WEBVTT 1 00:00:03.439 --> 00:00:07.719 Welcome to Bedtime Astronomy. Explore the wonders of the cosmos 2 00:00:07.759 --> 00:00:12.279 with our soothing Bedtime Astronomi podcast. Each episode offers a 3 00:00:12.359 --> 00:00:16.320 gentle journey through the stars, planets, and beyond, perfect for 4 00:00:16.399 --> 00:00:20.239 unwinding after a long day. Let's travel through the mysteries 5 00:00:20.239 --> 00:00:22.440 of the universe as you drift off into a peaceful 6 00:00:22.480 --> 00:00:23.800 slumber under the night sky. 7 00:00:26.920 --> 00:00:29.399 I want you to just imagine for a second, you know, 8 00:00:29.480 --> 00:00:32.000 looking up at the night sky, yeah, and realizing that 9 00:00:32.079 --> 00:00:35.280 the vast, vast majority of what actually dictates the movement 10 00:00:35.320 --> 00:00:39.320 of all those stars it's completely invisible to us. It's 11 00:00:39.320 --> 00:00:41.960 a wild thought, it really is. I mean, for over 12 00:00:42.039 --> 00:00:47.119 fifty years, the absolute brightest minds in theoretical physics have 13 00:00:47.240 --> 00:00:49.320 basically been hunting for ghosts. 14 00:00:49.320 --> 00:00:50.560 Literal ghosts in the math. 15 00:00:50.640 --> 00:00:55.000 Yeah right. They've built these multi billion dollar subterranean detectors, 16 00:00:55.640 --> 00:00:59.359 you know, burying them deep inside abandoned gold mines just 17 00:00:59.399 --> 00:01:01.799 to shield them from cosmic rays. 18 00:01:01.520 --> 00:01:04.480 Smashing protons together at the Large Hadron Collider. 19 00:01:04.200 --> 00:01:07.319 Exactly smashing things at nearly the speed of light, and 20 00:01:07.439 --> 00:01:11.760 all of this, this unprecedented global scientific effort is just 21 00:01:11.840 --> 00:01:15.239 to find these invisible particles that supposedly make up what 22 00:01:15.359 --> 00:01:17.319 eighty five percent of the mass in the universe eighty 23 00:01:17.319 --> 00:01:19.719 five percent? Yes, And what have they actually found after 24 00:01:19.760 --> 00:01:23.920 all this time, absolutely several zero particles, not a single one. 25 00:01:24.079 --> 00:01:28.680 For decades, our entire understanding of the cosmos has just 26 00:01:28.879 --> 00:01:33.000 leaned on these two colossal phantoms, right, dark matter to 27 00:01:33.079 --> 00:01:35.719 explain why galaxies don't just fly apart when they spin, 28 00:01:36.239 --> 00:01:39.120 and dark energy to explain why the expansion of the 29 00:01:39.200 --> 00:01:40.359 universe is accelerating. 30 00:01:40.640 --> 00:01:44.000 And while the standard model of cosmology is brilliant in 31 00:01:44.040 --> 00:01:45.840 a lot of ways, I don't want to dismiss it, 32 00:01:46.239 --> 00:01:49.719 but it does place us in this deeply uncomfortable position. 33 00:01:49.400 --> 00:01:52.040 Of not knowing what our universe is actually made out right. 34 00:01:52.000 --> 00:01:55.239 We're basically admitting that we have zero idea what ninety 35 00:01:55.239 --> 00:01:57.439 five percent of reality actually. 36 00:01:57.079 --> 00:01:59.319 Is, which is terrifying it is. 37 00:01:59.239 --> 00:02:02.599 I mean, we observe the gravitational shadows of these entities, 38 00:02:02.640 --> 00:02:04.879 we see the effects they supposedly have on the matter 39 00:02:04.959 --> 00:02:06.200 we can actually see. 40 00:02:06.079 --> 00:02:07.879 Like stars and gas clouds. 41 00:02:07.599 --> 00:02:12.599 Exactly, but the dark entities themselves entirely theoretical. We've built 42 00:02:12.639 --> 00:02:15.120 our most advanced models on the assumption that the universe 43 00:02:15.199 --> 00:02:17.840 is just full of stuff we can't see, touch, or 44 00:02:17.879 --> 00:02:18.479 interact with. 45 00:02:18.759 --> 00:02:20.199 But what if, and this is the core of what 46 00:02:20.240 --> 00:02:22.560 we're getting into today. What if the reason we haven't 47 00:02:22.599 --> 00:02:26.159 found dark matter isn't because our detectors are bad. What 48 00:02:26.240 --> 00:02:29.080 if the problem isn't the universe at all, but the 49 00:02:29.120 --> 00:02:31.919 actual mathematical lens we're using to view it. That is 50 00:02:31.960 --> 00:02:35.080 the million dollar question, because today we are exploring this 51 00:02:35.400 --> 00:02:40.199 truly radical new mathematical approach. It was recently published in 52 00:02:40.240 --> 00:02:41.560 the journal PHYSICASCRIPTA. 