
01:41:46.199 --> 01:41:50.000
<v Speaker 2>and remained unnamed and issued Tycho addresses in the poem.

1375
01:41:51.600 --> 01:41:54.600
<v Speaker 2>The elegy thus not only commemorates the lost brother, but

1376
01:41:54.640 --> 01:41:58.359
<v Speaker 2>also reflects on Tycho's own existence as the twin who lived.

1377
01:42:00.199 --> 01:42:03.479
<v Speaker 2>Composed at a formative time in Tycho's life. He had

1378
01:42:03.520 --> 01:42:06.479
<v Speaker 2>recently returned to Denmark from his studies abroad and decided

1379
01:42:06.520 --> 01:42:10.239
<v Speaker 2>to pursue astronomy full time. In fifteen seventy two, would

1380
01:42:10.239 --> 01:42:13.119
<v Speaker 2>also be the year of his famous observation.

1381
01:42:12.680 --> 01:42:15.279
<v Speaker 1>Of a new star nova.

1382
01:42:15.640 --> 01:42:20.439
<v Speaker 2>This context adds depth to the poem's meditations on life, death.

1383
01:42:20.239 --> 01:42:21.359
<v Speaker 1>And the heavens.

1384
01:42:23.399 --> 01:42:26.159
<v Speaker 2>Tycho's poem is written as if spoken by the dead

1385
01:42:26.239 --> 01:42:30.880
<v Speaker 2>twin to his surviving brother. The tone is consoling and philosophical.

1386
01:42:31.600 --> 01:42:35.039
<v Speaker 2>The opening lines present a haunting paradox of a life

1387
01:42:35.039 --> 01:42:40.560
<v Speaker 2>that ended before it began. I, who died before I lived,

1388
01:42:41.119 --> 01:42:44.920
<v Speaker 2>and lived again and buried in this earth. Imagine what

1389
01:42:45.119 --> 01:42:49.359
<v Speaker 2>I was like? In these lines, is still born Twin

1390
01:42:49.520 --> 01:42:53.520
<v Speaker 2>proclaims that he had died before living, but now revived

1391
01:42:53.800 --> 01:42:58.000
<v Speaker 2>in a new life beyond death. He invites the reader,

1392
01:42:58.159 --> 01:43:01.399
<v Speaker 2>or perhaps Tycho himself, to guess what I was like,

1393
01:43:01.640 --> 01:43:07.640
<v Speaker 2>emphasizing the unrealized potential of a life cut short. The

1394
01:43:07.680 --> 01:43:11.960
<v Speaker 2>poem continues to recount the circumstance of his death, not

1395
01:43:12.119 --> 01:43:15.399
<v Speaker 2>yet born. I was enclosed in my mother's wound when

1396
01:43:15.439 --> 01:43:16.279
<v Speaker 2>death became for.

1397
01:43:16.319 --> 01:43:17.560
<v Speaker 1>Me the gate of life.

1398
01:43:19.560 --> 01:43:23.079
<v Speaker 2>Here, Tycho uses the image death as the doita life,

1399
01:43:23.960 --> 01:43:26.960
<v Speaker 2>reflecting the Christian notion that an early death ushers the

1400
01:43:27.000 --> 01:43:28.279
<v Speaker 2>soul directly.

1401
01:43:27.920 --> 01:43:28.880
<v Speaker 1>Into the afterlife.

1402
01:43:31.239 --> 01:43:34.760
<v Speaker 2>Elogy then explicitly identifies the presence of the twin brother,

1403
01:43:34.800 --> 01:43:38.640
<v Speaker 2>who survived the birth. The speaker notes that at the

1404
01:43:38.720 --> 01:43:42.399
<v Speaker 2>time another was joined in the same confinement, a brother

1405
01:43:42.560 --> 01:43:47.479
<v Speaker 2>still alive. For I was a twin. God, he says,

1406
01:43:47.760 --> 01:43:51.920
<v Speaker 2>granted the surviving twin, Tycho, the chance to enjoy life longer,

1407
01:43:52.680 --> 01:43:56.079
<v Speaker 2>so that he might witness the wonders of heaven and Earth.

1408
01:43:57.039 --> 01:43:59.760
<v Speaker 2>In other words, Providence allowed Tycho to live in the

1409
01:43:59.760 --> 01:44:03.279
<v Speaker 2>world world and behold its marvels, whereas the deceased twin's

1410
01:44:03.399 --> 01:44:06.000
<v Speaker 2>experience of life on Earth was cut off.