53 00:02:41.719 --> 00:02:43.520 Yeah, it's a fascinating piece of work. 54 00:02:43.360 --> 00:02:47.080 And it proposes something profoundly disruptive. The premise is, basically, 55 00:02:47.680 --> 00:02:50.159 we haven't been failing to find dark matter, We've just 56 00:02:50.159 --> 00:02:51.199 been doing the math wrong. 57 00:02:51.240 --> 00:02:52.800 We've been taking shortcuts right. 58 00:02:53.000 --> 00:02:56.080 So this framework is called the Aleena tensor and it 59 00:02:56.159 --> 00:02:59.879 was developed by a Polish researcher, Pyotr Oganowski. Yes, and 60 00:03:00.159 --> 00:03:05.879 it offers this unified, rigorous method to describe physical systems 61 00:03:05.919 --> 00:03:09.400 across everything I mean, curved space time, slat space time, 62 00:03:09.840 --> 00:03:12.120 classical mechanics, even quantum theory. 63 00:03:12.240 --> 00:03:15.159 It is an incredibly sweeping proposition. I mean, to really 64 00:03:15.280 --> 00:03:18.000 grasp the sheer magnitude of what the Elena tenser is 65 00:03:18.000 --> 00:03:21.159 attempting to do. Here, we really have to dissect how 66 00:03:21.199 --> 00:03:23.159 physics models the universe, right. 67 00:03:23.080 --> 00:03:24.599 Now, Okay, lay it out for us. 68 00:03:24.800 --> 00:03:27.080 Well, we have to talk about why the current model 69 00:03:27.240 --> 00:03:33.319 historically requires so many approximations. Specifically, there's this glaring oversimplification 70 00:03:33.479 --> 00:03:36.520 in modern cosmology that we call the dust problem. 71 00:03:36.680 --> 00:03:40.039 The dust problem. Okay, let's unpack this because I know 72 00:03:40.080 --> 00:03:43.240 that when physicists sit down to solve Einstein's field equations 73 00:03:43.560 --> 00:03:46.039 they have to make some serious compromises they do. 74 00:03:46.240 --> 00:03:49.080 The math is notoriously nonlinear. 75 00:03:48.639 --> 00:03:52.639 Right, it's punishingly complex. Yeah, but when you say cosmologists 76 00:03:52.639 --> 00:03:56.319 rely on an approximation called dust, what exactly are we 77 00:03:56.360 --> 00:03:59.439 talking about? Because obviously we know the universe isn't filled 78 00:03:59.439 --> 00:04:02.479 with actual household dust, buddies. 79 00:04:02.159 --> 00:04:05.800 No, No, definitely not household dust in cosmology, specifically in 80 00:04:05.879 --> 00:04:09.879 models like the Freedman Lamitra, Robertson Walker metric. Oh right, 81 00:04:10.039 --> 00:04:14.080 FLRW for short, it's the absolute foundation of Big Bang cosmology, 82 00:04:14.120 --> 00:04:17.439 and in that model, dust is a very specific mathematical term. 83 00:04:17.519 --> 00:04:19.319 Okay, what does it mean? Mathematically? 84 00:04:19.480 --> 00:04:22.240 It means treating all the matter in the universe, stars, 85 00:04:22.480 --> 00:04:27.560 gas clouds, even entire galaxies as idealized non interacting point masses. 86 00:04:27.639 --> 00:04:29.240 Wait, non interacting yep. 87 00:04:29.680 --> 00:04:33.519 It assumes these points of mass exert gravity. Sure, but 88 00:04:33.680 --> 00:04:38.160 they have zero internal pressure, really zero zero. They don't 89 00:04:38.199 --> 00:04:40.959 push against each other, they have absolutely no internal friction. 90 00:04:41.160 --> 00:04:43.560 That seems I mean, that seems crazy. 91 00:04:43.639 --> 00:04:48.839 It's a massive mathematical convenience. Their complex internal rotational dynamics, 92 00:04:48.839 --> 00:04:52.600 the sheer stresses inside their structures. All of that is 93 00:04:52.639 --> 00:04:56.720 basically just smoothed over or totally ignored on a macroscopic scale. 94 00:04:56.800 --> 00:04:59.480 Wait, I'm struggling to visualize why anyone would do that. 95 00:05:00.120 --> 00:05:03.360 If we know that galaxies are these violent, swirling storms 96 00:05:03.360 --> 00:05:07.360 of plasma and billions of stars, why would physicists ever 97 00:05:07.399 --> 00:05:11.319 agree to model them as static, non interacting points. 98 00:05:11.199 --> 00:05:15.439 Because Einstein's equations are practically impossible to solve otherwise. Oh icy, Yeah, 99 00:05:15.439 --> 00:05:17.959 And to be fair, standard physics does account for rotation 100 00:05:18.199 --> 00:05:19.560 in a localized way. 101 00:05:19.480 --> 00:05:22.800 Right, because we've known galaxies spin since what the nineteen twenties. 