1411
01:44:08.039 --> 01:44:09.199
<v Speaker 1>Yet the crux of.

1412
01:44:09.159 --> 01:44:12.000
<v Speaker 2>The poem is that the dead twin does not consider

1413
01:44:12.079 --> 01:44:16.359
<v Speaker 2>his own fate inferior to Tychos. In fact, he suggests

1414
01:44:16.399 --> 01:44:21.319
<v Speaker 2>the opposite. Yet I have not obtained a worse lot

1415
01:44:21.399 --> 01:44:25.479
<v Speaker 2>than him. He inhabits the earth, but Olympus holds me.

1416
01:44:27.039 --> 01:44:29.960
<v Speaker 2>By Olympus, the poem refers to the realm of the gods,

1417
01:44:30.239 --> 01:44:34.840
<v Speaker 2>effectively Heaven. The stillborn brother resides in eternal divine realms.

1418
01:44:34.840 --> 01:44:39.319
<v Speaker 2>Why Tycho remains on earth. The next line elaborates that

1419
01:44:39.359 --> 01:44:43.680
<v Speaker 2>Tycho dwells on Earth, exposed to a thousand perils which

1420
01:44:43.760 --> 01:44:47.880
<v Speaker 2>to see the land and even the stars inflict, whereas

1421
01:44:48.119 --> 01:44:51.920
<v Speaker 2>Olympus holds me and I enjoy peace and joy, forever

1422
01:44:52.520 --> 01:44:58.319
<v Speaker 2>united with the gods. This vivid contrast uses classical imagery,

1423
01:44:58.439 --> 01:45:02.760
<v Speaker 2>olympus and gods to convey his spiritual idea. The dead

1424
01:45:02.800 --> 01:45:06.039
<v Speaker 2>twin is in a state of eternal peace, spared from

1425
01:45:06.039 --> 01:45:09.119
<v Speaker 2>the dangers and sufferings of mortal life, while the living

1426
01:45:09.159 --> 01:45:13.600
<v Speaker 2>twin must face the trials of the earthly world. The

1427
01:45:13.640 --> 01:45:18.760
<v Speaker 2>inclusion of Quai sumuel astur ferront even the stars bringing

1428
01:45:18.760 --> 01:45:22.960
<v Speaker 2>the perils, is particularly striking. It hints at the belief

1429
01:45:23.000 --> 01:45:27.520
<v Speaker 2>in astrological celestial influences on human fate, a topic Tycho

1430
01:45:27.680 --> 01:45:32.720
<v Speaker 2>what's familiar with as an astrologer. One central theme of

1431
01:45:32.760 --> 01:45:36.840
<v Speaker 2>the poem is the contrast between the eternal and the temporal,

1432
01:45:37.439 --> 01:45:43.039
<v Speaker 2>a classical Renaissance and late Medieval worldview. Tycho's verses echo

1433
01:45:43.119 --> 01:45:45.960
<v Speaker 2>the idea that above the sphere of the moon, all

1434
01:45:46.039 --> 01:45:51.199
<v Speaker 2>is eternal and unchanging, while below on earth is all change, risk,

1435
01:45:51.479 --> 01:45:57.359
<v Speaker 2>and decay. This still born child ascends immediately to the

1436
01:45:57.359 --> 01:46:01.199
<v Speaker 2>eternal and olympian realm of the gods, a metaphor for heaven,

1437
01:46:01.800 --> 01:46:05.600
<v Speaker 2>enjoying eternal peace and joy, whereas Tycho remains in the

1438
01:46:05.640 --> 01:46:10.439
<v Speaker 2>sublunary world of flux and danger. This reflects the influence

1439
01:46:10.520 --> 01:46:15.439
<v Speaker 2>of Aristonian cosmology and Christian theology. Heaven is perfect and everlasting,

1440
01:46:15.880 --> 01:46:21.319
<v Speaker 2>earthly life is frail and impermanent. The poem is full

1441
01:46:21.319 --> 01:46:26.439
<v Speaker 2>of longing for the unchanging internal heavens, revealing Tycho's own

1442
01:46:26.520 --> 01:46:30.560
<v Speaker 2>yearning for cosmic permanence and divine truth, and giving his

1443
01:46:30.680 --> 01:46:34.680
<v Speaker 2>lost brother a voice from beyond, Tycho essentially expresses his

1444
01:46:34.720 --> 01:46:39.319
<v Speaker 2>spiritual imagination. He finds comfort in envisioning his twin in

1445
01:46:39.399 --> 01:46:43.600
<v Speaker 2>a palace of perfection, and perhaps envies that state even

1446
01:46:43.680 --> 01:46:47.399
<v Speaker 2>as he toils in the imperfect world. Scholars have noted

1447
01:46:47.439 --> 01:46:51.000
<v Speaker 2>that this poem is revealing of Tycho Brahe's intellectual mindset

1448
01:46:51.520 --> 01:46:55.159
<v Speaker 2>and the themes that would pervade his life's work. As

1449
01:46:55.199 --> 01:46:59.359
<v Speaker 2>a historian of astronomy, held Ra observes Tycho's twin brother

1450
01:47:00.000 --> 01:47:03.600
<v Speaker 2>died before being baptized, and Tycho's Latin owed to him,

1451
01:47:03.600 --> 01:47:07.600
<v Speaker 2>published in fifteen seventy two, stands as Tycho's first foray

1452
01:47:07.640 --> 01:47:13.399
<v Speaker 2>into publication, preceding even his scientific words. This indicates that Tycho,

1453
01:47:13.680 --> 01:47:17.640
<v Speaker 2>a nobleman astronomer, saw himself equally at home in the

1454
01:47:17.680 --> 01:47:21.760
<v Speaker 2>literary and philosophical culture of his error, writing poetry in

1455
01:47:21.840 --> 01:47:25.119
<v Speaker 2>Latin was a hallmark of a well rounded Renaissance scholar,

1456
01:47:25.600 --> 01:47:29.439
<v Speaker 2>and Tycho's ability to compose elegant elegy shows his grounding

1457
01:47:29.600 --> 01:47:34.039
<v Speaker 2>in the classics. The poem's classical reference Mount Olympus and

1458
01:47:34.079 --> 01:47:38.880
<v Speaker 2>Pantheons of Gods, combined with Christian ideology, exemplify the Renaissance

1459
01:47:38.880 --> 01:47:43.600
<v Speaker 2>synthesis of pagan and Christian imagery. In Tycho's case, it

1460
01:47:43.720 --> 01:47:47.920
<v Speaker 2>underscores how he viewed astronomy and religion through a unified lens.

1461
01:47:48.399 --> 01:47:51.439
<v Speaker 2>The heavens were not just his scientific object of study,

1462
01:47:51.720 --> 01:47:56.680
<v Speaker 2>but also a source of spiritual meaning. The poem offers

1463
01:47:56.680 --> 01:47:59.920
<v Speaker 2>comfort that the separation between the twins is only temporary.

1464
01:48:00.800 --> 01:48:04.319
<v Speaker 2>The deceased symbling assures Tycho that when the surviving brother's

1465
01:48:04.399 --> 01:48:09.119
<v Speaker 2>mortal life at last ends, they will be reunited. When

1466
01:48:09.159 --> 01:48:12.880
<v Speaker 2>he too finally leaves behind his mortal limbs and lays

1467
01:48:12.920 --> 01:48:16.319
<v Speaker 2>his weary body down in the cold earth, then both

1468
01:48:16.359 --> 01:48:19.680
<v Speaker 2>of us will be joined again as one in the heavens,

1469
01:48:20.039 --> 01:48:24.279
<v Speaker 2>and he will also attain eternal good. This promise of

1470
01:48:24.359 --> 01:48:28.279
<v Speaker 2>reunion in heaven underscores the Christian hope of an afterlife

1471
01:48:28.279 --> 01:48:31.880
<v Speaker 2>where a family bonds are restored. It also reflects a

1472
01:48:31.920 --> 01:48:35.960
<v Speaker 2>deep emotional longing on Tycho's part, the poem imagines a

1473
01:48:36.079 --> 01:48:42.640
<v Speaker 2>joyous reconciliation that transcends death. In the meantime, the unborn

1474
01:48:42.680 --> 01:48:47.079
<v Speaker 2>twin issues gentle advice to his living counterpart. He implores

1475
01:48:47.159 --> 01:48:50.239
<v Speaker 2>Tycho to patiently bear the weight of his body, the

1476
01:48:50.239 --> 01:48:53.600
<v Speaker 2>burdens of the earthly life, and let him not envy

1477
01:48:53.680 --> 01:48:55.319
<v Speaker 2>my fortune.

1478
01:48:55.439 --> 01:48:57.439
<v Speaker 1>This line is especially poignant.

1479
01:48:57.920 --> 01:49:00.319
<v Speaker 2>The dead child tells his brother not to end the

1480
01:49:00.399 --> 01:49:03.079
<v Speaker 2>fact that he's bypassed the sufferings of life and went

1481
01:49:03.079 --> 01:49:04.319
<v Speaker 2>straight to a heavenly place.