102 00:05:23.199 --> 00:05:26.279 I'll will figure that out exactly, but they usually calculate 103 00:05:26.319 --> 00:05:30.040 it using perturbations. So when astrophysicists look at a spinning galaxy, 104 00:05:30.079 --> 00:05:32.519 they calculate the mass of the visible stars in gas, 105 00:05:32.560 --> 00:05:34.839 they measure how fast it's rotating, and then. 106 00:05:34.800 --> 00:05:37.519 Bam they hit a massive discrepancy, a huge one. 107 00:05:37.759 --> 00:05:41.079 The visible mass just does not generate enough gravitational pull 108 00:05:41.160 --> 00:05:44.240 to keep those really fast moving outer stars from just 109 00:05:44.319 --> 00:05:46.079 flying off into deep space. 110 00:05:45.920 --> 00:05:48.040 Right, they should just be slung off like mud off 111 00:05:48.040 --> 00:05:49.079 a tire exactly. 112 00:05:49.639 --> 00:05:52.399 So the traditional fix, the band aid is to inject 113 00:05:52.439 --> 00:05:56.639 this massive, invisible spherical halo of dark matter around the 114 00:05:56.680 --> 00:06:00.000 galaxy to provide extra gravitational. 115 00:05:59.360 --> 00:06:01.160 Glue, just to make the math work. 116 00:06:01.279 --> 00:06:04.279 Basically, Yes, But the Alena tensor looks at this and 117 00:06:04.360 --> 00:06:07.399 forcefully argues that you cannot just model the universe as 118 00:06:07.399 --> 00:06:11.040 static dust and then patch your errors with invisible particles. 119 00:06:11.120 --> 00:06:13.240 Okay, so what does the Alena tensor do Differently? 120 00:06:13.480 --> 00:06:16.879 It extends the mathematical solutions to general matter. 121 00:06:16.720 --> 00:06:18.839 Distributions meaning what exactly? 122 00:06:18.959 --> 00:06:22.879 Meaning it forces the Einstein field equations to explicitly account 123 00:06:22.879 --> 00:06:26.680 for how matter flows, how it rotates, how it exerts 124 00:06:26.680 --> 00:06:30.000 pressure against itself, and how it generates internal friction and 125 00:06:30.040 --> 00:06:30.920 shear stresses. 126 00:06:31.120 --> 00:06:33.839 Okay, I have an analogy for this. It sounds like 127 00:06:33.879 --> 00:06:37.199 we've been trying to understand ocean currents all the complex 128 00:06:37.279 --> 00:06:40.120 global dynamics of the ocean by only looking at a 129 00:06:40.160 --> 00:06:42.839 single drop of water suspended in a vacuum, that. 130 00:06:42.839 --> 00:06:44.360 Is a perfect analogy. 131 00:06:44.519 --> 00:06:47.439 Like the dust model, just completely ignores the friction and 132 00:06:47.480 --> 00:06:49.879 the flow. If you only look at that isolated drop, 133 00:06:50.079 --> 00:06:53.079 you completely miss the tidal forces, right, you miss the temperature. 134 00:06:52.680 --> 00:06:55.319 Gradient, you miss the massive kinetic energy of the ocean 135 00:06:55.399 --> 00:06:59.000 acting as an entire unified moving system exactly. 136 00:06:59.319 --> 00:07:02.279 Real physical systems in our universe are not made of 137 00:07:02.360 --> 00:07:03.680 idealized point masses. 138 00:07:03.800 --> 00:07:05.639 Galaxies are essentially fluids. 139 00:07:05.800 --> 00:07:10.920 Yes, they are massive, interconnected fluid like structures. Matter flows 140 00:07:10.959 --> 00:07:14.600 in them, Energy transports dynamically from that super dense inner 141 00:07:14.680 --> 00:07:17.639 core all the way out to the diffuse outer arms. 142 00:07:17.800 --> 00:07:20.040 So there's constant movement in stress. 143 00:07:19.920 --> 00:07:24.759 Constant internal stresses, vertical swirling motions. They appear naturally all 144 00:07:24.800 --> 00:07:28.720 the time. And the Aleena tensor actually proves mathematically that 145 00:07:28.759 --> 00:07:32.839 when you incorporate all these fluid effects, the friction, the momentum, 146 00:07:33.000 --> 00:07:36.560 the geometry of space time warps in wigs that dust 147 00:07:36.600 --> 00:07:38.079 models fundamentally miss. 148 00:07:38.680 --> 00:07:40.600 So what you're saying is that the geometry of space 149 00:07:40.639 --> 00:07:43.000 time isn't just reacting to the sheer weight of the 150 00:07:43.040 --> 00:07:47.160 stars it's actually reacting to the complex architecture of how 151 00:07:47.199 --> 00:07:52.000 those stars are moving together. Precisely, in general relativity gravity 152 00:07:52.120 --> 00:07:55.240 isn't just caused by mass alone. It's caused by something 153 00:07:55.279 --> 00:07:57.720 called the stress energy tensor, which is what It's a 154 00:07:57.759 --> 00:08:01.439 mathematical matrix. It describes the density and flux of energy 155 00:08:01.480 --> 00:08:05.360 and momentum in space time. Mass is just one single 156 00:08:05.399 --> 00:08:06.680 component of that matrix. 