1482
01:49:06.079 --> 01:49:08.039
<v Speaker 1>It's a subtle reversal of perspective.

1483
01:49:08.600 --> 01:49:11.279
<v Speaker 2>Usually one might pity the dead infant, but here the

1484
01:49:11.359 --> 01:49:14.159
<v Speaker 2>infant suggests the living might be the less fortunate one.

1485
01:49:14.159 --> 01:49:18.600
<v Speaker 2>In some ways, this reflects a philosophical and perhaps somewhat

1486
01:49:18.600 --> 01:49:23.960
<v Speaker 2>Stoic or Christian comfort Dying innocent and early guarantees entry

1487
01:49:24.000 --> 01:49:29.840
<v Speaker 2>into paradise, whereas living longer means enduring life's dangers and sins. Tycho,

1488
01:49:30.479 --> 01:49:33.159
<v Speaker 2>through the voice of his twin, is reassuring himself that

1489
01:49:33.239 --> 01:49:36.319
<v Speaker 2>his lost brother is safe and happy, and that Tycho

1490
01:49:36.399 --> 01:49:42.000
<v Speaker 2>should accept his own earthly destiny without bitterness. So the

1491
01:49:42.039 --> 01:49:45.199
<v Speaker 2>closing lines of the elegy turned to the subject of

1492
01:49:45.239 --> 01:49:49.560
<v Speaker 2>the twins name and identity, So swift a fate denied

1493
01:49:49.600 --> 01:49:53.720
<v Speaker 2>me a name among the living, the twin laments, since

1494
01:49:53.760 --> 01:49:57.399
<v Speaker 2>an infant who died on baptized would receive no given name.

1495
01:50:00.000 --> 01:50:02.680
<v Speaker 2>Home then notes that the surviving twin carries the name

1496
01:50:02.800 --> 01:50:06.840
<v Speaker 2>of their grandfather and their steed. In fact, Tycho Brahe's

1497
01:50:06.880 --> 01:50:10.199
<v Speaker 2>own name, Hydro Tycho, was given in honor of his

1498
01:50:10.279 --> 01:50:16.279
<v Speaker 2>paternal grandfather, THIEJ Brahe. By writing, he bears our grandfather's name,

1499
01:50:16.720 --> 01:50:21.000
<v Speaker 2>Tycho Brahe, the deceased brother, essentially says that Tycho carries

1500
01:50:21.039 --> 01:50:26.159
<v Speaker 2>the family legacy for both of them. Finally, the dead

1501
01:50:26.199 --> 01:50:31.560
<v Speaker 2>twin narrator reveals the author's hand. He Tycho is the

1502
01:50:31.600 --> 01:50:35.640
<v Speaker 2>one who adorned our departed spirit with this poem, having

1503
01:50:35.720 --> 01:50:39.600
<v Speaker 2>lived through five lustra of his life five lusterers twenty

1504
01:50:39.600 --> 01:50:43.239
<v Speaker 2>five years, which was Tycho's age in fifteen seventy two,

1505
01:50:43.279 --> 01:50:48.439
<v Speaker 2>confirming the autobiographical context. Thus, the poem ends by noting

1506
01:50:48.439 --> 01:50:52.199
<v Speaker 2>that Tycho, at age twenty five, has composed these verses

1507
01:50:52.239 --> 01:50:56.920
<v Speaker 2>to honor his twin's memory. The formal epigraph at the

1508
01:50:57.039 --> 01:51:01.439
<v Speaker 2>very end reads, for his twin brother dead in the womb,

1509
01:51:02.319 --> 01:51:08.079
<v Speaker 2>Tycho brahyes Otto's son made this, followed by the publication

1510
01:51:08.239 --> 01:51:12.560
<v Speaker 2>line and date. This poem is a rich piece of

1511
01:51:12.600 --> 01:51:18.000
<v Speaker 2>blending personal grief, spiritual comfort, and cosmological thought. It provides

1512
01:51:18.119 --> 01:51:23.560
<v Speaker 2>valuable insight into Tycho Brahees's early intellectual development and emotional life.