157 00:08:06.759 --> 00:08:08.240 Oh wow, what are the other. 158 00:08:08.120 --> 00:08:11.120 Components momentum, pressure and sheer stress. 159 00:08:11.680 --> 00:08:15.680 But because of the dust approximation, cosmologists just ignored those. 160 00:08:15.759 --> 00:08:19.720 They vastly undercalculated them. They heavily weighted the mass component 161 00:08:19.800 --> 00:08:24.040 and basically ignored the complex kinetic components, the off diagonal 162 00:08:24.120 --> 00:08:24.600 terms of the. 163 00:08:24.519 --> 00:08:26.360 Matrix and the alien the tenser brings them back. 164 00:08:26.560 --> 00:08:30.040 It restores them to their rightful dominant place in the equations. 165 00:08:30.480 --> 00:08:33.559 And here's the kicker. When you actually account for the 166 00:08:33.559 --> 00:08:37.279 gravitational weight of this dynamic flow, the need for a dark, 167 00:08:37.440 --> 00:08:41.960 invisible glue holding the galaxies together, it suddenly vanishes. 168 00:08:42.039 --> 00:08:42.720 Are you serious? 169 00:08:42.919 --> 00:08:46.639 It just disappears poof the structure of the movement itself 170 00:08:46.679 --> 00:08:50.200 creates the necessary gravitational effects to hold the galaxy together. 171 00:08:50.320 --> 00:08:52.639 I mean think about the philosophical implications. 172 00:08:52.120 --> 00:08:53.159 Of that they're massive. 173 00:08:53.279 --> 00:08:57.639 If this holds true, we literally invented an invisible substance 174 00:08:57.679 --> 00:09:00.360 that makes up over a quarter of the entire higher 175 00:09:00.440 --> 00:09:04.480 universe just to balance our mathematical checkbook. Yeah, all because 176 00:09:04.480 --> 00:09:07.279 we were using a simplified equation that treated a violent, 177 00:09:07.399 --> 00:09:10.000 swirling galaxy like a bag of static marbles. 178 00:09:10.039 --> 00:09:13.360 It's a profound paradigm shift. We go from a universe 179 00:09:13.759 --> 00:09:18.639 dominated by unseen, untouchable entities to a universe where the 180 00:09:18.759 --> 00:09:21.519 visible dynamics contain all the information we need. 181 00:09:21.759 --> 00:09:25.320 It changes our entire relationship with reality. We aren't floating 182 00:09:25.320 --> 00:09:28.240 in this dark void filled with ghost particles. We're part 183 00:09:28.279 --> 00:09:31.960 of this incredibly intricate dance of kinetic energy beautifully put. 184 00:09:32.320 --> 00:09:35.639 But to really cement how this physically works, we need 185 00:09:35.639 --> 00:09:38.559 to move from that abstract idea of flow to the 186 00:09:38.639 --> 00:09:41.519 concrete mechanics of rotation. We need to look at the 187 00:09:41.559 --> 00:09:44.720 observable behavior of spiral galaxies. 188 00:09:44.240 --> 00:09:47.720 Right because standard cosmology puts every single galaxy inside a 189 00:09:47.720 --> 00:09:49.000 massive dark matter halo. 190 00:09:49.159 --> 00:09:51.159 Yes, to explain the flat rotation. 191 00:09:50.919 --> 00:09:53.399 Curves, Okay, for you listening, just a quick refresher in 192 00:09:53.440 --> 00:09:56.960 a standard orbital system like our Solar system. The planet's 193 00:09:57.000 --> 00:10:00.200 closest to the Sun move the fastest, like Mercury, and 194 00:10:00.240 --> 00:10:04.799 the ones furthest away, like Neptune, move the slowest because 195 00:10:04.840 --> 00:10:07.960 the gravitational grip gets weaker the further out you go. 196 00:10:08.519 --> 00:10:11.480 The galaxies, they don't do that at all. 197 00:10:11.519 --> 00:10:14.840 They absolutely do not. When astronomer's most notably Via Reubin, 198 00:10:14.879 --> 00:10:18.320 back in the nineteen seventies, actually measured the rotational speeds 199 00:10:18.360 --> 00:10:21.960 of stars and spiral galaxies, they found something shocking the 200 00:10:22.080 --> 00:10:25.159 flat curve right The stars at the very outer edges 201 00:10:25.159 --> 00:10:27.720 of the galaxy were orbiting almost exactly as fast as 202 00:10:27.759 --> 00:10:31.720 the stars near the dense bright center. The curve was totally. 203 00:10:31.360 --> 00:10:35.200 Flat, which breaks Newton's laws if you only look at visible. 204 00:10:34.919 --> 00:10:39.120 Masks completely According to strict Newtonian dynamics, those outer stars 205 00:10:39.120 --> 00:10:42.519 are moving so fast that the galaxy's visible gravity shouldn't 206 00:10:42.559 --> 00:10:43.279 be able to hold them. 207 00:10:43.320 --> 00:10:44.399 They should just fly away. 208 00:10:44.759 --> 00:10:47.919 So the dark matter halo was proposed as this massive 209 00:10:48.039 --> 00:10:50.039 invisible net of extra gravity. 210 00:10:50.360 --> 00:10:53.039 But if the Alina tenser takes away that invisible net, 211 00:10:53.240 --> 00:10:56.600 what's tethering those stars? What is the alternative mechanism here? 212 00:10:56.960 --> 00:11:01.320 The mechanism is the organized rotational transport of angular momentum. 213 00:11:01.399 --> 00:11:02.559 Okay, break that down for me. 214 00:11:02.879 --> 00:11:05.039 Under the Alena tensor framework, you don't look at an 215 00:11:05.039 --> 00:11:08.879 outer star as some isolated object trying to escape the center. 216 00:11:09.000 --> 00:11:10.000 You look at the whole thing. 217 00:11:10.039 --> 00:11:13.200 Right, You view the entire galactic disc as a continuous 218 00:11:13.440 --> 00:11:18.200 coupled system. As the galaxy spins, angular momentum isn't just 219 00:11:18.279 --> 00:11:23.559 held statically by individual stars. It's continuously transported outward through 220 00:11:23.559 --> 00:11:24.480 the disc through the. 221 00:11:24.440 --> 00:11:27.000 Fluid like interactions of the gas and plasma. 222 00:11:27.080 --> 00:11:27.559 Exactly. 223 00:11:27.679 --> 00:11:29.879 Okay, but transport of angular momentum. I want to make 224 00:11:29.879 --> 00:11:33.559 sure I'm really grasping a physical mechanism here, because standard 225 00:11:33.559 --> 00:11:36.159 physics always uses that ice skater analogy, right. 226 00:11:36.080 --> 00:11:38.440 Right, the skater pulling your arms into spin faster. 227 00:11:38.840 --> 00:11:42.159 Yeah, but a galaxy isn't a solid object like an 228 00:11:42.200 --> 00:11:44.840 ice skater. It doesn't have literal arms to pull in. 229 00:11:44.960 --> 00:11:48.519 It's mostly empty space. So how exactly is this momentum 230 00:11:48.559 --> 00:11:49.440 flowing outward? 231 00:11:49.639 --> 00:11:54.039 It's transported through internal sheer stresses and gravitational. 232 00:11:53.399 --> 00:11:55.159 Coupling, even across empty space. 233 00:11:55.399 --> 00:11:58.480 Well, it's not truly empty. Those points of starlight are 234 00:11:58.519 --> 00:12:02.960 embedded in a massive medium of interstellar gas. Plasma magnetic 235 00:12:03.000 --> 00:12:06.759 fields plus the stars gravitationally interact with each other in 236 00:12:06.759 --> 00:12:07.840 this continuous chain. 237 00:12:08.120 --> 00:12:10.559 Oh I see like a relay race of gravity sort of. 238 00:12:10.840 --> 00:12:14.000 When the dense inner region rotates, it exerts a gravitational 239 00:12:14.080 --> 00:12:16.840 drag on the region just outside it, and that region 240 00:12:16.919 --> 00:12:19.759 drags the next one all the way to the edge. 241 00:12:19.799 --> 00:12:24.440 This continuous transfer of kinetic energy is a massive, organized flow. 242 00:12:24.639 --> 00:12:27.919 Okay, here's where it gets really interesting. Yeah, you mentioned 243 00:12:27.919 --> 00:12:32.759 the stress energy tensor earlier. If mass creates gravity and 244 00:12:32.919 --> 00:12:37.000 energy creates gravity, are we saying that this literal flow 245 00:12:37.039 --> 00:12:40.600 of momentum, this invisible river of kinetic energy pushing outward, 246 00:12:41.039 --> 00:12:43.159 actually possesses its own gravitational weight. 247 00:12:43.519 --> 00:12:47.200 That is precisely what general relativity dictates. Wait, yes, and 248 00:12:47.240 --> 00:12:51.320 it's exactly what the Alina tensor rigorously quantifies. The actual 249 00:12:51.440 --> 00:12:55.360 flux of angular momentum contributes significantly to the local gravitational 250 00:12:55.360 --> 00:12:59.080 feel mind blown. The framework proves mathematically that the faster 251 00:12:59.200 --> 00:13:02.279 and more organized the rotation is, the stronger this self 252 00:13:02.320 --> 00:13:04.440 generated gravity becomes at the outer edges. 