1513
01:51:23.800 --> 01:51:27.600
<v Speaker 2>Through Latin verses, we witness Tycho's heartfelt homage to his

1514
01:51:27.720 --> 01:51:32.960
<v Speaker 2>lost twin and his contemplation of fate and eternity. The

1515
01:51:33.039 --> 01:51:36.239
<v Speaker 2>poem's themes, the hardship of life on earth, the perfection

1516
01:51:36.359 --> 01:51:39.039
<v Speaker 2>of the heavens, the hope of reunion after death, and

1517
01:51:39.079 --> 01:51:42.720
<v Speaker 2>the importance of carrying on a legacy resonate with Tycho's

1518
01:51:42.760 --> 01:51:47.359
<v Speaker 2>own journey as a scientist and a changing world. Modern

1519
01:51:47.399 --> 01:51:51.479
<v Speaker 2>scholars and writers continue to comment on this little elegy's importance,

1520
01:51:52.079 --> 01:51:56.119
<v Speaker 2>seeing it as the young astronomer's poetic meditation immortality and

1521
01:51:56.159 --> 01:52:00.479
<v Speaker 2>the Stars, one that eerily foreshadows the transformative dis discoveries

1522
01:52:00.520 --> 01:52:06.000
<v Speaker 2>he would soon make. Tycho's twin brother, though gone before birth,

1523
01:52:06.279 --> 01:52:09.680
<v Speaker 2>lives on in these Latin lines, and through them we

1524
01:52:09.720 --> 01:52:13.399
<v Speaker 2>gain a deeper understanding of Tycho Brahe's humanity behind his

1525
01:52:13.520 --> 01:52:18.520
<v Speaker 2>scientific genius. As we closed the curtain on the life

1526
01:52:18.520 --> 01:52:21.600
<v Speaker 2>and legend of Tycho brahe It's hard not to feel

1527
01:52:21.600 --> 01:52:23.439
<v Speaker 2>the pulse of a man who lived with one eye

1528
01:52:23.439 --> 01:52:25.640
<v Speaker 2>fixed on the heavens and the other on the mysteries

1529
01:52:25.640 --> 01:52:29.960
<v Speaker 2>of fate. Born a Danish noble, yet destined for the stars,

1530
01:52:30.399 --> 01:52:34.319
<v Speaker 2>Tycho's curiosity flared the night he saw the heavens shift

1531
01:52:34.479 --> 01:52:35.680
<v Speaker 2>during the fifteen.

1532
01:52:35.359 --> 01:52:36.600
<v Speaker 1>Sixty solar eclipse.

1533
01:52:37.560 --> 01:52:42.479
<v Speaker 2>Years of humanist schooling in Copenhagen, Leipzig and Wittenberg refined

1534
01:52:42.520 --> 01:52:47.720
<v Speaker 2>his Latin, his mathematics, and his appetite for forbidden questions.

1535
01:52:47.760 --> 01:52:50.800
<v Speaker 2>A student duel cost him his nose, but that silver

1536
01:52:50.880 --> 01:52:54.520
<v Speaker 2>and gold prosthetic became a badge of stubborn originality, a

1537
01:52:54.600 --> 01:52:59.239
<v Speaker 2>visible reminder that discovery often exacts a price on the

1538
01:52:59.279 --> 01:53:04.680
<v Speaker 2>tiny island. Observatory of Tycho forged instruments of unprecedented size

1539
01:53:04.680 --> 01:53:09.319
<v Speaker 2>and position, the Great Murau Quadrant, the armillary spheres, the

1540
01:53:09.359 --> 01:53:14.319
<v Speaker 2>global celestial globe, turning naked eye astronomy into an exact science.

1541
01:53:15.680 --> 01:53:19.880
<v Speaker 2>His meticulous star catalog and nightly records of planetary motion

1542
01:53:20.119 --> 01:53:23.399
<v Speaker 2>would later furnish Johannes Kepler's with the raw data to

1543
01:53:23.520 --> 01:53:27.079
<v Speaker 2>carve the laws of planetary orbits. And then, when the

1544
01:53:27.119 --> 01:53:31.560
<v Speaker 2>new Star of fifteen seventy two Blossom and Cassiopeia. Tycho's

1545
01:53:31.600 --> 01:53:35.600
<v Speaker 2>measurements shattered the old Aristolian dogma of an unchanging heaven,

1546
01:53:36.079 --> 01:53:39.159
<v Speaker 2>opening the vault of the fixed stars to change and

1547
01:53:39.199 --> 01:53:44.319
<v Speaker 2>to hope. Yet, for all his steel rimmed instruments and

1548
01:53:44.439 --> 01:53:49.680
<v Speaker 2>royal favors, Tycho's story is threaded with tenderness. He married

1549
01:53:49.760 --> 01:53:53.319
<v Speaker 2>Kirsten against noble convention, and raised eight children amid the

1550
01:53:53.319 --> 01:53:57.359
<v Speaker 2>brass sextons. On ven he wrote a Latin elegy addressed

1551
01:53:57.359 --> 01:54:01.159
<v Speaker 2>to his twin brother who died before birth, infesting inverse

1552
01:54:01.199 --> 01:54:05.520
<v Speaker 2>a yearning for reunion, where Olympus holds me even in

1553
01:54:05.600 --> 01:54:09.800
<v Speaker 2>court intrigues, or exiled to prague. Tycho carried that poem

1554
01:54:09.840 --> 01:54:13.000
<v Speaker 2>like a quiet heartbeat beneath the clamor of courts and commets.