253 00:13:04.679 --> 00:13:07.440 So movement literally mimics mass perfectly. 254 00:13:07.600 --> 00:13:10.919 It mimics mass so well that it creates the exact 255 00:13:11.080 --> 00:13:15.879 flat rotation curve. We observe no invisible halo required. The 256 00:13:16.000 --> 00:13:20.240 kinetic architecture of the spin itself is generating that extra pull. 257 00:13:20.480 --> 00:13:22.559 Okay, let me push back on this though, go for it. 258 00:13:22.879 --> 00:13:26.799 If movement mimics mass and angular momentum generates extra gravity, 259 00:13:27.639 --> 00:13:30.399 why don't we see this effect in our own solar system. 260 00:13:30.960 --> 00:13:34.320 Jupiter is huge, it has a tremendous amount of angular momentum. 261 00:13:34.840 --> 00:13:37.360 Why do we only need the Olana tensor when we 262 00:13:37.399 --> 00:13:38.639 look at an entire galaxy. 263 00:13:38.840 --> 00:13:41.519 That is a fantastic question, and it comes down to 264 00:13:41.639 --> 00:13:42.919 the distribution. 265 00:13:42.480 --> 00:13:44.519 Of mass distribution. How So, in our. 266 00:13:44.440 --> 00:13:48.039 Solar system, ninety nine point eight percent the total mass 267 00:13:48.080 --> 00:13:52.679 is concentrated in one incredibly dense point, the Sun. Right, 268 00:13:52.759 --> 00:13:55.919 the planets are just tiny specks orbiting that massive center. 269 00:13:56.279 --> 00:13:59.279 When a system is heavily dominated by a single central 270 00:13:59.360 --> 00:14:03.039 point mass, classical Newtonian approximations. 271 00:14:02.279 --> 00:14:04.200 Work perfectly, so the flow doesn't matter as much. 272 00:14:04.320 --> 00:14:07.600 Right, the kinetic off diagonal components are negligible. But a 273 00:14:07.639 --> 00:14:10.399 galaxy is fundamentally different. A galaxy does not have ninety 274 00:14:10.480 --> 00:14:12.799 nine percent of its mass sitting in the central black hole. 275 00:14:12.960 --> 00:14:16.080 It's spread out over tens of thousands of light years exactly. 276 00:14:16.360 --> 00:14:20.440 The mass is distributed continuously across a massive disk, and 277 00:14:20.480 --> 00:14:25.240 because it's distributed, those fluid like internal interactions and sheer 278 00:14:25.279 --> 00:14:30.919 stresses become the dominant gravitational factors. The Alena tensor accounts 279 00:14:30.919 --> 00:14:34.320 for that exact scale dependent transition from. 280 00:14:34.080 --> 00:14:39.039 Point mass to continuous fluid. That is staggering. It completely 281 00:14:39.039 --> 00:14:41.080 flips the script. We thought we were looking at the 282 00:14:41.080 --> 00:14:43.159 gravity of invisible stuff, but we were actually looking at 283 00:14:43.159 --> 00:14:45.559 the gravitational weight of movement itself. 284 00:14:45.720 --> 00:14:47.080 It's a profound realization. 285 00:14:47.240 --> 00:14:49.480 It's like we couldn't see the winds, so we assume 286 00:14:49.559 --> 00:14:52.559 the trees were bending because invisible giants were pushing them. 287 00:14:52.600 --> 00:14:55.000 I love that, Yes, but you know math is just 288 00:14:55.080 --> 00:14:57.759 math until it hits reality. We have decades of high 289 00:14:57.840 --> 00:15:01.639 precision telescope data on galaxy. How does the Aleena tensor 290 00:15:01.679 --> 00:15:04.919 actually hold up against real observational data. 291 00:15:05.159 --> 00:15:08.000 This is exactly where it steps out of the theoretical 292 00:15:08.000 --> 00:15:11.440 realm and into the brutal arena of empirical data. Because 293 00:15:11.440 --> 00:15:14.240 you're right, a theory is useless if it can't match reality. 294 00:15:14.360 --> 00:15:15.279 So has it been tested? 295 00:15:15.559 --> 00:15:19.279 Yes, the framework has been directly tested against the rotation 296 00:15:19.399 --> 00:15:21.480 curves of more than one hundred. 297 00:15:21.080 --> 00:15:23.279 Galaxies, wow, one hundred over one. 298 00:15:23.240 --> 00:15:26.480 Hundred, And crucially, it wasn't just tested in a vacuum. 299 00:15:26.639 --> 00:15:29.399 It was put head to head against another very famous 300 00:15:29.440 --> 00:15:36.120 alternative to dark matter, oh Mond exactly, Mond modified Newtonian dynamics. 