1555
01:54:14.920 --> 01:54:17.439
<v Speaker 2>So as we leave Tycho at his prog desk, his

1556
01:54:17.520 --> 01:54:21.920
<v Speaker 2>lunar nose gleaming under candlelight, figures etched an iron goal ink.

1557
01:54:22.600 --> 01:54:25.560
<v Speaker 2>Remember the two lenses through which he saw the universe,

1558
01:54:26.760 --> 01:54:30.800
<v Speaker 2>One polished brass and calibrated to the arkman, mapped the

1559
01:54:30.840 --> 01:54:36.199
<v Speaker 2>geometry of the cosmos. The other, the inward eye, measured loss,

1560
01:54:36.439 --> 01:54:40.119
<v Speaker 2>love and the invisible threads, tying a living brother to

1561
01:54:40.199 --> 01:54:45.880
<v Speaker 2>our brother unborn. Between those lenses lie Tycho's enduring gift,

1562
01:54:46.760 --> 01:54:51.039
<v Speaker 2>the proof that precision and wonder, reason and reverence can

1563
01:54:51.119 --> 01:54:57.039
<v Speaker 2>share the same sky. May we like him keep both

1564
01:54:57.079 --> 01:55:21.199
<v Speaker 2>eyes open? Okay, hold up, did you really think I

1565
01:55:21.239 --> 01:55:24.640
<v Speaker 2>was gonna mention a drunken elk before and not bring

1566
01:55:24.640 --> 01:55:25.439
<v Speaker 2>that back up again?

1567
01:55:26.479 --> 01:55:31.399
<v Speaker 1>Well, if you did, you're wrong. Imagine if you will,

1568
01:55:31.880 --> 01:55:32.600
<v Speaker 1>you run a borg.

1569
01:55:32.640 --> 01:55:35.319
<v Speaker 2>At dusk, the courtyards on the island of Van glowed

1570
01:55:35.359 --> 01:55:39.039
<v Speaker 2>with furnace light from the alchemical sellers assistance. Hurry past

1571
01:55:39.159 --> 01:55:42.960
<v Speaker 2>rb gardens laid out with mathematical precision, the great amillary

1572
01:55:43.039 --> 01:55:46.000
<v Speaker 2>spheres and sextons, flash brass, and the last of the sun.

1573
01:55:47.159 --> 01:55:53.159
<v Speaker 2>This was tycho Brahes purpose built research palace, residence, observatory, laboratory,

1574
01:55:53.199 --> 01:55:58.199
<v Speaker 2>paper mill, and printing press. In one astronomers and visiting

1575
01:55:58.199 --> 01:56:01.079
<v Speaker 2>scholars stream through its doors to see the latest instruments

1576
01:56:01.079 --> 01:56:05.119
<v Speaker 2>and hear the latest arguments about the stars, and, according

1577
01:56:05.119 --> 01:56:07.520
<v Speaker 2>to one of the strangest and most endearing episodes in

1578
01:56:07.560 --> 01:56:12.239
<v Speaker 2>the history of early modern science, they sometimes met another resident,

1579
01:56:13.239 --> 01:56:16.319
<v Speaker 2>a tame elk that trailed its master like an enormous

1580
01:56:16.399 --> 01:56:21.439
<v Speaker 2>antlered hound, and had a fondness for beer. No, this

1581
01:56:21.479 --> 01:56:24.119
<v Speaker 2>story does not come to us as a tavernyarn polished

1582
01:56:24.159 --> 01:56:28.279
<v Speaker 2>by retellings, but through Tycho's own circle and scholarly apparatus

1583
01:56:28.279 --> 01:56:33.880
<v Speaker 2>that clustered around him. He published Epistolarum astronomic Haarum liber Primus,

1584
01:56:34.079 --> 01:56:38.680
<v Speaker 2>the first volume of his edited correspondence with Langrave Wilhelm.

1585
01:56:38.159 --> 01:56:40.520
<v Speaker 1>The fourth of Hescastle, the.

1586
01:56:40.520 --> 01:56:46.279
<v Speaker 2>Powerful German patron whose observatory at Castle rivaled Uraniberg. Those

1587
01:56:46.399 --> 01:56:49.960
<v Speaker 2>letters have been mined over since by historians and biographers

1588
01:56:49.960 --> 01:56:53.239
<v Speaker 2>as a kind of documentary backbone to Tycho's life and work.

1589
01:56:54.279 --> 01:56:57.960
<v Speaker 2>The most influential retelling is J. L. E. Dreya's classic

1590
01:56:58.039 --> 01:57:01.399
<v Speaker 2>eighteen ninety study, which drew on the correspondence and on

1591
01:57:01.479 --> 01:57:04.680
<v Speaker 2>court records to give a sobering account of a deadly

1592
01:57:04.960 --> 01:57:10.720
<v Speaker 2>tipsy incident. In early fifteen ninety one. The Landgrave wrote

1593
01:57:10.840 --> 01:57:15.000
<v Speaker 2>from Castle asking about unusual servants reported in Denmark and Norway,

1594
01:57:15.399 --> 01:57:20.600
<v Speaker 2>beasts taller than a stag. He wanted drawings, specimens, even

1595
01:57:20.680 --> 01:57:25.079
<v Speaker 2>tame animals for his park. Tycho replied that reindeer suffered

1596
01:57:25.119 --> 01:57:28.960
<v Speaker 2>in the summer heat. The land Grave pressed on, noting

1597
01:57:29.000 --> 01:57:31.600
<v Speaker 2>that he already had an elk that trotted beside his

1598
01:57:31.720 --> 01:57:34.880
<v Speaker 2>carriage like a dog, and if Tycho could obtain one

1599
01:57:34.960 --> 01:57:39.600
<v Speaker 2>or two tame elks, he would be delighted. Tycho answered

1600
01:57:40.000 --> 01:57:42.520
<v Speaker 2>that he had indeed kept an elk at his estate

1601
01:57:42.600 --> 01:57:46.000
<v Speaker 2>in Scania and had planned to bring it across to Ven.

1602
01:57:48.079 --> 01:57:51.600
<v Speaker 2>What happened next reads like the punchline to a dark

1603
01:57:52.000 --> 01:57:57.399
<v Speaker 2>courtly comedy. For a few days, the animal was lodged

1604
01:57:57.680 --> 01:58:01.760
<v Speaker 2>at lascrona castle Lascrone and Old the Spellings, where like

1605
01:58:01.840 --> 01:58:04.479
<v Speaker 2>any honoured guest, it was led up a staircase to

1606
01:58:04.560 --> 01:58:07.840
<v Speaker 2>the dining rooms and treated to liberal quantities of strong beer.

1607
01:58:09.279 --> 01:58:12.760
<v Speaker 2>On its way down the stairs, the elk lost its footing,

1608
01:58:13.000 --> 01:58:14.560
<v Speaker 2>fell broke its leg.

1609
01:58:14.800 --> 01:58:15.399
<v Speaker 1>And died.

1610
01:58:17.840 --> 01:58:20.720
<v Speaker 2>But the elk episode did not end Tycho's fascination with

1611
01:58:20.760 --> 01:58:23.880
<v Speaker 2>the species, though nor did it close the castle channel

1612
01:58:23.920 --> 01:58:29.000
<v Speaker 2>for curiosities. After Wilhelm's death in fifteen ninety two, Tyko

1613
01:58:29.079 --> 01:58:31.840
<v Speaker 2>wrote in December of fifteen ninety six to Landgrave's son

1614
01:58:31.960 --> 01:58:35.000
<v Speaker 2>Maurice that he had finally sent to two elks the

1615
01:58:35.079 --> 01:58:40.479
<v Speaker 2>elder patron had so long desired. The letter places the

1616
01:58:40.520 --> 01:58:42.960
<v Speaker 2>animals not as a one off pet, but as a

1617
01:58:43.000 --> 01:58:46.119
<v Speaker 2>part of a wider economy of exchange that bound princely

1618
01:58:46.199 --> 01:58:51.840
<v Speaker 2>courts and learned households together. Books and instruments traveled along

1619
01:58:51.920 --> 01:58:56.319
<v Speaker 2>these routes, but so did clockmakers, papermakers, and living emblems,

1620
01:58:56.640 --> 01:58:59.560
<v Speaker 2>creatures that stood for status wonder in the reach of

1621
01:58:59.600 --> 01:59:03.359
<v Speaker 2>a rule influence. If Tycho could promise two more elks,

1622
01:59:03.680 --> 01:59:07.760
<v Speaker 2>he must have had reliable channels to acquire and tame them,

1623
01:59:07.840 --> 01:59:10.920
<v Speaker 2>and a small terminological knot deserves untangling.