301 00:15:36.159 --> 00:15:38.080 We should definitely explain M and D for the listener, 302 00:15:38.080 --> 00:15:41.080 because it's kind of been the raining underdog in astrophysics 303 00:15:41.080 --> 00:15:41.799 since the eighties. 304 00:15:41.840 --> 00:15:44.279 It has. So M and D was proposed by Mordeheim 305 00:15:44.320 --> 00:15:47.679 Milgram in nineteen eighty three, and it basically suggests that 306 00:15:47.720 --> 00:15:50.159 we don't need dark matter at all if we just 307 00:15:50.279 --> 00:15:53.840 accept that Isaac Newton's laws of gravity break down at 308 00:15:53.879 --> 00:15:55.559 extremely low accelerations. 309 00:15:55.600 --> 00:15:58.639 Okay, so like at the very edges of galaxies right. 310 00:15:58.759 --> 00:16:02.159 In our Solar system is strong, Newton works perfectly. But 311 00:16:02.240 --> 00:16:04.960 at the extreme outer edges of a galaxy, where acceleration 312 00:16:05.039 --> 00:16:08.919 drops below this tiny specific threshold, which Milgrim called a zero, 313 00:16:09.200 --> 00:16:12.720 Mond proposes that gravity stops weakening as fast. 314 00:16:13.000 --> 00:16:15.840 So M and D is essentially a mathematical tweak. Yes, 315 00:16:16.000 --> 00:16:19.000 it injects a new universal constant to force the mass 316 00:16:19.000 --> 00:16:20.159 to match with the telescope c. 317 00:16:20.480 --> 00:16:24.000 It's a phenomenological theory It was literally reverse engineered to 318 00:16:24.039 --> 00:16:27.440 fit the rotation curves. And you know, to its credit, 319 00:16:27.679 --> 00:16:32.080 MOND is incredibly successful at predicting individual galaxy curves. 320 00:16:31.840 --> 00:16:34.200 That it struggles elsewhere massively. 321 00:16:34.639 --> 00:16:37.360 It fails when you look at larger scales like massive 322 00:16:37.440 --> 00:16:42.399 galaxy clusters or the cosmic microwave background radiation. But the 323 00:16:42.399 --> 00:16:45.759 Aleena tensor is not a tweak like MOND. 324 00:16:45.639 --> 00:16:48.080 Because it uses standard general relativity exactly. 325 00:16:48.080 --> 00:16:51.399 It doesn't introduce any arbitrary constants like a zero, It 326 00:16:51.399 --> 00:16:55.000 doesn't modify Newton or Einstein. It just applies the generalized 327 00:16:55.000 --> 00:16:57.360 field equations without the dust approximation. 328 00:16:57.759 --> 00:16:59.679 So how did the duel play out? When you pit 329 00:16:59.840 --> 00:17:03.360 M against the purely kinetic framework of the Alena tensor 330 00:17:03.399 --> 00:17:06.559 on over one hundred real galaxies. What do the data say? 331 00:17:07.119 --> 00:17:11.000 The results are highly compelling, especially for a theory this new. 332 00:17:11.519 --> 00:17:15.599 In preliminary approximations, the Alena tensor produces better or at 333 00:17:15.680 --> 00:17:18.240 least comparable fits to the curves compared to M and 334 00:17:18.240 --> 00:17:20.720 and D in eighty percent of the testing. 335 00:17:20.519 --> 00:17:23.799 Cases, wait eighty percent, eighty percent without inventing a new 336 00:17:23.880 --> 00:17:25.279 universal constant. 337 00:17:25.279 --> 00:17:30.599 Zero new constants, and that is using preliminary mathematical approximations, 338 00:17:30.599 --> 00:17:33.119 meaning there is still vast room for it to get 339 00:17:33.160 --> 00:17:35.839 even more accurate as the math is developed further. 340 00:17:36.400 --> 00:17:39.920 That is insane. It achieves what Mond achieves, but from 341 00:17:39.960 --> 00:17:44.880 first principles, without tweaking gravity or inventing dark matter particle exactly. 342 00:17:45.079 --> 00:17:47.880 This rais is a really important question, though. What happens 343 00:17:47.880 --> 00:17:50.880 to the physics community if a three year old mathematical 344 00:17:50.920 --> 00:17:55.400 tool just starts consistently outperforming models that people have spent 345 00:17:55.440 --> 00:17:57.079 their entire careers building. 346 00:17:57.200 --> 00:17:58.359 It's a painful process. 347 00:17:58.440 --> 00:18:00.839 I mean, billions of dollars have gone into dark matter 348 00:18:01.519 --> 00:18:04.920 MND has been debated since nineteen eighty three. How does 349 00:18:05.000 --> 00:18:08.319 scientific consensus even begin to shift when a new competitor 350 00:18:08.359 --> 00:18:11.160 steps in and immediately scores an eighty percent win rate? 351 00:18:11.680 --> 00:18:16.680 Well, Historically, consensus shifts incredibly slowly, and usually with massive 352 00:18:16.720 --> 00:18:20.079 institutional resistance. Thomas Kuhn wrote about this in the Structure 353 00:18:20.079 --> 00:18:23.599 of Scientific Revolutions. You don't just abandon a prevailing paradigm 354 00:18:23.599 --> 00:18:26.599 because a new elegant equation shows up. The old guard 355 00:18:26.599 --> 00:18:28.799 will defend the standard model fiercely. 