1624
01:59:10.960 --> 01:59:11.600
<v Speaker 1>For some of us.

1625
01:59:12.199 --> 01:59:16.279
<v Speaker 2>In Europe, the word elk refers to alcis alsis or

1626
01:59:16.399 --> 01:59:21.960
<v Speaker 2>alcees alcees, what animal North Americans call a moose, long legged,

1627
01:59:22.079 --> 01:59:26.479
<v Speaker 2>heavy shouldered, with broad palmate antlers. In the United States,

1628
01:59:27.039 --> 01:59:31.600
<v Speaker 2>elk usually means an altogether different deer. Tycho's elk is

1629
01:59:31.640 --> 01:59:35.159
<v Speaker 2>the European moose. It could climb stairs if it had to,

1630
01:59:35.560 --> 01:59:37.720
<v Speaker 2>but maybe it should not have been invited to do

1631
01:59:37.800 --> 01:59:41.600
<v Speaker 2>so after dinner. The elk's presence at Las Crona tells

1632
01:59:41.680 --> 01:59:44.039
<v Speaker 2>us that the boundaries of a research enterprise in the

1633
01:59:44.039 --> 01:59:49.199
<v Speaker 2>fifteen nineties were broad. Laboratories opened into kitchens, instruments lived

1634
01:59:49.199 --> 01:59:54.079
<v Speaker 2>alongside animals. Learning was entangled with logistics, hospitality, and showmanship.

1635
01:59:55.159 --> 01:59:58.800
<v Speaker 2>The same infrastructure that moved books and lenses could move creatures.

1636
02:00:00.039 --> 02:00:02.439
<v Speaker 2>Same house that fixed the positions of the planets could

1637
02:00:02.439 --> 02:00:05.439
<v Speaker 2>stage an evening that ended in a royal animal's misstep.

1638
02:00:06.920 --> 02:00:10.159
<v Speaker 2>Techo's Uraniberg was not an ivory tower. It was a

1639
02:00:10.159 --> 02:00:15.399
<v Speaker 2>lived in complex whose rhythm meals experiments, visits, performances could,

1640
02:00:16.000 --> 02:00:20.279
<v Speaker 2>on one unlucky night, converge into a single, unforgettable clatter

1641
02:00:20.399 --> 02:00:26.880
<v Speaker 2>of who's falling downstairs? Inclosing, let this picture resolve where

1642
02:00:26.880 --> 02:00:32.319
<v Speaker 2>it began. Uraniberg at dusk, instruments at rest, the household

1643
02:00:32.359 --> 02:00:35.479
<v Speaker 2>settling after a day of measuring the heavens. A giant

1644
02:00:35.479 --> 02:00:39.159
<v Speaker 2>shadow lingers at the top of a stair. Part curiosity,

1645
02:00:39.560 --> 02:00:43.920
<v Speaker 2>part emblem, part beloved pet, an animal whose presence in

1646
02:00:44.000 --> 02:00:46.720
<v Speaker 2>a palace of precision reminds us that the making of

1647
02:00:46.800 --> 02:00:51.439
<v Speaker 2>modern science was never bloodless. It happened in places where

1648
02:00:51.479 --> 02:00:54.800
<v Speaker 2>people ate and drank, printed and argued, bargained and displayed.

1649
02:00:55.800 --> 02:00:58.520
<v Speaker 2>The tame elk that loved beer and met its end

1650
02:00:58.560 --> 02:01:01.760
<v Speaker 2>on a castle staircase is more than a quirky footnote.

1651
02:01:02.680 --> 02:01:06.319
<v Speaker 2>It is a parable of Tycho's world. Knowledge and spectacle,

1652
02:01:06.359 --> 02:01:11.000
<v Speaker 2>bound together letters and living wonders passing between patrons, a

1653
02:01:11.119 --> 02:01:15.840
<v Speaker 2>universe measured to fractions of a degree, and yet now

1654
02:01:15.880 --> 02:01:19.960
<v Speaker 2>and then ruled by the stubborn physics of hoofs on

1655
02:01:20.159 --> 02:01:22.960
<v Speaker 2>stone until the next one.