356 00:18:28.480 --> 00:18:29.559 And they kind of have to right. 357 00:18:30.039 --> 00:18:33.680 Absolutely, the dark matter paradigm hasn't survived this long by 358 00:18:33.720 --> 00:18:37.200 being useless. It solves a lot of complex problems, especially 359 00:18:37.240 --> 00:18:39.759 regarding how galaxies formed right after the Big Bang. 360 00:18:40.079 --> 00:18:42.759 So to dethrown it, you need more than just a 361 00:18:42.759 --> 00:18:46.160 good fit on a graph. You need undeniable proof, right 362 00:18:46.400 --> 00:18:49.440 because fitting a curve isn't enough to overthrow fifty years 363 00:18:49.440 --> 00:18:53.319 of physics. If a theorist works hard enough, they can 364 00:18:53.400 --> 00:18:57.799 force fit math to match an observation. What is the 365 00:18:57.880 --> 00:18:59.920 undeniable proof we're looking for? What's the smoke? 366 00:19:00.640 --> 00:19:03.759 Well, you've hit on exactly how science advances. Theories are 367 00:19:03.759 --> 00:19:07.240 only scientifically valuable if they risk being totally wrong. Yes, 368 00:19:07.559 --> 00:19:09.880 a theory has to make a unique prediction something that 369 00:19:09.920 --> 00:19:13.599 competing theories say is absolutely impossible. And the Aleena tensor 370 00:19:13.680 --> 00:19:17.319 makes a very bold, highly specific prediction about gravitational lensing. 371 00:19:17.440 --> 00:19:20.119 Okay, the litmus test of lensing. This is crucial. Let's 372 00:19:20.160 --> 00:19:22.839 establish how lensing works in the standard dark matter model 373 00:19:22.920 --> 00:19:24.400 first so we can see the difference. 374 00:19:24.599 --> 00:19:27.720 Sure, so, gravitational lensing is one of the most spectacular 375 00:19:27.759 --> 00:19:33.359 consequences of Einstein's relativity. Massive objects like a galaxy have 376 00:19:33.559 --> 00:19:36.400 so much mass they literally warp the fabric of space 377 00:19:36.480 --> 00:19:37.359 time around them. 378 00:19:37.319 --> 00:19:39.759 Like a bowling ball on a trampoline exactly. 379 00:19:40.119 --> 00:19:43.519 So when light from something further away, like a quasar 380 00:19:43.680 --> 00:19:47.559 far behind the galaxy travels past, the light follows that curve. 381 00:19:48.240 --> 00:19:52.440 The foreground galaxy acts like a giant cosmic magnifying glass, 382 00:19:52.839 --> 00:19:54.960 bending and distorting the background light. 383 00:19:55.160 --> 00:19:57.440 Which is why when we look at those amazing James 384 00:19:57.480 --> 00:20:01.319 Webb deep field images we see those crazy smeared, stretched 385 00:20:01.319 --> 00:20:02.160 out arcs of light. 386 00:20:02.400 --> 00:20:05.279 Yes, that's distant light being bent through a funhouse mirror 387 00:20:05.319 --> 00:20:08.519 of gravity. Now, in the standard dark matter model, that 388 00:20:08.680 --> 00:20:12.160 visible spiral galaxy is sitting dead center inside a massive 389 00:20:12.240 --> 00:20:14.279 spherical halo of dark matter. 390 00:20:14.160 --> 00:20:16.240 A giant invisible sphere, right. 391 00:20:16.279 --> 00:20:20.000 And because it's spherical, its gravitational pole is pretty uniform 392 00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:22.240 in all directions, So the way it bends the background 393 00:20:22.319 --> 00:20:24.759 light should be largely symmetric. 394 00:20:24.319 --> 00:20:26.240 Regardless of the angle we're looking at it from Earth. 395 00:20:26.359 --> 00:20:29.880 Exactly, it shouldn't matter, But the Aleena tensor throws the 396 00:20:29.880 --> 00:20:31.559 spherical halo out completely. 397 00:20:31.920 --> 00:20:35.680 It relies entirely on the rotational spin and the flat 398 00:20:36.079 --> 00:20:39.519 pancake like structure of the galaxy disc itself. 399 00:20:39.680 --> 00:20:43.359 Precisely, the Aleena tensor generates that pole based on the 400 00:20:43.440 --> 00:20:46.920 rotational dynamics and how momentum is transported along the plane 401 00:20:46.960 --> 00:20:49.599